Urethral obstruction due to seminal vesiculitis in a sheep: case report / Obstrução uretral por vesiculite seminal em ovino: relato de caso

We report a case of urethral obstruction due to seminal vesiculitis in a Dorper sheep, with symptoms of anuria, rectal prolapse, orchitis/epididymitis, and uroperitoneum and biochemical tests indicating severe azotemia. The animal died due to advanced azotemia, and necropsy revealed kidneys with cortical and medullary necrosis, pyelonephritis of renal calyces, hydronephrosis, ruptured and necrotic bladder, and vesicular, bulbourethral, and ampoule accessory sex glands. There was prostate hyperplasia that revealed a large amount of pus in the cross section, which was also observed bilaterally in the epididymis and right testis. Morphotintorial and biochemical analyses of bacteria obtained from microbiological culture revealed Corynebacterium sp. and Escherichia coli. Infection, hyperplasia, and abscessation of accessory sex glands caused urethral compression, resulting in an obstructive condition, similar to urolithiasis, in addition to bacteremia. Hyperplastic seminal vesiculitis, although rare, must be included among the differential diagnoses of obstructive processes in the urinary tract of sheep.

Relata-se um caso de obstrução uretral decorrente de vesiculite seminal em carneiro da raça Dorper, com quadro de anúria, prolapso retal, orquite/epididimite e uroperitôneo, com exames bioquímicos indicativos de severa azotemia. Devido ao quadro avançado de azotemia, o animal faleceu e, na necropsia, foi observado:: rins com necrose de cortical e medular, pielonefrite dos cálices renais e hidronefrose, bexiga rompida e necrosada, assim como glândulas sexuais acessórias vesiculares, bulbouretrais e ampola. Havia hiperplasia de próstata que, ao corte transversal, revelou grande quantidade de pus, que também foi observado bilateralmente no epidídimo e no testículo direito. As análises morfotintoriais e bioquímicas das bactérias obtidas a partir do cultivo microbiológico foram compatíveis com Corynebacterium sp. e Escherichia coli. A infecção, a hiperplasia e a abscedação das glândulas sexuais acessória, causaram compressão uretral, levando a um quadro obstrutivo, semelhante à urolitíase, somado à bacteremia. A vesiculite seminal hiperplásica, apesar de rara, deve ser incluída entre os diagnósticos diferenciais dos processos obstrutivos do trato urinário de carneiros.

Primary intestinal fibrosarcoma in cats

Background: Fibrosarcomas are malignant neoplasms of mesenchymal origin and can have different symptoms depending on the species, age, location and etiopathogenesis. Intestinal tumors in domestic cats are common and the small intestine is the most common site; however, fibrosarcomas are rare in the intestine of all animal species. This work reports intestinal fibrosarcoma in 2 domestic cats and aims to clarify and present information concerning this neoplastic type in the gastrointestinal tract of this species. Cases: We report 2 cases of intestinal fibrosarcoma in domestic felines (Felis catus). Cat 1. A 14-year-old female Persian breed, domestic cat, was taken to the Feline Sector of the Veterinary Hospital of Small Animals (HVPA) of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). The main complaint was chronic constipation and rectal prolapse. The clinical examination revealed an ulcerated mass, measuring 4.0 cm x 1.7 cm. Cat 2. A 10-year-old female undefined breed, domestic cat, was taken to the private clinic. The main complaint was diarrhea with bloody and rectal prolapse. The clinical examination revealed nodule measuring 2.5 cm in diameter. The surgical option decided upon was to use the rectal pull-through technique in both animals. The patients had no trans-surgical or postoperative complications. The material collected during the surgical interventions was analyzed macroscopically and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for 24 h and then sent to the Histopathology Laboratory of the Pathological Anatomy Sector (SAP) at UFRRJ for the cat 1 and in private laboratory for the cat 2. After fixation, it was cleaved for routine microscope exam using Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) stains and for the histochemical method of Masson's Trichrome staining technique. Complementary immunohistochemistry tests and electron microscopy were also performed. The patients were followed up clinically, showing complete remission of the clinical signs and survival for approximately 1 year after the neoplastic resection. Discussion: There are few reports of intestinal fibrosarcomas in veterinary medicine, therefore, little is known about racial predilection, age, sex or biological behavior. As far as these authors know, this is the 6th and 7th report of this neoplasm with a primary site in the large intestine in this species. The morphological diagnosis of fibrosarcoma is relatively simple, whereas, in some cases the differential diagnosis for tumors of the peripheral nerve sheath, leiomyosarcomas and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) can be extremely difficult. The immunohistochemistry technique in these cases may not be particularly useful. The fibrosarcoma diagnosis was also confirmed by electron microscopy since no evidence was found that could lead to a neuronal origin, thus excluding tumors such as neurofibrosarcoma and schawnoma, corroborating the immunohistochemical examination. The surgical management of tumor resection with wide safety margins (minimum 2 cm) remains the "gold standard" therapy for dealing with fibrosarcomas since they have a low response rate to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and the use of these therapies as an adjuvant is controversial. The advantages of this technique are related to the surgical time, simplicity, easy access and reduction in the risk of abdominal contamination. Histopathological, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy evaluations were sufficient to enable the diagnosis of an intestinal fibrosarcoma in both cats. The occurrence of this neoplasm with intestinal involvement in the feline species is rare; therefore, this description is important as it provides information about epidemiology, associated signs, differential diagnoses, biological behavior, treatment and prognosis.

Eficácia do método de graham para o diagnóstico de Syphacia obvelata (Rudolphi, 1802) no monitoramento sanitário de camundongos Swiss Webster de um biotério de criação / Effectiveness of the graham method for Syphacia obvelata (Rudolphi, 1802) diagnosis in the health monitoring of Swiss Webster mice in a breeding colony

A infecção por Oxyuridae constitui um problema nas barreiras sanitárias em colônias de roedores, tendo em vista que esta é a família de parasito mais encontrada em instalações de animais de laboratório, especialmente a espécie Syphacia obvelata. Camundongos outbred stock Swiss Webster apresentam sinais clínicos quando associados com elevada carga parasitária e, geralmente, é observado um aumento no número de animais com prolapso retal. O controle desse parasito e outros patógenos é realizado mediante monitoramento sanitário trimestral, conforme as recomendações da Federação das Associações Europeias de Ciência de Animais de Laboratório (FELASA). O diagnóstico pelo método de Graham é determinante para a pesquisa dos ovos através de impressão de fita adesiva na região perianal do animal no início do ciclo do oxiurídeo. Foi realizada uma análise comparativa entre os métodos de Graham e o exame direto da mucosa intestinal para diagnóstico de S. obvelata de 60 camundongos sentinelas fêmeas outbred stock Swiss webster, procedentes de instalações de roedores de um biotério de criação. Os resultados mostraram uma diferença significativa entre o método de Graham e o exame direto da mucosa intestinal (p > 0,001 a 95%, teste de Fisher exato), com uma prevalência de 50% de ovos do parasito pela técnica de Graham e 8,33% pelo exame direto da mucosa intestinal, que detectou todas as formas do parasito. Pelo exame direto, além de ovos, foram identificadas outras formas do parasito, como: larvas, fêmeas adultas e machos adultos. Concluiu-se que a técnica de Graham é capaz de ampliar o espectro de identificação de S. obvelata, pois detecta com maior precisão a presença de ovos do parasita, uma vez que a fita adesiva demonstra que as fêmeas adultas grávidas migram para o ânus antes de morrer, depositando seus ovos na região perianal do hospedeiro. Sendo assim, o método de Graham deve ser adicionado ao programa de monitoramento sanitário, associado aos outros rotineiramente empregados no controle da qualidade de animais de laboratório, contribuindo com as condutas de manejo da criação animal em prol do controle e erradicação do agente em questão.

Infection by Oxyuridae is a problem in sanitary barriers in rodent colonies, considering that this is the parasite family most commonly found in laboratory animal facilities, especially the species Syphacia obvelata. Outbred stock Swiss Webster mice show clinical signs when associated with a high parasite load and, generally, an increase in the number of animals with rectal prolapse is observed. The control of this parasite and other pathogens is carried out through quarterly sanitary monitoring, in accordance with the recommendations of the Federation of European Associations of Laboratory Animal Science (FELASA). Diagnosis by Graham's method is crucial for the search for eggs by printing adhesive tape in the animal's perianal region at the beginning of the oxyuride cycle. A comparative analysis was performed between Graham's methods and direct examination of the intestinal mucosa for the diagnosis of S. obvelata in 60 female sentinel Swiss outbred stock Swiss webster mice, from rodent installations in a breeding animal facility. Results showed a significant difference between Graham's method and direct examination of the intestinal mucosa (p > 0.001 at 95%, Fisher's exact test), with a prevalence of 50% of parasite eggs by Graham's technique and 8.33% by direct examination of the intestinal mucosa, which detected the whole parasite forms. By direct examination, in addition to eggs, other forms of the parasite were identified, such as: larvae, adult females and adult males. It was concluded that Graham's technique is capable of expanding the identification spectrum of S. obvelata, as it detects the presence of parasite eggs more accurately, since the adhesive tape demonstrates that adult pregnant females migrate to the anus before dying, depositing its eggs in the perianal region of the host. Therefore, Graham's method should be added to the health monitoring program, associated with others routinely used in the quality control of laboratory animals, contributing to the management of animal husbandry in favor of the control and eradication of the agent in question.

Prolapso peniano em tartaruga-verde (Chelonia mydas) / Penile prolapse in green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas)

A ocorrência de prolapso peniano em repteis é observada tanto em quelônios terrestres, quanto em squamatas, porém há a escassez de relatos em tartarugas marinhas documentados até o momento. Desta forma, objetivou-se relatar o processo de reabilitação de uma tartaruga-verde (Chelonia mydas) com prolapso peniano, de modo a nortear procedimentos clínicos e terapêuticos que possam propiciar maior sucesso na reabilitação destes animais. Uma tartaruga-verde (C. mydas), adulto, macho, foi resgatada no dia 02 de maio de 2020 na praia de Muriú, Ceará Mirim, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. O espécime encontrava-se ativo, responsivo, com bom escore corpóreo, hidratação moderada, presença de prolapso peniano com mucosa associada hiperêmica e parte necrosada, além disso, encontrava-se com a nadadeira anterior esquerda amputada. O animal recebeu suporte terapêutico à base de analgésicos, antibióticos, anti-inflamatórios, polivitamínicos e fluidoterapia. Foram realizados procedimentos cirúrgicos para remoção total do úmero e redução mecânica do prolapso peniano. Após 50 dias de reabilitação o animal teve alta médica e foi reintroduzido de volta ao mar. Conclui-se que o protocolo utilizado, tanto na reabilitação, quanto no tratamento conservativo do prolapso peniano mostrou-se eficaz na redução do edema, evitando assim a recidiva do prolapso.(AU)

The occurrence of penile prolapse in reptiles has been observed both in terrestrial turtles and squamates. However, there are few reports of penile prolapse in sea turtles published to date. This study aimed at reporting the rehabilitation process of a green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) with penile prolapse, in order to guide clinical and therapeutic measures that can provide greater success in the rehabilitation of these animals. An adult male green sea turtle (C. mydas) was rescued on May 2, 2020 at Muriú beach, Ceará Mirim, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The specimen was active and responsive, with a good body score and moderate hydration, and showed the presence of penile prolapse with associated hyperemic mucosa and necrosis. It also had the left anterior fin amputated. The animal received therapeutic support based on antibiotics, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, multivitamins, and fluid therapy. The surgical procedure for the complete removal of the humerus and mechanical reduction of penile prolapse was performed. After 50 days of rehabilitation, the animal was discharged and was reintroduced back to the sea. It is concluded that the protocol used was effective in reducing edema, thus preventing the recurrence of prolapse, both in rehabilitation and in the conservative treatment of penile prolapse(AU)

Prolapso peniano em tartaruga-verde (Chelonia mydas) / Penile prolapse in green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas)

A ocorrência de prolapso peniano em repteis é observada tanto em quelônios terrestres, quanto em squamatas, porém há a escassez de relatos em tartarugas marinhas documentados até o momento. Desta forma, objetivou-se relatar o processo de reabilitação de uma tartaruga-verde (Chelonia mydas) com prolapso peniano, de modo a nortear procedimentos clínicos e terapêuticos que possam propiciar maior sucesso na reabilitação destes animais. Uma tartaruga-verde (C. mydas), adulto, macho, foi resgatada no dia 02 de maio de 2020 na praia de Muriú, Ceará Mirim, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. O espécime encontrava-se ativo, responsivo, com bom escore corpóreo, hidratação moderada, presença de prolapso peniano com mucosa associada hiperêmica e parte necrosada, além disso, encontrava-se com a nadadeira anterior esquerda amputada. O animal recebeu suporte terapêutico à base de analgésicos, antibióticos, anti-inflamatórios, polivitamínicos e fluidoterapia. Foram realizados procedimentos cirúrgicos para remoção total do úmero e redução mecânica do prolapso peniano. Após 50 dias de reabilitação o animal teve alta médica e foi reintroduzido de volta ao mar. Conclui-se que o protocolo utilizado, tanto na reabilitação, quanto no tratamento conservativo do prolapso peniano mostrou-se eficaz na redução do edema, evitando assim a recidiva do prolapso.

The occurrence of penile prolapse in reptiles has been observed both in terrestrial turtles and squamates. However, there are few reports of penile prolapse in sea turtles published to date. This study aimed at reporting the rehabilitation process of a green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) with penile prolapse, in order to guide clinical and therapeutic measures that can provide greater success in the rehabilitation of these animals. An adult male green sea turtle (C. mydas) was rescued on May 2, 2020 at Muriú beach, Ceará Mirim, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The specimen was active and responsive, with a good body score and moderate hydration, and showed the presence of penile prolapse with associated hyperemic mucosa and necrosis. It also had the left anterior fin amputated. The animal received therapeutic support based on antibiotics, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, multivitamins, and fluid therapy. The surgical procedure for the complete removal of the humerus and mechanical reduction of penile prolapse was performed. After 50 days of rehabilitation, the animal was discharged and was reintroduced back to the sea. It is concluded that the protocol used was effective in reducing edema, thus preventing the recurrence of prolapse, both in rehabilitation and in the conservative treatment of penile prolapse

Causes of death of sows in three Brazilian pig farms / Causas de morte de matrizes suínas em três granjas brasileiras

Sow mortality is directly related to financial losses and productive efficiency in pig farms. Despite this, diseases associated with the death of sows are poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the main causes of death of sows in Brazilian pig farms. To perform this research, three Brazilian pig farms were visited, and necropsies were performed on all sows that had died spontaneously or were subjected to euthanasia. Tissue fragments were collected for histopathological and bacteriological examination. In addition, the clinical signs, productive stage, parity, and type of death (spontaneous or euthanasia) were recorded. A total of 138 necropsies were performed, and 132 had a conclusive diagnosis. The most frequent productive stages were gestation and lactation (33.3 and 31.9%, respectively), followed by parturient sows (17.4%), cull sows (9.4%), weaning-to-estrus interval (WEI) (4.3%), and unmated gilts (3.6%). The most affected organ systems were reproductive (28%), digestive (25%), locomotor (22%), cardiovascular (9.1%), and hematopoietic (6.1%). The most frequently diagnosed conditions were uterine prolapse (16/132; 12.1%), gastric ulcer (13/132; 9.8%), suppurative arthritis (11/132; 8.3%), liver lobe torsion (11/132; 8.3%), heart failure (9/132; 6.8%), vaginal or vaginal and rectal prolapse (9/132; 6.8%), and pododermatitis (8/132; 6.1%). Although 58.2% of the deaths were due to one of these seven diseases, there was a great variability in diagnoses.(AU)

A mortalidade de porcas está diretamente relacionada a perdas financeiras e à eficiência produtiva das granjas. Apesar disso, as doenças associadas à morte de porcas são pouco conhecidas. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar as principais causas de morte de porcas em granjas suinícolas brasileiras. Para a realização desta pesquisa, três granjas brasileiras foram visitadas e necropsias foram realizadas em todas as porcas que morreram espontaneamente ou foram submetidas à eutanásia. Fragmentos de tecidos foram coletados para exame histopatológico e bacteriológico. Além disso, foram registrados os sinais clínicos, estágio reprodutivo, ordem de parto e tipo de morte (espontânea ou eutanásia). Um total de 138 necropsias foram realizadas e 132 tiveram um diagnóstico conclusivo. Os estágios produtivos mais frequentes foram gestação e lactação (33,3 e 31,9%, respectivamente), seguidos por porcas parturientes (17,4%), porcas de descarte (9,4%), intervalo desmame-estro (IDE) (4,3%) e leitoas vazias (3,6%). Os sistemas orgânicos mais afetados foram reprodutor (28%), digestivo (25%), locomotor (22%), cardiovascular (9,1%) e hematopoiético (6,1%). As condições mais frequentemente diagnosticadas foram prolapso uterino (16/132; 12,1%), úlcera gástrica (13/132; 9,8%), artrite supurativa (11/132; 8,3%), torção do lobo hepático (11/132; 8,3%), insuficiência cardíaca (9/132; 6,8%), prolapso vaginal ou prolapso vaginal e retal (9/132; 6,8%) e pododermatite (8/132; 6,1%). Embora 58,2% dos óbitos tenham ocorrido por uma dessas sete doenças, houve grande variabilidade de diagnósticos.(AU)

Causes of death of sows in three Brazilian pig farms / Causas de morte de matrizes suínas em três granjas brasileiras

Sow mortality is directly related to financial losses and productive efficiency in pig farms. Despite this, diseases associated with the death of sows are poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the main causes of death of sows in Brazilian pig farms. To perform this research, three Brazilian pig farms were visited, and necropsies were performed on all sows that had died spontaneously or were subjected to euthanasia. Tissue fragments were collected for histopathological and bacteriological examination. In addition, the clinical signs, productive stage, parity, and type of death (spontaneous or euthanasia) were recorded. A total of 138 necropsies were performed, and 132 had a conclusive diagnosis. The most frequent productive stages were gestation and lactation (33.3 and 31.9%, respectively), followed by parturient sows (17.4%), cull sows (9.4%), weaning-to-estrus interval (WEI) (4.3%), and unmated gilts (3.6%). The most affected organ systems were reproductive (28%), digestive (25%), locomotor (22%), cardiovascular (9.1%), and hematopoietic (6.1%). The most frequently diagnosed conditions were uterine prolapse (16/132; 12.1%), gastric ulcer (13/132; 9.8%), suppurative arthritis (11/132; 8.3%), liver lobe torsion (11/132; 8.3%), heart failure (9/132; 6.8%), vaginal or vaginal and rectal prolapse (9/132; 6.8%), and pododermatitis (8/132; 6.1%). Although 58.2% of the deaths were due to one of these seven diseases, there was a great variability in diagnoses.(AU)

A mortalidade de porcas está diretamente relacionada a perdas financeiras e à eficiência produtiva das granjas. Apesar disso, as doenças associadas à morte de porcas são pouco conhecidas. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar as principais causas de morte de porcas em granjas suinícolas brasileiras. Para a realização desta pesquisa, três granjas brasileiras foram visitadas e necropsias foram realizadas em todas as porcas que morreram espontaneamente ou foram submetidas à eutanásia. Fragmentos de tecidos foram coletados para exame histopatológico e bacteriológico. Além disso, foram registrados os sinais clínicos, estágio reprodutivo, ordem de parto e tipo de morte (espontânea ou eutanásia). Um total de 138 necropsias foram realizadas e 132 tiveram um diagnóstico conclusivo. Os estágios produtivos mais frequentes foram gestação e lactação (33,3 e 31,9%, respectivamente), seguidos por porcas parturientes (17,4%), porcas de descarte (9,4%), intervalo desmame-estro (IDE) (4,3%) e leitoas vazias (3,6%). Os sistemas orgânicos mais afetados foram reprodutor (28%), digestivo (25%), locomotor (22%), cardiovascular (9,1%) e hematopoiético (6,1%). As condições mais frequentemente diagnosticadas foram prolapso uterino (16/132; 12,1%), úlcera gástrica (13/132; 9,8%), artrite supurativa (11/132; 8,3%), torção do lobo hepático (11/132; 8,3%), insuficiência cardíaca (9/132; 6,8%), prolapso vaginal ou prolapso vaginal e retal (9/132; 6,8%) e pododermatite (8/132; 6,1%). Embora 58,2% dos óbitos tenham ocorrido por uma dessas sete doenças, houve grande variabilidade de diagnósticos.(AU)

Obstructive urethrolithiasis in a mule

Background: Obstructive urolithiasis is a rare but potentially serious condition in equids. In the reviewed literature, there are several case reports of urolithiasis in horses and donkeys, but the only mention of this condition in mules occurred as incidental findings at a slaughterhouse. Therefore, this work aims to describe the first report and successful treatment of obstructive urethrolithiasis in a mule (Equus asinus x Equus caballus). Case: A 10-year-old castrated male mule weighing 380 kg was referred for hospital care. Tachycardia (64 beats per min), mild dehydration (7%), increased capillary filling time (3 s), slightly congested mucous membranes, and dysuria were observed. During its attempts to urinate, the mule was able to expose the penis, resulting in only dribbling of urine with reddish coloration. Urethral catheterization failed to reach the urinary bladder and revealed an obstruction at the ischial arch (7 x 4 cm), as confirmed by palpation and ultrasonography. Additionally, rectal ultrasound examination showed urine sedimentation and a single 2.36 mm vesical calculus. After sedation, local anesthesia, and surgical preparation, urethrotomy in the standing position was performed over the urethral obstruction at the ischial arch, reaching the urethrolith that fragmented during removal. Urethral catheterization from the urethrotomy site to flush the urinary bladder and urethra were performed, but the remaining vesical calculus was not retrieved. Considering the presence of a vesical calculus, severe urethral damage caused by the spiculated calculus and catheterization attempts, permanent perineal urethrostomy was performed. Laboratory tests revealed unremarkable hematological parameters, while serum biochemistry showed increased creatinine level. Urinalysis revealed cloudiness, amber appearance, countless red blood cells and bacteria, and calcium carbonate crystals. The urethrolith composition included ammonia, carbonate, and oxalate. Twelve months after surgery, the mule was healthy, the urethrostomy was viable, and no complications were recorded during this period. Discussion: Although uncommon, there are reports describing calculi of different sizes and weighing up to 803 g, causing mild to severe clinical signs according to the degree of obstruction in horses and donkeys. In the mule described here, the urethrolith did not completely obstruct the urethra, but the spiculated calculus caused dysuria and hematuria. In fact, most animals are usually referred for acute abdominal signs or hematuria and pollakiuria, but other unusual signs, such as rectal prolapse, may also be present. In the present report, the diagnosis of obstructive urethrolithiasis was established based on clinical signs and transcutaneous ultrasound of the subischial area, allowing visualization of the urethrolith. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of obstructive urethrolithiasis affecting a mule in Brazil. We reiterate that this condition must be included in the differential diagnosis of mules and hinnies with hematuria and dysuria, especially when associated with abdominal pain. Additionally, urethrostomy associated with urethrotomy performed on this mule in the standing position was a low-cost procedure with good results. Due to the lack of specificity regarding the food management of the mule on the previous farm, an assessment cannot be made regarding the effects of its food on urolith composition.(AU)

Prolapso retal em pequenos ruminantes: etiologia, técnicas anestésicas e cirúrgicas e evolução clínica em 12 animais - relato de caso / Rectal prolapse in small ruminants: etiology, anesthetic and surgical techniques, and outcome in 12 animals - case report

Este relato descreve o prolapso retal de grau II intermitente ou permanente em nove ovinos e três caprinos. Para se estabelecer e tratar a causa primária, o histórico clínico foi minuciosamente explorado, sendo complementado pelo atendimento a campo. Nos pacientes predominou sobrepeso e tosse devido à pneumonia e, em menor proporção, verminose e prenhez. Entre os fatores predisponentes identificados na propriedade estavam a inadequada ventilação e o excesso de poeira e amônia nas instalações, o que foi associado à prevalência alta de pneumonia. O tratamento incluiu a redução manual (T1) ou a amputação retal (T2), mediante anestesia epidural sacrococcígea ou lombossacral, respectivamente, com ou sem neuroleptoanalgesia, seguidas de sutura perianal em bolsa de tabaco captonada. Os tratamentos foram eficazes em todos os animais, embora com recidiva e necessidade de nova intervenção em dois pacientes após seu retorno à propriedade. Segundo a literatura consultada, este é o primeiro relato de prolapso em caprinos. Conclui-se que o histórico e a avaliação da propriedade são importantes para identificar e tratar a causa primária do prolapso, evitando-se recidivas, e que a cirurgia e o protocolo anestésico aqui utilizados foram eficientes e podem ser praticados mesmo em condições de campo.(AU)

Nine ovine and three caprine with grade II intermittent or permanent rectal prolapse were treated, with the first report in caprine, according to the consulted literature. The clinical history was deeply explored with the clinical evaluation of the livestock. Among the causative factors identified were the inappropriate ventilation with high levels of dust and ammonia in the facilities, which was correlated to the high incidence of pneumonia and cough. The causative factors identified in the patients were overweight, pneumonia and cough, and, less predominately, verminosis and pregnancy. The treatment was based on manual reduction (T1) or rectal amputation (T2), under sacrococcygeal or lombossacral epidural anesthesia, with or without neuroleptic analgesia. The treatments were efficient in all patients; although there was recurrence in two animals, which needed the repetition of the treatment after their delivery to the farm. Based on the cases reported here, it can be concluded that the history and the livestock clinical evaluation are important to identify the primary causes, avoiding relapses. It also concluded that the surgical treatment and the anesthetic protocol used in the patients reported here were efficient and can be applied even under field conditions.(AU)

Prolapso retal em pequenos ruminantes: etiologia, técnicas anestésicas e cirúrgicas e evolução clínica em 12 animais - relato de caso / Rectal prolapse in small ruminants: etiology, anesthetic and surgical techniques, and outcome in 12 animals - case report

Este relato descreve o prolapso retal de grau II intermitente ou permanente em nove ovinos e três caprinos. Para se estabelecer e tratar a causa primária, o histórico clínico foi minuciosamente explorado, sendo complementado pelo atendimento a campo. Nos pacientes predominou sobrepeso e tosse devido à pneumonia e, em menor proporção, verminose e prenhez. Entre os fatores predisponentes identificados na propriedade estavam a inadequada ventilação e o excesso de poeira e amônia nas instalações, o que foi associado à prevalência alta de pneumonia. O tratamento incluiu a redução manual (T1) ou a amputação retal (T2), mediante anestesia epidural sacrococcígea ou lombossacral, respectivamente, com ou sem neuroleptoanalgesia, seguidas de sutura perianal em bolsa de tabaco captonada. Os tratamentos foram eficazes em todos os animais, embora com recidiva e necessidade de nova intervenção em dois pacientes após seu retorno à propriedade. Segundo a literatura consultada, este é o primeiro relato de prolapso em caprinos. Conclui-se que o histórico e a avaliação da propriedade são importantes para identificar e tratar a causa primária do prolapso, evitando-se recidivas, e que a cirurgia e o protocolo anestésico aqui utilizados foram eficientes e podem ser praticados mesmo em condições de campo.(AU)

Nine ovine and three caprine with grade II intermittent or permanent rectal prolapse were treated, with the first report in caprine, according to the consulted literature. The clinical history was deeply explored with the clinical evaluation of the livestock. Among the causative factors identified were the inappropriate ventilation with high levels of dust and ammonia in the facilities, which was correlated to the high incidence of pneumonia and cough. The causative factors identified in the patients were overweight, pneumonia and cough, and, less predominately, verminosis and pregnancy. The treatment was based on manual reduction (T1) or rectal amputation (T2), under sacrococcygeal or lombossacral epidural anesthesia, with or without neuroleptic analgesia. The treatments were efficient in all patients; although there was recurrence in two animals, which needed the repetition of the treatment after their delivery to the farm. Based on the cases reported here, it can be concluded that the history and the livestock clinical evaluation are important to identify the primary causes, avoiding relapses. It also concluded that the surgical treatment and the anesthetic protocol used in the patients reported here were efficient and can be applied even under field conditions.(AU)

Obstructive urolithiasis in growing-finishing pigs / Urolitíase obstrutiva em suínos de crescimento e terminação

Obstructive urolithiasis is a disease characterized by the presence of uroliths in the urinary tract, with consequent obstruction of excretion pathways. This paper described the epidemiological and clinical-pathological findings of 22 outbreaks of urolithiasis in growing-finishing pigs in Southern Brazil. All affected pigs were male and clinical presentation consisted of lethargy, dysuria, rectal prolapse, abdominal distention, peripheral cyanosis and reluctance to move. Clinical progression course ranged from 12 hours to one week, and the lethality rate was 100%. Gross changes were characterized by urinary bladder rupture associated with marked amount of yellowish liquid with ammoniacal odor (urine) in the abdominal cavity (uroperitoneum), as well as mild fibrin deposition on the surface of abdominal organs and hydronephrosis. Urinary uroliths ranging from 0.3 to 1cm in diameter were often observed obstructing the lumen of the penile urethra and sometimes those were free in the abdominal cavity. Histopathological findings included diffuse and marked urinary bladder edema and hemorrhage associated with inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Diffuse and marked necrosis of the mucosal epithelium was observed in the penile urethra. Intense fibrin deposition and inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils were noted in the peritoneum, as well as in the serosa of the organs in the abdominal cavity. Uroliths were submitted to the method of qualitative determination of the mineral components, and were compatible with calcium carbonate and magnesium ammonium phosphate. Growing pigs ration analysis revealed low levels of calcium in relation to phosphorus, resulting in a Ca:P ratio of approximately 0.35:1. Histological findings and mineral analysis suggest that outbreaks of urolithiasis were related to a nutritional imbalance in the proportions of dietary calcium and phosphorus. The main cause of mortality was related to dehydration and uroperitoneum.(AU)

Urolitíase obstrutiva é uma enfermidade caracterizada pela presença de urólitos no trato urinário, com consequente obstrução das vias de excreção. Este artigo descreve os achados epidemiológicos e clínico-patológicos de 22 surtos de urolitíase em suínos de crescimento e terminação no Sul do Brasil. Os suínos afetados eram machos e clinicamente apresentavam letargia, disúria, prolapso retal, abaulamento do abdômen, extremidades cianóticas e relutância em movimentar-se. A duração dos sinais clínicos variou de 12 horas a uma semana, e a letalidade foi de 100%. As alterações macroscópicas caracterizaram-se por ruptura da bexiga com acentuada quantidade de líquido de coloração amarelada e odor amoniacal (urina) livre na cavidade abdominal (uroperitônio), além de discreta deposição de fibrina sobre os órgãos e hidronefrose. Frequentemente obstruindo o lúmen da uretra peniana e por vezes livre na cavidade abdominal, era possível observar urólitos urinários que variavam de 0,3 a 1cm de diâmetro. Os achados histopatológicos incluíram edema e hemorragia difusos e acentuados na bexiga, associado a infiltrado inflamatório predominante de linfócitos, plasmócitos e macrófagos. Na uretra peniana havia necrose difusa e acentuada do epitélio da mucosa. No peritônio e nas serosas dos órgãos da cavidade abdominal havia intensa deposição de fibrina e infiltrado neutrofílico. Os urólitos foram submetidos ao método de determinação qualitativa dos componentes minerais, os quais foram compatíveis com carbonato de cálcio e fosfato de amônio magnesiano. A análise da ração de crescimento revelou baixos níveis de cálcio, em relação ao fósforo, perfazendo uma relação Ca:P de aproximadamente 0,35:1. Os achados histológicos e as dosagens minerais sugerem que os surtos de urolitíase foram relacionados a um desequilíbrio nutricional nas proporções de cálcio e fósforo dietético. A principal causa da morte dos suínos foi relacionada à desidratação e ao uroperitônio.(AU)

Obstructive urolithiasis in growing-finishing pigs / Urolitíase obstrutiva em suínos de crescimento e terminação

Obstructive urolithiasis is a disease characterized by the presence of uroliths in the urinary tract, with consequent obstruction of excretion pathways. This paper described the epidemiological and clinical-pathological findings of 22 outbreaks of urolithiasis in growing-finishing pigs in Southern Brazil. All affected pigs were male and clinical presentation consisted of lethargy, dysuria, rectal prolapse, abdominal distention, peripheral cyanosis and reluctance to move. Clinical progression course ranged from 12 hours to one week, and the lethality rate was 100%. Gross changes were characterized by urinary bladder rupture associated with marked amount of yellowish liquid with ammoniacal odor (urine) in the abdominal cavity (uroperitoneum), as well as mild fibrin deposition on the surface of abdominal organs and hydronephrosis. Urinary uroliths ranging from 0.3 to 1cm in diameter were often observed obstructing the lumen of the penile urethra and sometimes those were free in the abdominal cavity. Histopathological findings included diffuse and marked urinary bladder edema and hemorrhage associated with inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Diffuse and marked necrosis of the mucosal epithelium was observed in the penile urethra. Intense fibrin deposition and inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils were noted in the peritoneum, as well as in the serosa of the organs in the abdominal cavity. Uroliths were submitted to the method of qualitative determination of the mineral components, and were compatible with calcium carbonate and magnesium ammonium phosphate. Growing pigs ration analysis revealed low levels of calcium in relation to phosphorus, resulting in a Ca:P ratio of approximately 0.35:1. Histological findings and mineral analysis suggest that outbreaks of urolithiasis were related to a nutritional imbalance in the proportions of dietary calcium and phosphorus. The main cause of mortality was related to dehydration and uroperitoneum.(AU)

Urolitíase obstrutiva é uma enfermidade caracterizada pela presença de urólitos no trato urinário, com consequente obstrução das vias de excreção. Este artigo descreve os achados epidemiológicos e clínico-patológicos de 22 surtos de urolitíase em suínos de crescimento e terminação no Sul do Brasil. Os suínos afetados eram machos e clinicamente apresentavam letargia, disúria, prolapso retal, abaulamento do abdômen, extremidades cianóticas e relutância em movimentar-se. A duração dos sinais clínicos variou de 12 horas a uma semana, e a letalidade foi de 100%. As alterações macroscópicas caracterizaram-se por ruptura da bexiga com acentuada quantidade de líquido de coloração amarelada e odor amoniacal (urina) livre na cavidade abdominal (uroperitônio), além de discreta deposição de fibrina sobre os órgãos e hidronefrose. Frequentemente obstruindo o lúmen da uretra peniana e por vezes livre na cavidade abdominal, era possível observar urólitos urinários que variavam de 0,3 a 1cm de diâmetro. Os achados histopatológicos incluíram edema e hemorragia difusos e acentuados na bexiga, associado a infiltrado inflamatório predominante de linfócitos, plasmócitos e macrófagos. Na uretra peniana havia necrose difusa e acentuada do epitélio da mucosa. No peritônio e nas serosas dos órgãos da cavidade abdominal havia intensa deposição de fibrina e infiltrado neutrofílico. Os urólitos foram submetidos ao método de determinação qualitativa dos componentes minerais, os quais foram compatíveis com carbonato de cálcio e fosfato de amônio magnesiano. A análise da ração de crescimento revelou baixos níveis de cálcio, em relação ao fósforo, perfazendo uma relação Ca:P de aproximadamente 0,35:1. Os achados histológicos e as dosagens minerais sugerem que os surtos de urolitíase foram relacionados a um desequilíbrio nutricional nas proporções de cálcio e fósforo dietético. A principal causa da morte dos suínos foi relacionada à desidratação e ao uroperitônio.(AU)

Distocia em cabra mestiça Anglo-Nubiana / Dystocia in goat mestiça Anglo-Nubiana

O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar o procedimento de cesariana em um caso de parto distócico em caprino. Uma cabra mestiça Anglo-Nubiana de quatro anos de idade, pesando 40kg foi atendida no Hospital Veterinário Antônio Francisco Fonzar da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias de Andradina, apresentando dificuldade ao parto. Ao exame físico, o animal apresentava-se ofegante, inquieto, com apetite presente e bom estado corporal. Foi realizado exame vaginal constatando prolapso vaginal, retal, dilatação cervical insuficiente, porém, sem observação de feto e membranas fetais. No exame clínico constatou-se que a temperatura retal e frequência cardíaca e respiratória estavam dentro dos limites considerados como normais para a espécie. Realizou-se uma ultrassonografia uterina observando gestação gemelar, viabilidade fetal e apresentação fetal anormal devido a posição transversal de um dos fetos. O plano terapêutico escolhido foi a realização de cesariana, o tratamento pós-operatório consistiu na administração de Flunixin meglumina (2mg/kg de peso corporal, durante 3 dias), Oxitetraciclina(1mL/10kg de peso vivo,em uma única aplicação) e Penicilina Benzatina (20.000 UI/kg a cada 48 horas, totalizando 5 aplicações). Para o curativo local utilizou-se pomada a base de gentamicina, sulfadiazina de prata, vitamina A e unguento. Após duas semanas o animal já apresentava plena recuperação, conclui-se que a conduta e os procedimentos cirúrgico foram bem-sucedidos.

The objective of this study was to report the cesarean section procedure in a case of dystocic delivery in goats. A four-year-old Anglo-Nubian goat, weighing 40kg, was attended at the Veterinary Hospital Antônio Francisco Fonzar of the Faculty of Agrarian Sciences of Andradina, presenting difficulty in parturition. On physical examination, the animal was restless, with a present appetite and good body condition. The vaginal examination revealed vaginal prolapse, rectal, insufficient cervical dilatation, but without fetal observation and fetal membranes. In the clinical examination it was verified that the rectal temperature and heart and respiratory rate were within the limits considered normal for the species. A uterine ultrasound was performed observing twin pregnancy, fetal viability and abnormal fetal presentation due to the transverse position of one fetus. The therapeutic plan chosen for cesarean section, the postoperative treatment consisted of administration of Flunixin meglumine (2 mg/kg body weight for 3 days), Oxytetracycline 20% (20 mg/kg body weight in a single application) and Benzathine Penicillin (20,000 IU/kg every 48 hours, totaling 5 applications). For the local dressing was used ointment based on gentamicin, silver sulfadiazine, vitamin A and ointment. After two weeks the animal already had full recovery, it is concluded that the surgical procedures and conduct were successful.

Distocia em cabra mestiça Anglo-Nubiana / Dystocia in goat mestiça Anglo-Nubiana

O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar o procedimento de cesariana em um caso de parto distócico em caprino. Uma cabra mestiça Anglo-Nubiana de quatro anos de idade, pesando 40kg foi atendida no Hospital Veterinário Antônio Francisco Fonzar da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias de Andradina, apresentando dificuldade ao parto. Ao exame físico, o animal apresentava-se ofegante, inquieto, com apetite presente e bom estado corporal. Foi realizado exame vaginal constatando prolapso vaginal, retal, dilatação cervical insuficiente, porém, sem observação de feto e membranas fetais. No exame clínico constatou-se que a temperatura retal e frequência cardíaca e respiratória estavam dentro dos limites considerados como normais para a espécie. Realizou-se uma ultrassonografia uterina observando gestação gemelar, viabilidade fetal e apresentação fetal anormal devido a posição transversal de um dos fetos. O plano terapêutico escolhido foi a realização de cesariana, o tratamento pós-operatório consistiu na administração de Flunixin meglumina (2mg/kg de peso corporal, durante 3 dias), Oxitetraciclina(1mL/10kg de peso vivo,em uma única aplicação) e Penicilina Benzatina (20.000 UI/kg a cada 48 horas, totalizando 5 aplicações). Para o curativo local utilizou-se pomada a base de gentamicina, sulfadiazina de prata, vitamina A e unguento. Após duas semanas o animal já apresentava plena recuperação, conclui-se que a conduta e os procedimentos cirúrgico foram bem-sucedidos.(AU)

The objective of this study was to report the cesarean section procedure in a case of dystocic delivery in goats. A four-year-old Anglo-Nubian goat, weighing 40kg, was attended at the Veterinary Hospital Antônio Francisco Fonzar of the Faculty of Agrarian Sciences of Andradina, presenting difficulty in parturition. On physical examination, the animal was restless, with a present appetite and good body condition. The vaginal examination revealed vaginal prolapse, rectal, insufficient cervical dilatation, but without fetal observation and fetal membranes. In the clinical examination it was verified that the rectal temperature and heart and respiratory rate were within the limits considered normal for the species. A uterine ultrasound was performed observing twin pregnancy, fetal viability and abnormal fetal presentation due to the transverse position of one fetus. The therapeutic plan chosen for cesarean section, the postoperative treatment consisted of administration of Flunixin meglumine (2 mg/kg body weight for 3 days), Oxytetracycline 20% (20 mg/kg body weight in a single application) and Benzathine Penicillin (20,000 IU/kg every 48 hours, totaling 5 applications). For the local dressing was used ointment based on gentamicin, silver sulfadiazine, vitamin A and ointment. After two weeks the animal already had full recovery, it is concluded that the surgical procedures and conduct were successful.(AU)

Poisoning of cattle by Senecio spp. in Brazil: a review / Intoxicação por Senecio spp. em bovinos no Brasil: revisão de literatura

Poisoning of cattle by plants of the Senecio genus represents an important cause of death in cattle and has important economic repercussions in southern Brazil. This review is intended to provide a detailed review of Senecio spp. intoxication in cattle and addresses issues regarding the toxic principle and pathogenesis of the disease caused by these plants and the epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, control and prophylaxis of the disease. Senecio brasiliensis is the main species associated with natural intoxication of livestock in Brazil, and the number of cases associated with the ingestion of S. madagascariensis is increasing. The toxic principle of Senecio spp. comprises the hepatotoxic alkaloids of the pyrrolizidine group (pyrrolizidine alkaloids, PAs). The resulting liver lesions are chronic and irreversible and result from the inhibition of hepatocellular mitosis. Deaths of adult cattle may occur both sporadically and in larger outbreaks over an extended period of time. In cattle raising, Senecio spp. are consumed mainly during the winter, when there is a dearth of forage; at this time the poisonous Senecio species are budding and contain high concentrations of PAs. Spontaneous Senecio spp. intoxication in cattle is a chronic condition that frequently involves acute clinical manifestations. Affected cattle may present ascites, emaciation, intermittent dark diarrhea, tenesmus, rectal prolapse, and neurological signs resulting from hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatogenous photosensitization may be observed but is uncommon. Necropsy findings include dependent subcutaneous edema, ascites, and edema of the mesentery, abomasal folds, and gallbladder. The liver is firm, normal or reduced in size with a white, thick capsule. Microscopically, the hallmarks of Senecio-associated disease are varying degrees of hepatocellular megalocytosis, bile duct hyperplasia and fibrosis. Sheep are significantly more resistant to Senecio intoxication than are cattle and avidly ingest Senecio plants; therefore, the use of sheep for grazing infested pasture is recommended for preventing the associated disease in cattle.(AU)

Intoxicação por plantas do gênero Senecio representa uma importante causa de morte em bovinos com grande repercussão econômica na região sul do Brasil. O objetivo dessa revisão é fornecer uma abordagem detalhada da intoxicação por Senecio spp. em bovinos, com enfoque nos seguintes aspectos da intoxicação: princípio tóxico e patogenia, epidemiologia, sinais clínicos, diagnóstico e controle e profilaxia. Senecio brasiliensis constitui a principal espécie associada a intoxicações espontâneas em animais de produção e há uma crescente incidência de casos relacionados à intoxicação por S. madagascariensis. A toxicidade das espécies de Senecio deve-se à presença de alcaloides hepatotóxicos pertencentes ao grupo das pirrolizidinas (APs), que produzem lesão hepática crônica e irreversível, caracterizada pela inibição da mitose de hepatócitos. As mortes dos bovinos adultos acontecem de forma esporádica ou em surtos durante um período prolongado de tempo, e podem ocorrer durante o ano todo. As espécies do gênero Senecio são pouco palatáveis e consumidas pelos bovinos somente em determinadas circunstâncias, principalmente, no inverno, período em que as diferentes espécies estão em brotação, com maior concentração de alcaloides, e a disponibilidade de forragem é escassa. A intoxicação geralmente cursa com um quadro crônico, embora as manifestações clínicas sejam agudas. Os bovinos afetados podem apresentar ascite, emagrecimento, diarreia escura intermitente, tenesmo, prolapso retal e sinais neurológicos (encefalopatia hepática). Ocasionalmente ocorre fotossensibilização hepatógena. Na necropsia, os principais achados incluem edema subcutâneo ventral, ascite, edema de mesentério e das pregas do abomaso, distensão e edema da vesícula biliar e fígado firme, diminuído de tamanho e com a cápsula brancacenta. Microscopicamente, as principais alterações hepáticas consistem de graus variados de hepatomegalocitose, hiperplasia de ductos biliares e fibrose. A profilaxia inclui o uso de ovinos para pastorear os campos infestados pela planta, visto que essa espécie é mais resistente à ação dos APs e apresenta avidez no consumo da brotação da planta.(AU)

Poisoning of cattle by Senecio spp. in Brazil: a review / Intoxicação por Senecio spp. em bovinos no Brasil: revisão de literatura

Poisoning of cattle by plants of the Senecio genus represents an important cause of death in cattle and has important economic repercussions in southern Brazil. This review is intended to provide a detailed review of Senecio spp. intoxication in cattle and addresses issues regarding the toxic principle and pathogenesis of the disease caused by these plants and the epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, control and prophylaxis of the disease. Senecio brasiliensis is the main species associated with natural intoxication of livestock in Brazil, and the number of cases associated with the ingestion of S. madagascariensis is increasing. The toxic principle of Senecio spp. comprises the hepatotoxic alkaloids of the pyrrolizidine group (pyrrolizidine alkaloids, PAs). The resulting liver lesions are chronic and irreversible and result from the inhibition of hepatocellular mitosis. Deaths of adult cattle may occur both sporadically and in larger outbreaks over an extended period of time. In cattle raising, Senecio spp. are consumed mainly during the winter, when there is a dearth of forage; at this time the poisonous Senecio species are budding and contain high concentrations of PAs. Spontaneous Senecio spp. intoxication in cattle is a chronic condition that frequently involves acute clinical manifestations. Affected cattle may present ascites, emaciation, intermittent dark diarrhea, tenesmus, rectal prolapse, and neurological signs resulting from hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatogenous photosensitization may be observed but is uncommon. Necropsy findings include dependent subcutaneous edema, ascites, and edema of the mesentery, abomasal folds, and gallbladder. The liver is firm, normal or reduced in size with a white, thick capsule. Microscopically, the hallmarks of Senecio-associated disease are varying degrees of hepatocellular megalocytosis, bile duct hyperplasia and fibrosis. Sheep are significantly more resistant to Senecio intoxication than are cattle and avidly ingest Senecio plants; therefore, the use of sheep for grazing infested pasture is recommended for preventing the associated disease in cattle.(AU)

Intoxicação por plantas do gênero Senecio representa uma importante causa de morte em bovinos com grande repercussão econômica na região sul do Brasil. O objetivo dessa revisão é fornecer uma abordagem detalhada da intoxicação por Senecio spp. em bovinos, com enfoque nos seguintes aspectos da intoxicação: princípio tóxico e patogenia, epidemiologia, sinais clínicos, diagnóstico e controle e profilaxia. Senecio brasiliensis constitui a principal espécie associada a intoxicações espontâneas em animais de produção e há uma crescente incidência de casos relacionados à intoxicação por S. madagascariensis. A toxicidade das espécies de Senecio deve-se à presença de alcaloides hepatotóxicos pertencentes ao grupo das pirrolizidinas (APs), que produzem lesão hepática crônica e irreversível, caracterizada pela inibição da mitose de hepatócitos. As mortes dos bovinos adultos acontecem de forma esporádica ou em surtos durante um período prolongado de tempo, e podem ocorrer durante o ano todo. As espécies do gênero Senecio são pouco palatáveis e consumidas pelos bovinos somente em determinadas circunstâncias, principalmente, no inverno, período em que as diferentes espécies estão em brotação, com maior concentração de alcaloides, e a disponibilidade de forragem é escassa. A intoxicação geralmente cursa com um quadro crônico, embora as manifestações clínicas sejam agudas. Os bovinos afetados podem apresentar ascite, emagrecimento, diarreia escura intermitente, tenesmo, prolapso retal e sinais neurológicos (encefalopatia hepática). Ocasionalmente ocorre fotossensibilização hepatógena. Na necropsia, os principais achados incluem edema subcutâneo ventral, ascite, edema de mesentério e das pregas do abomaso, distensão e edema da vesícula biliar e fígado firme, diminuído de tamanho e com a cápsula brancacenta. Microscopicamente, as principais alterações hepáticas consistem de graus variados de hepatomegalocitose, hiperplasia de ductos biliares e fibrose. A profilaxia inclui o uso de ovinos para pastorear os campos infestados pela planta, visto que essa espécie é mais resistente à ação dos APs e apresenta avidez no consumo da brotação da planta.(AU)

Obstrução uretral em gata / Urethral obstruction in a female cat

Background: This work reports a case of urethral obstruction by urolith in a female cat. The patient had a history of hematuria beginning approximately 2 months before visiting the clinic, with anorexia, apathy, emesis, tenesmus and absence of urination. Following physical and ultrasonic examinations, urethral obstruction by urolith was diagnosed. Although feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is common in both males and females, a urethral obstruction in female cats is extremely rare. This report aims to alert veterinarians to such an occurrence, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and treatment in view of the severity of the consequences of a urethral obstruction.Case: An undefined, female cat of indefinite age, with a history of hematuria, emaciation, anorexia, apathy, emesis, tenesmus and anuria, presented at our clinic. Physical examination revealed dehydration, discrete rectal prolapse and dysuria. During abdominal palpation, a rigid spherical-shaped structure was observed in the hypogastric region, and complementary examinations were subsequently performed. Hematological examination revealed leukocytosis and increased serum urea and creatinine levels. Abdominal ultrasound examination showed that the urinary vesicle was full, with heterogeneous anechoic content with discrete sedimentation, as well as the presence of a hyperechogenic structure that formed an acoustic shadow at the transition between the bladder trigone and the urethra. In addition, both renal pelves presented dilatation by anechoic content, and measured about 0.5 cm. Treatment with amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate (20 mg/kg administered intravenously) was initiated, and the patient was referred to undergo a surgical procedure to remove the calculus. When exploring the abdominal cavity, the urinary vesicle was identified, which appeared to be rigid.[...]

Obstrução uretral em gata / Urethral obstruction in a female cat

Background: This work reports a case of urethral obstruction by urolith in a female cat. The patient had a history of hematuria beginning approximately 2 months before visiting the clinic, with anorexia, apathy, emesis, tenesmus and absence of urination. Following physical and ultrasonic examinations, urethral obstruction by urolith was diagnosed. Although feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is common in both males and females, a urethral obstruction in female cats is extremely rare. This report aims to alert veterinarians to such an occurrence, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and treatment in view of the severity of the consequences of a urethral obstruction.Case: An undefined, female cat of indefinite age, with a history of hematuria, emaciation, anorexia, apathy, emesis, tenesmus and anuria, presented at our clinic. Physical examination revealed dehydration, discrete rectal prolapse and dysuria. During abdominal palpation, a rigid spherical-shaped structure was observed in the hypogastric region, and complementary examinations were subsequently performed. Hematological examination revealed leukocytosis and increased serum urea and creatinine levels. Abdominal ultrasound examination showed that the urinary vesicle was full, with heterogeneous anechoic content with discrete sedimentation, as well as the presence of a hyperechogenic structure that formed an acoustic shadow at the transition between the bladder trigone and the urethra. In addition, both renal pelves presented dilatation by anechoic content, and measured about 0.5 cm. Treatment with amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate (20 mg/kg administered intravenously) was initiated, and the patient was referred to undergo a surgical procedure to remove the calculus. When exploring the abdominal cavity, the urinary vesicle was identified, which appeared to be rigid.[...](AU)

Projeção retal de intususcepção íleo-ceco-cólica em cão: relato de caso / Rectal projection of ileo-colic intussusception in a dog: case report

As intussuscepções intestinais e os prolapsos retais merecem especial atenção e cuidados pois apresentam elevada ocorrência na clínica cirúrgica e necessitam de intervenção urgente. Intussuscepções íleo- -ceco-cólicas prolapsadas na via retal não são tão comumente vistas no dia a dia ambulatorial e o seu diagnóstico é realizado com o intuito de ser efetuada a sua diferenciação de prolapso retal simples, que não compromete grandes segmentos intestinais e normalmente não requer celiotomia para a sua redução cirúrgica. O exame pelo toque retal se faz necessário para a verificação da diferença com o prolapso retal, em vista de que no prolapso retal simples não é permitido ao termômetro ou à sonda projetar-se entre o prolapso e o ânus. Este relato apresenta aspectos relativos à intussuscepção íleo-ceco-cólica prolapsada via retal em animal da espécie canina.

Intestinal intussusceptions and rectal prolapses deserve due attention and care because they have a high occurrence in the surgical clinic and require urgent intervention. Rectal prolapsed ileocecal intussusceptions are not so commonly seen on an outpatient basis and diagnosis is made to differentiate from simple rectal prolapses that does not compromise large intestinal segments and does not usually require celiotomy for its surgical reduction. Rectal examination is necessary in order to verify the difference here, since in simple rectal prolapse the thermometer or probe is not allowed to project between the prolapse and the anus. This report aims to present aspects related to rectal prolapsed ileo-cecal colic intussusception in canine species.

Projeção retal de intususcepção íleo-ceco-cólica em cão: relato de caso / Rectal projection of ileo-colic intussusception in a dog: case report

As intussuscepções intestinais e os prolapsos retais merecem especial atenção e cuidados pois apresentam elevada ocorrência na clínica cirúrgica e necessitam de intervenção urgente. Intussuscepções íleo- -ceco-cólicas prolapsadas na via retal não são tão comumente vistas no dia a dia ambulatorial e o seu diagnóstico é realizado com o intuito de ser efetuada a sua diferenciação de prolapso retal simples, que não compromete grandes segmentos intestinais e normalmente não requer celiotomia para a sua redução cirúrgica. O exame pelo toque retal se faz necessário para a verificação da diferença com o prolapso retal, em vista de que no prolapso retal simples não é permitido ao termômetro ou à sonda projetar-se entre o prolapso e o ânus. Este relato apresenta aspectos relativos à intussuscepção íleo-ceco-cólica prolapsada via retal em animal da espécie canina.(AU)

Intestinal intussusceptions and rectal prolapses deserve due attention and care because they have a high occurrence in the surgical clinic and require urgent intervention. Rectal prolapsed ileocecal intussusceptions are not so commonly seen on an outpatient basis and diagnosis is made to differentiate from simple rectal prolapses that does not compromise large intestinal segments and does not usually require celiotomy for its surgical reduction. Rectal examination is necessary in order to verify the difference here, since in simple rectal prolapse the thermometer or probe is not allowed to project between the prolapse and the anus. This report aims to present aspects related to rectal prolapsed ileo-cecal colic intussusception in canine species.(AU)