B-mode and Doppler ultrasonographic assessment of uterine involution in ewes treated with two different doses of prostaglandinF2alfa

Background: Several studies consisted of postmortem evaluations and B-mode ultrasonography have been performed on ovine uterine involution. However, researches with Doppler ultrasonography are very limited in ewes. Doppler ultrasonography is a non-invasive method which provides information about vascular dynamics of the tissues which cannot be examined by B-mode ultrasonography. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of two different PGF2α doses on uterine measurements by real time B-mode ultrasonography; and on uterine artery hemodynamics by pulsed-wave Doppler analysis during postpartum uterine involution in ewes. Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted with 30 primiparous Kivircik ewes which lambed singleton without any complication. The ewes were randomly divided into three groups (n= 10 for each group). A single i.m. injection of 125 μg/sheep PGF2α , 75 μg/sheep PGF2α , and 1.0 mL/sheep sterile saline solution were administered to Group 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The day of parturition was considered as the first day of the study. Examinations were performed on days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Diameters of previously gravid horn and caruncles were measured by real time B-mod ultrasonography. Presence of lochia was also noted. Uterine artery pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), systolic/ diastolic ratio (S/D) values were measured by pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography. The one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s test were used for statistical analysis. The mean previously gravid horn diameters of ewes were 8.30 ± 0.16 cm and 1.53 ± 0.07 cm on day 1 and day 28, respectively. Previously gravid horn and caruncle diameters had a similar declining pattern in all groups as involution period proceeded. Involution was mostly completed by day 21. More than 50% reduction in uterine size was achieved in prostaglandin administered groups by day 7. Caruncles were not able to be identified after the second week...

Impact of hypotensive action of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on ovarian-intraovarian blood flow and follicles development in goats hormonally stimulated with repeated FSH-ECG treatment

Background: Recent evidence shows that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) participates in important reproductiveprocesses, such as steroidogenesis, folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation and ovulation. Several studies have proposed touse an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) as a RAS modulator, aiming to improve reproductive efficiency, however,the presence of the main components of this system in reproductive tissues still need to be further investigated, since thephysiological functions seem to be species-specific. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of enalapril-maleate,an ACE inhibitor, during repeated gonadotropins treatment on ovarian blood flow and follicular development in goats.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty Anglo-Nubian cross-bred goats were equally grouped according to parity (n= 10/group): nulliparous and multiparous parity. In each group, five animals were randomly selected to receive 0.4 mg.kg-1 ofenalapril-maleate during 11 days of estrus synchronization and gonadotropins treatments. The other animals received thesame volume of saline solution. Estrus synchronization of all goats was made by intramuscular ad-ministration of PGF2αanalog, followed 48 h later by intravaginal insertion of a controlled internal drug release device. Forty-eight h after devicewithdrawal, a single dose of 60 mg of FSH plus 300 UI of eCG was administered and repeated every 4 days to complete 3treatments. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed using pulsed and color Doppler to evaluate Doppler velocimetricsparameters of the ovarian artery and intraovarian blood flow, respec-tively, and B-mode real-time ultrasound scanner toevaluate the follicular development. In the females treated with enalapril-maleate was observed a significant reduction ofsystolic and diastolic peak, without difference according to parity. In addition, in the third session of hor-monal stimulation,only the groups (nulliparous and multiparous) not treated with...(AU)

Impact of hypotensive action of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on ovarian-intraovarian blood flow and follicles development in goats hormonally stimulated with repeated FSH-ECG treatment

Background: Recent evidence shows that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) participates in important reproductiveprocesses, such as steroidogenesis, folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation and ovulation. Several studies have proposed touse an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) as a RAS modulator, aiming to improve reproductive efficiency, however,the presence of the main components of this system in reproductive tissues still need to be further investigated, since thephysiological functions seem to be species-specific. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of enalapril-maleate,an ACE inhibitor, during repeated gonadotropins treatment on ovarian blood flow and follicular development in goats.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty Anglo-Nubian cross-bred goats were equally grouped according to parity (n= 10/group): nulliparous and multiparous parity. In each group, five animals were randomly selected to receive 0.4 mg.kg-1 ofenalapril-maleate during 11 days of estrus synchronization and gonadotropins treatments. The other animals received thesame volume of saline solution. Estrus synchronization of all goats was made by intramuscular ad-ministration of PGF2αanalog, followed 48 h later by intravaginal insertion of a controlled internal drug release device. Forty-eight h after devicewithdrawal, a single dose of 60 mg of FSH plus 300 UI of eCG was administered and repeated every 4 days to complete 3treatments. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed using pulsed and color Doppler to evaluate Doppler velocimetricsparameters of the ovarian artery and intraovarian blood flow, respec-tively, and B-mode real-time ultrasound scanner toevaluate the follicular development. In the females treated with enalapril-maleate was observed a significant reduction ofsystolic and diastolic peak, without difference according to parity. In addition, in the third session of hor-monal stimulation,only the groups (nulliparous and multiparous) not treated with...

Diagnóstico ultrassonográfico de distúrbios reprodutivos em pequenos ruminantes / Ultrasonographic diagnosis of reproductive disorders in small ruminants

A ultrassonografia (USG) é uma técnica de imagem em tempo real e pouco invasiva. Na produção de ovinos e caprinos, a USG vem sendo utilizada como uma ferramenta auxiliar no manejo reprodutivo, assim como no diagnóstico clínico-reprodutivo de doenças ginecológicas, obstétricas e andrológicas. Por meio da USG é possível a realização de exames em série para monitorar a progressão de uma anormalidade, resposta ao tratamento ou a funcionalidade e morfologia do órgão. Assim, por meio da USG são fornecidas informações substanciais ao profissional do campo e da pesquisa auxiliando na definição de prognósticos, tratamentos, descarte zootécnico e, ainda, na aquisição de reprodutores e matrizes sem distúrbios reprodutivos adquiridos ou congênitos.(AU)

Ultrasonography (USG) is a less invasive, real-time imaging modality. In the sheep and goat farming, USG has been used as an auxiliary tool in the reproductive management, as well as in the clinical-reproductive diagnosis of gynecological, obstetric and andrological disorders. Through the USG, it is possible to perform successive evaluations to monitor the progression of an abnormality, response to treatment or organ function and morphology. Therefore, through USG are provide substantial information to the practical and research veterinarian and assists in the definition of prognostics, treatments, culling and on the acquisition of breeding males and females without acquired or congenital reproductive disorders.(AU)

Diagnóstico ultrassonográfico de distúrbios reprodutivos em pequenos ruminantes / Ultrasonographic diagnosis of reproductive disorders in small ruminants

A ultrassonografia (USG) é uma técnica de imagem em tempo real e pouco invasiva. Na produção de ovinos e caprinos, a USG vem sendo utilizada como uma ferramenta auxiliar no manejo reprodutivo, assim como no diagnóstico clínico-reprodutivo de doenças ginecológicas, obstétricas e andrológicas. Por meio da USG é possível a realização de exames em série para monitorar a progressão de uma anormalidade, resposta ao tratamento ou a funcionalidade e morfologia do órgão. Assim, por meio da USG são fornecidas informações substanciais ao profissional do campo e da pesquisa auxiliando na definição de prognósticos, tratamentos, descarte zootécnico e, ainda, na aquisição de reprodutores e matrizes sem distúrbios reprodutivos adquiridos ou congênitos.

Ultrasonography (USG) is a less invasive, real-time imaging modality. In the sheep and goat farming, USG has been used as an auxiliary tool in the reproductive management, as well as in the clinical-reproductive diagnosis of gynecological, obstetric and andrological disorders. Through the USG, it is possible to perform successive evaluations to monitor the progression of an abnormality, response to treatment or organ function and morphology. Therefore, through USG are provide substantial information to the practical and research veterinarian and assists in the definition of prognostics, treatments, culling and on the acquisition of breeding males and females without acquired or congenital reproductive disorders.

DINÂMICA FOLICULAR E FLUXO SANGUÍNEO INTRAOVARIANO EM CABRAS ESTIMULADAS COM DIFERENTES PROTOCOLOS HORMONAIS

A ultrassonografia (USG) em modo B e Doppler são ferramentas úteis na avaliação ginecológica e andrológica dos animais e, em anos recentes vem se implementando o uso da USG Doppler (USGD) em pequenos ruminantes, na mensuração dos índices velocimétricos de vascularidade da artéria ovariana, na avaliação da vascularização do corpo lúteo e, na mensuração da área vascularizada dos ovários, esses dados podem fornecer informação em quanto á função dos ovários, qualidade oocitária e, resposta ou eficiência dos protocolos hormonais. O objetivo deste estudo será avaliar o fluxo sanguíneo intraovariano e a dinâmica folicular em cabras estimuladas com diferentes protocolos hormonais. As cabras (n=29) serão divididas em três grupos (PHA, PHB, PHC), e cada grupo será submetido a um protocolo hormonal de estimulação folicular, no PHA (n=10), o protocolo iniciará com a administração intramuscular de 0,075mg de Cloprostenol, 48h depois será feita a inserção intravaginal de um controlled internal drug release (CIDR) e, 48h depois da inserção do CIDR será administrada uma dose única de 60 mg de FSH e 300UI eCG. No PHB (n=8), o protocolo iniciará com a inserção de uma esponja intravaginal com Acetato de Medroxiprogesterona (MPA) mantida durante 10 dias, no dia 8 do protocolo será administrada 1ml de cloprostenol e, 36 horas antes da remoção da esponja será feita a administração de uma dose única de 80mg de FSH e 300UI de eCG. No PHC (n=11), o protocolo hormonal iniciará com a inserção de uma esponja intravaginal mantida durante 12 dias, no dia 12 será feita a injeção de 1ml de cloprostenol e 0,750ml de eCG e, 36 horas depois será feita a injeção de 1ml de GnRH. O fluxo sanguíneo do ovário será monitorado por USGD antes e depois da administração das gonadotrofinas (FSH e eCG). Antes e depois da aplicação das gonadotrofinas nos PHs, a dinâmica folicular foi monitorada por ultrassonografia em modo B em tempo real e a vascularização intraovariana foi verificada por ultrassonografia Doppler. A partir das imagens Doppler, a área foi quantificada e pontuações subjetivas da área vascularizada foram atribuídas. Em todos os PHs houve um aumento significativo (P < 0.001) no número de folículos totais. Para folículos > 3 mm e > 5 mm. PHB mostrou um aumento de +111% e +120% respectivamente. Em relação ao diâmetro folicular máximo, foi semelhante (P = 0.2877) após a administração de gonadotrofinas e apenas em PHB e PHC incrementos positivos deste parâmetro foram observados durante o período em exame (+ 19.8% vs. +18%). O protocol C mostrou, depois da aplicação hormonal, um aumento significativo (P = 0.0323) na área Doppler de vascularização intraovariana, um resultado que não foi confirmado pela análise das pontuações da escala arbitrária. Podemos concluir que todos os protocolos de estimulação hormonal analisados foram eficientes em caprinos na indução do crescimento folicular. No entanto, apenas na associação eCG + GnRH no protocolo hormonal usado em programas para IATFdemonstraram um aumento na área de vascularização intraovariana.

The B-mode and Doppler ultrasound are useful tools in the gynecological and andrological assessment of animals and, in recent years, the use of Doppler ultrasonography has been implemented in small ruminants, in measuring the velocimetric indexes of vascularity of the ovarian artery, in evaluating the corpus luteum vascularization and in measuring the vascularized area of the ovaries, these data can provide information on the ovaries function, oocyte quality and response or efficiency of hormonal protocols. The aim of this study will be to evaluate intraovarian blood flow and follicular dynamics in goats stimulated with different hormonal protocols. The goats (n=29) will be divided into three groups (PHA, PHB, PHC), and each group will be submitted to one hormonal protocol of follicular stimulation, in PHA (n=10), the protocol will start with the intramuscular administration of 0,075mg of Cloprostenol, 48h after will be performed the intravaginal insertion of a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) and, 48h after a single dose of FSH (60mg) and eCG (300UI). In PHB (n=8), the hormonal protocol will start with the insertion of an intravaginal sponge with Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) maintained during 10 days, on day 8 of the protocol will be administered 1ml of Cloprostenol and, 36h before removing the sponge, a single dose of FSH (80mg) and eCG (300UI) will be administered. In PHC (n=11), the hormonal protocol will start with the insertion of an intravaginal sponge maintained during 12 days, on the day 12 will be injected 1ml of Cloprostenol and 0,750ml of eCG and 36h later the injection of 1ml of GnRH. Ovarian blood flow will be monitored by ultrasound Doppler before and after administration of gonadotropins (FSH and eCG). Before and after application of gonadotropins in PHs, follicular dynamics were monitored by real-time B-mode ultrasonography and intraovarian vascularization was verified by Doppler ultrasonography. From the Doppler images, the area was quantified and subjective scores of the vascularized area were assigned. In all PHs there was a significant increase (P < 0.001) in the number of total follicles. For follicles > 3 mm and > 5 mm, PHB showed an increase of +111% and +120% respectively. Regarding the maximum follicular diameter, this was similar (P = 0.2877) after the administration of gonadotropins and only in PHB and PHC positive increments of this parameter were observed during the period under examination (+ 19.8% vs. +18%). Protocol C showed, after hormonal application, a significant increase (P = 0.0323) in the Doppler area of intraovarian vascularization, a result that was not confirmed by the analysis of the arbitrary scale scores. We can conclude that all hormone stimulation protocols analyzed were efficient in goats in inducing follicular growth. However, only the eCG + GnRH association in the hormonal protocol used for FTAI programs demonstrated an increase in the area of intraovarian vascularization.

ULTRASSONOGRAFIA DOPPLER NA AVALIAÇÃO DA HEMODINÂMICA DO CORPO LÚTEO PRIMÁRIO E DAS ARTÉRIAS UTERINAS EM ÉGUAS RECEPTORAS DE EMBRIÃO

O Brasil é um dos países que mais utiliza biotecnologias ligadas à reprodução de equinos. Uma destas biotecnologias utilizadas em larga escala é a transferência de embriões. Porém ainda existe um déficit de métodos de diagnóstico que nos ajudem a, de forma mais assertiva, escolher qual seria a melhor égua receptora. A ultrassonografia (US) Doppler chega com intuito de fornecer informações em tempo real da arquitetura vascular e dos aspectos hemodinâmicos dos vasos sanguíneos do sistema reprodutor. Com isso o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os índices de resistividade (RI) e pulsatilidade (PI) dos ramos dorsais das artérias uterinas a fim de auxiliar na escolha da melhor receptora de embrião, além de observar se a vascularização do corpo lúteo (CL) influenciaria na sua produção de progesterona (P4). O estudo foi realizado na estação de monta 2018/2019. As 41 éguas utilizadas foram divididas em cinco grupos de acordo com o dia pós-ovulação sendo D0 o dia da ovulação. Assim os grupos foram divididos em: D4 - éguas que se encontravam no 4° dia pós-ovulação; D5 - éguas que se encontravam no 5° dia pós-ovulação; e assim sucessivamente para D6; D7 e D8. No dia da transferência do embrião (TE), o CL das éguas selecionadas como receptoras foi avaliado pela US modo B e pela US Doppler modo Power Flow e os ramos dorsais direito e esquerdo das artérias uterinas pela US Doppler modo espectral. Em seguida, foram coletadas amostras de sangue para dosagem de P4 por radioimunoensaio. As variáveis analisadas pela estatística foram PI e RI das artérias uterinas, concentração de P4, avaliação subjetiva e objetiva da vascularização do CL pela US Doppler modo Power Flow e mensuração de área e volume do CL. Das 41 éguas avaliadas no experimento, 35 éguas tiveram diagnóstico positivo de gestação. Foi verificada a presença de uma correlação forte e positiva entre PI x RI total das artérias uterinas (r=0.7); uma correlação forte e positiva entre a área e o volume do CL mensurados através de medidas próprias do aparelho de ultrassom (r=0.8); e uma correlação forte e positiva entre as avaliações objetivas e subjetivas do exame de US Doppler modo Power Flow (r=0.7). Na avaliação do CL trabeculado não foi identificada diferença estatística dentre as variáveis apresentadas. Não foi encontrada diferença estatística entre as variáveis quando as éguas foram separadas em éguas gestantes e não gestantes, nem quando foram separadas em grupos por idades. Quando avaliamos as éguas de acordo com o dia da inovulação do embrião foi encontrada diferença estatística na variável RI entre os grupos D5 X D6 (p= 0.0053) e D6 X D8 (p= 0.0036). Já na variável PI a diferença estatística encontrada foi entre os grupos D4 x D8 (p= 0.049); D5 X D6 (p= 0.0446) e D6 X D8 (p= 0.0024). O método subjetivo de avaliação da vascularização do corpo lúteo é um parâmetro muito útil na seleção de receptoras de embriões na rotina diária a campo pela facilidade do exame e praticidade do equipamento. Já a avaliação objetiva torna-se válida apenas para fins de pesquisa onde são necessárias comprovações fidedignas baseadas em números e não pela subjetividade do critério de um avaliador aleatório. Por fim foi observado que mensuração de RI dos ramos dorsais das artérias uterinas próximas a 1.0 são proporcionais a éguas com maior vascularização do corpo lúteo e uma elevada concentração plasmática de progesterona. Porem não foi possível comprovar a utilização deste índice para selecionar éguas com maior aptidão para o desenvolvimento do embrião quando se compara duas éguas semelhantes clinicamente por exames ultrassonográficos convencionais.

Brazil is one of the countries that most uses biotechnologies related to the reproduction of horses. One of these biotechnologies used on a large scale is the embryos transfer (ET). However, there is still a deficiency of diagnostic methods that help us, in a more assertive way, choose which would be the best recipient mare. Doppler ultrasonography (US) arrives in order to provide real-time information on the vascular architecture and hemodynamic aspects of blood vessels in the reproductive system. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the resistivity (RI) and pulsatility (PI) index of the dorsal branches of the uterine arteries can help in choosing the best recipient mare, in addition to observing whether the vascularization of the corpus luteum (CL) would influence the their progesterone production (P4). The study was carried out at the 2018/2019 breeding season. Mares were divided into five groups according to the post-ovulation day with D0 being the day of ovulation. Thus, the groups were divided into: D4 - mares that were on the 4th post-ovulation day; D5 - mares that were on the 5th day after ovulation; and so on for D6; D7 and D8. On the day of ET, the CL of the mares selected as recipients was evaluated by US mode B and US Doppler Power Flow mode and the right and left dorsal branches of the uterine arteries by US Doppler spectral mode. Then, blood samples were collected to measure P4 by radioimmunoassay. The variables analyzed by the statistics were PI and IR of the uterine arteries, P4 concentration, subjective and objective assessment of the vascularization of the CL by US Doppler Power Flow mode and measurement of the area and volume of the CL. Of the 41 mares evaluate in the experiment, 35 mares had a positive pregnancy diagnosis. The presence of a strong and positive correlation between PI x total IR of the uterine arteries was verified (r = 0.7); a strong and positive correlation between the area and the volume of the CL measured through measurements specific to the ultrasound device (r = 0.8); and a strong and positive correlation between the objective and subjective evaluations of the US Doppler exam Power Flow mode (r = 0.7). In the evaluation of the trabecular CL, no statistical difference was identified among the variables evaluated. No statistical difference was found between the variables when the mares were separated into pregnant and non-pregnant mares, or when they were separated into groups by age. When we evaluated the mares in a group according to the day of embryo innovation, a statistical difference was found in the variable IR between the groups D5 X D6 (p = 0.0053) and D6 X D8 (p = 0.0036). In the PI variable, the statistical difference found was between groups D4 x D8 (p = 0.049); D5 X D6 (p = 0.0446) and D6 X D8 (p = 0.0024). The subjective method of evaluating the vascularization of the corpus luteum is a very useful parameter in the selection of embryo recipients in the daily routine in the field due to the ease of examination and the practicality of the equipment. The objective evaluation, on the other hand, becomes valid only for research purposes where reliable evidence based on numbers is needed and not due to the subjectivity of the criterion of a random evaluator. Finally, it was observed that RI measurements of the dorsal branches of the uterine arteries close to 1.0 are proportional to mares with greater vascularization of the corpus luteum and a high plasma progesterone concentration. However, it was not possible to prove the use of this index to select mares with greater aptitude for embryo development when comparing two similar mares clinically by conventional ultrasound exams.

ALTERAÇÕES DO FLUXO SANGUINEO OVARIANO-INTRAOVARIANO E DINÂMICA FOLICULAR EM CABRAS TRATADAS COM INIBIDOR DA ENZIMA CONVERSORA DE ANGIOTENSINA DURANTE ESTIMULAÇÃO REPETIDAS DE FSH-eCG

Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar o impacto do maleato de enalapril durante a administração repetida de gonadotrofinas nas alterações do fluxo sanguíneo ovariano e na relação com o desenvolvimento folicular. Vinte cabras mestiças de anglo-nubian foram divididas em nulíparas e multíparas. Em cada grupo, cinco animais foram selecionados aleatoriamente para receber 0,4 mg/kg de peso corporal de maleato de enalapril durante 11 dias de sincronização de estro e tratamentos com gonadotrofinas. No outro grupo (n = 10) os animais receberam o mesmo volume de solução salina. A sincronização do estro foi realizada por administração intramuscular de 0,075 mg de Cloprostenol, seguido 48 h depois por inserção intravaginal de um dispositivo interno de liberação de medicamento controlado. Quarenta e oito horas após a retirada do dispositivo, uma dose única de 60 mg de FSH e 300 UI eCG (Novormon 5000) foi administrada três vezes, a cada quatro dias. A ultrassonografia ovariana transretal foi realizada com equipamento em tempo real Doppler colorido e modo B a fim de avaliar o fluxo sanguíneo ovariano e intraovariano e a dinâmica dos folículos. Nas fêmeas tratadas com maleato de enalapril foi observada uma redução significativa do pico sistólico e diastólico e das áreas do Doppler colorido intraovariano. No mesmo grupo também foi encontrado um maior número de folículos pequenos, uma menor proporção de folículos a 5 mm e um menor tamanho folicular. Em conclusão a administração de maleato de enalapril mostram um efeito hipotensor no sistema circulatório do ovário, mas não promoveu um benefício real do desenvolvimento folicular em cabras.

This study aimed to examine the impact of enalapril-maleate during repeated gonadotropins administration on changes of ovarian blood flow and relationship with follicular development. Twenty Anglo-Nubian cross-bred goats were grouped into nulliparous and multiparous parity. In each group, five animals were randomly selected to receive 0.4 mg kg-1 Body Weight of enalapril-maleate during 11 days of estrus synchronization and gonadotropins treatments. In the other groups (N = 10) animals received the same volume of saline solution. Estrus synchronization of all goats was by intramuscular administration of 0,075 mg of Cloprostenol, followed 48 h later by intravaginal insertion of a controlled internal drug release device. Forty-eight hours after disposal of the device, a single dose of 60 mg of FSH e 300 IU eCG (Novormon 5000) was administered three times, on every 4 days. Transrectal ovarian ultrasonography was performed using the color Doppler and B-mode real-time ultrasound scanner to evaluate the ovarian and intraovarian blood flow and dynamics of follicles. In the females treated with enalapril-maleate was observed a significantly reduction of systolic and diastolic peak and intraovarian color Doppler areas. In treated group was also found a greater number of small follicles, a lower proportion of follicle with a 5 mm and a smaller follicular size. We conclude that the administration of enalapril-maleate in our experimental condition exhibit a hypotensive effect on ovary circulatory system but did not show to promote a real benefit of follicular development in goats.

Doppler ultrasonography principles and methods of evaluation of the reproductive tract in mares

Background: Doppler ultrasonography is a non-invasive real time pulse-wave technique recently used for the transrectal study of the reproductive system hemodynamics in large animals. This technic is based in the Doppler Effect Principle that proposes the change in frequency of a wave for an observer (red blood cells) moving relative to the source of the respective wave (ultrasonic transducer). This method had showed to be effective and useful for the evaluation of the in vivo equine reproductive tract increasing the diagnostic, monitoring, and predictive capabilities of theriogenology in mares. However, an accurate and truthful ultrasonic exam requires the previous knowledge of the Doppler ultrasonography principles. Review: In recent years, the capabilities of ultrasound flow imaging have increased enormously. The current Doppler ultrasound machines offer three methods of evaluation that may be used simultaneously (triplex mode). In B-mode ultrasound, a linear array of transducers simultaneously scans a plane through the tissue that can be viewed as a two-dimensional gray-scale image on screen. This mode is primarily used to identify anatomically a structure for its posterior evaluation using colored ultrasound modes (Color or Spectral modes). Colored ultrasound images of flow, whether Color or Spectral modes, are essentially obtained from measurements of moving red cells. In Color mode, velocity information is presented as a color coded overlay on top of a B-mode image, while Pulsed Wave Doppler provides a measure of the changing velocity throughout the cardiac cycle and the distribution of velocities in the sample volume represented by a spectral graphic. Color images conception varies according to the Doppler Frequency that is the difference between the frequency of received echoes by moving blood red cells and wave frequency transmitted by the transducer. To produce an adequate spectral graphic it is important determine the position and size of the simple gate. Furthermore, blood flow velocity measurement is influence by the intersection angle between ultrasonic pulses and the direction of moving blood-red cells (Doppler angle). Objectively colored ultrasound exam may be done on large arteries of the reproductive tract, as uterine and ovary arteries, or directly on the target tissue (follicle, for example). Mesovarium and mesometrium attachment arteries also can be used for spectral evaluation of the equine reproductive system. Subjectively analysis of the ovarian and uterine vascular perfusion must be done directly on the corpus luteum, follicular wall and uterus (endometrium and myometrium associated), respectively. Power-flow imaging has greater sensitivity to weak blood flow and independent of the Doppler angle, improving the evaluation of vessels with small diameters and slow blood flow. Conclusion: Doppler ultrasonography principles, methods of evaluation and reproductive system anatomy have been described. This knowledge is essential for the competent equipment acquisition and precise collection and analysis of colored ultrasound images. Otherwise, the reporting of inconsistent and not reproducible findings may result in the discredit of Doppler technology ahead of the scientific veterinary community.

Mare's folliculogenesis: assessment of ovarian and perifollicular vascular perfusion by Doppler ultrasound

Background: Ultrasound Doppler is a new technology that has recently been used in large animal reproduction. As the conventional ultrasound (B-mode) it is a noninvasive technique, but with the advantage of allows the assessment of the hemodynamic of reproductive tract in real time. The observation of important features of the vascularization and changes that occur during physiological processes that were not previously seen on B-mode encourage a reassessment of the concepts already established on the events of the reproductive physiology of animals and their applications. Review: In attempt to re-understand the equine reproductive physiology and finding practical uses to this new technique, authors showed that, during the follicular deviation, features are observed by Doppler before being observed under B-mode ultrasound like changes in the speed of the blood flow two days before deviation of the follicle size and one day before the increase in blood flow area of the follicular wall. According to another study ovulation is characterized by a decreased blood flow of the follicular wall in the last four hours preceding it, as well as the serration of the granulosa layer and formation of a non vascularized apex, but in our ongoing study, the ability to decrease the vascularity was not found. Very vascularized follicles are associated with higher rates of oocyte maturation and pregnant that does less vascularized follicles in the preovulatory phase. Those follicles that have septated evacuation (or prolonged) showed more vascularization and serration of the granulosa one hour before ovulation than follicles that ovulate normally, and this vascularization includes the apex of the follicle, the follicular wall portion that is not vascularized in normal ovulation. Another study reported that hemorrhagic follicles have better vascularization of the follicular wall on the days preceding ovulation than follicles destined to ovulate. Some authors also showed that an ovulatory follicles grow in size at the same rate as ovulatory follicles, but the percentage of vascularization of its wall is much smaller at 35 mm. Another study characterized that the vascular wall of the follicle that results in the first ovulation of the year is much smaller on the day before ovulation than the number of vessels present in a follicle that will ovulate in the middle of the breeding season. In these cases, the use of Doppler ultrasound can help to prevent economic losses as insemination of mares in cycles that are not able of resulting in pregnancy. This review aims to gather the information found in the literature about the characteristics of follicular hemodynamic of mares taking into account moments of deviation in follicle size, ovulation, ovulation failure and follicular viability. Conclusion: The Doppler technology has the potential to provide important information about the follicular environment and thus be used in practice in search of the perfect equine reproductive management, achieving better utilization of genetic material and increasing the financial return. The use of this new tool opens a large area for several interesting studies that will contribute to the knowledge of the physiological events of the mare for that this technique can soon be effectively applied.

O uso da ultrassonografia Doppler na reprodução de cadelas e gatas / The use of Doppler ultrassonography in the reproduction of bitches and queens

A ultrassonografia bidimensional associada ao Doppler colorido e pulsado fornece informações em tempo real sobre a arquitetura vascular e os aspectos hemodinâmicos dos vasos sanguíneos. Na medicina veterinária, a ultrassonografia Doppler tem sido utilizada para monitorar a gestação, bem como para caracterizar a circulação nas artérias uterinas e ovarianas em diferentes fases do ciclo estral sem gestação. A mensuração por Doppler da circulação sanguínea uteroplacentária é uma importante ferramenta de avaliação da circulação materno-fetal. O objetivo desta breve revisão é traçar um panorama do uso da ultrassonografia Doppler para avaliação do trato reprodutivo de cadelas e gatas gestantes e cíclicas.(AU)

B-mode ultrasonography combined with color and pulsed Doppler provides real-time information about the architecture and vascular hemodynamic aspects of blood vessels. In veterinary medicine, ultrasound Doppler has been used for monitoring pregnancy and to characterize the circulation in the uterine and ovarian arteries in different phases of the estrous cycle without pregnancy. The measurement of Doppler uteroplacental blood circulation is an important tool for evaluating maternal-fetal circulation. The purpose of this brief review is to give an overview of the use of Doppler ultrasound for assessment of the reproductive tract in pregnant and cyclic bitches and queens.(AU)

O uso da ultrassonografia Doppler na reprodução de cadelas e gatas / The use of Doppler ultrassonography in the reproduction of bitches and queens

A ultrassonografia bidimensional associada ao Doppler colorido e pulsado fornece informações em tempo real sobre a arquitetura vascular e os aspectos hemodinâmicos dos vasos sanguíneos. Na medicina veterinária, a ultrassonografia Doppler tem sido utilizada para monitorar a gestação, bem como para caracterizar a circulação nas artérias uterinas e ovarianas em diferentes fases do ciclo estral sem gestação. A mensuração por Doppler da circulação sanguínea uteroplacentária é uma importante ferramenta de avaliação da circulação materno-fetal. O objetivo desta breve revisão é traçar um panorama do uso da ultrassonografia Doppler para avaliação do trato reprodutivo de cadelas e gatas gestantes e cíclicas.

B-mode ultrasonography combined with color and pulsed Doppler provides real-time information about the architecture and vascular hemodynamic aspects of blood vessels. In veterinary medicine, ultrasound Doppler has been used for monitoring pregnancy and to characterize the circulation in the uterine and ovarian arteries in different phases of the estrous cycle without pregnancy. The measurement of Doppler uteroplacental blood circulation is an important tool for evaluating maternal-fetal circulation. The purpose of this brief review is to give an overview of the use of Doppler ultrasound for assessment of the reproductive tract in pregnant and cyclic bitches and queens.

Uterine and luteal hemodynamic evaluation of the non pregnant mare

Background: Studies with Doppler ultrassonography started at the end of the 90s for the determination of physiological and pathological alterations in the reproductive tract of the mare. Uterine alterations caused by inflammation, response from seminal plasma infusion, hormonal variations during estrous and diestrus, pregnancy and action of various vasoactive factors influence on the vascular perfusion detected by Doppler ultrasound. The development of efficient methods for uterine quality evaluation is of big importance for field equine reproduction veterinarians, once uterine environment is responsible for pregnancy maintenance. Review: Nowadays, the most used methods of uterine evaluation are the mode B ultrassonography, cytology, culture and biopsy. Hemodynamic evaluation of the uterus can be done by spectral data collected from large vessels, as A. uterine and its ramifications, or from subjective or objective evaluations from endometrium, miometrium and mesometrium attachment, which provide data referent to local and specific alterations of the evaluated area. Alterations in uterine vascular perfusion has been detected during estrous cycle, during pregnancy and in cases of infusion of inflammatory substances. These alterations happen because of vasoactive substances that act in the uterus during these events, however, most of these vasoactive substances are probably not even known. Also, important hemodynamic alterations in old mares, as an increase in vascular resistance, have been described. This increase might result from fibrosis of the uterus and in women it is considered to be a cause of infertility. In mares, periglandular fibrosis of the endometrium is considered to be the major diagnosable cause of embryonic and fetal loss in older mares. For the CL, ovarian artery of the mare supplies the ovary as well as the oviduct and therefore can be used for evaluation of these areas. The CL evaluation can also be done by the percentage of luteum area with colored signals as an indicator of the extent of blood flow. The percentage of the CL area with colored signals is determined subjectively by images observations in real time and/or by a freezing Power Doppler cross-section image with the maximum number of color pixels taped and the total number of color pixels is assessed by a computer analysis system. Therefore, a high correlation between plasmatic progesterone and CL vascularization also allows the CL evalution by this technique. In a first report, CL circulation reached its maximum on D5, the progesterone concentration in peripheral blood increased until D7 and in a posterior report, maximum perfusion was achieved two days after the maximum progesterone concentration (D8). Blood flow reduced between D10 - D14 some days before the plasma progesterone decrease and, during the luteolytic period (D15 - D17), the decline in CL blood-flow area was greater than blood flow decrease. Conclusion: Doppler ultrassonography add knowledge about uterine viability and CL functionality can be easily used by veterinarians in the field. It is a noninvasive method that provides real time results. However, because of the short time studies in this area have been done, many other answers still need to be found until normal and pathological patterns will be established.

AVALIAÇÃO ULTRASSONOGRÁFICA DOPPLER DA VASCULARIZAÇÃO OVARIANA DE ÉGUAS SUBMETIDAS À DUPLA OVULAÇÃO

Este estudo foi dividido em três experimentos, teve com objetivo induzir ovulações múltiplas em éguas utilizando baixas doses de GnRH (deslorelina); avaliar a viabilidade folicular após tratamento superovulatório através do acompanhamento ultrassonográfico doppler dos folículos subordinados e dominante; detectar alterações vasculares que precedem o momento da divergência. Correlacionar a produção de P4 com a vascularização do CL por ultrassonografia Doppler e suas dimensões; determinar o melhor dia para inovulação de embriões através da taxa de P4, tônus uterino, perfusão vascular e dimensões do CL, avaliar a interferencia da vascularização na taxa de prenhez. No experimento 1, Foram utilizadas seis éguas doadoras de embrião da raça Mangalarga Machador. O G1 iniciou com a aplicação do luteolitico e monitoramento diário com o Modo-B, acrescentando o uso do Modo-Doppler, a partir de folículos com 25 mm até a ovulação. A indução de ovulação e a inseminação artificial foram realizadas no mesmo momento, quando o folículo atingia de 33 a 35 mm de diâmetro e edema uterino grau 2 a 3. O G2 diferenciou-se do G1 pelo tratamento superovulatório, apartir de foliculo >23mm e o >18mm, até o momento da indução de ovulação. O percentual de éguas com ovulações múltiplas no G1 0% (0/6) e no G2 83,3% (5/6) (P<0,05). Taxa de crescimento folicular G1 2,79±0,34, G2 FD 3,37±0,55, G2 F-cD 2,64 ± 0,82 (P>0,05). A vascularização da parede folícular, G1 FD 31,93 ±10,11, G2 FD 31,33 ±8,82 e do G2 F-cD 32,54 ± 9,23 (P>0,05) e do G1 Fsub, 12,92 ± 0 (P<0,05). O Experimento 2 foram utilizadas apenas éguas inovuladas, 15 éguas, divididas em Prenhas (G1) e Vazias (G2), a inovulação ocorreu entre o 4º e 6º dia pós ovulação e o diagnóstico de prenhez quando o embrião estava com 16 dias. O índice de Prenhez encontrado foi de 53,33%, a concentração de P4 foi de G1 10,64 ± 1,13 e G2 7,19 ±3,49, (P>0,05). A PV CL objetiva G1 1216,97± 74,45 e G2 661,81 ±117,11, (P<0,05). Na PV CL subjetiva 51,00±2,07 e 48,45 ± 2,15, (P>0,05), Área do CL G1 7,66±0,36 e G2 7,41 ± 0, 91, (P>0,05), diâmetro do CL G1 31,53±1,84 e G2 30,68 ±1,82, (P>0,05). PV subjetiva endométrio, G1 1,87±0,39 e G2 2,14 ±0,43, (P<0,05), PV objetiva endométrio, G1 357,56 ±103,93 e G2 181,37±54,60; tônus uterino 2,75±0,36 e G2 2,57 ±0,40, (P>0,05). Correlação entre P4 e a PV CL objetiva r=0,63 (P<0,05) e com PV CL Subjetiva r=0,69, (P<0,05), entre o PV do CL objetiva e subjetiva r =0,66 (P<0,05). Entre as dimensões do CL e o nível plasmático de P4 obteve-se, Diâmetro CL r= -0,28 (P>0,05) e Área do CL r= -0,20 (P>0,05). Entre a área e o diâmetro do CL r=0,98 (P<0,05), dimensões do CL com a PV CL Objetiva r=0,03 (P>0,05). Entre o tônus uterino e o nível plasmático de P4 r=0,25 (P>0,05), com o PV CL Objetivo r=0,29 (P>0,05) e com o diâmetro do CL r=-0,29 (P>0,05). No experimento 1, Conclui-se que a administração de GnRH em baixa dose é eficiente em induzir dupla ovulação e consequente aumento na taxa de embriões recuperados, que interferiu positivamente no crescimento do folículo dominante e co-dominante e na taxa de vascularização do folículo co-dominante. Em relação as alterações vasculares que precedem o momento da divergência, constatou-se que há diminuição da vascularização no folículo subordinado, 24h antes da divergência e aumento na vascularização do folículo dominante. No experimento 2 Conclui-se que a PV CL é indicativo de prenhez por refletir a concentração plasmática de P4, sendo a PV CL a melhor análise para seleção de receptoras tendo em vista que a concentração plasmática de P4 tem correlação significativa com a PV CL objetiva e subjetiva e não apresenta correlação significativa com as dimensões do CL e com o Tônus uterino. A avaliação subjetiva é eficaz, sendo um método mais prático e em tempo real para determinar a funcionalidade do CL.

This study divided into three experiments was carried out to induce multiple ovulation in mares using low doses of GnRH (deslorelin); evaluate the follicular viability after superovulation by doppler ultrasound monitoring of subordinate and dominant follicles; detect vascular abnormalities that precede the time of divergence. Correlate the production of P4 with the vascularization of the CL by Doppler ultrasonography and its dimensions; determine the best day to embryo transfer embryos through P4 rate, uterine tone, vascular perfusion and dimensions of CL, to evaluate the interference of vascularization in pregnancy rate. In experiment 1, it was used six donor mares embryo Mangalarga Machador race. The luteolitic G1 and daily monitoring with the B-mode, adding the use of the Doppler mode, from follicles 25 mm up to ovulation. The induction of ovulation and insemination are performed at the same time when the follicle reached 33- to 35 mm in diameter and uterine edema grade 2 to 3. The differentiated G2 to G1 by superovulation, starting follicle> 23 mm and the> 18mm, up to the time of ovulation induction. The percentage of mares with multiple ovulations in G1 0% (0/6) G2 and 83.3% (5/6) (P <0.05). follicular growth rate G1 2.79 ± 0.34, 3.37 ± 0.55 FD G2, G2 F-cd 2.64 ± 0.82 (P> 0.05). The vascularization of the follicle wall, G1 FD 31.93 ± 10.11, 31.33 ± 8.82 FD G2 and G2 F-cd 32.54 ± 9.23 (P> 0.05) and G1 fsub, 0 ± 12.92 (P <0.05. In experiment 2, they have been used only inovulated mares, 15 mares, dividindas in pregnant (G1) and Empty (G2), embryo transfer took place between the 4th and 6th day after ovulation and pregnancy diagnosis when the embryo was 16 days. The pregnancy rate was found to be 53.33%, the concentration of P4 is G1 and G2 10.64 ± 1.13 7.19 ± 3.49 (P> 0.05). PV CL lens G1 and G2 1216.97 ± 74.45 661.81 ± 117.11 (P <0.05). In PV CL subjective 51.00 ± 2.07 and 48.457 ± 2.15 (P> 0.05), CL area G1 7.66 ± 0.36 and 7.41 ± 0.91 G2 (P> 0.05), diameter CL G1 31.53 ± 1.84 and 30.68 ± 1.82 G2 (P> 0.05). Correlation between P4 and PV objective CL r=0,63 (P<0,05) and PV CL Subjective r=0,69, (P<0,05), between the CL PV objective and subjective r =0,66 (P<0,05). Among the dimensions of the plasma level CL and P4 are obtained, CL diameter r= -0,28 (P>0,05) and area CL r= -0,20 (P>0,05). Among the area and the diameter CL r=0,98 (P<0,05), with the dimensions CL CL Lens PV r=0,03 (P>0,05) with the uterine tone and P4 serum levels r=0,25 (P>0,05) and Purpose with the PV CL r=0,29 (P>0,05) and the diameter CL r=-0,29 (P>0,05). In experiment 1, it concluded that the GnRH administration in low dose is effective in inducing double ovulation and conseguente increase in the rate of recovered embryos, which had a positive influence on the growth of the dominant follicle and co-dominant and vascularization rate of co follicle - dominant. Regarding the vascular changes that precede the time of divergence, it was found that there is a decrease in the vascularization cross follicle, 24 h before the divergence and increase in vascularization of the dominant follicle. Referring to the experiment 2 appears that the largest PV CL rate in pregnant recipients on the day of embryo transfer and strong positive correlation between plasma concentration of P4 and vascular perfusion luteal, associated with the absence of dimensional changes of the SC and the uterine tone has moderate correlation with P4 and pregnancy, indicating that the Doppler technology is a more effective method for evaluation of luteal function and the strong correlation between the PV CL objective and PV CL subjective validates this method, It is more practical and easy.

Utilização do ultrassom modo-B no estudo do sistema reprodutivo de fêmeas suínas / Use of the mode-B ultrasound on the evaluation of the sows reproductive system

A introdução da ultrassonografia em tempo real na suinocultura tem ocasionado um forte impacto no desenvolvimento da técnica de avaliação do desempenho reprodutivo de fêmeas suínas. Com o uso dessa tecnologia, é possível diagnosticar gestação precocemente, além de determinar a viabilidade embrionária e fetal; estabelecer melhores programas de inseminação artificial para cada granja; diminuir o tempo de introdução de fêmeas de reposição sem prejudicar seu desempenho reprodutivo; determinar patologias do trato urogenital, como a presença de cistos ovarianos ou mesmo infecções urinárias, o que implica um melhor aproveitamento não somente dos animais, como também dos funcionários e equipamentos.(AU)

The introduction of real time ultrasound on swine industry has had a strong impact in the development of the reproductive performance evaluation of swine herds. With this technology, it is possible to diagnose gestation precociously, to determine the embryonic and fetal viability, to establish better programs of artificial insemination for each farm; to decrease the time of replacement females without impairing the reproductive performance and to diagnose pathologies of the urogenital tract, like ovarian cysts or urinary infections. Therefore, the mode-B ultrasound represents an excellent tool to improve the reproductive parameters of the farm.(AU)

Utilização do ultrassom modo-B no estudo do sistema reprodutivo de fêmeas suínas / Use of the mode-B ultrasound on the evaluation of the sows reproductive system

A introdução da ultrassonografia em tempo real na suinocultura tem ocasionado um forte impacto no desenvolvimento da técnica de avaliação do desempenho reprodutivo de fêmeas suínas. Com o uso dessa tecnologia, é possível diagnosticar gestação precocemente, além de determinar a viabilidade embrionária e fetal; estabelecer melhores programas de inseminação artificial para cada granja; diminuir o tempo de introdução de fêmeas de reposição sem prejudicar seu desempenho reprodutivo; determinar patologias do trato urogenital, como a presença de cistos ovarianos ou mesmo infecções urinárias, o que implica um melhor aproveitamento não somente dos animais, como também dos funcionários e equipamentos.

The introduction of real time ultrasound on swine industry has had a strong impact in the development of the reproductive performance evaluation of swine herds. With this technology, it is possible to diagnose gestation precociously, to determine the embryonic and fetal viability, to establish better programs of artificial insemination for each farm; to decrease the time of replacement females without impairing the reproductive performance and to diagnose pathologies of the urogenital tract, like ovarian cysts or urinary infections. Therefore, the mode-B ultrasound represents an excellent tool to improve the reproductive parameters of the farm.

Ultra-sonografia da aorta abdominal e de seus ramos em cães

A duplex ultrasound system incorporating a pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound probe with conventional B-mode real-time imaging was used to evaluate the biometric and the hemodynamic of abdominal aorta and external iliac arteries of a hundred and thirty one normal dogs. Results of biometrics of abdominal aorta, presented a mean diameter of 0.80cm in its diaphragmatic segment (AOD); 0.74cm in its segment caudal to the renal arteries (AOR) and 0.69cm in the segment cranial to its termination (AOT). The right-external-iliac artery (AIED) presented a mean diameter of 0.42cm and the left-external iliac artery (AIEE) a mean diameter of 0.39cm. The hemodynamic study of the abdominal aorta presented a medium systolic peak velocity to AOR of 104cm per sec.; to AOT of 99.61cm per sec.; to AIED of 85.47cm per sec. and to AIEE of 99.51cm per sec. Correlations of different intensities between the vascular diameters have been verified between the measured points and the corporeal biometric factors (Crown Rump-Lenght). Low correlations have been observed regarding the diameters in relation to the age.

O ultra-som bidimensional e o ultra-som Doppler foram utilizados para avaliar a biometria e a hemodinâmica da aorta abdominal e artérias ilíacas externas de 131cães clinicamente normais. Os resultados da avaliação biométrica da aorta abdominal indicaram um diâmetro médio de 0,80cm para o seu segmento diafragmático (AOD); 0,74cm para o seu segmento caudal às artérias renais (AOR) e 0,69cm para o segmento cranial à sua bifurcação (AOT). A artéria ilíaca externa direita (AIED) apresentou o diâmetro médio de 0,42cm e a artéria ilíaca externa esquerda (AIEE) o diâmetro médio de 0,39. O estudo hemodinâmico da aorta abdominal apresentou velocidade de pico sistólico médio de 104,00cm/s para AOR; 99,61cm/s para AOT; 85,47cm/s para AIED e 99,51cm/s para AIEE. Verificaram-se correlações de diferentes intensidades entre os diâmetros vasculares em diferentes pontos de tomadas e os fatores biométricos corpóreos (CRL). Correlações baixas foram observadas quando esses diâmetros foram confrontados com a idade.

Ultra-sonografia da aorta abdominal e de seus ramos em cães

A duplex ultrasound system incorporating a pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound probe with conventional B-mode real-time imaging was used to evaluate the biometric and the hemodynamic of abdominal aorta and external iliac arteries of a hundred and thirty one normal dogs. Results of biometrics of abdominal aorta, presented a mean diameter of 0.80cm in its diaphragmatic segment (AOD); 0.74cm in its segment caudal to the renal arteries (AOR) and 0.69cm in the segment cranial to its termination (AOT). The right-external-iliac artery (AIED) presented a mean diameter of 0.42cm and the left-external iliac artery (AIEE) a mean diameter of 0.39cm. The hemodynamic study of the abdominal aorta presented a medium systolic peak velocity to AOR of 104cm per sec.; to AOT of 99.61cm per sec.; to AIED of 85.47cm per sec. and to AIEE of 99.51cm per sec. Correlations of different intensities between the vascular diameters have been verified between the measured points and the corporeal biometric factors (Crown Rump-Lenght). Low correlations have been observed regarding the diameters in relation to the age.

O ultra-som bidimensional e o ultra-som Doppler foram utilizados para avaliar a biometria e a hemodinâmica da aorta abdominal e artérias ilíacas externas de 131cães clinicamente normais. Os resultados da avaliação biométrica da aorta abdominal indicaram um diâmetro médio de 0,80cm para o seu segmento diafragmático (AOD); 0,74cm para o seu segmento caudal às artérias renais (AOR) e 0,69cm para o segmento cranial à sua bifurcação (AOT). A artéria ilíaca externa direita (AIED) apresentou o diâmetro médio de 0,42cm e a artéria ilíaca externa esquerda (AIEE) o diâmetro médio de 0,39. O estudo hemodinâmico da aorta abdominal apresentou velocidade de pico sistólico médio de 104,00cm/s para AOR; 99,61cm/s para AOT; 85,47cm/s para AIED e 99,51cm/s para AIEE. Verificaram-se correlações de diferentes intensidades entre os diâmetros vasculares em diferentes pontos de tomadas e os fatores biométricos corpóreos (CRL). Correlações baixas foram observadas quando esses diâmetros foram confrontados com a idade.

Use of ultrasonic pulse-echo system, doppler ultrasound and real time-B mode ultrasound in swine early pregnancy diagnosis / Uso do eco-ultrassom, doppler e ultra-sonografia modo-B para o diagnóstico precoce de gestação em suínos

With the purpose of the reduction of costs in swine breeding, the early pregnancy diagnosis is being quite used. The aim of this work was to compare different ultrasonic methods used in the swine"s early pregnancy diagnosis. Sixty-three animals were used, in the following gestation periods: P1 (14-20d), P2 (21-27d), P3 (28-34d) and P4 (35-41d), using the ultrasonic methods: ultrasonic pulse-echo system (Echo), doppler ultrasound (Dpp) and real time B-mode ultrasound (US). After the piglet"s birth, the results were classified as positive, negative, false-positive and false-negative, being calculated the acuity, sensibility and the specificity. The methods were compared by the test of the Qui-square (p 0.05). The acuity and the sensibility of the Echo were only satisfactory, above 50%, starting from P3. Dpp presented many false-positive and false-negative results, not being a safe method. With US, the embryonic vesicles and embryos were visualized at 17 and 27 days of gestation, respectively. US presented acuity (80%) and sensibility (84%) satisfactory in P2, being more precocious and reliable than the others. It was concluded that US was the best method of swine early pregnancy diagnosis, being indicated its use starting from 21 days of gestation.

Com a finalidade de reduzir os custos na suinocultura, o diagnóstico precoce de gestação vem sendo bastante utilizado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar diferentes métodos ultra-sonográficos utilizados no diagnóstico precoce de gestação em suínos. Foram utilizados 63 animais, nos seguintes períodos de gestação: P1 (14-20d), P2 (21-27d), P3 (28-34d) e P4 (35-41d), utilizando os métodos ultrasonográficos eco-ultrassom (eco), doppler (Dpp) e ultrasonografia modo-B (US). Após o parto, os resultados foram classificados como positivos, negativos, falsopositivos e falso-negativos, sendo calculadas a acuidade, a sensibilidade e a especificidade. Os métodos foram comparados pelo teste do Qui-Quadrado (p 0,05). A acuidade e a sensibilidade do Eco somente foram satisfatórias, acima de 50%, a partir de P3. O Dpp apresentou muitos resultados falso-positivos e falso-negativos, não sendo um método seguro. Com a US, as vesículas embrionárias e os embriões foram visualizados aos 17 e 27 dias de gestação, respectivamente. A US apresentou acuidade (80%) e sensibilidade (84%) satisfatórias em P2, sendo mais precoce e confiável que os demais. Concluiu-se que a US é o melhor método de diagnóstico precoce de gestação em suínos, sendo indicado seu uso a partir de 21 dias de gestação.

Use of ultrasonic pulse-echo system, doppler ultrasound and real time-B mode ultrasound in swine early pregnancy diagnosis / Uso do eco-ultrassom, doppler e ultra-sonografia modo-B para o diagnóstico precoce de gestação em suínos

With the purpose of the reduction of costs in swine breeding, the early pregnancy diagnosis is being quite used. The aim of this work was to compare different ultrasonic methods used in the swine"s early pregnancy diagnosis. Sixty-three animals were used, in the following gestation periods: P1 (14-20d), P2 (21-27d), P3 (28-34d) and P4 (35-41d), using the ultrasonic methods: ultrasonic pulse-echo system (Echo), doppler ultrasound (Dpp) and real time B-mode ultrasound (US). After the piglet"s birth, the results were classified as positive, negative, false-positive and false-negative, being calculated the acuity, sensibility and the specificity. The methods were compared by the test of the Qui-square (p 0.05). The acuity and the sensibility of the Echo were only satisfactory, above 50%, starting from P3. Dpp presented many false-positive and false-negative results, not being a safe method. With US, the embryonic vesicles and embryos were visualized at 17 and 27 days of gestation, respectively. US presented acuity (80%) and sensibility (84%) satisfactory in P2, being more precocious and reliable than the others. It was concluded that US was the best method of swine early pregnancy diagnosis, being indicated its use starting from 21 days of gestation.

Com a finalidade de reduzir os custos na suinocultura, o diagnóstico precoce de gestação vem sendo bastante utilizado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar diferentes métodos ultra-sonográficos utilizados no diagnóstico precoce de gestação em suínos. Foram utilizados 63 animais, nos seguintes períodos de gestação: P1 (14-20d), P2 (21-27d), P3 (28-34d) e P4 (35-41d), utilizando os métodos ultrasonográficos eco-ultrassom (eco), doppler (Dpp) e ultrasonografia modo-B (US). Após o parto, os resultados foram classificados como positivos, negativos, falsopositivos e falso-negativos, sendo calculadas a acuidade, a sensibilidade e a especificidade. Os métodos foram comparados pelo teste do Qui-Quadrado (p 0,05). A acuidade e a sensibilidade do Eco somente foram satisfatórias, acima de 50%, a partir de P3. O Dpp apresentou muitos resultados falso-positivos e falso-negativos, não sendo um método seguro. Com a US, as vesículas embrionárias e os embriões foram visualizados aos 17 e 27 dias de gestação, respectivamente. A US apresentou acuidade (80%) e sensibilidade (84%) satisfatórias em P2, sendo mais precoce e confiável que os demais. Concluiu-se que a US é o melhor método de diagnóstico precoce de gestação em suínos, sendo indicado seu uso a partir de 21 dias de gestação.