Hemangiosarcoma in the vastus lateralis musculature of a bitch - sonographic findings

Background: A 10-year-old spayed bitch with hip dysplasia was referred for periarticular ultrasound evaluation. A poorly marginated structure of mixed echogenicity, predominantly hypoechoic, with heterogeneous echotexture, was identified in the vastus lateralis muscle of the right pelvic limb with increased stiffness, assessed using acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography, compared to that of the adjacent muscle tissues, and intense vascularization by pulsed Doppler and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Guided biopsy was performed to confirm the diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma. The objective of this study was to describe B-mode ultrasound, CEUS, and ARFI findings of hemangiosarcoma in the vastus lateralis musculature of a bitch. Case: A 10-year-old spayed bitch Golden Retriever weighing 36 kg was evaluated for pelvic limb lameness. The patient presented with bilateral pain during hip extension. The primary diagnostic suspicion was degenerative joint disease and secondary hip dysplasia. The patient was referred for imaging evaluation of the hip joints (radiography and ultrasound) under anesthesia. Right lateral and ventrodorsal projections with the pelvic limbs extended were obtained to confirm the diagnosis. In the right pelvic limb, an amorphous hypoechoic structure with irregular contours and heterogeneous echotexture was observed in the vastus lateralis muscle. In ARFI elastography, it was possible to identify differences in tissue stiffness between healthy and compromised portions. Pulsed-wave Doppler evaluation demonstrated an arterial waveform pattern with a peak systolic velocity of 38.8 cm/s, end-diastolic velocity of 6.9 cm/s, pulsatility index of 1.76, and resistive index of 0.82. CEUS study identified a mean peak of 27.26 %, mean time to peak of 39.95 s, and mean transmission time of 49.96 s. The popliteal lymph node was hyperechoic and heterogeneous in B-mode. In ARFI elastography, the average stiffness was 2.52 m/s, and the CEUS obtained an average peak of 19.98%, average time to peak of 17.52 s, and mean transit time of 22.83 s. Doppler assessment revealed no clear vascularization in the lymph node. Thoracic radiography in 3 projections and abdominal ultrasonography were performed. Radiographic evidence of pulmonary nodules was not observed. On abdominal ultrasound evaluation, it was possible to identify changes in the spleen, which presented with splenomegaly, mixed echogenicity, and heterogeneous echotexture. The animal underwent ultrasound-guided muscle biopsy, which confirmed the presence of hemangiosarcoma in the muscle. The bitch was referred for splenectomy and lymphadenectomy of the right popliteal, which confirmed neoplastic involvement of the same neoplasm. Discussion: On B-mode ultrasound, the observed changes were similar to those in a report of hemangiosarcoma in the muscles of the chest wall in dogs, which contributed to the diagnosis. Although it was only one patient, ARFI elastography results suggest that muscle hemangiosarcoma tends to follow the same elastographic characteristics as malignant lesions in other tissues. Additionally, the popliteal lymph node had a stiffness suggestive of malignancy (mean 2.52 m/s) because it presented a similar result and greater elasticity of metastatic axillary lymph nodes in bitches (>2.5 m/s) and women (> 1.44 m/s) with breast tumor. With CEUS, it was possible to identify vascularization in the sentinel lymph node that was not visible by pulsed Doppler, and in muscle mass. The findings of this report provided relevant results on muscle hemangiosarcoma in a bitch and demonstrated that the information obtained with the association of imaging methods supported the malignancy criteria described in other studies.

Radiographic pelvimetry in the Tamandua tetradactyla / Pelvimetria radiográfica em Tamandua tetradactyla

The pelvis, formed by the ilium, ischium and pubis, forms the coxal, which is the largest of the flat bones of the skeleton, with an important role in the physiology of birth. Vastly studied in domestic animals, there is still much to be investigated regarding the anatomical classification in wild animals, mainly aiming to improve the understanding of the reproductive management of the species. Tamandua tetradactyla is one of these species in which morphological studies are still scarce, especially when it comes to reproductive aspects. In this context, we carried out the pelvimetry of T. tetradactyla using radiographic images to anatomically and obstetrically classify the pelvis of this species, classifying it as dolicopelvic, with evidence of homoscedasticity of the samples. Verification of the existence of a relationship between the variables studied by the statistical method of Pearson coefficients showed positive correlations of high intensity for the diameters studied (P < 0.01). Thus, we believed that our findings may support future reproductive studies in this species.

A pelve, constituída pelo ílio, ísquio e púbis, forma o coxal, sendo este o maior dos ossos planos constituintes do esqueleto, com importante papel na fisiologia do parto. Vastamente estudada em animais domésticos, ainda existe muito à se investigar quanto a classificação anatômica nos animais selvagens, visando principalmente melhorar a compreensão do manejo reprodutivo das espécies. Tamandua tetradactyla é uma dessas espécies em que estudos morfológicos ainda são escassos, principalmente quando se trata de aspectos reprodutivos. Neste contexto realizamos a pelvimetria do T. tetradactyla por meio de imagens radiográficas para classificar anato-obstetricamente a pelve desta espécie classificando-a como dolicopélvica, sendo evidenciada homoscedasticidade das amostras. A verificação da existência de relação entre as variáveis estudadas pelo método estatístico dos coeficientes de Pearson mostrou correlação positivas de alta intensidade para os diâmetros estudados (P< 0,01). Assim, acreditamos que nossos achados poderão subsidiar futuros estudos reprodutivos nesta espécie.

Caracterização pelvimétrica de matrizes caprinas anglonubianas / Pelvimetric characterization of anglo nubian goatdares / Caracterización pelvimétrica de cabras de raza anglonubia

Atualmente, poucos estudos se dedicam a pesquisas mais aprofundadas de aspectoselementares da pelvimetria, sendo estes, ainda mais escassos com a espécie caprina enestesentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar as medidas externas corpóreasdematrizes caprinas e de sua pelve. Foram utilizadas 30 matrizes caprinas da raça Anglonubianaem idade reprodutiva, manejadas em sistema intensivo, pertencentes ao setor decaprinocultura da Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Campus Professora CinobelinaElvas (CPCE), Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brasil. Durante todo o ciclo produtivo, foramrealizadasmensurações pélvicas das matrizes durante a gestação e no pós-parto, suas medidas corporaise peso vivo. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas pelo Statistical Analysis Softwareabrangendo análise discriminante, correlação, regressão e comparação de médias. Osresultados obtidos para as características de AC (altura de cernelha), CC(comprimentocorporal), PT (perímetro torácico), BII (biilíaca externa), BISQ (biisquiática externa) e ILIOQ(ilioisquiática externa) apresentaram um baixo coeficiente de variação (C.V), o que demonstrauma estabilidade do rebanho com relação a essas características, ocorrendo poucas variaçõesentre os animais. Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas para as medidas de Biilíacaea Ilioisquiática externas com relação ao estágio fisiológico. Já com relação a Biisquiática, foi observado um aumento durante a gestação. De acordo com os dados observados, nãoocorreram diferenças significativas entre as características avaliadas entre cabras primíparasemultíparas. A incorporação de bancos de dados com as medidas corporais e pélvicas de cabrasauxiliam no desenvolvimento de programas de melhoramento genético de diferentes raçascaprinas, reduzindo a ocorrência de eventos de distocia e /ou dificuldade ao parto de modogeral. As amostragens foram incorporadas em um banco de dados, que está sendo construídopara controle e análise genética dos animais do Colégio Técnico de BomJesus, Piauí. Asinformações de produção e reprodução do rebanho também estarão disponíveis nesse bancode dados.(AU)

Currently, few studies are dedicated to more in-depth research of elementary aspectsofpelvimetry, which are even scarcer with the goat species and in this sense, the present studyaims to characterize the external body measurements of goat matrices and their pelvis. ThirtyAnglonubian goats at reproductive age, managed in an intensive system, belonging tothegoat sector of the Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas (CPCE), Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brazil, were used. During the entire production cycle, pelvicmeasurements of the goats were performed during pregnancy and postpartum, their bodymeasurements and live weight. Statistical analyzes were performed by the Statistical AnalysisSoftware covering discriminant analysis, correlation, regression and comparison of means. The results obtained for the characteristics of AC (height at the withers), CC(bodylength), PT (chest circumference), BII (external biiliac), BISQ (external bischial) and ILIOQ(external ilioschiatic) showed a low coefficient of variation (C.V), which demonstrates a stabilityof theherd in relation to these characteristics, with little variation between animals. No significant differences were found for the external Biiliac and Ilioischiatic measurements in relationtothe physiological stage. Biischiatica, on the other hand, was observed to increase duringpregnancy. According to the observed data, there were no significant differences betweenthecharacteristics evaluated between primiparous and multiparous goats. The incorporationofdatabases with body and pelvic measurements of goats helps in the development of geneticimprovement programs for different goat breeds, reducing the occurrence of dystocia eventsand/or delivery difficulties in general. The samples were incorporated into a database, whichis being built for control and genetic analysis of the animals of the Colégio TécnicodeBomJesus, Piauí. Herd production and reproduction information will also be available inthisdatabase.(AU)

Actualmente, pocos estudios se dedican a la investigación más profunda de los aspectoselementales de la pelvimetría, que son aún más escasos con la especie caprina y, enestesentido, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo caracterizar las medidas corporales externasde las matrices caprinas y su pelvis. Se utilizaron 30 cabras anglonubias en edad reproductiva, manejadas en sistema intensivo, pertenecientes al sector caprino de la Universidad Federal dePiauí (UFPI), Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas (CPCE), Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brasil. Durante todo el ciclo de producción se realizaron mediciones pélvicas de las cabras durantelagestación y posparto, sus medidas corporales y peso vivo. Las análisis estadísticasserealizaron mediante el software de análisis estadístico que abarca el análisis discriminante, lacorrelación, la regresión y la comparación de medias. Los resultados obtenidos paralascaracterísticas AC (altura a la cruz), CC (longitud corporal), PT (circunferencia torácica), BII(bilia externa), BISQ (bisquial externa) e ILIOQ (iliosquiática externa) mostraronunbajocoeficiente de variación (C.V), lo que demuestra una estabilidad del rebaño en relaciónaestascaracterísticas, con pocas variaciones entre animales. No hubo diferencias significativas paralas medidas externas Bilíaca e Ilioisquiática en relación al estadio fisiológico. Biischiatica, por otro lado, se observó que aumenta durante el embarazo. De acuerdo con los datosobservados, no hubo diferencias significativas entre las características evaluadas entre cabrasprimíparas y multíparas. La incorporación de bases de datos con medidas corporalesypélvicas de caprinos ayuda en el desarrollo de programas de mejoramiento genéticoparadiferentes razas caprinas, reduciendo la ocurrencia de eventos de distocia y/o dificultadesdeparto en general. Las muestras fueron incorporadas a una base de datos, que está siendoconstruida para el control y análisis genético de los animales del Colégio Técnico deBomJesus, Piauí. La información sobre producción y reproducción del rebaño tambiénestarádisponible en esta base de datos.(AU)

Fraturas apendiculares em cães e gatos: métodos de tratamento e desfechos / Appendicular fractures in dogs and cats: treatment methods and outcome

O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo foi identificar a ocorrência de fraturas apendiculares em cães e gatos, os métodos de tratamento e os resultados obtidos com os mesmos, no Hospital Veterinário (HV) da Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Unijuí), no município de Ijuí - RS, no período de abril de 2013 a abril de 2022. De um total de 370 procedimentos cirúrgicos para tratamento de fraturas do esqueleto apendicular, 117 foram em fêmur (31,6%), 77 em tíbia e fíbula (20,8%), 62 em rádio e ulna (16,8%), 49 em úmero (13,2%), 45 em pelve (12,2%), 7 em metatarso e metacarpo (1,9%), 7 em tarso e carpo (1,9%), 4 em escápula (1,1%) e 2 em falanges (0,5%). O número de procedimentos foi superior ao número de animais, pois alguns apresentavam mais de uma fratura em diferentes ossos. Entre os 329 animais reportados neste estudo, concluiu-se que a principal causa de fraturas em cães e gatos foi atropelamento, sendo os filhotes os mais acometidos e as fraturas femorais as mais frequentes. Os fixadores esqueléticos externos destacaram-se como o método mais utilizado e o desfecho das osteossínteses foi satisfatório, sendo que a maior casuística correspondeu a fraturas cicatrizadas.

This retrospective study aimed to identify the occurrence of appendicular fractures in dogs and cats, treatment methods, and results obtained with them, at the Veterinary Hospital (VH) of the Regional University of the Northwest of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Unijuí), in the city of Ijuí/RS, from April 2013 to April 2022. A total of 370 surgical procedures for the treatment of fractures of the appendicular skeleton was performed: 117 were in the fêmur (31,6%), 77 in the tíbia and fíbula (20,8%), 62 in the radius and ulna (16,8%), 49 in the humerus (13,2%), 45 in pélvis (12,2%), 7 in metatarsus and metacarpus (1,9%), 7 in tarsus and carpus (1,9%), 4 in the scapula (1,1%), and 2 in phalanges (0,5%). The number of procedures was higher than the number of animals, as some had more than one fracture in different bones. Among the 329 animals reported in this study, it was concluded that the main cause of fractures in dogs and cats was being run over, puppies were the most affected, and femoral fractures were the most frequent. External skeletal fixators stood out as the most used method and the outcome of osteosynthesis was satisfactory, with the largest number of cases corresponding to healed fractures.

Lateral and medial musculatures of pelvic limbs in dogs - normal ultrasonographic anatomy

Background: Pelvic limb claudication is a common problem in dogs. However, determining the location of the lesion can be challenging. Diagnostic imaging is essential for identifying and evaluating muscle injuries. Ultrasonographic evaluation is frequently performed to identify muscle injuries. Although some muscle changes have already been described as ultrasonography findings in veterinary studies, little is known about the standardization of these muscle structures, especially in hip muscles. The objective of this study was to describe the normal ultrasound anatomy of the lateral and medial muscles of the pelvic limb and establish an unprecedented protocol for the evaluation of these structures. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 4 lateral and 4 medial musculatures of the pelvic limb of dogs were evaluated using ultrasound. An initial ex vivo study (1st phase) was performed to delineate anatomical and ultrasonographic assessments. The 2nd experimental phase proceeded with the application of in vivo scanning. The same operator performed all anatomical and ultrasonographic assessments. The gluteus medius, vastus lateralis, tensor fasciae latae, sartorius, pectineus, gracilis, adductor, and rectus femoris muscles were evaluated in longitudinal and transverse planes. Ten paired hips from 5 cadavers consisting of 3 females (60%) and 2 males (40%) were evaluated during the exvivo phase. The average age and weight of the dogs were 3.6 ± 0.87 years and 21.9 ± 5.2 kg, respectively. The invivo study included 4 females (40%) and 6 males (60%), for a total of 10 healthy animals consisting of 20 hips; the mean weight was 30.11 ± 7.45 kg and the average age was 4.5 ± 2.75 years. All muscles maintained the same ultrasound pattern when compared with each other and between different groups in the invivo study. The longitudinal section presented a hypoechoic structure permeated by thin hyperechoic longitudinal striations. The hypoechoic aspect was maintained, with striae identified as hyperechogenic points in the cross-sectional view. Discussion: B-mode ultrasonographic evaluation with a high-frequency transducer has facilitated the identification of the lateral and medial muscles of the pelvic limbs of medium and large dogs exvivo and invivo. This approach is an effective and safe way to access these muscles, and aids in the establishment of an unprecedented protocol for ultrasound evaluation of this region. Understanding the normal ultrasonographic anatomy is essential to identify muscle injuries such as contractures, tumors, ruptures, and stretch, which can lead to loss of muscle echogenicity and echotexture. Furthermore, ultrasound standardization reduces inter-observer error, facilitates technique reproducibility, assists in a more assertive assessment, and directs the patient's most appropriate therapy. In addition, anatomical dissection with the aid of acoustic gel injection into the evaluated musculature is essential to guide the examination because it allows the confirmation of the structures. In this study, the ultrasound scans of 6 fundamental muscles (gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae, gracilis, adductor, pectineus, and rectus femoris) for hip mobility and 2 knee muscles (sartorius and vastus lateralis) were standardized. Exvivo evaluations facilitated the application of invivo techniques, and no difficulties were found during these evaluations.

Pelvimetric characteristics in agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) bred under human care / Características pelvimétricas em cutias (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) criadas sob cuidados humanos

The aim of the study was to establish the pattern of the agouti pelvis by obtaining external and radiographic internal pelvimetric values. Forty-three agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha), females and males bred in under human care were used. The parameters measured were the external biiliac diameter; the external biischiatic diameter; right and left external ilioischiatic diameters and radiographic internal measurements (true conjugated, the diagonal conjugated; the vertical, the sacral, sagittal, coxal tuberosity, upper biiliac, lower biiliac, and biischiatic diameter. The inlet pelvic area and the outlet pelvic area were calculated, as well the height/width ratios of the entrance area of the pelvis and the pelvic outlet area were calculated. The mean values for each body measurement of females and males were: weight 1.91kg and 2.04kg, external biiliac diameter 6.32cm and 6.30cm, external biischiatic diameter 4.34cm and 4.28cm, right external ilioischiatic diameter 9.01cm and 9.33cm, left external ilioischiatic diameter 9.13cm and 9.30cm, true conjugated 3.90cm and 3.68cm, diagonal conjugated 7.13cm and 6.91cm, vertical diameter 2.59cm and 2.45cm, sacral diameter 2.63cm and 2.44cm, sagittal diameter 3.30cm and 3.09cm, coxal tuberosity diameter 2.52cm and 2.43cm, upper biiliac diameter 6.28cm and 6.24cm, lower biiliac diameter 2.98cm and 2.58cm, biischiatic diameter 2.60cm and 2.70cm, height/width ratio - vertical/ lower biiliac diameter 0.88cm and 0.95cm, sagital/coxal tuberosity diameter 1.32cm and 1.28cm, inlet pelvic area 82.38cm and 77.83cm and outlet pelvic area 24.76cm and 20.07cm. Agouti are dolichopelvic animals, demonstrating the existence of a discrete sexual dimorphism in adults and low intensity correlations between the external and internal measures studied.

O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer o padrão da pelve de cutia, masculina e feminina, por meio da obtenção dos valores médios da pelvimetria externa e interna radiográfica. Foram utilizadas 43 cutias (Dasyprocta prymnolopha), fêmeas e machos criadas sob cuidados humanos. Os parâmetros medidos foram o diâmetro biilíaco externo; o diâmetro biisquiático externo; diâmetros ilioisquiáticos externos direito e esquerdo e medidas internas radiográficas (diâmetros conjugado verdadeiro, diagonal conjugado, vertical, sacral, sagital, tuberosidade coxal, biilíaco superior, biilíaco inferior e diâmetro biisquiático). A área pélvica de entrada e a área pélvica de saída foram calculadas , assim como foram calculadas as razões altura/largura da área de entrada da pelve e da área de saída da pelve. Os valores médios para as medidas das fêmeas e dos machos foram, respectivamente: peso 1,91kg e 2,04kg, diâmetro biilíaco externo 6,32cm e 6,30 cm, diâmetro ilioisquiático externo 4,34cm e 4,28cm, diâmetro ilioisquiático externo direito 9,01cm e 9,33cm, diâmetro ilioisquiático externo esquerdo 9,13cm e 9,30cm, diâmetro conjugado verdadeiro 3,90cm e 3,68cm, diâmetro conjugado diagonal 7,13cm e 6,91cm, diâmetro vertical 2,59cm e 2,45cm, diâmetro sacral 2,63cm e 2,44cm, diâmetro sagital 3,30cm e 3,09cm, tuberosidade coxal diâmetro 2,52cm e 2,43cm, diâmetro biilíaco superior 6,28cm e 6,24cm, diâmetro biilíaco inferior 2,98cm e 2,58cm, diâmetro biisquiático 2,60cm e 2,70cm, relação altura/largura - vertical/diâmetro biilíaco inferior 0,88cm e 0,95cm, diâmetro sagital/coxal tuberosidade 1,32cm e 1,28cm, área pélvica de entrada 82,38cm e 77,83 cm e área pélvica de saída 24,76cm e 20,07cm. As cutias são animais dolicopélvicos, demonstrando a existência de um discreto dimorfismo sexual em adultos e correlações de baixa intensidade entre as medidas externas e internas estudadas.

Partial hemipelvectomy: an alternative for improving dogs' life quality / Hemipelvectomia parcial: alternativa para melhoria na qualidade de vida em cães

Partial hemipelvectomy refers to the surgical removal of a pelvic segment, which is performed for pelvic bone neoplasms, severe fractures, or poor bone union. This study presents the cases of seven dogs, six of which have neoplasms involving the hip joint and one with severe pelvic canal narrowing due to a poorly consolidated trauma. Partial caudal hemipelvectomy was performed for all the dogs to improve the quality of life and delay euthanasia. Of the seven cases, six required the use of a polypropylene mesh for the pelvic wall closure, with 85.71% of them acquiring manageable complications in the postoperative period. Despite these complications, an overall improvement in the quality of life was reported to be significant in the operated animals due to the removal of the cause of pain or discomfort. Thus, it was concluded that partial hemipelvectomyis beneficial for dogs with pelvic conditions. Furthermore, the main complication due to the lack of a pelvic wall for primary occlusion was circumvented by using a polypropylene mesh, showing that possible complications in this procedure can be appropriately managed.

A hemipelvectomia parcial consiste na remoção de segmento pélvico, indicada para neoplasmas com envolvimento de ossos da pelve, fraturas graves ou má união óssea. Esse trabalho apresenta sete pacientes caninos, dos quais seis portadores de neoplasmas envolvendo a articulação coxofemoral e um com grave estreitamento do canal pélvico, resultado de traumatismo mal consolidado. Com o intuito de fornecer qualidade de vida aos cães e postergar a eutanásia, todos foram operados pela técnica de hemipelvectomia parcial média a caudal. Dos sete pacientes, seis necessitaram do uso de tela de polipropileno para fechamento da parede pélvica e apresentaram 85,71% de complicações manejáveis no pós-operatório. No entanto, a melhora na qualidade de vida dos animais operados foi significativa, tendo sido removida a causa da dor ou desconforto desencadeado pela alteração anatômica local. Conclui-se que a técnica é benéfica aos pacientes, tendo como principal complicação, a falta de parede pélvica para oclusão primária, contornada com uso de tela de polipropileno pelos autores.

Pelve extrarrenal em uma gata - diagnóstico por cintilografia / Extrarenal pelvis in a cat - diagnosis by scintigraphy

Background: In people, extrarenal pelvis is a normal anatomical variant, characterized by the protusion of the pelvis out of the renal hilum, which can be associated with other anomalies, or predispose to stasis or infection. While other diagnostic imaging methods provide anatomical and morphological information about the kidney, scintigraphy allows to determine the renal function and has greater sensitivity in the detection of functional alterations. The aim of this work is to report the case of an asymptomatic cat diagnosed with extrarenal pelvis detected by scintigraphy, which presented alterations in laboratory and renal imaging tests, and absence of associated obstructive process. Case: A 7-year-old mixed-breed female cat was evaluated for a routine health assessment at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (HCV-UFRGS). When performing the imaging and laboratory tests, renal alterations compatible with chronic kidney disease were found in the abdominal ultrasonography examination and in serum creatinine levels. Therefore, it was decided to perform scintigraphy evaluation to better assess renal function. Dynamic renal scintigraphy with 99mTcDTPA revealed an evident concentration of the radiotracer in the left kidney with effective elimination only after the diuretic stimulus. The right kidney exhibited less concentration of the radiotracer but showed effective elimination before the diuretic stimulus. Image analysis suggested the presence of an extrarenal pelvis on the left side. The relative renal uptake was 68% for the left kidney and 32% for the right kidney. The glomerular filtration rate was 1.65 mL/min/kg. Static renal scintigraphy with 99mTcDMSA revealed irregularity in the distribution of the radiotracer in both kidneys, showing less activity in the caudal pole of the left kidney. The right kidney was apparently reduced and with less activity, especially in the medial portion. The relative renal uptake was 65% for the left kidney and 35% for right kidney, while the absolute renal uptake of the left kidney was 33% and that of the right kidney was 17%. The alteration described in the left kidney, in correlation with dynamic renal scintigraphy, suggested an aspect of lower activity in the caudal pole due to the presence of activity in the extrarenal pelvis. The left kidney was classified as presenting normal renal function and there was moderate to severe deficit of renal function on the right side. Discussion: Chronic kidney disease may be present before clinical signs and biochemical abnormalities are identified. In this report, the animal was referred for a routine evaluation and showed no clinical signs nor alterations on physical examination. However, as renal morphological alterations were seen on ultrasonography and the cat presented mild azotemia, it was decided to perform two renal scintigraphy exams. Despite the radiotracer elimination from the left kidney was seen only after the diuretic stimulus, dynamic renal scintigraphy did not show any obstructive process. This delay on elimination was probably a result of the anatomical variant called extrarenal pelvis. In the static renal scintigraphy, it was possible to evaluate morphological changes in the kidneys and suggest less activity in the caudal pole of the left kidney, due to the presence of activity in the extrarenal pelvis, apparently causing the mentioned defect. The correct diagnosis of morphological changes is essential and for this purpose the best combination of imaging tests is necessary. Renal scintigraphy was fundamental, in this case, for the diagnosis of extrarenal pelvis in one of the kidneys, an abnormality not reported in the feline species within the literature researched by the authors. In addition, renal scintigraphy helped to guide the clinical management of the patient described in this report.

Osteotomia tripla da pelve por meio de acesso cirúrgico duplo em cães com displasia coxofemoral / Triple pelvic osteotomy through double surgical access in dogs with coxofemoral dysplasia / Triple osteotomía pélvica mediante doble acceso quirúrgico en perros con displasia coxofemoral

A displasia coxofemoral (DCF) é uma alteração ortopédica muito comum nos cães, caracterizada por frouxidão da articulação coxofemoral, com consequente osteoartrose. A osteotomia tripla da pelve (TPO) é um dos procedimentos ortopédicos elegíveis como tratamento da DCF. Por necessitar de três abordagens cirúrgicas, a TPO é considerada uma técnica complexa, não isenta de complicações na abordagem do isquio. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo relatar e avaliar a realização da TPO através de apenas dois acessos cirúrgicos, possibilitando executar a osteotomia isquiática através do acesso púbico ventral. Foram operados 10 cães com diagnóstico clinico e radiológico de DCF. Para a secção da mesa isquiática utilizou-se um cinzel de rinotomia com a extremidade apoiada na borda isquiática da face caudal do forame obturador. Ante os bons resultados radiológicos e clínicos pós-operatórios, conclui- se que é possivel a realização da osteotomia do isquio na TPO, através do acesso púbico ventral, oferecendo proventos cirúrgicos. (AU)

Hip dysplasia (HD) is an ordinary dog orthopedic disorder concerning osteoarthritis following hip joint laxity. Among eligible procedures to treat this condition, triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO) is a complex technique involving three surgical interventions. This paper reports and evaluates TPO execution using only two surgical accesses to perform a sciatic osteotomy through the pelvic ventral area. Ten suitable for TPO surgery dogs, clinically and radiologically diagnosed were the subject of this study. For the section of the ischial surface, a rhinotome was used with the tip resting on the ischial edge of the caudal surface of the obturator foramen. The experience revealed pelvic ventral area access availability regarding TPO ischial ostectomy with good clinical and radiological outcomes.(AU)

La displasia de cadera (CHD) es un trastorno ortopédico muy común en perros, caracterizado por laxitud de esa articulación con la consiguiente osteoartrosis. La ostectomia pélvica triple (TPO) es uno de los procedimientos ortopédicos elegibles como tratamiento para la CHD. Al requerir tres abordajes quirúrgicos, la TPO se considera una técnica compleja, no exenta de complicaciones en el abordaje del isquion. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo informar y evaluar la realización de la TPO a través de sólo dos accesos quirúrgicos, posibilitando la realización de la osteotomia isquiática a través del acceso ventral del pubis. Se operaron diez perros con diagnóstico clínico y radiológico de CHD. Para la sección de la mesa isquiática se utilizó un rinotomo con la punta apoyada en el borde isquiático de la superficie caudal del agujero obturador. En vista de los buenos resultados postoperatorios clínicos y radiológicos, se concluye que es posible realizar una osteotomia isquiática en la TPO, a través del acceso ventral púbico, ofreciendo beneficios quirúrgicos.(AU)

Pelvic fracture in a cat - precontouring of the plate based on allogenic 3D model and its application

Background: Pelvic fractures are commonly ecountered in cats. The ilium is included in approximately 50% of pelvic fractures in cats. Although conservative management of the pelvic fracture is known to have good prognosis, surgical fixation is recommended for the pelvic fracture with ilial fractures. 3D printing is an accurate digital modeling method by converting two-dimensional (2D) images into 3D model. 3D printing in veterinary medicine has been described in the various orthopedic diseases such angular limb deformities or fractures. The use of 3D model for presurgical planning is helpful to improve the results of complex surgical interventions. The objective of this study is to identify the usefulness of fabricating 3D models based on allogenic 2D data with aid of 3D printer program. Case: A 4-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat presented with hindlimb lameness. Radiography revealed left ilial body fracture with multiple fractures including left tuber ischium, pubic symphysis, and bilateral cranial ramuses of pubis. Digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) files of the complete ilium were extracted from a computed tomography (CT) scan of a healthy and castrated male cat of same breed. Volume rendering images were prepared by Slicer program based on DICOM files. After acquired 3D data were converted to STL (Standard Triangulation Language) file for the 3D printing machine, non-fracture involved area was removed except the left ilium using the Meshmixer® software and then data was stored as STL files again. The length of 3D model was adjusted to actual size using 3D printer firmware based on actual size of the ilial length. Subsequently, 3D modelling was performed using 3D printer. The plate was precontoured to conform to the lateral surface of the 3D model. Internal fixation using precontoured plate resulted in accurate bone alignment. The alignment of the ilium remained appropriate throughtout the follow-up period. Complete union was identified 6 months after surgery. Discussion: Although the most common method for the ilial fractures is the application of bone plates to the lateral side of the ilium, bone plate fixation is more challenging in cats owing to the small bone size and small surface area of the fracture sites compared to dogs. Therefore, it is important to make accurate presurgical planning for successful result of a surgery. 3D printing based on actual patient have several limitations including time for complete printing process and additional anesthetic episode to acquire CT images. However, in simple cases, a presurgical CT scan may not be necessary if the plate can be precisely precontured based on the data from the other patient. In this way, the additional financial burden for CT examination also might be reduced. On the other hand, technical difficulty of utilizing hardware and software, and financial availability were another drawback. However, in this current study, most of limitations regarding conventional 3D printing based on actual patient were overcome by the application of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology with allogenic data. In the current study, total time for fabrication of 3D model based on FDM technology, was less than 3 h, which are much shorter than the time for conventional 3D printing. The difference of the ilial length between the actual patient and the 3D model was adjusted through the firmware program. Thus, differences of the conformation or size between the 3D model and the ilium of the patient was negligible during the surgery, although 2D images were not acquired from actual patient. Intraoperative contouring of the plate was not required. In conclusion, through presurgical plate contouring by the 3D bone template based on non-patient specific data, successful treatment of the ilial fracture was possible.

Downer cow syndrome causing rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure in a 17-month-old Guzerá heifer / Síndrome da vaca caída causando rabdomiólise e insuficiência renal aguda em uma novilha Guzerá de 17 meses

The downer cow syndrome (DCS) is characterized by an alert cow showing inability or reluctance to stand for 12 hours or more. This paper reported clinical, laboratory, and pathological findings in a Guzerá heifer with rhabdomyolysis, pigmenturia and acute renal failure following DCS. A 17-month-old Guzerá heifer was transported via a 350-km ride in a truck and showed sternal recumbency and severe difficulty in standing and walking. Neurological examination was unremarkable, and the heifer presented normal response to cranial nerves and spinal cord tests. Rectal palpation revealed a 5-month gravid uterus. No other abnormalities were noted in the pelvis or around the coxofemoral joints. Biochemical abnormalities included extremely high muscular enzyme activities (creatine phosphokinase and aspartate aminotransferase) and high creatinine levels. Urinalysis revealed blackish and cloudy urine, proteinuria, and a positive occult blood test. Spinal cord ultrasonography showed no abnormalities. This report highlighted an uncommon clinical presentation (myoglobinuria) and pathological findings in a heifer with DCS as a consequence of severe compressive muscle damage. Practitioners and producers must be aware of the risk of careless road transportation for long distances of cattle, especially obese cows, avoiding unnecessary suffering and expenses due to DCS.

A síndrome da vaca caída (SVC) é caracterizada por um bovino alerta que mostra incapacidade ou relutância em permanecer em estação por 12 horas ou mais. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar os achados clínicos, laboratoriais e patológicos em uma novilha Guzerá com rabdomiólise, pigmentúria e insuficiência renal aguda após a SVC. Uma novilha da raça Guzerá, de 17 meses de idade, foi transportada de caminhão por 350 km e apresentou decúbito esternal, grande dificuldade para assumir estação e caminhar. O exame neurológico não demonstrou alterações, e a novilha possuía resposta normal aos testes de nervos cranianos e medula espinhal. A palpação retal revelou útero grávido de cinco meses. Nenhuma outra anormalidade foi observada na pelve ou na região das articulações coxofemorais. As anormalidades bioquímicas incluíram atividades de enzimas musculares (creatina fosfoquinase e aspartato aminotransferase) extremamente aumentadas e níveis elevados de creatinina. A urinálise revelou urina enegrecida e turva, proteinúria e teste de sangue oculto positivo. O exame ultrassonográfico da medula espinhal não apresentou anormalidades. Este relato evidencia uma apresentação clínica (mioglobinúria) e achados patológicos incomuns em uma novilha com SVC em consequência de extensa lesão muscular compressiva. Veterinários e produtores devem estar atentos aos riscos do transporte rodoviário descuidado por longas distâncias de bovinos, especialmente vacas obesas, evitando assim sofrimento e despesas desnecessárias decorrentes da SVC.

Hemoperitoneum in a cow with lumbar muscle hemangiosarcoma

Background: Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of endothelial cells with an infiltrative growth pattern. Hemangiosarcomas are frequently reported in canines and rare in felines, sheep, goats, swine, horses and cattle. Few cases of hemangiosarcoma were reported in cattle. In the present report, we describe the clinicopathological findings of a bovine muscle hemangiosarcoma. Case: A 6-year-old, Girolando cow from the Dairy Cattle Sector of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, presented sternal decubitus. Clinical signs were markedly pale mucous membranes, moderate dehydration, respiratory distress, and increased heart rate. The hematological examination revealed intense regenerative anemia. Due to the worsening of the clinical condition, the cow was submitted to euthanasia. The necropsy and collection of various fragments of organs were performed, which were sent to the "Setor de Anatomia Patológica" (SAP-UFRRJ). Tissues were fixed in 10 % buffered formalin, routinely processed for histology and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE). The external mucous membranes were markedly pale. Multifocal areas of 1.5 x 1.0 cm, irregular and dark red were observed dissecting the quadratus lumborum muscle (hemangiosarcoma) fibers. These neoplasms were associated with an extensive cruoric clot adhered to the muscle fibers. The extensive, red, friable mass measured approximately 76 x 55 x 20 cm on the serous surfaces of the organs of the peritoneal cavity (hemoperitoneum). The spleen was moderately reduced. The bone marrow was markedly pale. Histologically, it was observed that there was an extensive proliferation of endothelial cells in the quadratus lumbar muscle mass dissecting the epimysium and perimysium. Endothelial cells had moderate pleomorphism, organized in vascular channels and forming multifocally solid areas with a significant amount of eosinophilic fibrillar material (fibrin). Sections of muscle neoplasm were subjected to immunohistochemistry with anti-von Willebrand factor primary antibody, which showed a multifocal moderate cytoplasmic immunolabeling of neoplastic endothelial cells. Discussion: There are few reports of striated muscle hemangiosarcoma in cattle. Muscular hemangiosarcomas were reported in a 4-month-old calf in the left cervical trapezius muscle and a 6-year-old Holstein cow with left pelvic limb mass lateral and distal to the knee. Some reports presented hemangiosarcoma in the iliopsoas muscle, left cervical trapezius muscle, pelvic limb muscles and right cervical muscle of the bovine. In the presented report, hemoperitoneum occurred as a result of hemorrhages from muscle hemangiosarcoma. Other studies have demonstrated cavity hemorrhages in joint, pelvic, pleural and cranial cavities associated with hemangiosarcoma. Hemangiosarcoma with regenerative anemia must be distinguished from other diseases that cause anemia. The main differential diagnoses of bovine with anemia are vena cava syndrome, coumarin derivatives poisoning, acute poisoning by Pteridium spp., tick fever, anaplasmosis, babesiosis and trypanosomiasis. Hemangiosarcoma should be differentiated from other lesions as hemangioma, vascular tumor of lymphatic endothelium and perivascular wall tumors. Cases with poorly differentiated morphology should be submitted for immunohistochemistry. In the present hemangiosarcoma case, we have used the von Willebrand factor for immunohistochemistry diagnosis. Expression of angiogenic growth factors such as CD31, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) have also been used in the diagnosis of vascular proliferation lesions. Hemangiosarcoma in cattle should be included mainly in the differential diagnosis of diseases that cause acute anemia in cattle.

Fraturas apendiculares em cães e gatos: casuística / Appendicular fractures in dogs and cats: casuistry

A ocorrência de fraturas é comum em cães e gatos, principalmente as ocasionadas por atropelamento. Diante disso, um estudo retrospectivo de cães e gatos atendidos entre abril de 2013 e abril de 2020 no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul foi realizado. O estudo teve como objetivo identificar a prevalência das fraturas apendiculares, a etiologia e o tratamento. De um total de 222 animais, 197 (88,7%) eram cães e 25 (11,3%) eram gatos, os quais apresentaram 254 fraturas apendiculares. Quanto às fraturas, os seguintes resultados foram observados: 86 fraturas de fêmur (33,9%), 58 fraturas de tíbia e fíbula (22,8%), 24 fraturas da pelve (9,4%), 39 fraturas do rádio e da ulna (15,4%), 40 fraturas do úmero (15,7%), 3 fraturas de escápula (1,2%), 3 fraturas de metatarso (1,2%) e 1 fratura de metacarpo (0,4%). Os animais mais afetados foram os cães: machos (n=100; 57,8%), com idade de até três anos (n=123; 62,4%), sem raça definida (n=95; 45%), de porte pequeno (n=123; 62,4%). Desta forma, conclui-se que o perfil de animais com fraturas apendiculares da Região Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul é: cães machos, sem raça definida, jovens, de pequeno porte, sendo que o fêmur foi o osso mais acometido devido a acidentes automobilísticos.

The occurrence of fractures is common in dogs and cats, especially those caused by being run over. Therefore, a retrospective study of dogs and cats attended between April 2013 and April 2020 at the Veterinary Hospital of the Regional University of the Northwest of the State of Rio Grande do Sul was carried out. The study aimed to identify the prevalence of appendicular fractures, the etiology, and the treatment. Among 222 animals, 197 (88.7%) were dogs and 25 (11.3%) were cats, which presented 254 appendicular fractures. Regarding the fractures, the following results were observed: 86 fractures of femur (33.9%), 58 fractures of tibia and fibula (22.8%), 24 fractures of pelvis (9.4%), 39 fractures of radius and ulna (15.4%), 40 fractures of humerus (15.7%), 3 fractures of scapular (1.2%), 3 fractures of metatarsal (1.2%), and 1 fracture of metacarpal (0.4%). The most affected animals were dogs: male (n = 100; 57.8%), aged up to three years (n=123; 62.4%), mixed breed (n=95; 45%), small size (n=123; 62.4%). In conclusion, the animals profile with appendicular fractures of the Northwest Region of Rio Grande do Sul is: male dogs, mixed breed, young, small, and with femur as the most affected bone due to automobile accidents.

Two-dimensional and three-dimensional techniques for determining the kinematic patterns for hindlimb obstacle avoidance during sheep locomotion / Técnicas bidimensionais e tridimensionais para determinar os padrões cinemáticos durante a ultrapassagem de obstáculos pelos membros pélvicosdurante a locomoção de ovinos

Analysis of locomotion is often used as a measure for impairment and recovery following experimental peripheral nerve injury. Compared to rodents, sheep offer several advantages for studying peripheral nerve regeneration. In the present study, we compared for the first time, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) hindlimb kinematics during obstacle avoidance in the ovine model. This study obtained kinematic data to serve as a template for an objective assessment of the ankle joint motion in future studies of common peroneal nerve (CP) injury and repair in the ovine model. The strategy used by the sheep to bring the hindlimb over a moderately high obstacle, set to 10% of its hindlimb length, was pronounced knee, ankle and metatarsophalangeal flexion when approaching and clearing the obstacle. Despite the overall time course kinematic patterns about the hip, knee, ankle, and metatarsophalangeal were identical, we found significant differences between values of the 2D and 3D joint angular motion. Our results showed that the most apparent changes that occurred during the gait cycle were for the ankle (2D-measured STANCEmax: 157±2.4 degrees vs. 3D-measured STANCEmax: 151±1.2 degrees; P .05) and metatarsophalangeal joints (2D-measured STANCEmin: 151±2.2 degrees vs. 3D-measured STANCEmin: 162 ± 2.2 degrees; P .01 and 2D-measured TO: 163±4.9 degrees vs. 3D-measured TO: 177±1.4 degrees; P .05), whereas the hip and knee joints were much less affected. Data and techniques described here are useful for an objective assessment of altered gait after CP injury and repairin an ovine model.(AU)

A análise da locomoção é frequentemente usada como uma medida para avaliar a disfunção e sua recuperação após lesão nervosa periférica experimental. Quando comparadas com os roedores, as ovelhas oferecem várias características atrativas como modelo experimental para o estudo da regeneração nervosa periférica. Não existem estudos acerca dos resultados da locomoção após lesão e reparação do nervo periférico no modelo ovino. No presente estudo, realizámos e comparámos a cinemática bidimensional (2D) e, pela primeira vez, tridimensional (3D) do membro pélvico durante a ultrapassagem de obstáculos no modelo ovino. Este estudo teve como objetivo obter dados cinemáticos para servir de modelo para uma avaliação objetiva do movimento articular do tornozelo em estudos futuros de lesão e reparação do nervo fibular comum (FC) no modelo ovino. A estratégia usada pelas ovelhas para elevar o membro pélvico sobre um obstáculo com uma altura moderada, fixado em 10% do seu comprimento, caracteriza-se por uma flexão pronunciada do joelho, tornozelo e metatarso-falangeana ao se aproximar e ultrapassar o obstáculo. Apesar dos padrões cinemáticos do quadril, joelho, tornozelo e metatarso-falangeano terem sido idênticos, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os valores do movimento angular das articulações em 2D e 3D. Os nossos resultados mostram que as mudanças mais aparentes que ocorreram durante o ciclo da marcha foram nas articulações do tornozelo (em 2DSTANCEmax: 157±2.4 graus vs. em 3D STANCEmax: 151±1.2 graus; P .05) e metatarso-falangeana (em 2D STANCEmin: 151±2.2 graus vs. em 3D STANCEmin: 162 ± 2.2 graus; P .01 e em 2D TO: 163±4.9 graus vs. em 3D TO: 177±1.4 graus; P .05), enquanto as articulações do quadril e do joelho foram muito menos afetadas. É provável que os dados e técnicas descritas aqui sejam úteis para uma avaliação objetiva das alterações na marcha após lesão e reparação do PC no modelo ovino.(AU)

Osteossarcoma pélvico metastático em cão / Metastatic pelvic osteosarcoma in a dog

Background: Osteosarcomas are malignant neoplasms of bone tissue, with a high prevalence in dogs, especially in large and giant breeds. More commonly, such alterations affect the appendicular skeleton and, to a lesser extent, the axial skeleton. In order to obtain an accurate diagnosis, it is necessary to combine cytological and histopathological findings with clinical parameters, imaging exams and macroscopic findings. In the present study, we report a rare case of combined-type pelvic osteosarcoma with pulmonary metastasis in a dog. Case: A 5-year-old intact large male dog of mixed breed, was submitted to clinical care because of an increase in volume of the left perineal region. The cytological evaluation, performed without imaging exams, indicated that it was an undifferentiated sarcoma. An incisional biopsy defined the diagnosis as telangiectatic osteosarcoma, and with progressive clinical worsening, the patient died. Necroscopic examination revealed multiple nodules in the lungs and an irregular mass with a hard to friable consistency. The mass was intensely vascularised and extended craniodorsally from the left ischial tuberosity to the base of the renal fossa. Microscopically, the neoplasm was diagnosed as combined osteosarcoma, consisting of the osteoblastic, chondroblastic, and telangiectatic subtypes. Metastases with a predominance of the chondroblastic subtype were observed in the lungs. Discussion: This is the first report of combined-type canine osteosarcoma in the ischium. The case reported here is unusual, as there are few reports of canine osteosarcoma in the pelvic bones, and there is no concrete information regarding its histological appearance. Osteosarcoma is the most common bone neoplasm in dogs, representing up to 80% of the tumours found in such organs. In the present case, the dog was a large young adult with a higher probability of neoplasm development. A cytopathological examination is a diagnostic method with good sensitivity and specificity that can confirm osteosarcomas. However, in this case, the cytological diagnosis, performed without the information from the imaging exam, indicated that it was an undifferentiated sarcoma, given the impossibility of the architectural assessment of the lesion. Biopsy samples sent for histology may not be representative of the entire tumour, leading to misclassification of the histological type. Therefore, the evaluation of fragments from various sites of the lesions is recommended. Regarding the morphology of osteosarcomas, such neoplasms have the osteoblastic, chondroblastic, fibroblastic, telangiectatic, large cell, and poorly differentiated subtypes. With regard to tumours located in the axial skeleton, no studies have assessed the predominance of a particular morphological type, as well as the incidence of combined-type masses in dogs in this particular location. Such neoplasms are locally aggressive and have a high metastatic potential, with the lungs being the main location for implantation of neoplastic cells. There is no proven evidence of the correlation between morphological presentations and the presence of metastases from osteosarcomas in dogs. The histological type is not a predictive factor for the behaviour of the neoplasm. However, the anatomical location is considered as one of the factors with the greatest influence on the prognosis and metastatic potential. Rib masses are associated with a higher rate of metastases compared to others. The definitive diagnosis of osteosarcomas and its correct subclassification are of great importance in the prognosis of affected patients. These require an approach that considers the clinical findings, imaging examinations, and macroscopic and microscopic alterations.

Fibrolipoma gigante no membro distal de uma vaca / Giant fibrolipoma in the distal limb of a cow

Background: Lipomas are adipocytic tumors of slow and expansive growth. They can be classified into several subtypes depending on the tissue present next to the neoplastic adipocytes. One of such subtypes is the fibrolipoma, which is formed by well-differentiated adipocytes and fibrous connective tissue. This neoplasm has been little described in cattle, and rare reports present the treatment and resolution of the case. Thus, the dissemination of cases of fibrolipomas in cattle is essential to help veterinarians diagnose this neoplasm. The present report describes a case of fibrolipoma in the distal pelvic limb of a cow successfully treated by surgical excision. Case: A 4-year-old 3/4 Girolando cow from the municipality of Vazante, MG, Brazil, was treated on the farm. According to the owner, the animal had been showing tumoral growth in the left pelvic limb over the period of 1 year and 3 months. The tumor involved the entire left metatarsus and was 40 x 37 cm, without ulcerations and painless on palpation. A neoplasm was suspected and surgical excision was the chosen approach. The cow was sedated, positioned and restrained in right lateral recumbency for surgery. The operative field was prepared and a subcutaneous locoregional ring block was performed dorsally to the tumor. The tumor mass was excised with a safety margin of 1 cm. After removal, the mass was found to weigh 10.4 kg and to be yellowish-white upon sectioning. Due to the distance between the edges of the surgical wound, skin suture could not be performed. Thus, second-intention healing and wound protection with bandages were the choice of management. In the postoperative period, the adopted treatment consisted of antibiotic therapy with benzathine penicillin, analgesia with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, daily dressings and wound protection with bandages. The animal did not show postoperative complications and, over 8 months of monitoring after surgery, there was no recurrence of the neoplasm and the cow was in productive activity. Tumor fragments were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and sent for histopathological examination, which revealed a neoplasm of mesenchymal cells in the subcutaneous adipose tissue supported by dense fibrovascular stroma with solid arrangement. A large amount of dense connective tissue was found among the neoplastic cells. In view of these findings, the diagnosis of fibrolipoma was established. Discussion: Fibrolipoma is a benign neoplasm little described in the veterinary literature, especially in cattle, with only 3 cases reported. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first report of this neoplasm in the distal limb of cattle. Fibrolipomas are a rare type of lipoma formed by well-differentiated lipocytes and fibrous tissue. The fibrolipoma described in this report was 40 cm in diameter and weighed 10.4 kg, so it can be classified as a type of giant lipoma, as it was more than 10 cm in diameter and more than 1 kg in weight. In the present report and in others in the medical literature, surgical removal of the fibrolipoma resulted in complete recovery of the patient without postoperative complications. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice in these cases and usually promotes healing. However, surgery must be performed early and the neoplasm must be completely removed. The histological characteristics of the fibrolipoma in this case are similar to those found in other cases in cattle and corroborate the choice for surgical treatment and maintenance of the animal in the herd. Although rare, fibrolipomas should be included in the differential diagnosis of tumors of slow and expansive growth in cattle.(AU)

Pelvimetry in bitches N.R.D. (no race defined) / Pelvimetria em cadelas S.R.D. (sem raça definida)

Pelviology means the study of the pelvis, a structure formed by bones, ligaments and muscles. One of the subjects of pelviology corresponds to pelvimetry, which deals with the measurement of pelvic measurements, and which has a close relationship with reproduction. This study aims to verify the correlation between some body parameters and pelvic measurements. We used 50 N.R.D. female canine cadavers, varying in age and size, from euthanasia or natural death from the HOVET of UNIDESC and Veterinary Clinics of the cities of Valparaíso, Goiás-GO and Santa Maria-FD. Initially the body length, body height, thoracic perimeter, and body weight parameters were measured. Then, the bony pelvis was removed from the cadaver, sectioning the spine at the level between the lumbar vertebrae 5 (L5) and 6 (L6) and the femur in its middle third. Immediately after this procedure, the excess soft tissue was removed. In pelvimetry the following diameters were measured: thigh bone; transverse; acetabular; lateral ischiatic; true conjugate and vertical. The following mean values and standard deviation were obtained: 1) Body parameters: body weight (Kg) - 8.40 ± 5.86; height (cm) – 35.50 ± 11.76; body length (cm) – 48.60 ± 13.48; and thoracic perimeter (cm) – 43.80 ± 14.24; and 2) Pelvic diameters (cm): thigh bone – 3.313 ± 0.830; transversal – 3.864 ± 0.900; acetabular – 4.326 ± 1.140; lateral ischiatic – 7.171 ± 2.140; true conjugate – 4.720 ± 1.270; and vertical – 4.697 ± 1.270. Finally, it was verified that there is a significant positive correlation between body parameters and pelvic diameters

A pelviologia corresponde ao estudo da pelve, estrutura formada por ossos, ligamentos e músculos. Um dos assuntos abordados da pelviologia corresponde a pelvimetria que trata da mensuração das medidas pélvicas, e a qual possui intima relação com a reprodução. O presente estudo tem por objetivo verificar a correlação entre alguns parâmetros corporais e as medidas pél-vicas. Foram utilizados 50 cadáveres caninos fêmeas S.R.D., idade e tamanho variados, oriundos de eutanásia ou morte natural do HOVET do UNIDESC e Clínicas Veterinárias das cidades de Valparaíso, Goiás (GO) e Santa Maria (DF). Inicialmente men-surou-se os parâmetros corporais comprimento corporal; altura corporal; perímetro torácico e peso corporal. Em seguida, a pelve óssea foi retirada do cadáver, seccionando-se a coluna vertebral em nível entre as vértebras lombares 5 (L5) e 6 (L6) e o fêmur em seu terço médio, logo após esse procedimento retirou-se o excesso de tecidos moles. Na pelvimetria mensurou-se os diâmetros: coxal; transversal; acetabular; isquiático lateral; verdadeiro conjugado e vertical. Obteve-se os seguintes valores médios e desvio padrão: 1) Parâmetros corporais: peso corporal (Kg) – 8,40 ± 5,86; altura (cm) – 35,50 ± 11,76; comprimento corporal (cm) – 48,60 ± 13,48; e perímetro torácico (cm) – 43,80 ± 14,24; e 2) Diâmetros pélvicos (cm): coxal – 3,313 ± 0,830; transversal – 3,864 ± 0,900; acetabular – 4,326 ± 1,140; isquiático lateral – 7,171 ± 2,140; conjugado verdadeiro – 4,720 ± 1,270; e vertical – 4,697 ± 1,270. Por fim, verificou-se que há correlação positiva significativa entre os parâmetros corporais e os diâmetros pélvicos.

Pelvimetry in bitches N.R.D. (no race defined) / Pelvimetria em cadelas S.R.D. (sem raça definida)

Pelviology means the study of the pelvis, a structure formed by bones, ligaments and muscles. One of the subjects of pelviology corresponds to pelvimetry, which deals with the measurement of pelvic measurements, and which has a close relationship with reproduction. This study aims to verify the correlation between some body parameters and pelvic measurements. We used 50 N.R.D. female canine cadavers, varying in age and size, from euthanasia or natural death from the HOVET of UNIDESC and Veterinary Clinics of the cities of Valparaíso, Goiás-GO and Santa Maria-FD. Initially the body length, body height, thoracic perimeter, and body weight parameters were measured. Then, the bony pelvis was removed from the cadaver, sectioning the spine at the level between the lumbar vertebrae 5 (L5) and 6 (L6) and the femur in its middle third. Immediately after this procedure, the excess soft tissue was removed. In pelvimetry the following diameters were measured: thigh bone; transverse; acetabular; lateral ischiatic; true conjugate and vertical. The following mean values and standard deviation were obtained: 1) Body parameters: body weight (Kg) - 8.40 ± 5.86; height (cm) 35.50 ± 11.76; body length (cm) 48.60 ± 13.48; and thoracic perimeter (cm) 43.80 ± 14.24; and 2) Pelvic diameters (cm): thigh bone 3.313 ± 0.830; transversal 3.864 ± 0.900; acetabular 4.326 ± 1.140; lateral ischiatic 7.171 ± 2.140; true conjugate 4.720 ± 1.270; and vertical 4.697 ± 1.270. Finally, it was verified that there is a significant positive correlation between body parameters and pelvic diameters(AU)

A pelviologia corresponde ao estudo da pelve, estrutura formada por ossos, ligamentos e músculos. Um dos assuntos abordados da pelviologia corresponde a pelvimetria que trata da mensuração das medidas pélvicas, e a qual possui intima relação com a reprodução. O presente estudo tem por objetivo verificar a correlação entre alguns parâmetros corporais e as medidas pél-vicas. Foram utilizados 50 cadáveres caninos fêmeas S.R.D., idade e tamanho variados, oriundos de eutanásia ou morte natural do HOVET do UNIDESC e Clínicas Veterinárias das cidades de Valparaíso, Goiás (GO) e Santa Maria (DF). Inicialmente men-surou-se os parâmetros corporais comprimento corporal; altura corporal; perímetro torácico e peso corporal. Em seguida, a pelve óssea foi retirada do cadáver, seccionando-se a coluna vertebral em nível entre as vértebras lombares 5 (L5) e 6 (L6) e o fêmur em seu terço médio, logo após esse procedimento retirou-se o excesso de tecidos moles. Na pelvimetria mensurou-se os diâmetros: coxal; transversal; acetabular; isquiático lateral; verdadeiro conjugado e vertical. Obteve-se os seguintes valores médios e desvio padrão: 1) Parâmetros corporais: peso corporal (Kg) 8,40 ± 5,86; altura (cm) 35,50 ± 11,76; comprimento corporal (cm) 48,60 ± 13,48; e perímetro torácico (cm) 43,80 ± 14,24; e 2) Diâmetros pélvicos (cm): coxal 3,313 ± 0,830; transversal 3,864 ± 0,900; acetabular 4,326 ± 1,140; isquiático lateral 7,171 ± 2,140; conjugado verdadeiro 4,720 ± 1,270; e vertical 4,697 ± 1,270. Por fim, verificou-se que há correlação positiva significativa entre os parâmetros corporais e os diâmetros pélvicos.(AU)

Tarsal villonodular tenosynovitis (giant cell tumor of tendon sheath) in a dog / Tenossinovite vilonodular pigmentada (tumor de células gigantes da bainha tendínea) tarsal em um cão

A 12-year-old female mixed-breed dog presented with lameness, pain, and an enlarged, non-ulcerated, nodular mass in the region proximal to the tarsal joint of the right pelvic limb. Surgical excision was performed, revealing a 6.5 cm mass adherent to the deep flexor tendon and adjacent tissues. The cut section had cysts filled with blackened clotted material, which exuded reddish serous fluid. Microscopically, the cysts were filled with red blood cells and were either denuded or covered by synoviocytes. In addition, the mass was characterized by marked fibrovascular connective tissue associated with siderophages and multinucleated giant cells. These findings were consistent with those of pigmented villonodular tenosynovitis, a rare condition affecting several animal species and humans.

Uma cadela de 12 anos, sem raça definida, apresentou claudicação, algia e aumento de volume não ulcerado, de aspecto nodular, na região proximal à articulação do tarso do membro pélvico direito. A excisão cirúrgica foi optada e revelou uma massa de 6,5 cm de diâmetro, aderida ao tendão flexor profundo e aos tecidos adjacentes. Ao corte, exsudava líquido seroso avermelhado e cistos preenchidos por material coagulado enegrecido foram observados. Microscopicamente, a massa apresentava formações císticas frequentemente preenchidas por hemácias, que encontravam-se ora revestidas por sinoviócitos, ora desnudas. Havia ainda acentuada quantidade de tecido fibrovascular associado a siderófagos e células gigantes multinucleadas. Esses achados foram consistentes com tenossinovite vilonodular pigmentada, uma rara condição que afeta diversas espécies de animais e humanos.

Conduta diagnóstica em equino da raça Crioula com síndrome de Cushing / Diagnostic process in a crioulo horse with Cushing’s syndrome

Background: Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, also known as equine Cushing’s syndrome, is a neurodegenerative disease. An important risk factor for Cushing’s is advanced aging and it is the most common endocrine disorder inolder horses. The prevalence in horses aged over 10 and 15 years is reported as 9.3% and 21%, respectively. Due to the slowprogressive nature of the disease, seasonal variation in hormone output and overlapping endocrine response to other events,accurate diagnosis is challenging. The diagnosis requires the combination of anamnesis, clinical signs, in addition to laboratory tests results. This study aimed to report Cushing’s syndrome in a Crioulo breed horse focusing on diagnostic methods.Case: A 13-year-old male Crioulo breed, orchiectomized, was attended at the Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), in PassoFundo, RS, Brazil. The owner reported that the animal had progressive weight loss and coat abnormal growth, with curlyappearance. From visual inspection, body condition score was 4 (1-9) bulging abdomen was noticed, hirsutism, depressionand lethargy. Also, there was a large neoplastic mass on the left side of gluteal region. Later, this mass was classified inhistopathological examination as a fibroblastic sarcoid and was treated. The animal presented physical parameters withinthe physiological limits of the specie. Normochromic normocytic anemia and neutrophilic leukocytosis were reported in thehematologic evaluation. In coproparasitological examination, there were 300 eggs per gram of feaces. Hyperadrenocorticismwas suspected in the clinical examination and dexamethasone suppression test was performed to confirm the fact. Basal serumwas collected at 17 h (M0) and subsequently 40 µg/kg of dexamethasone was administered intramuscular...