Requirement of digestible methionine + cystine in Japanese quails during the laying phase / Exigência de metionina + cistina digestível para codornas japonesas em fase de postura

An experiment was carried out with Japanese quails in the initial laying phase, from 43 to 168 days of age, to determine the nutritional requirement of digestible methionine + cystine for this period. 375 quails were used, being fifteen quails used per experimental unit. A total of 5 treatments (0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 1.05 and 1.20% digestible methionine + cystine) were used in a completely randomized design with 5 replicates each. The performance parameters evaluated were feed intake (g / bird), body weight (g), egg weight (g), laying rate (%), egg mass (g eggs.bird.day-1 ), feed conversion by mass and dozen eggs (g.g-1 of eggs, g.dz-1 of eggs), viability (%) and the body chemical composition (%). The egg quality parameters were: % of component (yolk, albumen and shell relative to egg weight), specific gravity (g mL-1 ), Haugh unit, yolk index, shell weight per surface area and thickness of the shell (mm). Quadratic effect was found on the performance parameters evaluated (P0.05). The nutritional recommendation of digestible methionine + cystine for Japanese quails at laying phase is 0.90% from the maximum point obtained for the egg mass, egg weight and laying rate, corresponding to daily intake of 241.54 mg of digestible methionine + cystine / day, respectively.

Foi desenvolvido um experimento com codornas japonesas na fase inicial de postura, de 43 a 168 dias de idade, com o objetivo de determinar a exigência nutricional de metionina + cistina digestível para este período. Foram utilizadas 375 codornas, sendo 15 aves por unidade experimental. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC) totalizando 5 tratamentos (0,60; 0,75; 0,90; 1,05 e 1,20 % de metionina + cistina digestível) com 5 repetições cada. As variáveis de desempenho avaliadas foram, consumo de ração (g/ave), peso corporal (g), peso do ovo (g), taxa de postura (%), produção de massa de ovos (g ovos.ave. dia-1), conversão alimentar por massa e dúzia de ovos (g.g-1 de ovos, g.dz-1 de ovos), viabilidade (%) e a composição química corporal (%). As variáveis de qualidade dos ovos foram, percentagem do componente (gema, albúmen e casca em relação ao peso do ovo), gravidade específica (g mL.-1), unidade Haugh, índice de gema e peso da casca por superfície de área. Foi encontrado efeito quadrático sobre as variáveis de desempenho avaliadas (P0,05). A recomendação nutricional de metionina + cistina digestível para codornas japonesas na fase de postura é de 0,90% a partir do ponto de máxima obtido para as variáveis massa de ovos, peso de ovos e taxa de postura, correspondendo ao consumo diário de 241,54 mg de metionina + cistina digestível / dia, respectivamente.

Quality of free-range and commercial eggs subjected to different storage periods and temperatures / Qualidade de ovos caipiras e comerciais submetidos a diferentes períodos e temperaturas de armazenamento

The objective was to evaluate the internal quality of eggs from commercial laying hens and free-range hens subjected to different storage periods and temperatures. For the experiment, 280 eggs were randomly distributed into different treatments, adopting a completely randomized design, in a 2 x 7 factorial arrangement of two temperatures, seven storage periods, totaling 14 treatments with 10 replications. The treatments consisted of two storage conditions: under refrigeration (6 ± 1.0ºC) and at room temperature (26.6 ± 1.0ºC). Eggs were analyzed for 30 days, with evaluations in different storage periods (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days). For each storage condition, 140 eggs were separated, 70 commercial eggs and 70 free-range eggs. There was a linear increase in egg weight loss, yolk weight, albumen pH, yolk pH, length and width of albumen and yolk of commercial and free-range eggs, as the storage period increased. There was a linear reduction in weight, height and albumen index and in the yolk index of commercial and free-range eggs as the storage period increased, with more pronounced responses for eggs stored at room temperature (P<0.05). Albumen percentage was linearly reduced only for commercial eggs (P<0.05). Eggs kept at room temperature reduce their quality after 15 days of storage, and the storage under refrigeration for 30 days is recommended to preserve the shelf life of the egg for consumption.

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade interna de ovos provenientes de poedeiras comerciais e de galinhas caipiras submetidos a diferentes períodos e temperaturas de armazenamento. Para o experimento, foram utilizados 280 ovos. Os ovos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente nos diferentes tratamentos adotando-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 7, duas temperaturas, sete períodos de armazenamento, totalizando 14 tratamentos com 10 repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em duas condições de armazenamento: sob refrigeração (6 ± 1,0ºC) e em temperatura ambiente (26,6 ± 1,0ºC). Os ovos foram analisados por um período de 30 dias, com avaliações realizadas em diferentes períodos de armazenamento (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 dias). Para cada condição de armazenamento, foram separados 140 ovos, sendo 70 ovos comerciais e 70 ovos caipiras. Ocorreu aumento linear na perda de peso dos ovos, peso da gema, pH do albúmen, pH da gema, comprimento e largura do albúmen e da gema dos ovos comerciais e caipiras, à medida que se aumentava o período de armazenamento. Verificou-se redução linear no peso, altura e índice do albúmen e no índice da gema dos ovos comerciais e caipiras conforme se aumentava o período de armazenamento, com respostas mais acentuadas para ovos acondicionados em temperatura ambiente (P<0,05). A porcentagem de albúmen foi reduzida linearmente apenas para ovos comerciais (P<0,05). Ovos mantidos sob temperatura ambiente reduzem a sua qualidade a partir dos 15 dias de armazenamento, sendo o armazenamento sob refrigeração durante o período de 30 dias, o recomendado para preservar a vida de prateleira do ovo para consumo.

Effects of Marketing Channels and Season on Weight and Quality Grades Classification According to Gulf Cooperation Council Standardization Organization standard of Fresh Commercial Table Eggs Marketed in Riyadh City (Saudi Arabia)

The present study aimed to assess egg quality by identifying quality grades and weight class classification of fresh commercial Table eggs marketed in the city of Riyadh during winter and the summer seasons, and comparing the measured traits rendering to the Gulf Cooperation Council Standardization Organization. A total of 480 eggs were purchased from two different channels of marketing, four supermarkets and four grocery stores located in different areas of the city of Riyadh during summer and the winter seasons. It appeared from the outcomes that the eggs purchased from the supermarkets had significantly higher AA and A Haugh units, albumin pH and AA air cell grades and medium egg weight class, and they also had lower B and C Haugh units, albumen pH, A and B air cell depth grades, and very large, large and small eggs weight classes percentages than those obtained from grocery stores. Over and above, the eggs obtained in the winter had significantly higher AA and A Haugh unit, albumin pH, AA air cell depth grades percentages, very large and large egg weight class percentages, and had less B and C Haugh unit and albumen pH and B air cell depth grades and small weight class percentages than those obtained in the summer. In summary, marketing channels and season play a significant role in affecting quality traits of Table eggs, also those procured from supermarkets and in the winter presented better quality than those obtained from groceries or in the summer, respectively. Grocery stores or small shops have to follow proper handling and storage conditions requirements to maintain good quality of Table eggs, especially in the summer season.(AU)

Addition of homoeopathy in the diet of Japanese quails increases egg weight / A adição da homeopatia na dieta de codornas japonesas aumenta o peso dos ovos

This study aims to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of different homoeopathic products on the diet of laying quails. We used 200 Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) distributed in a completely randomized design consisting of the adoption of four experimental diets, with eight replicates of five quails each. The treatments were control (without additives), calcium carbonate (vehicle used in the products), Fertsigo®, and Ovosigo®. We determined the performance, egg quality, and blood biochemical profile of quails. The data were submitted to Tukey test at 5% probability. There was a significant effect of the homeopathic products Fertsigo® and Ovosigo® on the variables egg weight, yolk, albumen, and shell percentage. It did not affect the performance and blood biochemical profile (p > 0.05). The addition of the homoeopathic product Ovosigo® and FertSigo® in diets of Japanese quails at the laying phase is recommended because they resulted in the better weight of the egg and its components. Thus, the application of homoeopathy in the production of quails is a viable practice, since it is easy to manage, has a reduced cost, and exerts positive effects on the performance of quails.

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a ação da inclusão de diferentes produtos homeopáticos na dieta de codornas poedeiras. Foram utilizadas 200 codornas japonesas (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica), distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, consistindo na adoção de quatro dietas experimentais com oito repetições de cinco codornas cada. Os tratamentos foram: Controle (sem aditivos); Carbonato de cálcio (veículo utilizado nos produtos); Fertsigo® e Ovosigo®. O desempenho, a qualidade dos ovos e o perfil bioquímico do sangue das codornas foram avaliados e os dados submetidos ao teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Houve efeito significativo do produto homeopático Fertsigo® e Ovosigo® para as variáveis peso do ovo, gema e albúmen e porcentagem de casca. Não foram afetados o desempenho e o perfil bioquímico do sangue (p > 0,05). É indicada a adição dos produtos homeopáticos Ovosigo® e FertSigo® em dietas para codornas japonesas na fase de postura, pois resultaram no melhor peso do ovo e seus componentes. Assim, a aplicação da homeopatia na produção de codornas pode ser uma prática viável, pois é de fácil administração, com custo reduzido e com efeitos positivos no desempenho das codornas.

Addition of homoeopathy in the diet of Japanese quails increases egg weight / A adição da homeopatia na dieta de codornas japonesas aumenta o peso dos ovos

This study aims to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of different homoeopathic products on the diet of laying quails. We used 200 Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) distributed in a completely randomized design consisting of the adoption of four experimental diets, with eight replicates of five quails each. The treatments were control (without additives), calcium carbonate (vehicle used in the products), Fertsigo®, and Ovosigo®. We determined the performance, egg quality, and blood biochemical profile of quails. The data were submitted to Tukey test at 5% probability. There was a significant effect of the homeopathic products Fertsigo® and Ovosigo® on the variables egg weight, yolk, albumen, and shell percentage. It did not affect the performance and blood biochemical profile (p > 0.05). The addition of the homoeopathic product Ovosigo® and FertSigo® in diets of Japanese quails at the laying phase is recommended because they resulted in the better weight of the egg and its components. Thus, the application of homoeopathy in the production of quails is a viable practice, since it is easy to manage, has a reduced cost, and exerts positive effects on the performance of quails.(AU)

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a ação da inclusão de diferentes produtos homeopáticos na dieta de codornas poedeiras. Foram utilizadas 200 codornas japonesas (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica), distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, consistindo na adoção de quatro dietas experimentais com oito repetições de cinco codornas cada. Os tratamentos foram: Controle (sem aditivos); Carbonato de cálcio (veículo utilizado nos produtos); Fertsigo® e Ovosigo®. O desempenho, a qualidade dos ovos e o perfil bioquímico do sangue das codornas foram avaliados e os dados submetidos ao teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Houve efeito significativo do produto homeopático Fertsigo® e Ovosigo® para as variáveis peso do ovo, gema e albúmen e porcentagem de casca. Não foram afetados o desempenho e o perfil bioquímico do sangue (p > 0,05). É indicada a adição dos produtos homeopáticos Ovosigo® e FertSigo® em dietas para codornas japonesas na fase de postura, pois resultaram no melhor peso do ovo e seus componentes. Assim, a aplicação da homeopatia na produção de codornas pode ser uma prática viável, pois é de fácil administração, com custo reduzido e com efeitos positivos no desempenho das codornas.(AU)

Egg Storage Time Affects Incubation Yield and Hatch Window in Pekin Ducks (Anas Boschas)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of storage time on albumen quality, incubation yield, and hatch window in Pekin ducks (Anas boschas). A total of 1302 eggs were randomly distributed to seven treatments according to the storage time with durations ranging from 1 to 14 days. Each treatment consisted of 186 eggs with a two-day storage interval between treatments. The pH and Haugh unit (HU) of the albumen, egg weight loss during incubation (WL), hatchability (HTCH), incubation duration (ID), hatch window, asymmetry (ASS), percentile kurtosis (PK), and embryonic mortality were analyzed. A linear effect was observed forthe WL, ID, and PK and a quadratic effect forpH, HU, and HTCH over time. No significant effect of storage time was observed on ASS. Post-pipping embryonic mortality was linearly affected by storage time. Prolonging the storage period above 10 days reduces albumen quality and hatchability, delays the hatch of Pekins, and results in a higher percentage of post-pipping mortality.(AU)

Egg Storage Time Affects Incubation Yield and Hatch Window in Pekin Ducks (Anas Boschas)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of storage time on albumen quality, incubation yield, and hatch window in Pekin ducks (Anas boschas). A total of 1302 eggs were randomly distributed to seven treatments according to the storage time with durations ranging from 1 to 14 days. Each treatment consisted of 186 eggs with a two-day storage interval between treatments. The pH and Haugh unit (HU) of the albumen, egg weight loss during incubation (WL), hatchability (HTCH), incubation duration (ID), hatch window, asymmetry (ASS), percentile kurtosis (PK), and embryonic mortality were analyzed. A linear effect was observed forthe WL, ID, and PK and a quadratic effect forpH, HU, and HTCH over time. No significant effect of storage time was observed on ASS. Post-pipping embryonic mortality was linearly affected by storage time. Prolonging the storage period above 10 days reduces albumen quality and hatchability, delays the hatch of Pekins, and results in a higher percentage of post-pipping mortality.

Total electrolyte balance for laying hens / Balanço eletrolítico total para galinhas poedeiras

This study was done to determine the best value of the total electrolyte balance (BET) concerning the variables of performance and egg quality of the laying hens. We investigated 240 Hy-Line Brown laying hens, of 30 to 46 weeks of age, adopting the completely randomized experimental design, which included five treatments (1000, 1250, 1500, 1750 and 2000 μeq / kg), 8 repetitions and 6 birds per unit. The performance and quality of the birds eggs were evaluated in the different treatments. The results were subjected to the analysis of variance and, wherever significant effect was noted, the regression equations were estimated, taking into account the electrolyte balance (μeq / kg) as a concomitant variable, applying the SAS statistical program (2001). The consumption, production, and feed conversion variables by dozen eggs, final bird weight, egg density, yolk color, Haugh Unit, albumen weight, shell weight, and egg weight, were found to be unaffected by the experimental BET values. The values of the feed conversion per egg mass, yolk weight and uniformity were affected by the different BETs. The electrolyte balance values showing minimum feed conversion, higher yolk weight, and better uniformity were, respectively, BET = 1400, 1330, and 1250 in μeq / kg of loads at the different temperatures. From the regression equations, the value indicated was BET=1390 for the 30- to 46-week-old laying hens. The electrolyte balance of the diet was found to affect the laying hens in terms of performance and egg quality.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o melhor valor de balanço eletrolítico total (BET) para as variáveis de desempenho e qualidade dos ovos de galinhas poedeiras. Foram utilizadas 240 galinhas poedeiras da linhagem HyLine Brown, durante o período de 30 a 46 semanas de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (1000, 1250, 1500, 1750 e 2000 μeq/kg), oito repetições e seis aves por unidade experimental. Foram avaliados o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos das aves com os diferentes tratamentos. Foi realizada análise de variância e, no caso de efeito significativo, foram estimadas equações de regressão considerando como variável concomitante o balanço eletrolítico (μeq/kg), usando o programa estatístico SAS (2001). As variáveis de consumo, produção, conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovos, peso final das aves, densidade do ovo, coloração da gema, Unidade Haugh, peso do albúmen, peso da casca e peso do ovo, não foram afetados pelos BET experimentais. Os valores de conversão alimentar por massa de ovos, peso de gema e uniformidade foram influenciados pelos diferentes BET. Os valores de balanço eletrolítico que propiciaram conversão alimentar mínima, melhor peso de gema e melhor uniformidade foram, respectivamente: BET=1400, BET = 1330 e BET = 1250 em μeq/kg de cargas nas rações. Conforme as equações de regressão indica-se o valor de BET de 1390 para poedeiras de 30 a 46 semanas de idade. O balanço eletrolítico da dieta afeta o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos de galinhas poedeiras.(AU)

Influence of Low and High-density Diets with Yeast Supplementation on Feed Intake, Nutrient Digestibility, Egg Production and Egg Quality in Hy-line Brown Laying Hens

A total of 432 laying hens (40 weeks old) were used in a 10- weeks feeding trial. The birds were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments with 18 replications (6 birds per replication) in a 2×2 factorial arrangement with low-density diet (LD), and high density (HD) diets supplemented with or without (0.1 %) of yeast. Laying hens feed intake during the 5th, 6th and 10th weeks has significantly increased (p<0.05) in LD diet and HD diet supplemented with (0.1 %) of yeast supplementation. However, egg production and broken rate was not affected with or without yeast and density diet. The quality of egg and shell color during the 5th, 6th, and 7th weeks has significantly reduced (p<0.05) by yeast supplementation with HD and LD diet. Eggshell strength was significantly improved at week 4, moreover albumin height was also significantly improved by yeast supplementation diets at week 5. During week 1 and 2 the yolk color was higher in LD diet and HD diet compared with yeast supplementation. However, eggshell strength was significantly improved on HD diets than LD diets during the 4th and 7th weeks. Eggshell color and albumen height were significantly decreased in laying hens fed HD or LD diets during week 5 and 6. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and Energy was not affected (p<0.05) by laying hens fed with or without yeast and HD than LD diets. In summary, 0.1% of yeast supplementation proved a positive impact on feed intake and egg quality of layer chicken.(AU)

Influence of Low and High-density Diets with Yeast Supplementation on Feed Intake, Nutrient Digestibility, Egg Production and Egg Quality in Hy-line Brown Laying Hens

A total of 432 laying hens (40 weeks old) were used in a 10- weeks feeding trial. The birds were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments with 18 replications (6 birds per replication) in a 2×2 factorial arrangement with low-density diet (LD), and high density (HD) diets supplemented with or without (0.1 %) of yeast. Laying hens feed intake during the 5th, 6th and 10th weeks has significantly increased (p<0.05) in LD diet and HD diet supplemented with (0.1 %) of yeast supplementation. However, egg production and broken rate was not affected with or without yeast and density diet. The quality of egg and shell color during the 5th, 6th, and 7th weeks has significantly reduced (p<0.05) by yeast supplementation with HD and LD diet. Eggshell strength was significantly improved at week 4, moreover albumin height was also significantly improved by yeast supplementation diets at week 5. During week 1 and 2 the yolk color was higher in LD diet and HD diet compared with yeast supplementation. However, eggshell strength was significantly improved on HD diets than LD diets during the 4th and 7th weeks. Eggshell color and albumen height were significantly decreased in laying hens fed HD or LD diets during week 5 and 6. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and Energy was not affected (p<0.05) by laying hens fed with or without yeast and HD than LD diets. In summary, 0.1% of yeast supplementation proved a positive impact on feed intake and egg quality of layer chicken.

Effect of storage time and temperature on the quality of Japanese quail eggs / Efeito do tempo e das condições de armazenamento na qualidade de ovos de codornas japonesas

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of storage time and temperature on the quality of quail eggs. The experimental design was completely randomized in split plots, with two storage temperatures in the plots and six storage periods in the subplots. The variables analyzed were: egg weight; albumen and yolk weight, height and pH; Haugh units (HU); and yolk index and diameter. ̈The interaction between storage time and temperature was not significant (P>0.05) for egg weight, yolk weight and pH, but was significant (P<0.05) for albumen height, weight and pH, HU, and yolk diameter, height and index. The storage period had a quadratic effect in the two storage conditions for HU, albumen pH, yolk height and index, while for eggs stored at room temperature there was a quadratic effect on egg and albumen weight, albumen height, yolk weight, diameter and pH. In turn, for eggs kept under refrigeration, the effect of the storage period was linear for egg weight, albumen weight and height, yolk weight and pH. There was no effect in the regression analysis of the storage period for the yolk diameter of the eggs stored under refrigeration. The storage conditions influenced the egg weight and quality characteristics of the albumen and yolk, but had no effect on the yolk weight. Non-refrigerated eggs presented lower averages for all the characteristics except albumen pH, and yolk pH and diameter. During the entire storage period, the quality of the eggs without refrigeration remained lower than that of refrigerated eggs. Thus, to preserve quality, quail eggs should be stored under refrigeration.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da temperatura e do tempo de estocagem na qualidade de ovos de codorna. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em parcela subdividida, sendo duas temperaturas de armazenamento nas parcelas e seis períodos de estocagem nas subparcelas. As variáveis analisadas foram: peso do ovo, peso, altura, pH do albúmen e da gema, Unidades Haugh (UH), diâmetro e índice de gema. A interação entre período e temperatura de armazenamento não foi significativa (P>0,05) para o peso do ovo, pH e peso da gema. Contudo foi significativa (P<0,05) para altura do albúmen, peso, pH do albúmen, UH, diâmetro, altura e índice de gema. O período de estocagem teve efeito quadrático nas duas condições de estocagem para: UH, pH do albúmen, altura e índice de gema e para ovos armazenados em condições ambientes para: peso do ovo e do albúmen, altura de albúmen, peso, diâmetro e pH da gema. Para os ovos mantidos em refrigeração o efeito do período de estocagem foi linear para: peso do ovo e do albúmen, altura de albúmen, peso e pH da gema. Não houve regressão do período de estocagem para o diâmetro da gema dos ovos armazenados em refrigeração. As condições de estocagem influenciaram o peso do ovo e as características de qualidade do albúmen e da gema, porém não teve efeito sobre o peso da gema. Os ovos sem refrigeração apresentaram médias inferiores para a maioria das características exceto para o pH do albúmen, pH e diâmetro da gema. Durante todo o período de estocagem, a qualidade dos ovos sem refrigeração manteve inferior aos ovos refrigerados. Para preservar a qualidade, os ovos de codorna devem ser armazenados em refrigeração.

Effect of storage time and temperature on the quality of Japanese quail eggs / Efeito do tempo e das condições de armazenamento na qualidade de ovos de codornas japonesas

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of storage time and temperature on the quality of quail eggs. The experimental design was completely randomized in split plots, with two storage temperatures in the plots and six storage periods in the subplots. The variables analyzed were: egg weight; albumen and yolk weight, height and pH; Haugh units (HU); and yolk index and diameter. ̈The interaction between storage time and temperature was not significant (P>0.05) for egg weight, yolk weight and pH, but was significant (P<0.05) for albumen height, weight and pH, HU, and yolk diameter, height and index. The storage period had a quadratic effect in the two storage conditions for HU, albumen pH, yolk height and index, while for eggs stored at room temperature there was a quadratic effect on egg and albumen weight, albumen height, yolk weight, diameter and pH. In turn, for eggs kept under refrigeration, the effect of the storage period was linear for egg weight, albumen weight and height, yolk weight and pH. There was no effect in the regression analysis of the storage period for the yolk diameter of the eggs stored under refrigeration. The storage conditions influenced the egg weight and quality characteristics of the albumen and yolk, but had no effect on the yolk weight. Non-refrigerated eggs presented lower averages for all the characteristics except albumen pH, and yolk pH and diameter. During the entire storage period, the quality of the eggs without refrigeration remained lower than that of refrigerated eggs. Thus, to preserve quality, quail eggs should be stored under refrigeration.(AU)

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da temperatura e do tempo de estocagem na qualidade de ovos de codorna. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em parcela subdividida, sendo duas temperaturas de armazenamento nas parcelas e seis períodos de estocagem nas subparcelas. As variáveis analisadas foram: peso do ovo, peso, altura, pH do albúmen e da gema, Unidades Haugh (UH), diâmetro e índice de gema. A interação entre período e temperatura de armazenamento não foi significativa (P>0,05) para o peso do ovo, pH e peso da gema. Contudo foi significativa (P<0,05) para altura do albúmen, peso, pH do albúmen, UH, diâmetro, altura e índice de gema. O período de estocagem teve efeito quadrático nas duas condições de estocagem para: UH, pH do albúmen, altura e índice de gema e para ovos armazenados em condições ambientes para: peso do ovo e do albúmen, altura de albúmen, peso, diâmetro e pH da gema. Para os ovos mantidos em refrigeração o efeito do período de estocagem foi linear para: peso do ovo e do albúmen, altura de albúmen, peso e pH da gema. Não houve regressão do período de estocagem para o diâmetro da gema dos ovos armazenados em refrigeração. As condições de estocagem influenciaram o peso do ovo e as características de qualidade do albúmen e da gema, porém não teve efeito sobre o peso da gema. Os ovos sem refrigeração apresentaram médias inferiores para a maioria das características exceto para o pH do albúmen, pH e diâmetro da gema. Durante todo o período de estocagem, a qualidade dos ovos sem refrigeração manteve inferior aos ovos refrigerados. Para preservar a qualidade, os ovos de codorna devem ser armazenados em refrigeração.(AU)

Bee pollen improves productivity of laying Japanese quails / Pólen apícola melhora a produtividade de codornas Japonesas em postura

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of bee pollen (BP) on the performance of laying Japanese quails and egg quality. A total of 60 quails were used in a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% BP inclusion in diets) and five replicates. At the end of the study, productive performance and egg quality were evaluated; 160 eggs were maintained at different temperatures based on a completely randomized design and factorial arrangement (4 × 2), with four BP levels (cited above) and two storage temperatures (room temperature and refrigeration) for 14 days, totaling eight treatments with four replicates. BP levels did not influence (P> 0.05) feed conversion; however, daily feed intake, laying rate, egg mass, and weight and percentage of albumen increased. Yolk percentage decreased due to the augmentation of BP in diets. There was no effect (P> 0.05) of interaction of storage temperature × BP levels on egg quality, except with regard to the Haugh unit. BP supplementation resulted in higher egg weight and index of yolk and albumen. Refrigerated eggs had better internal quality than normal eggs. BP inclusion in diets of Japanese quails improved bird performance and the quality of fresh and stored eggs.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do pólen apícola sobre o desempenho de codornas Japonesas em postura e sobre a qualidade dos ovos. Foram usadas 160 codornas em delineamento completamente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (0%, 0,5%, 1%, e 1,5% de pólen apícola nas dietas) e cinco repetições. Ao fim do estudo, o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos foram avaliados. Posteriormente, 160 ovos foram mantidos em temperaturas diferentes em delineamento completamente casualizado e arranjo fatorial 4 × 2, com quatro níveis de pólen apícola (citados acima) e duas temperaturas de armazenamento (ambiente e refrigeração) por 14 dias, totalizando oito tratamentos com cinco repetições. Os níveis de pólen apícola não influenciaram (P>0,05) a conversão alimentar, entretanto o consumo diário de ração, a taxa de postura, a massa de ovo e peso e porcentagem de albúmen aumentaram e a porcentagem de gema diminuiu com o aumento do pólen apícola nas dietas. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da interação temperatura de armazenamento × níveis de pólen apícola sobre a qualidade dos ovos, exceto pela unidade Haugh. A suplementação com pólen apícola resultou em maior peso de ovo e de índices de gema e de albúmen. Ovos refrigerados tinham melhor qualidade interna. A inclusão de pólen apícola nas dietas de codornas Japonesas melhorou o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos frescos e armazenados.(AU)

Influence of fennel in Japanese quail diet over egg quality and behavior aspects / Influência da erva-doce na dieta de codornas japonesas sobre a qualidade dos ovos e aspectos comportamentais

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of Pimpinella anisum (fennel) on the performance, stress, and quality of Japanese Quail eggs in the second laying cycle (73 to 77 weeks). One hundred sixty-eight female quails from Japanese sub-species (Coturnix coturnix japonica) at 73 weeks of age, divided and submitted to four treatments (0; 250; 500 and 750mg of fennel/kg of feed) were used in a randomized block design. (RBD), with seven replications and six birds per experimental plot, totaling 28 plots. Performance, behavioral, and egg quality parameters were evaluated. Bird performance was not influenced (p>0.05) by the treatments tested. The highest egg weight and albumen weight were found in birds fed 750 mg of fennel, while a higher albumen height was observed for the estimated dose of 669 mg (p0.05). The tonic immobility test had a decreasing linear effect (p<0.05), which indicates a lower time in seconds in tonic immobility to birds receiving 750 mg of fennel. Fennel added to the diet did not interfere with performance, but it influenced essential parameters related to egg quality and was able to alter characteristics related to bird behavior.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da Pimpinella anisum(erva-doce) sobre o desempenho, estresse e qualidade dos ovos de codornas japonesas no segundo ciclo de postura (73 a 77 semanas). Foram utilizadas 168 codornas fêmeas da subespécie japonesa (Coturnix coturnix japonica) com 73 semanas de idade, divididas e submetidas a quatro tratamentos (0; 250; 500 e 750mg de erva-doce/kg de ração), em delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC), com sete repetições e seis aves por parcela experimental, totalizando 28 parcelas. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de desempenho, comportamentais e qualidade dos ovos. O desempenho das aves não foi influenciado (p>0,05) pelos tratamentos testados. O maior peso dos ovos e peso do albúmen foram encontrados nas aves alimentadas com 750 mg de erva-doce, enquanto a maior altura do albúmen foi observada pela dose estimada de 669 mg (p0,05). O Teste de imobilidade tônica teve efeito linear (p<0,05) decrescente, que indica um menor tempo em segundos em imobilidade tônica para as aves que receberam 750 mg de erva-doce. A erva-doce adicionada à dieta não interfere no desempenho, porém melhorou à qualidade dos ovos e foi capaz de alterar características relacionadas ao comportamento das aves.

Influence of fennel in Japanese quail diet over egg quality and behavior aspects / Influência da erva-doce na dieta de codornas japonesas sobre a qualidade dos ovos e aspectos comportamentais

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of Pimpinella anisum (fennel) on the performance, stress, and quality of Japanese Quail eggs in the second laying cycle (73 to 77 weeks). One hundred sixty-eight female quails from Japanese sub-species (Coturnix coturnix japonica) at 73 weeks of age, divided and submitted to four treatments (0; 250; 500 and 750mg of fennel/kg of feed) were used in a randomized block design. (RBD), with seven replications and six birds per experimental plot, totaling 28 plots. Performance, behavioral, and egg quality parameters were evaluated. Bird performance was not influenced (p>0.05) by the treatments tested. The highest egg weight and albumen weight were found in birds fed 750 mg of fennel, while a higher albumen height was observed for the estimated dose of 669 mg (p<0,05). The estimated doses of 554.09 mg, 634.10 mg, and 613.10 mg of fennel were efficient in reducing agitated behaviors by riding, pecking, and stirring, respectively. However, non-aggressive variables were not influenced by the addition of fennel to the diet (p>0.05). The tonic immobility test had a decreasing linear effect (p<0.05), which indicates a lower time in seconds in tonic immobility to birds receiving 750 mg of fennel. Fennel added to the diet did not interfere with performance, but it influenced essential parameters related to egg quality and was able to alter characteristics related to bird behavior.(AU)

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da Pimpinella anisum(erva-doce) sobre o desempenho, estresse e qualidade dos ovos de codornas japonesas no segundo ciclo de postura (73 a 77 semanas). Foram utilizadas 168 codornas fêmeas da subespécie japonesa (Coturnix coturnix japonica) com 73 semanas de idade, divididas e submetidas a quatro tratamentos (0; 250; 500 e 750mg de erva-doce/kg de ração), em delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC), com sete repetições e seis aves por parcela experimental, totalizando 28 parcelas. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de desempenho, comportamentais e qualidade dos ovos. O desempenho das aves não foi influenciado (p>0,05) pelos tratamentos testados. O maior peso dos ovos e peso do albúmen foram encontrados nas aves alimentadas com 750 mg de erva-doce, enquanto a maior altura do albúmen foi observada pela dose estimada de 669 mg (p<0.05). As variáveis comportamentais agressivas foram consideradas diferentes entre os níveis analisados (p<0,05). As doses estimadas de 554,09 mg, 634,10 mg e 613,10 mg de erva-doce foram eficientes na redução dos comportamentos agitados montando, bicando e agitada, respectivamente. No entanto as variáveis não agressivas não foram influenciadas pela adição de erva-doce na dieta (p>0,05). O Teste de imobilidade tônica teve efeito linear (p<0,05) decrescente, que indica um menor tempo em segundos em imobilidade tônica para as aves que receberam 750 mg de erva-doce. A erva-doce adicionada à dieta não interfere no desempenho, porém melhorou à qualidade dos ovos e foi capaz de alterar características relacionadas ao comportamento das aves.(AU)

Bee pollen improves productivity of laying Japanese quails / Pólen apícola melhora a produtividade de codornas Japonesas em postura

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of bee pollen (BP) on the performance of laying Japanese quails and egg quality. A total of 60 quails were used in a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% BP inclusion in diets) and five replicates. At the end of the study, productive performance and egg quality were evaluated; 160 eggs were maintained at different temperatures based on a completely randomized design and factorial arrangement (4 × 2), with four BP levels (cited above) and two storage temperatures (room temperature and refrigeration) for 14 days, totaling eight treatments with four replicates. BP levels did not influence (P> 0.05) feed conversion; however, daily feed intake, laying rate, egg mass, and weight and percentage of albumen increased. Yolk percentage decreased due to the augmentation of BP in diets. There was no effect (P> 0.05) of interaction of storage temperature × BP levels on egg quality, except with regard to the Haugh unit. BP supplementation resulted in higher egg weight and index of yolk and albumen. Refrigerated eggs had better internal quality than normal eggs. BP inclusion in diets of Japanese quails improved bird performance and the quality of fresh and stored eggs.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do pólen apícola sobre o desempenho de codornas Japonesas em postura e sobre a qualidade dos ovos. Foram usadas 160 codornas em delineamento completamente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (0%, 0,5%, 1%, e 1,5% de pólen apícola nas dietas) e cinco repetições. Ao fim do estudo, o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos foram avaliados. Posteriormente, 160 ovos foram mantidos em temperaturas diferentes em delineamento completamente casualizado e arranjo fatorial 4 × 2, com quatro níveis de pólen apícola (citados acima) e duas temperaturas de armazenamento (ambiente e refrigeração) por 14 dias, totalizando oito tratamentos com cinco repetições. Os níveis de pólen apícola não influenciaram (P>0,05) a conversão alimentar, entretanto o consumo diário de ração, a taxa de postura, a massa de ovo e peso e porcentagem de albúmen aumentaram e a porcentagem de gema diminuiu com o aumento do pólen apícola nas dietas. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da interação temperatura de armazenamento × níveis de pólen apícola sobre a qualidade dos ovos, exceto pela unidade Haugh. A suplementação com pólen apícola resultou em maior peso de ovo e de índices de gema e de albúmen. Ovos refrigerados tinham melhor qualidade interna. A inclusão de pólen apícola nas dietas de codornas Japonesas melhorou o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos frescos e armazenados.

The effects of dietary hot pepper Capsicum annuum waste powder supplementation on egg production traits of Japanese quail layers / Efeitos da suplementação de pó de Capsicum annuum na dieta sobre a produção de ovos de codornas japonesas

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of dietary hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) waste supplementation on egg production performance and quality in Japanese quail hens (Coturnix coturnix japonica). A total of 192, seven-week-old Japanese quail layers were divided into 4 treatment groups of similar mean weight (304±0.5 g), each comprising 12 subgroups (including 1 male and 3 females). Treatment birds were fed on experimental basal layer diet supplemented with 1, 2 or 4 g hot pepper waste powder (HPWP) per kg diet. The laying performance was determined by recording feed intake, egg weight, daily egg production, and biweekly egg quality. Results showed that HPWP supplementation to layer diet did not have any significant (P>0.05) effects on body weight and feed conversion ratio, while it had significant effects on feed intake (P<0.01), and laying egg weight, average egg weight, total egg yield (P<0.05). A 2 g HPWP supplementation resulted in the highest total egg yield (P<0.05) with quadratic effects on egg shape index (P<0.05) and albumen pH (P<0.01). According to the values in the study, the egg shape index of 2 g HPWP group was circular and; therefore, attractive to consumers. We highly recommend the non-economic value of 2 g/kg supplementation of hot pepper waste powder, especially for egg production. To conclude, HPWP can be used for quail layer diets due to its beneficial effects on egg quality since it is an economic and easy agricultural by-product obtained from red pepper paste industry waste.(AU)

Este estudo foi conduzido para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de suplementação de resíduos de pimenta na dieta (Capsicum annuum L.), no desempenho e na qualidade da produção de ovos em codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Um total de 192 codornas japonesas com sete semanas de idade foram alocadas em 4 grupos com peso médio semelhante (304 ± 0.5 g), cada um compreendendo 12 subgrupos (incluindo 1 macho e 3 fêmeas). As aves tratadas foram alimentadas com dieta experimental basal suplementada com 1, 2 ou 4 g de pimenta em pó (HPWP) por kg de dieta. O desempenho da postura foi determinado pelo registro da ingestão de ração, peso dos ovos, produção diária de ovos e qualidade quinzenal dos ovos. Os resultados mostraram que a suplementação de HPWP à dieta não teve efeitos significativos (P> 0,05) no peso corporal e na taxa de conversão alimentar, enquanto teve efeitos significativos no consumo de ração (P <0,01) e no peso do ovo em postura, peso médio do ovo, produção total de ovos (P <0,05). Uma suplementação de 2 g de HPWP resultou na maior produção total de ovos (P <0,05) com efeitos quadráticos no índice de forma dos ovos (P <0,05) e no pH do albumen (P <0,01). De acordo com os valores do estudo, o índice de forma dos ovos de 2 g do grupo HPWP era circular e, portanto, atraente para os consumidores. É altamente recomendável o valor não-econômico de 2 g / kg de suplementação de pó de pimenta, especialmente para a produção de ovos. Para concluir, a HPWP pode ser usada para dietas de codorna devido aos seus efeitos benéficos na qualidade dos ovos, uma vez que é um subproduto agrícola obtido a partir de resíduos da indústria de pasta de pimenta vermelha de maneira econômica e fácil.(AU)

Comparison of Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Chicken and Duck Egg Albumens

The aim of this research was to investigate the physicochemical and functional properties of fresh and pasteurized chicken and duck egg albumens. The results showed that pasteurization of both chicken and duck albumens significantly decreased (p0.05) viscosity, but had no impact (p>0.05) on pH or free sulfhydryl groups. Chicken albumen was shown to have higher (p0.05) foam expansion, but lower (p0.05) foam stability than duck albumen. Pasteurization decreased (p0.05) the foam expansion of both albumens while decreasing (p0.05) the foam stability only of duck albumen. Investigation of the gel properties showed that duck albumen has greater hardness and lower expressible water (p0.05) than chicken albumen. Pasteurization increased the hardness and decreased the expressible water of both the chicken and duck albumen gels. This study suggests that the superior gel properties of duck albumen offer potential approaches to improving the quality of gel food products.(AU)

Comparison of Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Chicken and Duck Egg Albumens

The aim of this research was to investigate the physicochemical and functional properties of fresh and pasteurized chicken and duck egg albumens. The results showed that pasteurization of both chicken and duck albumens significantly decreased (p0.05) viscosity, but had no impact (p>0.05) on pH or free sulfhydryl groups. Chicken albumen was shown to have higher (p0.05) foam expansion, but lower (p0.05) foam stability than duck albumen. Pasteurization decreased (p0.05) the foam expansion of both albumens while decreasing (p0.05) the foam stability only of duck albumen. Investigation of the gel properties showed that duck albumen has greater hardness and lower expressible water (p0.05) than chicken albumen. Pasteurization increased the hardness and decreased the expressible water of both the chicken and duck albumen gels. This study suggests that the superior gel properties of duck albumen offer potential approaches to improving the quality of gel food products.

Indicadores da qualidade fisico-química de ovos de poedeiras semipesadas criadas em diferentes sistemas de produção / Physical-chemical quality of laying eggs of conventional system, cage-free and free-range

Foi avaliado o efeito da temperatura de estocagem e do tempo de armazenamento sobre a qualidade físico-química de 1350 ovos provenientes de galinhas poedeiras semipesadas da linhagem Isa Brown com 46 semanas de idade, criadas em diferentes sistemas (baterias de gaiolas, livre de gaiola ou cage-free e com acesso à área de piquetes para pastejo ou free-range). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em esquema fatorial 3x2x5, com três sistemas de produção (gaiola, cage-free, free-range), duas temperaturas (ambiente e refrigerada) e cinco períodos de armazenamento (zero, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias), com 15 repetições, de 3 ovos cada. Foi avaliada a percentagem de perda de peso, gravidade específica (g/cm³), unidade Haugh, índice gema (g) e, percentagem de gema e albúmen, oxidação lipídica, pH do albúmen e da gema e a composição centesimal dos ovos. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e comparados pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. Todos os parâmetros de qualidade física diferiram significativamente (p<0,05), com melhores resultados de percentagens de gema e albúmen para os sistemas cage-free e free-range, melhor unidade Haugh para o sistema cage-free no tempo zero de armazenamento e melhor pH da gema para ovos do sistema em gaiola. Menores valores de TBARS foram observados no sistema free-range, mas de maneira geral os demais resultados encontravam-se dentro dos limites aceitáveis para o consumo de alimentos. Os ovos mantidos sob refrigeração obtiveram melhores resultados. Conclui-se que a qualidade físico-quimica dos ovos nos diferentes sistemas pode ser influenciada pela temperatura e período de armazenamento, pois quando mantidos sob refrigeração obtiveram melhores resultados para todos os parâmetros avaliados.

Was evaluated the effect of temperature and storage time on the physical-chemical quality of laying eggs created on different systems. We used 1350 eggs of laying hens Isa Brown with 46 weeks old. The experimental design was completely randomized (DIC), in 3x2x5 factorial design, with three production systems (conventional, cage-free and free-range), two temperatures (ambient and chilled) and five storage time (zero, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days), with 15 repetitions. We evaluated the percentage of weight loss, specific gravity (g/cm³), Haugh units, yolk index (g) and percentage of yolk and albumen, the lipid oxidation, pH of the albumen and yolk. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test at 5% significance level. All the parameters were significantly different (p<0.05), with worse results (P<0.05) in conventional system for the percentagens of yolk and albumen in the cage-free system, however this system was the best for the yolk pH and UH. The eggs in the refrigeration had the best results. Concludes that the physical-chemical egg quality in different systems can be influenced by temperature and storage time kept the eggs under refrigeration obtained better results for all parameter.