Use of new recombinant proteins for ovarian stimulation in ruminants

Currently, gonadotropin products (follicle stimulating hormone, FSH, and luteinizing hormone, LH) used in animal reproduction are produced by extraction and purification from abattoir-derived pituitary glands. This method, relying on animal-derived materials, carries the potential risk of hormone contamination and pathogen transmission. Additionally, chorionic gonadotropins are extracted from the blood of pregnant mares (equine chorionic gonadotropin; eCG) or the urine of pregnant women (human chorionic gonadotropin; hCG). However, recent advancements have introduced recombinant gonadotropins for assisted animal reproduction therapies. The traditional use of FSH for superovulation has limitations, including labor requirements and variability in superovulation response, affecting the success of in vivo (SOV) and in vitro (OPU/IVEP) embryo production. FSH treatment for superstimulation before OPU can promote the growth of a homogenous follicular population and the recovery of competent oocytes suitable for IVEP procedures. At present, a single injection of a preparation of long-acting bovine recombinant FSH (rFSH) produced similar superovulation responses resulting in the production of good-quality in vivo and in vitro embryos. Furthermore, the treatment with eCG at FTAI protocol has demonstrated its efficacy in promoting follicular growth, ovulation, and P/AI, mainly in heifers and anestrous cows. Currently, treatment with recombinant glycoproteins with eCG-like activity (r-eCG) have shown promising results in increasing follicular growth, ovulation, and P/AI in cows submitted to P4/E2 -based protocols. Bovine somatotropin (bST) is a naturally occurring hormone found in cows. Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST), produced through genetic engineering techniques, has shown potential in enhancing reproductive outcomes in ruminants. Treatment with rbST has been found to improve P/IA, increase donor embryo production, and enhance P/ET in recipients. The use of recombinant hormones allows to produce non-animal-derived products, offering several advantages in assisted reproductive technologies for ruminants. This advancement opens up new possibilities for improving reproductive efficiency and success rates in the field of animal reproduction.(AU)

Ultrasound measurements of uterine height, horns diameter and presence of intraluminal fluid to investigate uterine involution in lactating sows housed in farrowing crates

The uterine involution of sows housed in farrowing crates was investigated during lactation using B-mode trans-abdominal ultrasonography. The objectives were to describe uterine involution, detect any delay or uterine disorders and assess possible associations between involution and subsequent reproductive performance. Three parameters were measured: uterine height (H), horns diameter (D) and the percentage of sows with intraluminal fluid (F). During lactation (3-4 weeks), H decreased from 11.0±1.6 the first week to 5.9±1.5 cm the last week (p<0.001), and D from 2.6±0.7 to 1.4±0.2 cm (p<0.001). Between days 1-7, H and D decreased significantly faster, i.e. respectively 0.38 cm (p<0.0001) and 0.20 cm (p<0.0001) per day than between days 22-28, i.e. respectively 0.02 cm (p=0.49) and 0.00 cm (p=0.75) per day. F decreased significantly (p<0.0001) from 78% at the beginning to 16% at the end of lactation. Between days 1-7, F decreased significantly (p<0.001) faster than during the last week of lactation (p=0.41). Between days 22-28, H of sows from parity ≥3 were significantly higher than those of sows from parity 1 and 2 (p=0.007). During that period, F was significantly higher in sows of higher parity. This effect of parity on F was significantly higher during the entire lactation period in sows of parity ≥6. Some sows were monitored after weaning. There was no significant relationship between the 3 parameters measured at the end of lactation and the subsequent performance. A small number of sows was suspected of endometritis (2%) and one case of fœtoplacental retention was detected. In conclusion, B-mode ultrasonography is a suitable tool to monitor uterine involution in lactating sows. When examination is conducted during the last week of lactation, it may help the farmer to verify whether uterine involution is complete, and to decide whether a sow should be either culled or maintained on farm.(AU)

Níveis de progesterona e os parâmetros reprodutivos no período periovulatório de vacas Nelore submetidas ao protocolo de IATF / Progesterone levels and reproductive parameters in the periovulatory period of Nellore cows under FTAI protocol

Background: Fixed Time Artificial Insemination (FTAI) has achieved a significant evolution in the last 18 years, however, despite the progress achieved by modern FTAI programs, the conception rates obtained are still low. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the interrelation between progesterone levels in the periovulatory period and reproductive parameters of Nellore cows submitted to an FTAI protocol. Materials, Methods & Results: On a random day, called day 0 (D0), 57 cows received a P4 device associated with the intramuscular (IM) application of 2.0 mg of estradiol benzoate. On D9, the P4 devices were removed and then were administered 500 µg of cloprostenol sodium IM; 0.6 mg of estradiol cypionate IM and 300 IUI of Equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin IM. Blood samples were collected for the determination of serum P4 concentrations on D9 and D11 of the protocol. The evaluations of follicular diameter (DFOL), follicular wall area (AFOL) and the vascularization area of the follicle wall (VFOL) were carried out on D11 using B-mode ultrasonography examination and colour Doppler, and then the artificial inseminations were performed. The evaluation of the corpus luteum diameter (CLD), of the total corpus luteum area (CLA), of the area of corpus luteum vascularization (CLV) and blood sampling for determination of postovulatory P4 levels (Post-P4) were performed on D24. For the analysis of the P4 concentration the chemiluminescence method was used, with a sensitivity of 0.1 ng/mL. According to the P4 concentrations on D11, cows were divided into 2 groups, LOW LEVELS OF P4 and HIGH LEVELS OF P4. The diagnosis of pregnancy was performed using transrectal ultrasonography on D45, at this point the cows were divided into 2 groups, PREGNANT and NON-PREGNANT. The correlation between DFOL and P4 dosage on D11 was moderate, negative and significant and between the AFOL and the serum P4 levels on D9, was moderate, negative and significant. As for the other correlations between follicular and luteal parameters and serum P4 levels, these were low to moderate, negative and not significant. Cows in the LOW LEVELS OF P4 group had significantly larger diameter and follicular areas than the cows in the HIGH LEVELS OF P4 group, the other follicular and luteal parameters showed no statistical difference. Of the total 57 cows that were inseminated, 30 cows became pregnant. Cows in the PREGNANT group had serum P4 levels on D9 equivalent to that obtained by the NON-PREGNANT group. However, at D11 the cows that became pregnant presented significantly lower serum P4 levels than cows that did not become pregnant. Discussion: The results of the interrelation between follicular parameters and P4 levels obtained in the present study, pointed out that the lower the levels of P4, the higher the follicular parameters, corroborating with other authors. Thus, larger preovulatory follicles provided high ovulation rates. Periovulatory serum P4 levels did not significantly affect the morphofunctional parameters of the CL. Such findings may be justified by high periovulatory P4 levels resulting from less efficient luteolysis, exert a negative effect on the results of FTAI protocols, because progesterone inhibits the release of LH pulses. It is concluded that lower periovulatory P4 levels established a favourable condition for follicular development and fertility, however, morphofunctional parameters of the corpus luteum were not affected.

Productive and reproductive performance of crossbred dairy heifers with induced lactation and efficacy of antimicrobial therapy associated with internal teat sealants / Desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de novilhas com lactação induzida e eficácia da terapia antimicrobiana associada com selante interno de tetos

This study evaluated (a) the efficacy of an association between injectable antibiotic therapy and sealant (ATBS) on milk yield (MY), somatic cell count (SCC), and prevalence of intramammary infections (IMI); and (b) the efficacy of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on follicular cyst (FCs) resolution (cyclicity at the 45th day in milk; DIM) and cumulative pregnancy rate (CPR) in heifers submitted to a lactation induction protocol (LIP). A total of 114 crossbred (Holstein × Jersey) heifers, with 34.7 ± 4.8 months and 439 ± 56.35 kg were submitted to LIP. On the 5th day of the LIP, the heifers were assigned to (i) ATBS (n = 57) with 7 mg/kg of norfloxacin associated with sealant and (ii) Control 1 (n = 57; CONT1) with no treatments. Lactation began on the 21st day of LIP and the 15th DIM, FCs were diagnosed and 106 heifers were randomized into two treatment groups with 53 heifers each: (i) GnRH (5 mL injectable GnRH) and (ii) Control 2 (CONT2; no treatment). Of the 114 heifers initially induced, 83.33% (n = 95) responded to LIP with an average MY of 15.19 kg/milk/day during 22 weeks of lactation. In the first 14 DIM, the IMI prevalence was 18% and 28% for heifers ATBS and CONT1 treated, respectively. Additionally, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the most frequently isolated group of pathogens. Mammary quarters that received ATBS treatment had a lower risk of IMI and SCC than CONT1. The cyclicity at 45 DIM was 68% (ATBS) and 35% (CONT1), and 57% and 46% for animals in the GnRH and CONT2. CPR was 60% in the ATBS group and 89% in CONT1, but GnRH treatment did not affect the CPR. In conclusion, LIP was effective in stimulating MY in heifers, and the IMI prevalence decreased with ATBS treatment. Also, the use of GnRH did not affect the FC regression, cyclicity at 45 DIM, and CPR.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou a (i) eficácia da associação entre antibioticoterapia injetável e selante interno de tetos (ATBS) na produção de leite (PL), contagem de células somáticas (CCS), e prevalência de infecções intramamárias (IIM); e (ii) eficácia do hormônio liberador de gonadotrofina (GnRH) na resolução de cistos foliculares (CFs), ciclicidade ao 45º dia em lactação (DEL) e taxa de prenhez cumulativa (TPC) em novilhas submetidas a um protocolo de indução de lactação (PIL). Um total de 114 novilhas mestiças (Holandês × Jersey), com 34,7 ± 4,8 meses e 439 ± 56,35 kg foram submetidas ao PIL. No 5º dia do PIL, as novilhas receberam: (i) ATBS (n = 57) com 7 mg/kg de norfloxacina associada ao selante interno de tetos e (ii) Controle 1 (n = 57; CONT1) sem tratamento. A lactação teve início no 21º dia do PIL e no 15º DEL, foram diagnosticados CFs e 106 novilhas foram agrupadas em dois grupos de tratamento com 53 novilhas em cada: (i) GnRH (5 mL de GnRH injetável) e (ii) Controle 2 (CONT2; sem tratamento). Das 114 novilhas inicialmente induzidas, 83,33% (n = 95) responderam ao PIL com PL média de 15,19 kg/leite/d durante 22 semanas de lactação. Nos primeiros 14 DEL a prevalência de IIM foi de 18% e 28% para as novilhas tratadas com ATBS e CONT1, respectivamente. Além disso, estafilococos coagulase negativa foram o grupo de patógenos mais frequentemente isolados. Quartos mamários tratados com ATBS tiveram menor risco (0,56) de IIM e menor CCS do que CONT1. A ciclicidade a 45 DEL foi de 68% (ATBS) e 35% (CONT1), e 57% e 46% para os animais no GnRH e CONT2. A TPC foi de 60% no grupo ATBS e 89% no CONT1, porém o tratamento com GnRH não afetou a TPC. Em conclusão, o PIL foi eficaz em estimular a PL em novilhas tardias e a prevalência de IIM diminiuiu com o tratamento ATBS. Além disso, o uso de GnRH não afetou a regressão de CF, ciclicidade em 45 DEL e a TPC.(AU)

Ultrasonographic aspects of the uterus and ovaries of bitches during the estrous cycle paper review / Aspectos ultrassonográficos do útero e ovários de cadelas durante o ciclo estral revisão de literatura

The ultrasonographic exam is of great value in animal reproduction and veterinary obstetrics, because it allows gestational diagnosis and monitoring, as well as the evaluation of the female reproductive system, providing diagnosis of the reproductive state and estrous phase of females. One of the techniques that has been employed in the field of theriogenology is the Doppler Mode, which allows qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the hemodynamics of reproductive organs. Several studies were carried out in attempt to elucidate the ultrasonographic aspect of the uterus and ovaries of bitches during the different phases of the estrous cycle in B mode and Doppler mode. The objective of the present study is to review the information present in the literature regarding the sonographic changes of the reproductive organs of bitches during the different hormonal phases.(AU)

O exame ultrassonográfico tem grande importância na reprodução animal e obstetrícia veterinária, pois permite o diagnóstico e acompanhamento gestacional, bem como a avaliação do sistema reprodutor, proporcionando o diagnóstico do status reprodutivo e fase do ciclo estral. Uma das técnicas ultrassonográficas que vêm sendo empregadas no ramo da teriogenologia é o modo Doppler, que permite avaliações qualitativas e quantitativas da hemodinâmica dos órgãos da reprodução. Diversos estudos foram realizados na tentativa de elucidar o aspecto ultrassonográfico do útero e dos ovários das cadelas durante as diferentes fases do ciclo estral ao modo-B e ao modo Doppler. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo revisar as informações presentes na literatura a respeito das mudanças ultrassonográficas dos órgãos reprodutores da cadela durante as diferentes fases hormonais.(AU)

Ultrasonographic aspects of the uterus and ovaries of bitches during the estrous cycle – paper review / Aspectos ultrassonográficos do útero e ovários de cadelas durante o ciclo estral – revisão de literatura

The ultrasonographic exam is of great value in animal reproduction and veterinary obstetrics, because it allows gestational diagnosis and monitoring, as well as the evaluation of the female reproductive system, providing diagnosis of the reproductive state and estrous phase of females. One of the techniques that has been employed in the field of theriogenology is the Doppler Mode, which allows qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the hemodynamics of reproductive organs. Several studies were carried out in attempt to elucidate the ultrasonographic aspect of the uterus and ovaries of bitches during the different phases of the estrous cycle in B mode and Doppler mode. The objective of the present study is to review the information present in the literature regarding the sonographic changes of the reproductive organs of bitches during the different hormonal phases.

O exame ultrassonográfico tem grande importância na reprodução animal e obstetrícia veterinária, pois permite o diagnóstico e acompanhamento gestacional, bem como a avaliação do sistema reprodutor, proporcionando o diagnóstico do status reprodutivo e fase do ciclo estral. Uma das técnicas ultrassonográficas que vêm sendo empregadas no ramo da teriogenologia é o modo Doppler, que permite avaliações qualitativas e quantitativas da hemodinâmica dos órgãos da reprodução. Diversos estudos foram realizados na tentativa de elucidar o aspecto ultrassonográfico do útero e dos ovários das cadelas durante as diferentes fases do ciclo estral ao modo-B e ao modo Doppler. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo revisar as informações presentes na literatura a respeito das mudanças ultrassonográficas dos órgãos reprodutores da cadela durante as diferentes fases hormonais.

Ultrassonografia em modo B e Doppler para avaliação reprodutiva de cães e gatos / B-mode and Doppler ultrasound for reproductive assessment of dogs and cats

A ultrassonografia do sistema reprodutivo é uma importante ferramenta utilizada em associação ao exame andrológico para avaliação de machos reprodutores. Novas modalidades de análise ultrassonográfica foram descritas na última década, como a análise Doppler da artéria testicular. O objetivo deste texto é apresentar estas modalidades com o intuito de acrescentar informações importantes ao exame andrológico de cães e gatos.

The ultrasound of the reproductive system is an important tool used in association with the andrological examination to evaluate reproductive males. New modalities of ultrasound analysis have been described in the last decade, such as the Doppler analysis of the testicular artery. The objective of this text is to present these tools in order to add important information to the andrological examination of dogs and cats.

Evaluation of corpus luteum vascularization in recipient mares by using color Doppler ultrasound

Background: Embryo transfer is one of the most commonly used reproductive biotechnique. The success of embryotransfer is also affected by the synchrony of estrus and ovulation between donor and recipient animals. In horse reproduction, ultrasonography has been used, among other purposes, to diagnose early pregnancy. However, only the color Dopplerimaging mode makes it possible to evaluate the vascular architecture and the hemodynamic aspects of the vessels in severalorgans, especially the corpus luteum. The objective of this study was to evaluate, based on the color Doppler ultrasound,the corpus luteum vascularization and function from recipient mares at embryo transfer timing.Materials, Methods & Results: Mangalarga Machador mares from 5 to 10-year-old and a range of live weights of between350 to 450 kg were used for this experiment, kept in pasture-based on mombaça grass (Panicum maximum) and were givenad libitum access to water and mineral supplementation. The animals (n = 15) were gynecologically examined and uterineconsistency was evaluated by rectal palpation the same operator using an ultrasound system (SonoScape®) with a lineartransducer, and operating frequency ranging from 5 to 10 Mhz. The uterine tone was classified between grades 1 and 4 andsubjected to ovulation induction. The objective and subjective vascular perfusion of the corpus luteum was evaluated bycolor Doppler ultrasound on the day of embryo transfer and endometrium. The determination progesterone concentrationon the day of the embryo transfer was performed by direct chemiluminescence assay. The arcsine (√P/100) transformation was applied to the percentage data, and the results were expressed as mean (.) ± standard error of the mean (SEM).Further, the assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity were verified, respectively, based on the Shapiro-Wilk and...

Evaluation of corpus luteum vascularization in recipient mares by using color Doppler ultrasound

Background: Embryo transfer is one of the most commonly used reproductive biotechnique. The success of embryotransfer is also affected by the synchrony of estrus and ovulation between donor and recipient animals. In horse reproduction, ultrasonography has been used, among other purposes, to diagnose early pregnancy. However, only the color Dopplerimaging mode makes it possible to evaluate the vascular architecture and the hemodynamic aspects of the vessels in severalorgans, especially the corpus luteum. The objective of this study was to evaluate, based on the color Doppler ultrasound,the corpus luteum vascularization and function from recipient mares at embryo transfer timing.Materials, Methods & Results: Mangalarga Machador mares from 5 to 10-year-old and a range of live weights of between350 to 450 kg were used for this experiment, kept in pasture-based on mombaça grass (Panicum maximum) and were givenad libitum access to water and mineral supplementation. The animals (n = 15) were gynecologically examined and uterineconsistency was evaluated by rectal palpation the same operator using an ultrasound system (SonoScape®) with a lineartransducer, and operating frequency ranging from 5 to 10 Mhz. The uterine tone was classified between grades 1 and 4 andsubjected to ovulation induction. The objective and subjective vascular perfusion of the corpus luteum was evaluated bycolor Doppler ultrasound on the day of embryo transfer and endometrium. The determination progesterone concentrationon the day of the embryo transfer was performed by direct chemiluminescence assay. The arcsine (√P/100) transformation was applied to the percentage data, and the results were expressed as mean (.) ± standard error of the mean (SEM).Further, the assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity were verified, respectively, based on the Shapiro-Wilk and...(AU)

Avaliação ultrassonográfica no pós-parto de ovelhas: revisão de literatura / Postpartum ultrasound assessment in sheep: Literature Review

Puerpério é o período após a finalização do parto e acontece em escala logarítmica decrescente, especialmente durante a primeira semana após o parto, quando o útero passa por marcado remodelamento durante sua involução. No entanto, não estão totalmente elucidados os mecanismos hormonais, celulares e moleculares que regulam esse processo. Considerando a necessidade de estabelecer métodos diagnósticos precoces para a avaliação das mudanças no puerpério em ovelhas e a escassez no número de estudos sobre involução uterina, o monitoramento desse período é essencial para evitar declínio na eficiência reprodutiva, sendo que o intervalo de partos está diretamente relacionado à velocidade da involução uterina e ao retorno à atividade reprodutiva das fêmeas. Para isso, o entendimento do processo de recuperação do trato reprodutivo no pós-parto dessa espécie é de grande importância para o sucesso do sistema de produção em ovinos. Neste trabalho, revisamos o período puerperal, os mecanismos subjacentes à reprodução normal dos ovinos e a ultrassonografia para avaliar esse período na ovelha como modelo experimental ou para aplicação em Medicina Veterinária.(AU)

Puerperium is the period after the completion of delivery and occurs on a decreasing logarithmic scale, especially during the first week after delivery, when uterus undergoes marked remodeling. However, hormonal, cellular, and molecular mechanisms that regulate this process are not fully understood. Considering the need to establish early diagnostic methods to evaluate changes during sheeps puerperium and the scarce number of studies on uterine involution, monitoring this period is essential to avoid declining in reproductive efficiency, as calving interval is directly related to the speed of uterine involution and the return to female reproductive activity. Therefore, understanding the postpartum reproductive tract recovery process of this species is of great importance for the success of sheep production systems. We review the puerperal period, the mechanisms underlying the normal reproduction of sheep and ultrasonography to evaluate this period as an experimental model or for application in Veterinary Medicine.(AU)

Avaliação ultrassonográfica no pós-parto de ovelhas: revisão de literatura / Postpartum ultrasound assessment in sheep: Literature Review

Puerpério é o período após a finalização do parto e acontece em escala logarítmica decrescente, especialmente durante a primeira semana após o parto, quando o útero passa por marcado remodelamento durante sua involução. No entanto, não estão totalmente elucidados os mecanismos hormonais, celulares e moleculares que regulam esse processo. Considerando a necessidade de estabelecer métodos diagnósticos precoces para a avaliação das mudanças no puerpério em ovelhas e a escassez no número de estudos sobre involução uterina, o monitoramento desse período é essencial para evitar declínio na eficiência reprodutiva, sendo que o intervalo de partos está diretamente relacionado à velocidade da involução uterina e ao retorno à atividade reprodutiva das fêmeas. Para isso, o entendimento do processo de recuperação do trato reprodutivo no pós-parto dessa espécie é de grande importância para o sucesso do sistema de produção em ovinos. Neste trabalho, revisamos o período puerperal, os mecanismos subjacentes à reprodução normal dos ovinos e a ultrassonografia para avaliar esse período na ovelha como modelo experimental ou para aplicação em Medicina Veterinária.

Puerperium is the period after the completion of delivery and occurs on a decreasing logarithmic scale, especially during the first week after delivery, when uterus undergoes marked remodeling. However, hormonal, cellular, and molecular mechanisms that regulate this process are not fully understood. Considering the need to establish early diagnostic methods to evaluate changes during sheep’s puerperium and the scarce number of studies on uterine involution, monitoring this period is essential to avoid declining in reproductive efficiency, as calving interval is directly related to the speed of uterine involution and the return to female reproductive activity. Therefore, understanding the postpartum reproductive tract recovery process of this species is of great importance for the success of sheep production systems. We review the puerperal period, the mechanisms underlying the normal reproduction of sheep and ultrasonography to evaluate this period as an experimental model or for application in Veterinary Medicine.

Ultrassonografia Dopper em ovelhas / Doppler ultrasonography in sheep

O uso da técnica de ultrassonografia em modo B, como uma ferramenta pouco invasiva na reprodução animal, passou por uma evolução significativa na pesquisa e na prática. Na exploração comercial de animais de produção seu uso é, praticamente, concentrado ao manejo reprodutivo. Embora a ultrassonografia convencional em Modo B tenha passado por avanços tecnológicos esta não possibilita o acesso às informações da função do órgão, demonstradas pela perfusão vascular. Em ovelhas, o estudo da hemodinâmica e funcionalidade do útero, ovário e suas estruturas podem ser úteis para avaliar a viabilidade de programas reprodutivos e, por conseguinte, exibirem impacto econômico diante do uso da modalidade colorida ou pulsada (ou espectral) da ultrassonografia doppler. A ultrassonografia doppler é baseada no efeito Doppler na qual as frequências dos feixes de ultrassom refletidos pelos eritrócitos em movimento variam conforme as células se movem com diferentes velocidades. No tocante a reprodução de ovelhas, uma série de estratégias tem sido apresentadas para uso desta tecnologia, dada a necessidade e intempéries apresentadas a campo. Suas principais aplicações baseiam-se na avaliação da gestação, hemodinâmica uterina, funcionalidade luteal e respostas à superovulação, dentre outras. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar os aspectos relacionados ao uso e aplicações da ultrassonografia doppler espectral e colorida na reprodução de ovelhas.

The use of B-mode ultrasound technique, as a little invasive tool in animal reproduction, has undergone a significant evolution in research and practice. In farm animals, its use is practically concentrated on reproductive management. Although conventional B-mode ultrasonography has undergone technological advances, it does not allow access to organ function information, as demonstrated by vascular perfusion. In sheep, the study of the hemodynamics and functionality of the uterus, ovary and its structures can be useful to assess reproductive programs viability and, therefore, exhibit economic impact when using the color or pulsed (or spectral) modalityof doppler ultrasound. Doppler ultrasonography is based on the Doppler effect in which the frequencies of the ultrasound beams reflected by the erythrocytes in motion vary as the cells move at different speeds. A lot of strategies have been presented using this technology, related to reproduction of sheep animals, in farm conditions. Applications are based on the evaluation of pregnancy, uterine hemodynamics, luteal functionality and responses to superovulation, among others. This work aimed to present aspects regarding to applications of spectral and color doppler ultrasound in sheep reproduction.

Ultrassonografia Dopper em ovelhas / Doppler ultrasonography in sheep

O uso da técnica de ultrassonografia em modo B, como uma ferramenta pouco invasiva na reprodução animal, passou por uma evolução significativa na pesquisa e na prática. Na exploração comercial de animais de produção seu uso é, praticamente, concentrado ao manejo reprodutivo. Embora a ultrassonografia convencional em Modo B tenha passado por avanços tecnológicos esta não possibilita o acesso às informações da função do órgão, demonstradas pela perfusão vascular. Em ovelhas, o estudo da hemodinâmica e funcionalidade do útero, ovário e suas estruturas podem ser úteis para avaliar a viabilidade de programas reprodutivos e, por conseguinte, exibirem impacto econômico diante do uso da modalidade colorida ou pulsada (ou espectral) da ultrassonografia doppler. A ultrassonografia doppler é baseada no efeito Doppler na qual as frequências dos feixes de ultrassom refletidos pelos eritrócitos em movimento variam conforme as células se movem com diferentes velocidades. No tocante a reprodução de ovelhas, uma série de estratégias tem sido apresentadas para uso desta tecnologia, dada a necessidade e intempéries apresentadas a campo. Suas principais aplicações baseiam-se na avaliação da gestação, hemodinâmica uterina, funcionalidade luteal e respostas à superovulação, dentre outras. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar os aspectos relacionados ao uso e aplicações da ultrassonografia doppler espectral e colorida na reprodução de ovelhas.(AU)

The use of B-mode ultrasound technique, as a little invasive tool in animal reproduction, has undergone a significant evolution in research and practice. In farm animals, its use is practically concentrated on reproductive management. Although conventional B-mode ultrasonography has undergone technological advances, it does not allow access to organ function information, as demonstrated by vascular perfusion. In sheep, the study of the hemodynamics and functionality of the uterus, ovary and its structures can be useful to assess reproductive programs viability and, therefore, exhibit economic impact when using the color or pulsed (or spectral) modalityof doppler ultrasound. Doppler ultrasonography is based on the Doppler effect in which the frequencies of the ultrasound beams reflected by the erythrocytes in motion vary as the cells move at different speeds. A lot of strategies have been presented using this technology, related to reproduction of sheep animals, in farm conditions. Applications are based on the evaluation of pregnancy, uterine hemodynamics, luteal functionality and responses to superovulation, among others. This work aimed to present aspects regarding to applications of spectral and color doppler ultrasound in sheep reproduction.(AU)

Impact of hypotensive action of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on ovarian-intraovarian blood flow and follicles development in goats hormonally stimulated with repeated FSH-ECG treatment

Background: Recent evidence shows that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) participates in important reproductiveprocesses, such as steroidogenesis, folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation and ovulation. Several studies have proposed touse an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) as a RAS modulator, aiming to improve reproductive efficiency, however,the presence of the main components of this system in reproductive tissues still need to be further investigated, since thephysiological functions seem to be species-specific. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of enalapril-maleate,an ACE inhibitor, during repeated gonadotropins treatment on ovarian blood flow and follicular development in goats.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty Anglo-Nubian cross-bred goats were equally grouped according to parity (n= 10/group): nulliparous and multiparous parity. In each group, five animals were randomly selected to receive 0.4 mg.kg-1 ofenalapril-maleate during 11 days of estrus synchronization and gonadotropins treatments. The other animals received thesame volume of saline solution. Estrus synchronization of all goats was made by intramuscular ad-ministration of PGF2αanalog, followed 48 h later by intravaginal insertion of a controlled internal drug release device. Forty-eight h after devicewithdrawal, a single dose of 60 mg of FSH plus 300 UI of eCG was administered and repeated every 4 days to complete 3treatments. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed using pulsed and color Doppler to evaluate Doppler velocimetricsparameters of the ovarian artery and intraovarian blood flow, respec-tively, and B-mode real-time ultrasound scanner toevaluate the follicular development. In the females treated with enalapril-maleate was observed a significant reduction ofsystolic and diastolic peak, without difference according to parity. In addition, in the third session of hor-monal stimulation,only the groups (nulliparous and multiparous) not treated with...(AU)

Impact of hypotensive action of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on ovarian-intraovarian blood flow and follicles development in goats hormonally stimulated with repeated FSH-ECG treatment

Background: Recent evidence shows that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) participates in important reproductiveprocesses, such as steroidogenesis, folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation and ovulation. Several studies have proposed touse an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) as a RAS modulator, aiming to improve reproductive efficiency, however,the presence of the main components of this system in reproductive tissues still need to be further investigated, since thephysiological functions seem to be species-specific. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of enalapril-maleate,an ACE inhibitor, during repeated gonadotropins treatment on ovarian blood flow and follicular development in goats.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty Anglo-Nubian cross-bred goats were equally grouped according to parity (n= 10/group): nulliparous and multiparous parity. In each group, five animals were randomly selected to receive 0.4 mg.kg-1 ofenalapril-maleate during 11 days of estrus synchronization and gonadotropins treatments. The other animals received thesame volume of saline solution. Estrus synchronization of all goats was made by intramuscular ad-ministration of PGF2αanalog, followed 48 h later by intravaginal insertion of a controlled internal drug release device. Forty-eight h after devicewithdrawal, a single dose of 60 mg of FSH plus 300 UI of eCG was administered and repeated every 4 days to complete 3treatments. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed using pulsed and color Doppler to evaluate Doppler velocimetricsparameters of the ovarian artery and intraovarian blood flow, respec-tively, and B-mode real-time ultrasound scanner toevaluate the follicular development. In the females treated with enalapril-maleate was observed a significant reduction ofsystolic and diastolic peak, without difference according to parity. In addition, in the third session of hor-monal stimulation,only the groups (nulliparous and multiparous) not treated with...

Influência da orquiectomia na avaliação ultrassonográfica das glândulas anexas de equinos / Influence of orchiectomy on ultrasound assessment of equine accessory glands

A ultrassonografia confere uma avaliação minuciosa do trato reprodutivo de equinos, conferindo relevância no exame andrológico para percepção de higidez ou diagnóstico antecipado de afecções. Portanto, objetivou-se descrever e determinar as mensurações e alterações das glândulas anexas de equinos submetidos à orquiectomia. Garanhões da raça Quarto de Milha (n = 5), com idade de 4-6 anos, foram avaliados por meio de palpação e ultrassonografia transretal previamente à orquiectomia e após, com intervalo de 30, 60 e 90 dias do procedimento. As glândulas bulbouretrais, vesículas seminais e ampolas foram palpadas e delimitadas quanto ao tamanho e higidez. Além disso, procedeu-se o escaneamento e mensuração através da ultrassonografia modo-B, por via transretal. A orquiectomia foi realizada de forma independente ao estudo. Para comparação dos dados utilizou-se o teste T-Student e de Variância (ANOVA). A ultrassonografia mostrou-se eficiente para avaliação e mensuração das ampolas dos ductos deferentes, glândulas vesiculares, bulbouretrais e a próstata de equinos. Considerando as consequências da orquiectomia nas estruturas supracitadas, sugere-se que a mesma não promove hipoplasia das glândulas anexas durante o período de 90 dias após cirurgia. No entanto, apenas as ampolas dos ductos deferentes demonstraram mensurações distintas nesse período, com diminuição significativa associada à orquiectomia.(AU)

Ultrasonography provides a thorough assessment of the reproductive tract of horses, giving relevance to the andrological examination for the perception of health or early diagnosis of conditions. Thus, the objective is to describe the assessment and measurement of the attached glands of horses submitted to orchiectomy. Quarter Horses (n = 5), aged 4-6 years, were assessed by palpation and transrectal ultrasound prior to orchiectomy and after 30, 60 and 90 days after the procedure. Bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles and ampoules were palpated and delimited in terms of size and health. In addition, scanning and measurement was carried out using B-mode ultrasound, linear probe, frequency of 7.5 Hz, by transrectal approach. Orchiectomy was performed independently from the study. To compare the data, was used T-Student and Variance test (ANOVA). The ultrasonography proved to be efficient for evaluating and measuring the ampoules of the vas deferens, vesicular gland, bulbourethral and the prostate of horses. Considering the consequences of orchiectomy on the aforementioned structures, it is suggested that it does not promote hypoplasia of the attached glands during the period of 90 days after surgery. However, only the ampoules of the vas deferens showed different measurements during this period, with a significant decrease associated with orchiectomy.(AU)

Influência da orquiectomia na avaliação ultrassonográfica das glândulas anexas de equinos / Influence of orchiectomy on ultrasound assessment of equine accessory glands

A ultrassonografia confere uma avaliação minuciosa do trato reprodutivo de equinos, conferindo relevância no exame andrológico para percepção de higidez ou diagnóstico antecipado de afecções. Portanto, objetivou-se descrever e determinar as mensurações e alterações das glândulas anexas de equinos submetidos à orquiectomia. Garanhões da raça Quarto de Milha (n = 5), com idade de 4-6 anos, foram avaliados por meio de palpação e ultrassonografia transretal previamente à orquiectomia e após, com intervalo de 30, 60 e 90 dias do procedimento. As glândulas bulbouretrais, vesículas seminais e ampolas foram palpadas e delimitadas quanto ao tamanho e higidez. Além disso, procedeu-se o escaneamento e mensuração através da ultrassonografia modo-B, por via transretal. A orquiectomia foi realizada de forma independente ao estudo. Para comparação dos dados utilizou-se o teste T-Student e de Variância (ANOVA). A ultrassonografia mostrou-se eficiente para avaliação e mensuração das ampolas dos ductos deferentes, glândulas vesiculares, bulbouretrais e a próstata de equinos. Considerando as consequências da orquiectomia nas estruturas supracitadas, sugere-se que a mesma não promove hipoplasia das glândulas anexas durante o período de 90 dias após cirurgia. No entanto, apenas as ampolas dos ductos deferentes demonstraram mensurações distintas nesse período, com diminuição significativa associada à orquiectomia.

Ultrasonography provides a thorough assessment of the reproductive tract of horses, giving relevance to the andrological examination for the perception of health or early diagnosis of conditions. Thus, the objective is to describe the assessment and measurement of the attached glands of horses submitted to orchiectomy. Quarter Horses (n = 5), aged 4-6 years, were assessed by palpation and transrectal ultrasound prior to orchiectomy and after 30, 60 and 90 days after the procedure. Bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles and ampoules were palpated and delimited in terms of size and health. In addition, scanning and measurement was carried out using B-mode ultrasound, linear probe, frequency of 7.5 Hz, by transrectal approach. Orchiectomy was performed independently from the study. To compare the data, was used T-Student and Variance test (ANOVA). The ultrasonography proved to be efficient for evaluating and measuring the ampoules of the vas deferens, vesicular gland, bulbourethral and the prostate of horses. Considering the consequences of orchiectomy on the aforementioned structures, it is suggested that it does not promote hypoplasia of the attached glands during the period of 90 days after surgery. However, only the ampoules of the vas deferens showed different measurements during this period, with a significant decrease associated with orchiectomy.

Avaliação inicial da gestação equina por ultrassonografia 3D Relato de caso / Initial evaluation of equine pregnancy by 3D ultrasound Case report

O presente trabalho objetivou o acompanhamento da gestação inicial na égua entre os dias 12 a35 pós-ovulação por meio da ultrassonografia tridimensional (3D). Após o diagnóstico de gestação no dia12 pós-ovulação, a reprodutora foi examinada diariamente por palpação retal e ultrassonografia paraadquirir imagens no modo B e em 3D. Nas avaliações diárias e com as imagens construídas pela técnicade ultrassonografia tridimensional foi possível acompanhar o crescimento do concepto, a identificação doembrião propriamente dito e a diferenciação de estruturas e membranas (saco vitelino e saco alantoide)permitindo visualizações em 360 graus. Pode-se concluir que na técnica de processamento da imagemtridimensional as imagens geradas fornecem excelente material educacional e acadêmico, precisando demais estudos para permitir uma efetiva aplicação clínica na perda embrionária.(AU)

The present study aimed at monitoring the initial pregnancy in the mare between days 12 to 35after ovulation using three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography. After the diagnosis of gestation on day 12after ovulation, the reproductive tract was examined daily by rectal palpation and ultrasonography toacquire images in B mode and in 3D. In the daily evaluations and with the images constructed by thetechnique of three-dimensional ultrasonography, it was possible to follow the growth of the concept, theidentification of the embryo proper and the differentiation of structures and membranes (yolk andallantoic sac) allowing visualizations in 360 degrees. It can be concluded that the 3D generated imagesprovide excellent educational and academic material however, more studies are needed to allow aneffective application in embryonic loss.(AU)

Avaliação inicial da gestação equina por ultrassonografia 3D – Relato de caso / Initial evaluation of equine pregnancy by 3D ultrasound – Case report

O presente trabalho objetivou o acompanhamento da gestação inicial na égua entre os dias 12 a35 pós-ovulação por meio da ultrassonografia tridimensional (3D). Após o diagnóstico de gestação no dia12 pós-ovulação, a reprodutora foi examinada diariamente por palpação retal e ultrassonografia paraadquirir imagens no modo B e em 3D. Nas avaliações diárias e com as imagens construídas pela técnicade ultrassonografia tridimensional foi possível acompanhar o crescimento do concepto, a identificação doembrião propriamente dito e a diferenciação de estruturas e membranas (saco vitelino e saco alantoide)permitindo visualizações em 360 graus. Pode-se concluir que na técnica de processamento da imagemtridimensional as imagens geradas fornecem excelente material educacional e acadêmico, precisando demais estudos para permitir uma efetiva aplicação clínica na perda embrionária.

The present study aimed at monitoring the initial pregnancy in the mare between days 12 to 35after ovulation using three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography. After the diagnosis of gestation on day 12after ovulation, the reproductive tract was examined daily by rectal palpation and ultrasonography toacquire images in B mode and in 3D. In the daily evaluations and with the images constructed by thetechnique of three-dimensional ultrasonography, it was possible to follow the growth of the concept, theidentification of the embryo proper and the differentiation of structures and membranes (yolk andallantoic sac) allowing visualizations in 360 degrees. It can be concluded that the 3D generated imagesprovide excellent educational and academic material however, more studies are needed to allow aneffective application in embryonic loss.

Avaliação do uso do CIDR novo e reutilizado no início e duração do estro em ovinos / Evaluation of the use of new and reused CIDR at the beginning and duration of estrus in sheep

Study evaluated the use of new and re-utilized CIDR® to increase the reproductive breeding efficiency of the Santa Inês (SI) and Morada Nova (MN). In the synchronization protocol, 40 sheep was divided into four groups: MN with re-utilized CIDR®; MN with new CIDR®; SI with re-utilized CIDR® and SI with new CIDR®. The protocollasted for 15 days. At D0, females received CIDR®. Between D7 and D9, ovarian superstimulation was inducedby two doses application with a 12-hour break of p-FSH. Estrus confirmation was evaluated with ruffians, and the duration determined with the first and last mounts. The ovulation was determined by B-mode ultrasound and color Doppler. All animals of the experiment showed signs of estrus after removal of the device and there was no difference between treatments (p>0.05). In Treatment 1 (T1, CIDR® used), the beginning of estrus was 22.3±1.53h and in Treatment 2 (T2, new CIDR®) was 22.9±1.64h. In estrus duration, T1 and T2 was similar (21.6±1.81 and 22.2±0.63, respectively). Conclusion: the treatments are efficient to induce and synchronize estrus, with satisfactory results in their duration.