Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in a puppy Leopardus geoffroyi (d'Orbigny and Gervais, 1844) / Hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional em filhote de Leopardus geoffroyi (d'Orbigny and Gervais, 1844)

Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (NSH) is a metabolic disorder that mainly affects young animals. This disease causes imbalance between the levels of calcium and phosphorus, culminating in bone changes. Wild animals raised in captivity can develop the disease when they are given an inadequate diet. The aim of this study is to report the clinical findings, the complementary exams and the therapeutics utilized in a Leopardus geoffroyi (Geoffroy's cat) cub originated from captivity with NSH. The animal went through complementary imaging exams and biochemical evaluation that respectively revealed generalized osteopenia and pathological fracture of the right femur, reduction of serum calcium level and elevation of serum phosphorus level. The diagnosis of NSH was established by associating the history, clinical signs, and findings of ancillary exams. The treatment was based on diet correction, mineral and vitaminic supplementation and sun exposure. The NSH diagnosis was stablished by associating history, clinical signs, imaging exams findings and serum biochemicals. The early identification of this disease is of paramount importance, because in this way corrections can be made in food management, in order to provide successful clinical recovery and promote quality of life for wild captive animals.(AU)

O hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional (HSN) é uma desordem metabólica que acomete principalmente animais jovens. Essa doença cursa com desequilíbrio entre os níveis de cálcio e fósforo, culminando com alterações ósseas. Animais silvestres quando criados em cativeiro podem desenvolver a doença quando recebem uma dieta inadequada. O obje-tivo deste estudo é relatar os achados clínicos, os exames complementares e a terapêutica utilizada em um filhote de Leopardus geoffroyi (gato-do-mato-grande)proveniente de cativeiro com HSN. O animal passou por exames complementares de imagem e avaliação bioquímica que revelaram respectivamente osteopenia generalizada e fratura patológica de fêmur direito, redução dos níveis séricos de cálcio e elevação do fósforo. O diagnóstico de HSN foi estabelecido associando o histórico, sinais clínicos e achados dos exames complementares. O tratamento foi baseado na correção da dieta, suplementação mineral e vitamínica e exposição solar. A identificação precoce dessa doença é de suma importância, pois dessa forma podem ser feitas correções no manejo alimentar, afim de proporcionar a recuperação clínica com êxito e promover qualidade de vida para os animais selva-gens de cativeiro.(AU)

Comparison between different sources of minerals in horses with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism / [Comparação entre diferentes fontes de minerais em cavalos com hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional]

Minerals perform several functions in the body, such as coagulation actions, muscle contraction, enzymatic and hormonal production, among others. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a 150 days chelated and not chelated mineral supplementation with and without potassium oxalate on serological parameters and bone mineral density of horses. Twenty-four crossbred yearlings (12 females and 12 males) with an average age of 21±3 months and body weight of 330.8±37.9kg were divided into four groups containing six equines in each (three females and three males) in a completely randomized design with repeated measurements in a 2x2 factorial arrangement. Treatments were: 1 - chelated minerals compound; 2 - chelated minerals compound and potassium oxalate; 3 - not chelated minerals compound; and 4 - not chelated minerals compound and potassium oxalate. Clinical signs of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSH) were observed only in treatment 4. Results showed no treatment effect in bone biopsy for calcium, phosphorus and bone density. There were significant reductions of parathyroid hormone (PTH) means concentrations in treatments 2 and 4 during supplementation. Animals supplemented with chelated minerals compounds avoided mineral imbalances and NSH even when in dietary potassium oxalate challenged.(AU)

Os minerais desempenham diversas funções no organismo, como ações de coagulação, contração muscular, produção enzimática e hormonal, entre outras. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação de minerais quelatados e não quelatados, por 150 dias, com e sem oxalato de potássio, sobre parâmetros sorológicos e densidade mineral óssea em equinos. Vinte e quatro filhotes mestiços (12 fêmeas e 12 machos), com idade média de 21±3 meses e peso corporal de 330,8±37,9kg, foram divididos em quatro grupos contendo seis equinos cada (três fêmeas e três machos), em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com repetição medida em arranjo fatorial 2x2. Os tratamentos foram: 1 - composto mineral quelatado; 2 - composto mineral quelatado e oxalato de potássio; 3 - composto mineral não quelatado; e 4 - composto mineral não quelatado e oxalato de potássio. Os sinais clínicos do hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional (NSH) foram observados apenas no tratamento 4. Os resultados não mostraram efeito de tratamento na biópsia óssea para cálcio, fósforo e densidade óssea. Houve redução significativa do hormônio da paratireoide (PTH) em concentrações médias nos tratamentos 2 e 4 durante a suplementação. Os animais suplementados com compostos minerais quelatados evitaram desequilíbrios minerais e NSH, mesmo quando desafiados no oxalato de potássio na dieta.(AU)

Maxillomandibular deformity in a canine with fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to chronic kidney disease

Background: Cases of renal fibrous osteodystrophy are usually associated with nutritional causes, which of renal causesare considered uncommon in dogs. This disorder is characterized by the intense proliferation of fibrous connective tissue inbones, impairing bone stiffness. The aim of this study was to report a case of fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to chronickidney disease in a canine with a “rubber jaw” facial deformity.Case: A 4-year-old male unneutered mongrel dog weighing 5.2 kg had a history of apathy, progressive weight loss andvomiting for one month, and polyuria and polydipsia for more than three months. In addition, the owner complained aboutthe deformed appearance in the muzzle region of the animal, which was evidenced flexibility of the same, with a displacement of the mandible and maxilla on physical examination, similar to the “rubber jaw”. Blood tests revealed macrocyticanemia, elevated total plasma proteins, and lymphopenia-associated neutrophilia, as well as hyperphosphatemia (24 mg/dL), uremia (283.6 mg/dL) and increased creatinine (8.6 mg/dL), ALT (143.2 UI/L) and alkaline phosphatase (3222.2UI/L), while calcium (8.8 mg/dL) and albumin (1.9 g/dL) were decreased. A serological test for visceral leishmaniasis wasalso performed, which was negative. Abdominal ultrasound imaging revealed kidneys with alterations in tissue architecture, increased thickness and complete loss of cortico-medullary relationship, while the parathyroid gland was enlargedand spindle-shaped. Cranial radiography showed marked radiopacity of the bilateral maxillary bones, with destructionof the nasal, turbinate and frontal bones, as well as loosening of the teeth and destruction of the mandibular bone matrix,characterizing an aspect of “rubber jaw”. Based on the history, history and evidence of azotemia, hyperphosphatemia andloss of facial bone density, the diagnosis of fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to chronic kidney...

Maxillomandibular deformity in a canine with fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to chronic kidney disease

Background: Cases of renal fibrous osteodystrophy are usually associated with nutritional causes, which of renal causesare considered uncommon in dogs. This disorder is characterized by the intense proliferation of fibrous connective tissue inbones, impairing bone stiffness. The aim of this study was to report a case of fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to chronickidney disease in a canine with a “rubber jaw” facial deformity.Case: A 4-year-old male unneutered mongrel dog weighing 5.2 kg had a history of apathy, progressive weight loss andvomiting for one month, and polyuria and polydipsia for more than three months. In addition, the owner complained aboutthe deformed appearance in the muzzle region of the animal, which was evidenced flexibility of the same, with a displacement of the mandible and maxilla on physical examination, similar to the “rubber jaw”. Blood tests revealed macrocyticanemia, elevated total plasma proteins, and lymphopenia-associated neutrophilia, as well as hyperphosphatemia (24 mg/dL), uremia (283.6 mg/dL) and increased creatinine (8.6 mg/dL), ALT (143.2 UI/L) and alkaline phosphatase (3222.2UI/L), while calcium (8.8 mg/dL) and albumin (1.9 g/dL) were decreased. A serological test for visceral leishmaniasis wasalso performed, which was negative. Abdominal ultrasound imaging revealed kidneys with alterations in tissue architecture, increased thickness and complete loss of cortico-medullary relationship, while the parathyroid gland was enlargedand spindle-shaped. Cranial radiography showed marked radiopacity of the bilateral maxillary bones, with destructionof the nasal, turbinate and frontal bones, as well as loosening of the teeth and destruction of the mandibular bone matrix,characterizing an aspect of “rubber jaw”. Based on the history, history and evidence of azotemia, hyperphosphatemia andloss of facial bone density, the diagnosis of fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to chronic kidney...(AU)

CRESCIMENTO MORFOMÉTRICO DE POTROS MANGALARGA MARCHADOR ALIMENTADOS COM CAPIM-ELEFANTE (Pennisetum purpureum) E CONCENTRADOS COM DIFERENTES RELAÇÕES CA:P

O desenvolvimento de potros Mangalarga Marchador (MM) é afetado pelo hiperparatireoidismo nutricional secundário causado pela ingestão de forrageiras tropicais com excesso de oxalatos, o que pode comprometer sua conformação e futuro desempenho atlético. Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento corporal de 16 potros MM desmamados alimentados por 60 dias com capim-elefante (P. purpureum; relação Ca:oxalatos de 0, 22:1 a -0, 26:1) à vontade + 1,2% PV de concentrado formulado com relações Ca:P diferindo de acordo com o grupo experimental: (A- 2:1; B- 3:1; C- 5:1; D6:1) + 60g/animal de núcleo mineral comercial. Na primeira e última semana do período experimental os potros dos quatro grupos tinham, respectivamente334,5 ± 48,5 e 390,5 ±48,5 dias de idade; 154,9 ± 33,9 kg e 180,8 ± 37,0 kg PV; escores de condição corporal variando entre 2 a 3. Foram mensuradas oito medidas lineares [alturas na cernelha (AC),garupa (AG) e costado (ACO); comprimento corporal (CC); perímetros de tórax (PT),antebraço (PAB), joelho (PJ) e canela (PC)]; e seis medidas angulares [ângulo escápulasolo (AES), ângulo escápula-umeral (AEU); ângulo pelve-solo (APS); ângulo pelvefemoral (APF); ângulo metacarpo-falangeano (AMF), ângulo do casco anterior esquerdo (ANC)]. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, sendo os dados analisados por modelos mistos incluindo os efeitos fixos de tratamento (dietas), período (no caso de ganhos mensais das medidas corporais) ou dia de avaliação (no caso de índices de conformação) e suas interações (p<0,05), considerando o valor inicial de cada parâmetro estudado como covariável. O estudo da evolução de crescimento em função da idade foi desenvolvido através de equações de regressão. Houve diferença (p<0,05) nas médias mensais de ganhos das medidas de PT, PA e PC dos potros alimentados com diferentes relações Ca:P na dieta avaliados entre os tratamentos A (2:1), B(3:1), C(5:1) e D(6:1), sendo que as medidas dos animais do grupo C (5:1) foi superior aos 30 dias após o início do período experimental, no entanto, 60 dias após o início do período experimental todas as medidas, apresentaram ganhos (p<0,05). Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam a influência que a relação Ca:P da dieta exerce na conformação dos potros mostrando a importância de se balancear a dieta obedecendo as recomendações do NRC

The development of Mangalarga Marchador (MM) foals is affected by secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism caused by the ingestion of tropical forages with excess of oxalates, which can compromise their conformation and future athletic performance. The objective was to evaluate the body growth of 16 weaned MM foals fed for 60 days with elephant grass (P. purpureum; Ca: oxalates ratio of 0.22: 1 to -0, 26: 1) at will + 1.2% PV of concentrate formulated with Ca: P ratios differing according to the experimental group: (A- 2: 1; B- 3: 1; C- 5: 1; D- 6: 1) + 60g / animal of commercial mineral core . In the first and last week of the experimental period, the foals of the four groups were, respectively, 344.5 ± 48.5 and 390.5 ± 48.5 days old; 154.9 ± 33.9 kg and 180.8 ± 37.0 kg PV; body condition scores ranging from 2 to 3. Eight linear measures were measured [height at withers (AC), rump (AG) and side (ACO); body length (WC);chest (PT), forearm (PAB), knee (PJ) and shin (PC) perimeters]; and six angular measurements [scapula-soil angle (AES), scapula-humeral angle (AEU); pelvis-soil angle (PHC); pelvis-femoral angle (APF); metacarpal-phalangeal angle (MFA), angle of the left anterior hull (ANC)]. The design was in randomized blocks, the data being analyzed by mixed models including the fixed effects of treatment (diets), period (in the case of monthly gains from body measurements) or evaluation day (in the case of conformation indices) and their interactions (p <0.05), considering the initial value of each parameter studied as a covariate. The study of the evolution of growth as a function of age was developed using regression equations. There was a difference (p <0.05) in the monthly averages of gains of the PT, PA and CP measures of foals fed with different Ca: P ratios in the diet evaluated between treatments A (2: 1), B (3: 1) , C (5: 1) and D (6: 1), and the measurements of animals in group C (5: 1) were greater than 30 days after the beginning of the experimental period, however, 60 days after the beginning of the experimental period. experimental period, all measures showed gains (p <0.05). The results of this study show the influence that the Ca: P ratio of the diet has on the conformation of the foals, showing the importance of balancing the diet according to the recommendations of the NRC

Maxillofacial Fibrous Osteodystrophy in Equine: Case Report

A 14 year-old pregnant mare developed poor body condition (2/5) and diarrhea while grazing in kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum). Clinical findings included bulging of nasal and maxillary bones and mouth lacerations associated to spicules on the surface of molars and premolars. Teeth were easily fragmented and fell off. Necropsy findings included severe softening of the maxillary and mandibular bones. The mandible was easily breakable near to the masseter´s fossa. The parathyroid gland was increased in size. Histological findings were characterized by multiple irregular and very thin bone spicules in the bone tissue, most of them with microfractures, severe osteoclasts-mediated bone resorption and fibrous connective tissue proliferation. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of parathyroid chief cells with cytoplasmic vacuolization were also observed. In conclusion, maxillofacial fibrous osteodystrophy caused by nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism developed in a pregnant mare while grazing kikuyu grass for long periods of time without appropriate supplements. Kikuyu grass is characterized by high levels of oxalic acid that forms insoluble oxalates responsible for low calcium absorption in the small intestine and the progress of hyperparathyroidism.

Maxillofacial Fibrous Osteodystrophy in Equine: Case Report

A 14 year-old pregnant mare developed poor body condition (2/5) and diarrhea while grazing in kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum). Clinical findings included bulging of nasal and maxillary bones and mouth lacerations associated to spicules on the surface of molars and premolars. Teeth were easily fragmented and fell off. Necropsy findings included severe softening of the maxillary and mandibular bones. The mandible was easily breakable near to the masseter´s fossa. The parathyroid gland was increased in size. Histological findings were characterized by multiple irregular and very thin bone spicules in the bone tissue, most of them with microfractures, severe osteoclasts-mediated bone resorption and fibrous connective tissue proliferation. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of parathyroid chief cells with cytoplasmic vacuolization were also observed. In conclusion, maxillofacial fibrous osteodystrophy caused by nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism developed in a pregnant mare while grazing kikuyu grass for long periods of time without appropriate supplements. Kikuyu grass is characterized by high levels of oxalic acid that forms insoluble oxalates responsible for low calcium absorption in the small intestine and the progress of hyperparathyroidism.(AU)

Aspectos radiográficos do hiperparatireoidismo nutricional em uma suçuarana (Puma concolor) / Radiographic aspects of nutritional hyperparathyroidism in a cougar (Puma concolor)

Background: Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism (SNH) is a metabolic disease related to calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and causes generalized bone dystrophy. It occurs especially when animals are fed diets which contain proportionally high levels of phosphorus. SNH has been diagnosed in various large feline species such as jaguars, tigers, lions and leopards by means of biochemical and radiographic exams. Even though the feeding habits of these animals are well known, mistakes regarding administration of diets to animals in captivity are common, the most frequent being feeding them exclusively meat. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and radiographic findings of SNH in a cougar kept in captivity. Case: An approximately 9-month-old cougar (Puma concolor) which had been fed an exclusive meat diet was referred to the UFMT Veterinary Hospital after a period of diet correction and oral supplementation with calcium. The animal exhibited hind limb ambulation problems, poor nutritional condition and constipation. Radiographic examination revealed a slight skeletal density reduction, severe angular deformities of the hind limb bones, thickening of the femoral diaphysis, abnormal curvatures of the tibiae and calcanei, lateral displacement of the patellae and narrowing of the pelvic canal. Additionally to the skeletal alterations, there was intense colonic impaction caused by exacerbated accumulation of segmented, highly radiopaque feces. Discussion: In their natural habitat, wild carnivores eat not only meat but also organs like liver, intestines and bones, which suffice the body's needs for essential minerals and vitamins. A meat exclusive diet with no calcium and vitamin D supplementation results in imbalance of calcium and phosphorus levels as well as an increase in the parathyroid hormone levels in the serum. Increased levels of this hormone cause bone resorption and generalized decrease in skeletal density and resistance which can be identified by means of radiographic exams. In this report, the animal exhibited history, clinical signs and radiographic findings similar to cases of SNH in other large felines. Prolonged meat exclusive diet administration caused marked deformities of the pelvis and hind limb bones which were reflected by severe problems in locomotion and defecation. Radiographs showed the existence of angular deformities in several long bones, alterations in shape and of the cortical and medullary portions of the bones, and also the presence of numerous radiopaque lines indicative of fracture consolidation. However, contrary to findings described in other reports, there was only a focal reduction in bone density, probably owing to the balanced diet and treatment employed before the radiographs were taken. Furthermore, in this case constipation occurred simultaneously to the skeletal problems. As reported for domestic animals, the most plausible explanation for the fecal retention observed is mechanical compression of the rectum by the deformed pelvic bones. The present report demonstrates that nutritional hyperparathyroidism can occur in cougars, with characteristics similar to those observed in domestic cats and other large felines. Additionally, it can be diagnosed based on epidemiological data, clinical findings and radiographic imaging.

Radiographic aspects of nutritional hyperparathyroidism in a cougar (Puma concolor) / Aspectos radiográfi cos do hiperparatireoidismo nutricional em uma suçuarana (Puma concolor)

Background: Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism (SNH) is a metabolic disease related to calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and causes generalized bone dystrophy. It occurs especially when animals are fed diets which contain proportionally high levels of phosphorus. SNH has been diagnosed in various large feline species such as jaguars, tigers, lions and leopards by means of biochemical and radiographic exams. Even though the feeding habits of these animals are well known, mistakes regarding administration of diets to animals in captivity are common, the most frequent being feeding them exclusively meat. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and radiographic fi ndings of SNH in a cougar kept in captivity. Case: An approximately 9-month-old cougar (Puma concolor) which had been fed an exclusive meat diet was referred to the UFMT Veterinary Hospital after a period of diet correction and oral supplementation with calcium. The animal exhibited hind limb ambulation problems, poor nutritional condition and constipation. Radiographic examination revealed a slight skeletal density reduction, severe angular deformities of the hind limb bones, thickening of the femoral diaphysis, abnormal curvatures of the tibiae and calcanei, lateral displacement of the patellae and narrowing of the pelvic canal. Additionally to the skeletal alterations, there was intense colonic impac

Background: Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism (SNH) is a metabolic disease related to calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and causes generalized bone dystrophy. It occurs especially when animals are fed diets which contain proportionally high levels of phosphorus. SNH has been diagnosed in various large feline species such as jaguars, tigers, lions and leopards by means of biochemical and radiographic exams. Even though the feeding habits of these animals are well known, mistakes regarding administration of diets to animals in captivity are common, the most frequent being feeding them exclusively meat. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and radiographic fi ndings of SNH in a cougar kept in captivity. Case: An approximately 9-month-old cougar (Puma concolor) which had been fed an exclusive meat diet was referred to the UFMT Veterinary Hospital after a period of diet correction and oral supplementation with calcium. The animal exhibited hind limb ambulation problems, poor nutritional condition and constipation. Radiographic examination revealed a slight skeletal density reduction, severe angular deformities of the hind limb bones, thickening of the femoral diaphysis, abnormal curvatures of the tibiae and calcanei, lateral displacement of the patellae and narrowing of the pelvic canal. Additionally to the skeletal alterations, there was intense colonic impac

Osteodistrofia fibrosa nutricional em caprinos / Nutritional fibrous osteodystrophy in goats

Seven out of 25 goats from a southern Brazilian flock developed nutritional fibrous osteodystrophy. Affected animals were younger than 1 year of age and were confined in stalls and fed a concentrate ration containing 1:6 calcium:phosphorus ratio. The remaining flock (35 goats) was managed at pasture and showed no disease. Clinical signs were characterized by mandibular and maxillary enlargements, varying degrees of mouth opening and protruding tongue, dyspnea, apart of abnormalities of prehension and mastication. Affected animals had increased seric levels of phosphorus and parathormone, as well as higher alkaline phosphatase activity. Postmortem examination on three succumbed goats revealed bilateral enlargement of the maxilla and mandibula, and loose teeth, apart of multiple incomplete rib fractures in one of them. Severe diffuse proliferation of loose connective tissue surrounded the osteoid trabeculae, many of which were partially or completely non-mineralized. Mineralized osteoid trabeculae showed osteoclasts in the Howship's lacunae.(AU)

Sete de um total de 25 caprinos jovens (menos de um ano de idade) de um rebanho no sul do Brasil desenvolveram osteodistrofia fibrosa nutricional. Os animais afetados eram confinados em baias e alimentados com concentrado, cuja relação Ca:P era 1:6. O restante do rebanho (35 cabras) era mantido na pastagem e não desenvolveu a doença. Os sinais clínicos se caracterizaram por aumento de volume da mandibula e maxila, vários graus de abertura de boca com protrusão da língua, em associação com dispneia e anormalidades de apreensão de alimento e mastigação. Os animais afetados apresentaram os níveis séricos de fósforo e paratormônio aumentados, bem como maior atividade de fosfatase alcalina. Três caprinos foram necropsiados e os achados de necropsia incluíram aumento bilateral da maxi-la e mandíbula, dentes frouxos, além de múltiplas fraturas incompletas de costelas em um caprino. Microscopicamente, havia intensa proliferação de tecido conjuntivo frouxo ao redor de trabéculas ósseas, muitas das quais estavam parcial ou completamente não mineralizadas. Trabéculas ósseas mineralizadas apresentaram osteoclastos em lacunas de Howship.(AU)

OSTEODISTROFIA FIBROSA NUTRICIONAL EM JACARÉS DE CATIVEIRO NO ESTADO DA PARAÍBA

Os crocodilianos são subdivididos em três famílias: Alligatoridae, Crocodilidae e Gavialidae com total de 23 espécies. Quando jovens se alimentam de pequenos peixes e crustáceos, na fase adulta consomem vertebrados incluindo peixes, tartarugas, aves e mamíferos. As doenças ósseo-metabólicas envolvem um grupo de condições patológicas desenvolvidas como resultado de prolongadas deficiências em cálcio, fósforo e vitamina D. A Osteodistrofia fibrosa é a doença óssea metabólica mais comumente encontrada em répteis de cativeiro. A patogênese ocorre por estimulação das glândulas paratireoides devido à diminuição nas concentrações plasmáticas de cálcio, estimulando a secreção do paratormônio como mecanismo compensatório. Relatos de problemas no manejo nutricional são constantes, no entanto poucas informações estão disponíveis para essas espécies. No presente trabalho, o diagnóstico de osteodistrofia fibrosa em 17 jacarés, de três diferentes espécies, foi baseado nos aspectos epidemiológicos, histórico clínico, alterações radiográficas e achados macroscópicos e histopatológicos. As radiografias revelaram osteopenia, rarefação óssea, tortuosidade das vértebras e áreas de fraturas. Na necropsia foram observados graus variáveis de fragilidade óssea, deformações da coluna vertebral, alargamentos simétricos bilaterais dos ossos longos e paratireoides acentuadamente aumentadas. Os achados histopatológicos constituíram de marcada rarefação da matriz óssea, numerosas áreas císticas em meio o tecido ósseo, ilhas de cartilagem calcificadas e intensa substituição da matriz óssea por tecido conjuntivo fibroso. A ausência de lesões no parênquima renal e tumores paratireoidianos em todos os animais confirmam o diagnóstico definitivo de osteodistrofia fibrosa secundária ao hiperparatireoidismo nutricional. Após correção da alimentação com 0,1 ml de gluconato de cálcio para cada animal por via oral, nenhum caso adicional da doença foi observado.

Crocodilians are subdivided in three families: Alligatoridae, Crocodylidae and Gavialidae in a total of 23 species. When young they feed small fish and crustaceans, in adulthood consume vertebrates including fish, turtles, birds and mammals. Metabolic bone disease involves a group of pathological conditions developed as result of prolonged deficiencies in calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D. Fibrous osteodystrophy is a metabolic bone disease most commonly found in captive reptiles. The pathogenesis occurs by stimulation of the parathyroid glands due to decrease in plasma concentrations of calcium, stimulating the secretion of parathyroid hormone as a compensatory mechanism. Reports of problems on nutritional management are constant, however few information is available for these species. In this study, the diagnosis of fibrous osteodystrophy in 17 caimans from three different species was based on epidemiological aspects, clinical history, radiographic alterations, and mainly macroscopic and histopathological findings. Radiographs revealed osteopenia, bone thinning, tortuosity of the vertebrae and fractures areas. In the necropsy were observed variables degrees of bone fragility, spinal deformities, bilateral symmetrical enlargement of the long bones and parathyroid markedly increased. The histopathological findings consisted of marked rarefaction of bone matrix with severe thinning from maxillary and frontal bone forming numerous cystic areas with islands of cartilage calcified and intense replacement by fibrous tissue. The absence of injury at the renal parenchyma and parathyroid tumors in all animals confirm the diagnosis of fibrous osteodystrophy by nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism. After feeding correction with 0.1 ml of calcium gluconate for each animal orally, no additional cases of disease was observed.

REPRODUÇÃO EXPERIMENTAL DE DOENÇA OSSEO METABOLICA EM JACARÉ DO PANTANAL (Caiman yacare): ASPECTOS CLÍNICOS E PATOLÓGICOS

A criação comercial de jacaré-do-pantanal (Caiman yacare) é uma atividade alternativa e legal dentro da Bacia do Rio Paraguai (pantanal matogrossense), que coíbe a caça predatória, preserva a espécie, tem reconhecido potencial econômico para o agronegócio e traz impacto social positivo para agricultura familiar. Em cativeiro, um dos principais problemas para a manutenção desta espécie, são as doenças nutricionais, associadas com dietas mal formuladas. As doenças ósseometabólicas (DOM) são frequentes em répteis cativos e comumente definidas como uma série de patologias que afetam a integridade e função óssea. Neste grupo é comum a osteodistrofia fibrosa (osteíte fibrosa cística), doença metabólica relativamente comum, caracterizada por extensa reabsorção óssea, acompanhada pela proliferação do tecido conjuntivo fibroso, e formação de cistos, com frequência, o osteoide aceleradamente formado não se torna mineralizado, formando osso imaturo. A partir da investigação epidemiológica que incluíram ocorrência de doenças, as dietas fornecidas e o manejo comumente adotado, uma DOM frequentemente relatada em criatórios de jacarés-do-pantanal foi reproduzida com o objetivo de caracterizar o quadro clínico e patológico. O estudo foi realizado no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, LPV-UFMT, filhotes de jacarés-do-pantanal, com idade aproximada de três meses, os quais foram pesados, medidos e divididos ao acaso em quatro grupos. Foram utilizadas duas dietas, uma balanceada e outra hiperfosfatêmica, cada uma associada à privação e exposição solar, ambas fornecidas cinco vezes por semana, durante seis meses. A evolução da doença foi acompanhada por avaliação clínica, radiográfica e biometria mensal para os parâmetros massa corpórea e comprimento rostro-cloacal, durante todo o período experimental. Ao término desse período, os jacarés foram eutanasiados e tiveram amostras coletadas, para estudos histológicos, através de colorações de eosina e hematoxilina e tricrômico de Masson. Os resultados obtidos, através da biometria mensal, mostraram que a dieta hiperfosfatêmica foi significativa para influenciar 8 negativamente o comprimento rostro-cloacal, ganho de peso e causou manifestação clínica da doença. Não ocorreu alterações significativas em relação a exposição ou privação a radiação solar. A DOM desenvolveu-se insidiosamente, tornando-se mais evidente entre o 3º e o 6º mês após o início do experimento. Os animais afetados mostraram dor quando manuseados, acentuada fraqueza muscular, perda de apetite, em alguns casos caquexia, dificuldade de locomoção e marcado amolecimento ósseo (consistência de borracha), especialmente da mandíbula e maxila e cifose principalmente torácica e lombar. Havia também aumento moderado de volume das paratireoides. O estudo radiográfico mostrou diminuição difusa na densidade do esqueleto, adelgaçamento cortical de ossos longos e deformidades angulares, particularmente da coluna vertebral. Microscopicamente notou-se hipertrofia de células da paratireoide caracterizada por aumento moderado do citoplasma, diminuição da eosinofilia e ocasionalmente vacuolização. Os ossos longos (fêmur e tíbia), chatos (do crânio e mandíbula) e vértebras, apresentavam marcada reabsorção óssea osteoclástica, com variável deposição de tecido conjuntivo fibroso e irregular aumento da atividade osteoblástica com formação de tecido ósseo imaturo. As alterações clínicas, que levaram a doença propriamente dita e a baixa taxa de crescimento atribuída à doença óssea metabólica, foram classificadas morfologicamente como osteodistrofia fibrosa, relacionada ao hiperparatireoidismo nutricional secundário.

The commercial breeding of the swamp alligator (Caiman yacare) is an legal and alternative activity in the region of the River Paraguai (Mato Grosso, Pantanal) that prohibits the illegal hunting, preserves the species and has recognized the economic potential for agribusiness and brings positive social impact to family farming. In captivity, a major problem for the maintenance of the species are the nutritional diseases associated with badly formulated diets. The bone-metabolic diseases (DOM) are common in captive reptiles and commonly defined as a range of disorders affecting bone integrity and function. This group is common to fibrous osteoarthritis (osteitis fibrosa cystica), a relatively common metabolic disorder characterized by extensive bone resorption, accompanied by proliferation of fibrous tissue and the formation of cysts, often the rapidly formed mineralized osteoid not become forming immature bone. From the epidemiological investigation that included the occurrence of diseases, provided diets and management commonly adopted, the DOM often reported in farms alligator-swampland was reproduced in order to characterize the clinical and pathological picture. The study was conducted at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, LPV-UFMT, young alligators from the marsh, aged approximately three months, which were weighed, measured and randomly divided into four groups. Two diets were used, and a balanced high phosphatemic another, each associated with withdrawal and exposure, both supplied five times a week for six months. The disease was accompanied by clinical, radiographic and biometrics monthly assessment for body mass parameters and snout-vent length, throughout the experimental period. At the end of that period, the alligators were euthanized and samples were collected for histological studies, through eosin staining and hematoxylin and Masson's trichrome. The results obtained from the monthly biometrics, showed that high phophatemic diet was significant for negative effect on the snout-vent length, weight gain and caused clinical manifestation of the disease. There was no significant changes in relation to exposure to solar radiation or deprivation. The DOM has developed insidiously, becoming more evident between the 3rd and the 6th month after the start of the experiment. Affected animals showed pain when handled, severe muscle weakness, loss of appetite, cachexia in some cases, difficulty of movement and marked bone softening (rubbery consistency), 10 particularly of mandible and maxilla and particularly the thoracic and lumbar kyphosis. There was also moderate enlargement of the parathyroid glands. Radiography showed diffuse decrease in skeletal density, cortical thinning and angular deformations of long bones, particularly the spine. Microscopically was noted parathyroid cells hypertrophy characterized by moderate increase in the cytoplasm, decreased eosinophilia and occasionally vacuolization. The long bones (femur and tibia), flat (skull and jaw) and vertebrae, had marked osteoclastic bone resorption, with variable deposition of fibrous connective tissue and irregular increase in osteoblastic activity with immature bone formation. The clinical, leading to disease itself and the low growth rate attributed to metabolic bone disease, were morphologically classified as fibrous osteodystrophy, related to secondary hyperparathyroidism nutrition.

Hiperparatireoidismo nutricional secundário em uma calopsita(Nymphicus hollandicus Kerr, 1792) relato de caso / Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in a Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus Kerr, 1792) case report

Relata-se um caso de osteopatia metabólica em um exemplar adulto de calopsita (Nymphicus hollandicusKerr, 1792) criado sem cuidados adequados de manejo e nutrição. A ave apresentou quadro característicode hiperparatireioidismo nutricional secundário, incluindo fratura patológica que necessitou de correçãoatravés de imobilização.(AU)

This paper reports an expressive case of metabolic bone disease in a captive three years old Cockatiel(Nymphicus hollandicus Kerr, 1792) raised under wrong dietary schedule. The bird presented characteristiclesions of secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism including pathological fracture requiring correctionthrough immobilization.(AU)

Hiperparatireoidismo nutricional secundário em uma calopsita(Nymphicus hollandicus Kerr, 1792) – relato de caso / Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in a Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus Kerr, 1792) – case report

Relata-se um caso de osteopatia metabólica em um exemplar adulto de calopsita (Nymphicus hollandicusKerr, 1792) criado sem cuidados adequados de manejo e nutrição. A ave apresentou quadro característicode hiperparatireioidismo nutricional secundário, incluindo fratura patológica que necessitou de correçãoatravés de imobilização.

This paper reports an expressive case of metabolic bone disease in a captive three year’s old Cockatiel(Nymphicus hollandicus Kerr, 1792) raised under wrong dietary schedule. The bird presented characteristiclesions of secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism including pathological fracture requiring correctionthrough immobilization.

Minerais orgânicos na prevenção hiperparatireoidismo nutricional secundário em equinos / Prevention of secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism in horses using organic minerals

Não é raro criar equinos em áreas onde baixo teor de fósforo, indisponibilidade de cálcio e teor de oxalato nas plantas podem levar a desequilíbrios resultando em hiperparatireoidismo nutricional secundário. Normalmente, os minerais atuam no organismo na forma orgânica e não inorgânica, porém, ainda há controvérsia na literatura quanto ao uso de minerais orgânicos. Objetivando-se avaliar o efeito da adição de ácido oxálico na dieta, causando desequilíbrio entre cálcio e fósforo em potros, e se dietas com minerais orgânicos, quando comparadas a dietas com minerais inorgânicos, seriam capazes de evitar esse desequilíbrio e evitar o desenvolvimento da patologia, analisaram-se: pesos dos animais, parâmetros sorológicos, concentrações minerais nos pêlos, densidade mineral óssea e biópsias ósseas. Utilizaram-se 24 potros, sem raça definida, com idade entre 18 e 24 meses. Cada tratamento foi composto por 6 potros (3 machos e 3 fêmeas), totalizando 4 tratamentos, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo, em arranjo fatorial 2x2: suplementação com minerais orgânicos ou minerais inorgânicos, e presença ou ausência de oxalato na dieta. A colheita de amostras foi realizada em 150 dias, sendo a pesagem a cada 15 dias, os parâmetros sorológicos, mineralogramas capilares e densitometrias ósseas a cada 30 dias, e biópsias ósseas a cada 75 dias. Os resultados demonstraram aumento linear dos pesos em relação aos períodos, independente dos tratamentos e não foram observadas diferenças significativas nos hemogramas dos animais no período experimental. Houve diferença no paratormônio (PTH) plasmático entre o grupo tratado com minerais inorgânicos + oxalato em relação aos outros tratamentos. O hormônio calcitonina não diferiu entre tratamentos e durante períodos, assim como os minerais lítio, molibdênio, zinco, escândio, ouro, prata, tungstênio, zircônio, bário, berílio, cádmio, chumbo e mercúrio (dosados por mineralograma capilar). Foi observada diferença na concentração capilar de cálcio, enxofre, boro, cobre e estrôncio em relação aos períodos, independente dos tratamentos. As médias das concentrações capilares de manganês, no tratamento com minerais inorgânicos + oxalato não apresentaram diferenças entre períodos; porém nos outros tratamentos, assim como nos minerais fósforo, magnésio, potássio, silício, sódio, cobalto, cromo, ferro, selênio, titânio, alumínio e níquel houve efeito quadrático em relação aos períodos. Quanto à densidade mineral óssea do III metacarpiano, não foi observada diferença entre tratamentos, nem entre sexos. Foi observado efeito de período na mobilização de cálcio, fósforo e magnésio nos ossos, independente dos tratamentos. A partir dos resultados desse estudo, pode-se concluir que o modelo de indução de desequilíbrio entre cálcio e fósforo com inclusão de oxalato de potássio é efetivo e produz o resultado esperado. A suplementação mineral é capaz de aumentar a densidade mineral óssea, em potros, independente da fonte e do sexo. A criação de desequilíbrio mineral através da inclusão de oxalato de potássio diminui concentrações de cálcio, fósforo e magnésio nos ossos, independente da fonte suplementada. Potros suplementados com minerais orgânicos, mesmo quando desafiados com a inclusão de oxalato de potássio na dieta, mantém níveis de PTH plasmáticos estáveis, demonstrando melhor resistência ao desequilíbrio entre cálcio e fósforo e evitando o desenvolvimento da osteodistrofia fibrosa

Not uncommonly, the creation of horses in areas where the low phosphorus content, the unavailability of calcium and oxalate levels in plants can lead to imbalances resulting in nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism. Minerals exert their functions in the body almost entirely as chelated minerals, and not as inorganic ion, however, there is still much controversy in the literature regarding the use of organic minerals. Aiming to evaluate whether the addition of oxalic acid in the diet could induce an imbalance between calcium and phosphorus in foals, and if the diet with organic minerals, compared with diet with inorganic minerals, would be able to avoid this imbalance and prevent the development of pathology, serological parameters, mineral concentrations in hair, bone mineral density and bone biopsies were analyzed. It was used 24 crossbred foals, aged between 18 and 24 months. Each treatment consisted of 6 foals (three males and three females), totaling four treatments in a completely randomized design with repeated measures on time, in a 2x2 factorial arrangement: supplementation with minerals organic or not (inorganic minerals), and presence or absence of oxalate in the diet. Sampling was conducted over a period of 150 days, and the animal were weighed every 15 days, the serological parameters, bone densitometry and hair analysis collected every 30 days, and bone biopsies every 75 days. The results showed a linear increase of the weights trough the periods, regardless of the treatments, and there were no significant differences in blood counts of animals in the experimental period. The values of parathyroid hormone (PTH) showed no difference between the group treated with inorganic minerals + oxalate in relation to other treatments, and in this treatment, the average was 5.75 times higher than the averages of other treatments. The results showed that the hormone calcitonin did not change between treatments and periods as well as the mineral lithium, molybdenum, zinc, scandium, gold, silver, tungsten, zirconium, barium, beryllium, cadmium, lead and mercury (measured by hair analysis). Difference was observed in hair concentration of calcium, sulfur, boron, copper and strontium during periods, regardless of treatments. The hairs average concentration of manganese in treatment with inorganic minerals + oxalate did not differ during periods, but the other treatments, as well as the minerals phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, silicon, sodium, cobalt, chromium, iron, selenium, titanium, aluminum and nickel showed quadratic effects for the periods. No difference was observed between treatments or between sexes on III metacarpal bone mineral density during the study period. A period effect was observed in the mobilization of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in bone, independent of treatments. With the results of this study, we can conclude that the model of induced imbalance between calcium and phosphorus with addition of potassium oxalate is effective and produces the expected result. The mineral supplementation can increase bone mineral density in foals, regardless of source and sex. The creation of mineral imbalance by adding potassium oxalate decreases the concentration of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the bones of foals, regardless of source supplemented. Foals supplemented with organic minerals, even when challenged with the addition of potassium oxalate in the diet, maintains levels of plasma PTH stable, showing more resistance to the imbalance between calcium and phosphorus and avoiding the development of fibrous osteodystrophy

Electroneuromyographic evaluation in healthy cats and in those submitted to the nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism / Avaliação eletroneuromiográfica em gatos normais e submetidos ao hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional

The aim of this study was to evaluate the motor nerve conduction velocity, neuromuscular transmission, and electromyography at rest in healthy cats (group I) and in cats submitted to the nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (group II). Ten mongrel cats, six males and four females, aged between 4 and 5 months and average body weight of 1.67 kg were used to establish normal pattern (group I). Ten mongrel cats, five males and five females, initial age between 2 and 3 months, old and initial body weight of 820 grams were used in group II. After 10 days of adaptation period, the group II animals were fed with raw heart beef for 60 days to induce the nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism. It was possible to conclude that the motor nerve conduction velocity, and electromyographic findings of insertional and spontaneous activities of cats with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism showed similar pattern to healthy cats at the same age. Using repetitive stimulation at 3Hz it was observed global tendency to decrement of the compound muscle action potentials, and using repetitive stimulation at 10Hz a tendency to decrement or increment occurred; though, the variations were at normal limit.

O trabalho teve por objetivos estudar a condução nervosa motora e a transmissão neuromuscular e eletromiografia de repouso em gatos normais (grupo I), submetidos a hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional (grupo II). Para estudo normativo (grupo I), foram utilizados 10 gatos, aparentemente saudáveis, sem raça definida, sendo seis machos e quatro fêmeas, com idades entre 4 e 5 meses e peso médio de 1,67kg. No grupo II, empregaram-se 10 gatos, sem raça definida, sendo cinco machos e cinco fêmeas, com idade aproximada inicial entre 2 e 3 meses e peso inicial médio de 820 gramas. Após um período de adaptação de 10 dias, foram alimentados por 60 dias com coração bovino moído e cru, visando a indução de hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional. Foi possível concluir que latência, amplitude e velocidade de condução nervosa motora e os achados eletromiográficos das atividades insercional e espontânea de gatos com hiperparatireoisdismo secundário nutricional, apresentaram um padrão similar aos de gatos normais da mesma idade. Para estimulações repetitivas a 3Hz, observou-se tendência global a decremento dos potenciais de ação musculares compostos e a 10 Hz houve tendência de incremento ou decremento; entretanto, tais variações apresentaram-se dentro dos limites de normalidade.

Radiographic aspects of nutritional hyperparathyroidism in a cougar (Puma concolor) / Aspectos radiográfi cos do hiperparatireoidismo nutricional em uma suçuarana (Puma concolor)

Background: Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism (SNH) is a metabolic disease related to calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and causes generalized bone dystrophy. It occurs especially when animals are fed diets which contain proportionally high levels of phosphorus. SNH has been diagnosed in various large feline species such as jaguars, tigers, lions and leopards by means of biochemical and radiographic exams. Even though the feeding habits of these animals are well known, mistakes regarding administration of diets to animals in captivity are common, the most frequent being feeding them exclusively meat. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and radiographic fi ndings of SNH in a cougar kept in captivity. Case: An approximately 9-month-old cougar (Puma concolor) which had been fed an exclusive meat diet was referred to the UFMT Veterinary Hospital after a period of diet correction and oral supplementation with calcium. The animal exhibited hind limb ambulation problems, poor nutritional condition and constipation. Radiographic examination revealed a slight skeletal density reduction, severe angular deformities of the hind limb bones, thickening of the femoral diaphysis, abnormal curvatures of the tibiae and calcanei, lateral displacement of the patellae and narrowing of the pelvic canal. Additionally to the skeletal alterations, there was intense colonic impac

Background: Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism (SNH) is a metabolic disease related to calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and causes generalized bone dystrophy. It occurs especially when animals are fed diets which contain proportionally high levels of phosphorus. SNH has been diagnosed in various large feline species such as jaguars, tigers, lions and leopards by means of biochemical and radiographic exams. Even though the feeding habits of these animals are well known, mistakes regarding administration of diets to animals in captivity are common, the most frequent being feeding them exclusively meat. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and radiographic fi ndings of SNH in a cougar kept in captivity. Case: An approximately 9-month-old cougar (Puma concolor) which had been fed an exclusive meat diet was referred to the UFMT Veterinary Hospital after a period of diet correction and oral supplementation with calcium. The animal exhibited hind limb ambulation problems, poor nutritional condition and constipation. Radiographic examination revealed a slight skeletal density reduction, severe angular deformities of the hind limb bones, thickening of the femoral diaphysis, abnormal curvatures of the tibiae and calcanei, lateral displacement of the patellae and narrowing of the pelvic canal. Additionally to the skeletal alterations, there was intense colonic impac

Densitometria óptica radiográfica na avaliação do hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional induzido em gatos jovens

The aim of this study was to evaluate the modification of bone mineral density, as well as the serum biochemistry variation in the nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism. Ten crossbreed cats, initial aging between 2 and 3 months, and weighing 820 grams were used. After 10 days of adaptation, they were fed with raw beef heart for 60 days. At the end of adaptation time and every 15 days, exams were realized. The method of optical densitometry in radiographic images of the right radius and ulna was used. There was no statistical difference in the bone mineral densitometry between the end of adaptation period and with 15 days of consuming a diet of beef heart. At 30 days the bone density decreased statistically, and it was in the same level at 45 and 60 days. There was no statistical difference in the serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations in all observation time. Serum alkaline phosphatase concentration varied and it was increased above normal variation in the 45th and 60th day of the diet. It was possible to conclude that bone densitometry in radiographic images is an efficient method to evaluate bone demineralization, and calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase serum biochemistry analysis are limited value.

O trabalho teve por objetivos verificar as alterações da densidade mineral óssea e as alterações bioquímicas, no hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional. Foram utilizados 10 gatos, sem raça definida, com idade inicial entre 2 e 3 meses e peso médio de 820 gramas. Após um período de adaptação de 10 dias, eles foram submetidos a uma dieta composta por coração bovino moído e cru durante 60 dias, sendo os exames efetuados no final do período de adaptação e a cada 15 dias. Empregou-se o método de densitometria óptica em imagens radiográficas, do rádio e ulna direitos. Não foi observada diferença estatística na densidade mineral óssea entre o final do período de adaptação e com 15 dias de alimentação com carne de coração. Aos 30 dias, houve uma diminuição significante estatisticamente, que se manteve no mesmo patamar aos 45 e 60 dias. Em nenhum momento de observação ocorreu diferença estatística nos níveis séricos de cálcio e fósforo. Os níveis séricos de fosfatase alcalina variaram e estavam acima dos valores normais no 45º e 60º dia da dieta. Foi possível concluir que a densitometria óptica em imagens radiográficas é um método eficiente de avaliação da desmineralização óssea, ao passo que as análises bioquímicas séricas de cálcio, fósforo e fosfatase alcalina são de valor limitado.