Leaf mineral concentration of peach after the use of resistance inducers / Concentração mineral da folha do pessegueiro após o uso de indutores de resistência

ABSTRACT: This research studied the effect of the inducers acibenzolar-S-Methyl, potassium phosphite, and potassium silicate on the leaf mineral concentration of peach. The experiment was carried out in Tezontepec, Puebla, in the years 2017 and 2018. The treatments consisted of the foliar application of the resistance inducers acibenzolar-S-Methyl, potassium phosphite, and potassium silicate. Inducers were applied at commercially recommended dose. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replicates. Foliar quantification of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper and silicon was carried out. The use of resistance inducers increases the leaf concentrations of calcium. The interaction of resistance inducers and years of application modified the foliar concentration of magnesium, phosphorus and sulfur in peaches.

RESUMO: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar o efeito dos indutores acibenzolar-S-Metil, fosfito de potássio e silicato de potássio sobre o teor de minerais foliares do pessegueiro. O experimento foi realizado em Tezontepec, Puebla, nos anos de 2017 e 2018. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação foliar dos indutores acibenzolar-S-Metil, fosfito de potássio e silicato de potássio. Os indutores foram aplicados na dose comercialmente recomendada. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foi realizada a quantificação foliar de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, cobre e silício. A interação de indutores de resistência e anos de aplicação modificou a concentração foliar de magnésio, fósforo e enxofre nas folhas de pessegueiro.

Leaf mineral concentration of peach after the use of resistance inducers / Concentração mineral da folha do pessegueiro após o uso de indutores de resistência

This research studied the effect of the inducers acibenzolar-S-Methyl, potassium phosphite, and potassium silicate on the leaf mineral concentration of peach. The experiment was carried out in Tezontepec, Puebla, in the years 2017 and 2018. The treatments consisted of the foliar application of the resistance inducers acibenzolar-S-Methyl, potassium phosphite, and potassium silicate. Inducers were applied at commercially recommended dose. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replicates. Foliar quantification of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper and silicon was carried out. The use of resistance inducers increases the leaf concentrations of calcium. The interaction of resistance inducers and years of application modified the foliar concentration of magnesium, phosphorus and sulfur in peaches.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar o efeito dos indutores acibenzolar-S-Metil, fosfito de potássio e silicato de potássio sobre o teor de minerais foliares do pessegueiro. O experimento foi realizado em Tezontepec, Puebla, nos anos de 2017 e 2018. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação foliar dos indutores acibenzolar-S-Metil, fosfito de potássio e silicato de potássio. Os indutores foram aplicados na dose comercialmente recomendada. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foi realizada a quantificação foliar de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, cobre e silício. A interação de indutores de resistência e anos de aplicação modificou a concentração foliar de magnésio, fósforo e enxofre nas folhas de pessegueiro.

Ácido salicílico e cobertura de solo no cultivo de physalis / Salicylic acid and soil cover in the cultivation of physalis

O objetivo neste trabalho foi verificar a influência da aplicação de diferentes concentrações de ácido salicílico e distintas coberturas de solo no cultivo de physalis (Physalis peruviana L). O trabalho foi desenvolvido na área experimental da Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Laranjeiras do Sul-PR. Foram utilizadas mudas de physalis produzidas em casa de vegetação. A campo foram submetidas a cinco concentrações de ácido salicílico (0, 0,001, 0,002, 0,003, 0,004 Mol L-¹), e três coberturas de solo (palhada de gramínea, eucalipto e testemunha sem palhada). Nas avaliações de pré-colheita, o delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x5. Para as avaliações pós-colheita o delineamento experimental foi 3x5x2, sendo considerado também o mês de colheita. Não houve interação entre os fatores para as variáveis analisadas. Para altura e diâmetro, presença de insetos, incidência e severidade de doenças foliares, somente o fator concentrações de ácido salicílico influenciou. Na pós-colheita somente o mês de colheita interferiu nos fatores, sendo a colheita de setembro com maior número e massa dos frutos, mas também o maior ataque de insetos e doenças. Concluiu-se com este trabalho que a aplicação de ácido salicílico influenciou no desenvolvimento de plantas de physalis.(AU)

The objective of this work was to verify the influence of the application of different concentrations of salicylic acid and different soil coverings in the cultivation of physalis (Physalis peruvianaL). The work was developed in the experimentalarea of the Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Laranjeiras do Sul-PR. Physalis seedlings produced in a greenhouse were used. The field was subjected to five concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 0,001, 0,002, 0,003, 0,004 Mol L-¹), and three soil coverings (grass straw, eucalyptus and control without straw). In the pre-harvest evaluations, the experimental design was randomized blocks, in a 3x5 factorial scheme. For post-harvest evaluations, the experimental design was 3x5x2, and the month of harvest was also considered. There was no interaction between the factors for the analyzed variables. For height and diameter increase and presence of insects, incidence and severity of leaf diseases, only the factor of salicylic acid influences. In the post-harvestperiod, only the month of harvest interfered in the factors, with the September harvest having the largest number and mass of fruits, but also the greatest attack by insects and diseases. It was concluded with this work that the application of salicylic acid influenced the development of physalis plants.(AU)

The predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) does not respond for volatiles of maize infested by Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Abstract Among the plants defense mechanisms, the induction and emission of volatile organic compounds, which can be used to attract natural enemies, such predators insects. Although well studied, the induction of plant volatiles that attract natural enemies can vary according to intensity of infestation of herbivores and the species of host plant. We investigated the olfactory behavioral responses of the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to the volatiles of infested maize (Zea mays) plants by the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836) (Acari: Tetranychidae) in early and advanced infestations. The Bt (Viptera) maize cultivar Impact® was used for tests the behavior of N. californicus. After initial and advanced infestations, the phytophagous mites T. urticae were removed, and the plants were tested using a Y olfactometer. The following treatments were evaluated: air vs. air, uninfested plants vs. air, uninfested plants vs. plants infested with 10 females of T. urticae, uninfested plants vs. plants infested with 100 females of T. urticae, uninfested plants vs. plants infested with 200 females of T. urticae and plants infested with 10 vs. plants infested with 200 females of T. urticae. The predatory mite N. californicus did not show preference to the treatments tested, suggesting that maize plants infested by T. urticae do not induce volatiles capable of attracting the predatory mite N. californicus. We concluded that N. californicus is not attracted by maize plants infested by T. urticae.

Resumo Dentre os mecanismos de defesa de plantas, a indução e emissão de compostos orgânicos voláteis, podem ser utilizados para atrair inimigos naturais, como insetos predadores. Embora bem estudada, a indução dos voláteis de plantas que atraem inimigos naturais pode variar de acordo com a intensidade de infestação de herbívoros e a espécie de planta hospedeira. Investigamos as respostas comportamentais olfativas do ácaro predador Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) aos voláteis de plantas infestadas pelo ácaro-rajado Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836) (Acari: Tetranychidae). A cultivar de milho Bt (Viptera) Impact® foi utilizada para testar o comportamento de N. californicus. Após infestações iniciais e avançadas, os ácaros fitófagos T. urticae foram removidos e as plantas testadas em olfatômetro Y. Os seguintes tratamentos foram avaliados: ar vs. ar, plantas não infestadas vs. ar, plantas não infestadas vs. plantas infestadas com 10 fêmeas de T. urticae, plantas não infestadas vs. plantas infestadas com 100 fêmeas de T. urticae, plantas não infestadas vs. plantas infestadas com 200 fêmeas de T. urticae e plantas infestadas com 10 vs. plantas infestadas com 200 fêmeas de T. urticae. O ácaro predador N. californicus não mostrou preferência aos tratamentos testados, sugerindo que plantas de milho infestadas por T. urticae não induzem voláteis capazes de atrair o ácaro predador N. californicus. Concluímos que N. californicus não é atraído por plantas de milho infestadas por T. urticae.

The predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) does not respond for volatiles of maize infested by Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) / O ácaro predador Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) não responde aos voláteis de milho infestado por Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Among the plants defense mechanisms, the induction and emission of volatile organic compounds, which can be used to attract natural enemies, such predators insects. Although well studied, the induction of plant volatiles that attract natural enemies can vary according to intensity of infestation of herbivores and the species of host plant. We investigated the olfactory behavioral responses of the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to the volatiles of infested maize (Zea mays) plants by the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836) (Acari: Tetranychidae) in early and advanced infestations. The Bt (Viptera) maize cultivar Impact® was used for tests the behavior of N. californicus. After initial and advanced infestations, the phytophagous mites T. urticae were removed, and the plants were tested using a "Y" olfactometer. The following treatments were evaluated: air vs. air, uninfested plants vs. air, uninfested plants vs. plants infested with 10 females of T. urticae, uninfested plants vs. plants infested with 100 females of T. urticae, uninfested plants vs. plants infested with 200 females of T. urticae and plants infested with 10 vs. plants infested with 200 females of T. urticae. The predatory mite N. californicus did not show preference to the treatments tested, suggesting that maize plants infested by T. urticae do not induce volatiles capable of attracting the predatory mite N. californicus. We concluded that N. californicus is not attracted by maize plants infested by T. urticae.

Dentre os mecanismos de defesa de plantas, a indução e emissão de compostos orgânicos voláteis, podem ser utilizados para atrair inimigos naturais, como insetos predadores. Embora bem estudada, a indução dos voláteis de plantas que atraem inimigos naturais pode variar de acordo com a intensidade de infestação de herbívoros e a espécie de planta hospedeira. Investigamos as respostas comportamentais olfativas do ácaro predador Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) aos voláteis de plantas infestadas pelo ácaro-rajado Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836) (Acari: Tetranychidae). A cultivar de milho Bt (Viptera) Impact® foi utilizada para testar o comportamento de N. californicus. Após infestações iniciais e avançadas, os ácaros fitófagos T. urticae foram removidos e as plantas testadas em olfatômetro "Y". Os seguintes tratamentos foram avaliados: ar vs. ar, plantas não infestadas vs. ar, plantas não infestadas vs. plantas infestadas com 10 fêmeas de T. urticae, plantas não infestadas vs. plantas infestadas com 100 fêmeas de T. urticae, plantas não infestadas vs. plantas infestadas com 200 fêmeas de T. urticae e plantas infestadas com 10 vs. plantas infestadas com 200 fêmeas de T. urticae. O ácaro predador N. californicus não mostrou preferência aos tratamentos testados, sugerindo que plantas de milho infestadas por T. urticae não induzem voláteis capazes de atrair o ácaro predador N. californicus. Concluímos que N. californicus não é atraído por plantas de milho infestadas por T. urticae.

Does diatomaceous earth improve agronomic characteristics and induce resistance to arthropod pest in physalis? / Terra diatomácea melhora as características agronômicas e induz resistência a artrópodes-praga em physalis?

Physalis peruviana (Solanaceae) is an exotic fruit that is still little cultivated in Brazil when compared to other species. As a result, information related to management that can contribute to the development of the crop and pest control is scarce. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of spraying diatomaceous earth (DE) on the phytotechnical parameters of the crop and fruit quality, as well as on the induced resistance to arthropods pest in P. peruviana. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with five treatments, which refer to the concentrations of DE (T1 - 0 g L-1; T2 - 1 g L-1; T3 - 3 g L-1; T4 - 6 g L-1 and T5 - 9 g L-1) and eight blocks. Phytotechnical characteristics of the crop and quality (soluble solids) of the fruits were evaluated, as well as the induction of resistance by evaluating the incidence of arthropods pest. There was no significant difference between the DE concentrations for the phytotechnical and quality variables and those related to the feeding preference of herbivorous insects (number and percentage of leaves with holes). However, plants treated with DE were less preferred for oviposition by Bemisia tabaci and Lema bilineata, and fewer whitefly adults and L. bilineata larvae and adults were also recorded. Thus, it is concluded that DE has no effect on phytotechnical and quality parameters of physalis, but induces resistance against arthropods pest such as B. tabaci and L. bilineata.(AU)

Physalis peruviana (Solanaceae) é uma frutífera exótica ainda pouco cultivada no Brasil quando comparada a outras espécies. Em função disso, informações relacionadas ao manejo que possam contribuir para o desenvolvimento da cultura e controle de pragas são escassas. Assim, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos da pulverização da terra diatomácea (TD) nos parâmetros fitotécnicos da cultura e de qualidade dos frutos, bem como na resistência induzida a artrópodes-praga em P. peruviana. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos, que se referem as concentrações de TD (T1 - 0 g L-1; T2 - 1 g L-1; T3 - 3 g L-1; T4 - 6 g L-1 e T5 - 9 g L-1) e oito blocos. Foram avaliadas características fitotécnicas da cultura e de qualidade (sólidos solúveis) dos frutos, bem como a indução de resistência mediante avaliação da incidência dos artrópodes-praga. Não houve diferença significativa entre as concentrações de TD para as variáveis fitotécnicas, de qualidade e aquelas relacionadas à preferência alimentar dos insetos herbívoros (número e porcentagem de folhas com orifícios). Contudo, as plantas tratadas com TD foram menos preferidas para oviposição por Bemisia tabaci e Lema bilineata, sendo registrado também menor número de adultos da mosca-branca e de larvas e adultos de L. bilineata. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a TD não apresenta efeito nos parâmetros fitotécnicos e de qualidade da physalis, mas induz resistência contra artrópodes-praga como B. tabaci e L. bilineata.(AU)

The predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) does not respond for volatiles of maize infested by Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) / O ácaro predador Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) não responde aos voláteis de milho infestado por Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Among the plants defense mechanisms, the induction and emission of volatile organic compounds, which can be used to attract natural enemies, such predators insects. Although well studied, the induction of plant volatiles that attract natural enemies can vary according to intensity of infestation of herbivores and the species of host plant. We investigated the olfactory behavioral responses of the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to the volatiles of infested maize (Zea mays) plants by the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836) (Acari: Tetranychidae) in early and advanced infestations. The Bt (Viptera) maize cultivar Impact® was used for tests the behavior of N. californicus. After initial and advanced infestations, the phytophagous mites T. urticae were removed, and the plants were tested using a "Y" olfactometer. The following treatments were evaluated: air vs. air, uninfested plants vs. air, uninfested plants vs. plants infested with 10 females of T. urticae, uninfested plants vs. plants infested with 100 females of T. urticae, uninfested plants vs. plants infested with 200 females of T. urticae and plants infested with 10 vs. plants infested with 200 females of T. urticae. The predatory mite N. californicus did not show preference to the treatments tested, suggesting that maize plants infested by T. urticae do not induce volatiles capable of attracting the predatory mite N. californicus. We concluded that N. californicus is not attracted by maize plants infested by T. urticae.

Dentre os mecanismos de defesa de plantas, a indução e emissão de compostos orgânicos voláteis, podem ser utilizados para atrair inimigos naturais, como insetos predadores. Embora bem estudada, a indução dos voláteis de plantas que atraem inimigos naturais pode variar de acordo com a intensidade de infestação de herbívoros e a espécie de planta hospedeira. Investigamos as respostas comportamentais olfativas do ácaro predador Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) aos voláteis de plantas infestadas pelo ácaro-rajado Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836) (Acari: Tetranychidae). A cultivar de milho Bt (Viptera) Impact® foi utilizada para testar o comportamento de N. californicus. Após infestações iniciais e avançadas, os ácaros fitófagos T. urticae foram removidos e as plantas testadas em olfatômetro “Y”. Os seguintes tratamentos foram avaliados: ar vs. ar, plantas não infestadas vs. ar, plantas não infestadas vs. plantas infestadas com 10 fêmeas de T. urticae, plantas não infestadas vs. plantas infestadas com 100 fêmeas de T. urticae, plantas não infestadas vs. plantas infestadas com 200 fêmeas de T. urticae e plantas infestadas com 10 vs. plantas infestadas com 200 fêmeas de T. urticae. O ácaro predador N. californicus não mostrou preferência aos tratamentos testados, sugerindo que plantas de milho infestadas por T. urticae não induzem voláteis capazes de atrair o ácaro predador N. californicus. Concluímos que N. californicus não é atraído por plantas de milho infestadas por T. urticae.

The predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) does not respond for volatiles of maize infested by Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) / O ácaro predador Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) não responde aos voláteis de milho infestado por Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Among the plants defense mechanisms, the induction and emission of volatile organic compounds, which can be used to attract natural enemies, such predators insects. Although well studied, the induction of plant volatiles that attract natural enemies can vary according to intensity of infestation of herbivores and the species of host plant. We investigated the olfactory behavioral responses of the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to the volatiles of infested maize (Zea mays) plants by the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836) (Acari: Tetranychidae) in early and advanced infestations. The Bt (Viptera) maize cultivar Impact® was used for tests the behavior of N. californicus. After initial and advanced infestations, the phytophagous mites T. urticae were removed, and the plants were tested using a "Y" olfactometer. The following treatments were evaluated: air vs. air, uninfested plants vs. air, uninfested plants vs. plants infested with 10 females of T. urticae, uninfested plants vs. plants infested with 100 females of T. urticae, uninfested plants vs. plants infested with 200 females of T. urticae and plants infested with 10 vs. plants infested with 200 females of T. urticae. The predatory mite N. californicus did not show preference to the treatments tested, suggesting that maize plants infested by T. urticae do not induce volatiles capable of attracting the predatory mite N. californicus. We concluded that N. californicus is not attracted by maize plants infested by T. urticae.

Dentre os mecanismos de defesa de plantas, a indução e emissão de compostos orgânicos voláteis, podem ser utilizados para atrair inimigos naturais, como insetos predadores. Embora bem estudada, a indução dos voláteis de plantas que atraem inimigos naturais pode variar de acordo com a intensidade de infestação de herbívoros e a espécie de planta hospedeira. Investigamos as respostas comportamentais olfativas do ácaro predador Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) aos voláteis de plantas infestadas pelo ácaro-rajado Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836) (Acari: Tetranychidae). A cultivar de milho Bt (Viptera) Impact® foi utilizada para testar o comportamento de N. californicus. Após infestações iniciais e avançadas, os ácaros fitófagos T. urticae foram removidos e as plantas testadas em olfatômetro “Y”. Os seguintes tratamentos foram avaliados: ar vs. ar, plantas não infestadas vs. ar, plantas não infestadas vs. plantas infestadas com 10 fêmeas de T. urticae, plantas não infestadas vs. plantas infestadas com 100 fêmeas de T. urticae, plantas não infestadas vs. plantas infestadas com 200 fêmeas de T. urticae e plantas infestadas com 10 vs. plantas infestadas com 200 fêmeas de T. urticae. O ácaro predador N. californicus não mostrou preferência aos tratamentos testados, sugerindo que plantas de milho infestadas por T. urticae não induzem voláteis capazes de atrair o ácaro predador N. californicus. Concluímos que N. californicus não é atraído por plantas de milho infestadas por T. urticae.(AU)

Cystitis in a bitch with chronic kidney disease caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli

Background: In dogs with bacterial cystitis that is resistant to multiple antibiotics, resulting from repeated infections andantimicrobial administration, especially if the dog has impaired renal function and the induction of systemic side effectsby intravenous or oral administration is a concern, intravesical instillation of antibiotics might represent an alternativetreatment option. In human and veterinary medicine, a number of studies showed intravesical instillation of antibiotics iseffective for the therapy multidrug-resistant bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI). This report firstly illustrates successfulintravesical meropenem treatment of a UTI caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli with no systemic side effectsin dog with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Case: A 15-year-old spayed female Maltese was presented with recurrent bacterial cystitis. The risk factors for the recurrent UTI were spinal cord injury and CKD which had been managed for 1 year. Ultrasound-guided cystocentesis wasperformed to obtain a urine sample for urinalysis, bacteriologic culture, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Bacterialcystitis caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli was diagnosed on the basis of bacterial culture, and antimicrobialsusceptibility testing. Because the dog had CKD, reducing the clearance of meropenem, intravesical instillation of antibiotics was initiated. The intravesical instillation process consisted of the emptying of the urinary bladder, infusion of adiluted meropenem solution (8.5 mg/kg diluted in 20 mL of saline solution) into the bladder through a urethral catheter,and retention of the meropenem solution in the bladder for 1 h, and its removal. The procedure was repeated every 8 h. Onday 8 of the intravesical instillation therapy, bactereologic culture yielded a growth of E. coli (50,000 CFUs/mL), whichwas less than previously obtained. the concentration of the meropenem solution...

Cystitis in a bitch with chronic kidney disease caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli

Background: In dogs with bacterial cystitis that is resistant to multiple antibiotics, resulting from repeated infections andantimicrobial administration, especially if the dog has impaired renal function and the induction of systemic side effectsby intravenous or oral administration is a concern, intravesical instillation of antibiotics might represent an alternativetreatment option. In human and veterinary medicine, a number of studies showed intravesical instillation of antibiotics iseffective for the therapy multidrug-resistant bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI). This report firstly illustrates successfulintravesical meropenem treatment of a UTI caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli with no systemic side effectsin dog with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Case: A 15-year-old spayed female Maltese was presented with recurrent bacterial cystitis. The risk factors for the recurrent UTI were spinal cord injury and CKD which had been managed for 1 year. Ultrasound-guided cystocentesis wasperformed to obtain a urine sample for urinalysis, bacteriologic culture, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Bacterialcystitis caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli was diagnosed on the basis of bacterial culture, and antimicrobialsusceptibility testing. Because the dog had CKD, reducing the clearance of meropenem, intravesical instillation of antibiotics was initiated. The intravesical instillation process consisted of the emptying of the urinary bladder, infusion of adiluted meropenem solution (8.5 mg/kg diluted in 20 mL of saline solution) into the bladder through a urethral catheter,and retention of the meropenem solution in the bladder for 1 h, and its removal. The procedure was repeated every 8 h. Onday 8 of the intravesical instillation therapy, bactereologic culture yielded a growth of E. coli (50,000 CFUs/mL), whichwas less than previously obtained. the concentration of the meropenem solution...(AU)

Plant extracts in agriculture and their applications in the treatment of seeds / Extratos vegetais na agricultura e suas aplicações no tratamento de sementes

The harmful effects caused by the use of toxic substances in agriculture have led to the development of alternative solutions, and researchers have focused on understanding the effectiveness and potential of plant extracts in agriculture. The aim of this systematic review was to understand the situation of research and scientific dissemination, as well as how current science has approached the use of plant extracts in agriculture, especially in seed applications. There is potential on the use of plant extracts in agriculture, demonstrated by a high number of publications over the last ten years, especially in the years 2018, 2019 and 2020, and Brazil stands out as the main country on this research area. Control of phytopathogenic microorganisms, insect control, biostimulant effect, resistance induction and herbicide effect have been the main themes explored for use in agriculture. The direct application of plant extracts is centered on plants and seeds, being this latter mainly focused on the control of phytopathogenic organisms and biostimulating effect.

Em resposta aos efeitos nocivos da utilização de substâncias toxicas na agricultura, a ciência tem avançado no desenvolvimento de soluções alternativas, visando compreender a eficácia e o potencial de extratos vegetais na agricultura. Objetivou-se com esta revisão sistematizada compreender a situação da pesquisa e divulgação científica, bem como a maneira que a ciência atual tem abordado o uso de extratos vegetais na agricultura, especialmente na aplicação em sementes. O uso de extratos vegetais na agricultura tem potencial demonstrado pelo elevado número de publicações nos últimos dez anos, com destaque para os anos de 2018, 2019 e 2020, sendo o Brasil o país de maior produção de trabalhos voltados à essa área de estudo. Os temas controle de microrganismos fitopatogênicos, controle de insetos, efeito bioestimulante, indução de resistência e efeito herbicida tem sido os principais temas explorados para uso na agricultura. A aplicação de extratos vegetais é centrada principalmente em organismos fitopatogênicos associados a plantas e sementes, sendo que, para a aplicação em sementes, o foco está no controle de organismos fitopatogênicos e efeito de promoção de crescimento.

Control of Meloidogyne paranaensis mediated by silicon

The potential of silicon (Si) to control nematodes is often reported in association with the resistance induction mechanism. The objective of this work was to evaluate the hypothesis of resistance induction in plants against nematodes through the application of Si. In vitro experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of Si and potassium chloride (KCl) on the hatching and mortality of Meloidogyne paranaensis juveniles. For the purpose of a greenhouse experiment, tomato plants were used as a model for bifurcated roots, using the respective control treatments, KCl and distilled water. Ten days after treatment, 2,000 eggs of M. paranaensis were inoculated. At 55 days post-inoculation, the reproduction factor and number of nematodes per gram of root were evaluated. Additionally, the tissue nutrient concentration and gas exchange variables were analyzed. Silicon reduces nematode viability, when in direct contact with the nematode in in vitro experiments and in bifurcated plants. When plants were treated with Si on one side of the root, no nematode control was observed on the opposite corresponding side. Results suggested that Si has a positive effect on the reduction of M. paranaensis population, but probably induced resistance to nematode only through direct action.

Control of Meloidogyne paranaensis mediated by silicon

The potential of silicon (Si) to control nematodes is often reported in association with the resistance induction mechanism. The objective of this work was to evaluate the hypothesis of resistance induction in plants against nematodes through the application of Si. In vitro experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of Si and potassium chloride (KCl) on the hatching and mortality of Meloidogyne paranaensis juveniles. For the purpose of a greenhouse experiment, tomato plants were used as a model for bifurcated roots, using the respective control treatments, KCl and distilled water. Ten days after treatment, 2,000 eggs of M. paranaensis were inoculated. At 55 days post-inoculation, the reproduction factor and number of nematodes per gram of root were evaluated. Additionally, the tissue nutrient concentration and gas exchange variables were analyzed. Silicon reduces nematode viability, when in direct contact with the nematode in in vitro experiments and in bifurcated plants. When plants were treated with Si on one side of the root, no nematode control was observed on the opposite corresponding side. Results suggested that Si has a positive effect on the reduction of M. paranaensis population, but probably induced resistance to nematode only through direct action.(AU)

Genome editing: propelling the next generation of crop improvement / Edição genômica: impulsionando a nova geração do melhoramento de plantas

Climate change and population size records threaten food security. Therefore, the call for a more sustainable and efficient crop production has never been more urgent. Traditional plant breeding was one of the first successful approaches to expand cultivation areas and crop yield. Later, biotechnological tools and their products, such as genetically modified organisms containing exogenous DNA, further broadened the limits of agricultural results, yet bringing huge financial, bureaucratic, and public rejection hurdles. In the 90s, scientific advances brought the opportunity to drive mutations using engineered nucleases, and since 2013 CRISPR-Cas has emerged as the most practical toolkit to edit genomes. One of the most striking possibilities is to generate edited and non-transgenic plants. In this review, we present the working mechanism behind CRISPR-induced mutations and pinpoint the latest techniques developed, as well as its myriad of applications in agriculture. The enhancing scope of CRISPR ranges from introducing traits of agronomic interest – such as herbicide resistance, resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and quality and durability of products – to accelerating plant breeding processes, including haploid induction, generating male-sterile lines, fixating hybrid vigor, and overcoming self-incompatibility. We also discuss regulatory issues surrounding edited plants and derived products around the world, challenges that must be overcome, and future prospects to harness all the potential of this amazing tool to guarantee the new crop production revolution.

As mudanças climáticas e números recordes de população ameaçam a segurança alimentar. Portanto, o apelo por uma produção agrícola mais sustentável e eficiente nunca foi tão urgente. O melhoramento genético tradicional foi uma das primeiras abordagens bem-sucedidas para expandir as áreas de cultivo e o rendimento das safras. Posteriormente, ferramentas biotecnológicas e seus produtos, como organismos geneticamente modificados contendo DNA exógeno, ampliaram ainda mais os limites dos resultados agrícolas, apesar de ainda carregarem enormes obstáculos financeiros, burocráticos e de rejeição pública. Na década de 90, os avanços científicos trouxeram a oportunidade de conduzir mutações usando nucleases projetadas e, desde 2013, CRISPR-Cas surgiu como o kit de ferramentas mais prático para editar genomas. Uma das possibilidades mais marcantes é gerar plantas editadas e não transgênicas. Nesta revisão, apresentamos o mecanismo de ação por trás das mutações induzidas por CRISPR, identificando as últimas técnicas desenvolvidas, bem como sua miríade de aplicações na agricultura. O escopo de aprimoramento do CRISPR varia desde introduzir características de interesse agronômico – como resistência a herbicidas, resistência/tolerância a estresses bióticos e abióticos e qualidade e durabilidade de produtos – até acelerar processos de melhoramento genético de plantas, incluindo indução de haploidia, geração de linhagens macho-estéreis, fixação de vigor híbrido e superação da autoincompatibilidade. Também discutimos questões regulatórias em torno de plantas editadas e produtos derivados mundialmente, desafios que devem ser superados e perspectivas futuras para aproveitar todo o potencial desta ferramenta incrível para garantir a nova revolução na produção de culturas agrícolas.

Genome editing: propelling the next generation of crop improvement / Edição genômica: impulsionando a nova geração do melhoramento de plantas

Climate change and population size records threaten food security. Therefore, the call for a more sustainable and efficient crop production has never been more urgent. Traditional plant breeding was one of the first successful approaches to expand cultivation areas and crop yield. Later, biotechnological tools and their products, such as genetically modified organisms containing exogenous DNA, further broadened the limits of agricultural results, yet bringing huge financial, bureaucratic, and public rejection hurdles. In the 90s, scientific advances brought the opportunity to drive mutations using engineered nucleases, and since 2013 CRISPR-Cas has emerged as the most practical toolkit to edit genomes. One of the most striking possibilities is to generate edited and non-transgenic plants. In this review, we present the working mechanism behind CRISPR-induced mutations and pinpoint the latest techniques developed, as well as its myriad of applications in agriculture. The enhancing scope of CRISPR ranges from introducing traits of agronomic interest such as herbicide resistance, resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and quality and durability of products to accelerating plant breeding processes, including haploid induction, generating male-sterile lines, fixating hybrid vigor, and overcoming self-incompatibility. We also discuss regulatory issues surrounding edited plants and derived products around the world, challenges that must be overcome, and future prospects to harness all the potential of this amazing tool to guarantee the new crop production revolution.(AU)

As mudanças climáticas e números recordes de população ameaçam a segurança alimentar. Portanto, o apelo por uma produção agrícola mais sustentável e eficiente nunca foi tão urgente. O melhoramento genético tradicional foi uma das primeiras abordagens bem-sucedidas para expandir as áreas de cultivo e o rendimento das safras. Posteriormente, ferramentas biotecnológicas e seus produtos, como organismos geneticamente modificados contendo DNA exógeno, ampliaram ainda mais os limites dos resultados agrícolas, apesar de ainda carregarem enormes obstáculos financeiros, burocráticos e de rejeição pública. Na década de 90, os avanços científicos trouxeram a oportunidade de conduzir mutações usando nucleases projetadas e, desde 2013, CRISPR-Cas surgiu como o kit de ferramentas mais prático para editar genomas. Uma das possibilidades mais marcantes é gerar plantas editadas e não transgênicas. Nesta revisão, apresentamos o mecanismo de ação por trás das mutações induzidas por CRISPR, identificando as últimas técnicas desenvolvidas, bem como sua miríade de aplicações na agricultura. O escopo de aprimoramento do CRISPR varia desde introduzir características de interesse agronômico como resistência a herbicidas, resistência/tolerância a estresses bióticos e abióticos e qualidade e durabilidade de produtos até acelerar processos de melhoramento genético de plantas, incluindo indução de haploidia, geração de linhagens macho-estéreis, fixação de vigor híbrido e superação da autoincompatibilidade. Também discutimos questões regulatórias em torno de plantas editadas e produtos derivados mundialmente, desafios que devem ser superados e perspectivas futuras para aproveitar todo o potencial desta ferramenta incrível para garantir a nova revolução na produção de culturas agrícolas.(AU)

Anesthesia for osteosynthesis of femur in a cane toad (Rhinella marina)

Background: The taxonomic order Anura is composed of frogs and toads, with approximately 6,000 species worldwide, of which 900 species are found in Brazil. Rhinella marina, popularly known as "sapo-cururu," is the most commonly found frog in Brazil. Although most of these animals are found in research laboratories and zoos, they are increasingly being reared as pets. Therefore, sedation or anesthesia is often necessary for these animals to facilitate medical care, complementary examinations, or surgical procedures. However, there are only a few reports of anesthesia in frogs. Therefore, the present report aimed to describe the anesthetic protocol for femoral osteosynthetic surgery in an adult cane toad. Case: An adult cane toad presented with a history of difficulty in moving the left hindlimb and loss of limb movements. Radiography showed a simple, complete, transverse, and closed average shaft of the left femur and bone shaft fracture deviation. The animal was referred for an osteosynthetic surgery to stabilize the fracture. Animal restraint was performed using humidified gloves on the operating table. As premedication, ketamine, meloxicam, and morphine were administered, and general anesthesia was induced with isoflurane through a face mask. The anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane through a drip on the animal's back for cutaneous absorption. Lidocaine (2%) anesthetic gel was applied on the incision line to complement the somatic analgesia. The fracture was fixed using an intramedullary Kirschner pin. The heart rate was measured based on the beep of the arterial pulse using a Doppler ultrasonic device, respiratory rate was recorded by visual observation of the animal's respiratory motion, and body temperature was assessed using an esophageal digital thermometer - all of these remained stable during the procedure. Morphine, enrofloxacin, and meloxicam were administered postoperatively. The animal was discharged from the hospital seven days after the surgery, and 14 days later, the animal was deemed clinically stable with favorable wound healing. Discussion: Toads use their skin to breathe and maintain osmotic balance. Therefore, their skin is extremely sensitive to dehydration, requiring constant wetting. General anesthesia in amphibians is recommended for prolonged and painful procedures, as in the present case. Different anesthetics, analgesics, and associated drugs may be used. Ketamine is often used for chemical restraint in amphibians, and the induction and recovery times may vary due to sensitivity and drug resistance. Inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane may also be effective; in the present case, the anesthetic was administered using a mask placed on the frog's skin, without any irritation. Analgesia is essential for any animal, and amphibians have opioid receptors that may be used as targets of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. As indicated for all species, the animal was monitored throughout the procedure. Assessment of heartbeat is the simplest way to monitor anesthesia using Doppler (on the heart or throat); in the present case, was placed on the axillary artery for clear auscultation. In addition, other parameters, such as temperature and primary respiratory movements, were monitored. Anesthetic recovery can take hours or even days, whereas excretion depends on the metabolic rate of each animal. In the present case, recovery was observed 4 h after completion of the procedure, using fresh water on the animal's body to accelerate recovery, as indicated in the literature. This case demonstrated that anesthesia and medications used for anesthesia induction, maintenance, and recovery are safe in toads. For cane toads, during femoral osteosynthesis, this anesthetic procedure has never been described previously in the literature. Finally, such information can aid veterinarians in performing safe and adequate analgesic and anesthetic procedures for the wellbeing of animals.

Combination of cafeteria diet with intraperitoneally streptozotocin in rats. A type-2 diabetes model

ABSTRACT Purpose To develop a model of induction of type-2 diabetes (DM2) by combining low doses of streptozotocin (STZ) and a cafeteria diet. Methods Forty male Wistar rats (200 g) were allocated into four groups: control (non-diabetic, n = 10); STZ 30 mg/kg (diabetic, n = 10); STZ 35 mg/kg (diabetic,n = 10); and STZ 40 mg/kg (diabetic, n = 10). DM2 was induced with a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ after four weeks of cafeteria diet in the three diabetic groups. All animals were evaluated as for anthropometric, and biochemical analyses, as well as liver, kidney and pancreas histological analyses. Results Lower weight gain, higher water intake, higher Lee index, hyperglycemia and modified total protein, urea, alpha-amylase, as well as insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, pancreas, and kidney injury were observed in animals treated with 35 and 40 mg/kg of STZ. Conclusions The results show that the experimental model using cafeteria diet associated with 35 mg/kg of STZ is a low-cost model and efficient in order to develop DM2, confirmed by the presence of polydipsia, hyperglycemia, altered biochemical tests, insulin resistance and damages to the liver, pancreas and kidney, which is similar to the disease found in humans.

Essential oils in pathogen resistance induction of Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden et Cambage / Óleos essenciais na indução de resistência a patógenos em Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden et Cambage

This study evaluated the essential oils of Melaleuca alternifolia, Casearia sylvestris and Eugenia uniflora as inducers of defense mechanisms in Eucalyptus benthamii seedlings. Four mL of each oil, with a concentration of 0.75% were sprayed in E. benthamii seedlings and two bioassays were performed, in the first, the essential oils were sprayed and after 30 days, sugars, proteins, peroxidases, phenylalanine ammonia (PAL), and phenols were evaluated and; in the second, seven days after the first analysis, the essential oils were again sprayed and after three days, the same variables were evaluated. The essential oils of M. alternifolia, C. sylvestris, and E. uniflora sprayed had no significant effects on E. benthamii seedlings after 30 days in terms of total sugars, proteins, peroxidase, PAL activity, and phenols. However, when M. alternifolia and E. uniflora essential oils were sprayed seven days after the first analysis with evaluation after 3 days, an increase in total sugars was observed. After these days, all essential oils promoted an increase in protein levels. The oils of E. uniflora and C. sylvestris also increased peroxidase levels. The PAL defense enzyme not showed increased when essential oils were used. The essential oils of M. alternifolia and C. sylvestris had potential as inducers of defense mechanisms on E. benthamii seedlings after 3 days of their application, what it demonstrated not be permanent.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os óleos essenciais de Melaleuca alternifolia, Casearia sylvestris e Eugenia uniflora como indutores de mecanismos de defesa em mudas de Eucalyptus benthamii. Quatro mL de cada óleo, com concentração de 0,75%, foram pulverizados em mudas de E. benthamii e foram realizados dois bioensaios. No primeiro foram pulverizados os óleos essenciais e após 30 dias, açúcares, proteínas, peroxidases, fenilalanina amônia (PAL) , e fenóis foram avaliados e; na segunda, sete dias após a primeira análise, os óleos essenciais foram novamente pulverizados e após três dias, as mesmas variáveis foram avaliadas. Os óleos essenciais de M. alternifolia, C. sylvestris e E. uniflora pulverizados não tiveram efeito significativo sobre as mudas de E. benthamii após 30 dias em termos de açúcares totais, proteínas, peroxidase, atividade PAL e fenóis. Entretanto, quando os óleos essenciais de M. alternifolia e E. uniflora foram pulverizados sete dias após a primeira análise com avaliação após três dias, foi observado um aumento nos açúcares totais. Depois desses dias, todos os óleos essenciais promoveram aumento nos níveis de proteínas. Os óleos de E. uniflora e C. sylvestris também aumentaram os níveis de peroxidase. A enzima de defesa PAL não se mostrou aumentada quando óleos essenciais foram usados. Os óleos essenciais de M. alternifolia e C. sylvestris apresentaram potencial como indutores de mecanismos de defesa em mudas de E. benthamii após três dias de sua aplicação, o que demonstrou não ser permanente.

Essential oils in pathogen resistance induction of Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden et Cambage / Óleos essenciais na indução de resistência a patógenos em Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden et Cambage

This study evaluated the essential oils of Melaleuca alternifolia, Casearia sylvestris and Eugenia uniflora as inducers of defense mechanisms in Eucalyptus benthamii seedlings. Four mL of each oil, with a concentration of 0.75% were sprayed in E. benthamii seedlings and two bioassays were performed, in the first, the essential oils were sprayed and after 30 days, sugars, proteins, peroxidases, phenylalanine ammonia (PAL), and phenols were evaluated and; in the second, seven days after the first analysis, the essential oils were again sprayed and after three days, the same variables were evaluated. The essential oils of M. alternifolia, C. sylvestris, and E. uniflora sprayed had no significant effects on E. benthamii seedlings after 30 days in terms of total sugars, proteins, peroxidase, PAL activity, and phenols. However, when M. alternifolia and E. uniflora essential oils were sprayed seven days after the first analysis with evaluation after 3 days, an increase in total sugars was observed. After these days, all essential oils promoted an increase in protein levels. The oils of E. uniflora and C. sylvestris also increased peroxidase levels. The PAL defense enzyme not showed increased when essential oils were used. The essential oils of M. alternifolia and C. sylvestris had potential as inducers of defense mechanisms on E. benthamii seedlings after 3 days of their application, what it demonstrated not be permanent.(AU)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os óleos essenciais de Melaleuca alternifolia, Casearia sylvestris e Eugenia uniflora como indutores de mecanismos de defesa em mudas de Eucalyptus benthamii. Quatro mL de cada óleo, com concentração de 0,75%, foram pulverizados em mudas de E. benthamii e foram realizados dois bioensaios. No primeiro foram pulverizados os óleos essenciais e após 30 dias, açúcares, proteínas, peroxidases, fenilalanina amônia (PAL) , e fenóis foram avaliados e; na segunda, sete dias após a primeira análise, os óleos essenciais foram novamente pulverizados e após três dias, as mesmas variáveis foram avaliadas. Os óleos essenciais de M. alternifolia, C. sylvestris e E. uniflora pulverizados não tiveram efeito significativo sobre as mudas de E. benthamii após 30 dias em termos de açúcares totais, proteínas, peroxidase, atividade PAL e fenóis. Entretanto, quando os óleos essenciais de M. alternifolia e E. uniflora foram pulverizados sete dias após a primeira análise com avaliação após três dias, foi observado um aumento nos açúcares totais. Depois desses dias, todos os óleos essenciais promoveram aumento nos níveis de proteínas. Os óleos de E. uniflora e C. sylvestris também aumentaram os níveis de peroxidase. A enzima de defesa PAL não se mostrou aumentada quando óleos essenciais foram usados. Os óleos essenciais de M. alternifolia e C. sylvestris apresentaram potencial como indutores de mecanismos de defesa em mudas de E. benthamii após três dias de sua aplicação, o que demonstrou não ser permanente.(AU)

Insulin dysregulation in horses with induced obesity / Desregulação da insulina em equinos com obesidade induzida

Insulin deregulation (ID) is a central player in the pathophysiology of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS), which is associated with generalized and/or regional obesity. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the alterations in the hormonal profile in horses exposed to a hypercaloric diet. A total of nine Mangalarga Marchador adult horses with initial body condition score (BCS) of 2.9±1/9 (mean±SD) were submitted to a high calorie grain-rich diet for 5 months. The data was collected before the start of the experiment and every 15 days until the end of the experiment and glucose and insulin concentrations were measured in the plasma. Proxies G:I, RISQI, HOMA-IR and MIRG were calculated. The low-dose oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and the total area under the glucose (GTA) and insulin (ITA) curves at three different timepoints (before inducing obesity, after 90 days and after 150 days) was used. Analysis of variance of the results was performed considering the time effects and the means were compared with repeated measures by the Tukey's test (P≤0.05). The ID was observed during the first 90 days of the experiment and was characterized as a decompensated ID, showing an increase of basal glucose and insulin plasma levels, changes in all proxies and a significant increase in GTA (P<0.001) and ITA (P<0.05). However, a clear compensation of the ID was evident after 150 days of experiment, which was supported by data from the insulin secretory response of ß cells of the pancreas that showed an increase in insulin plasma levels, after fasting or exposure to gastric glucose, with a concomitant decrease in fasting glucose and fructosamine levels, and a decrease of GTA and marked increase of ITA (P<0.0001) in the dynamic test. These findings confirm the occurrence of hyperinsulinemia associated with insulin deregulation in Mangalarga Marchador horses exposed to hypercaloric diets.(AU)

A desregulação insulínica (DI) é o ponto central dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos da síndrome metabólica equina (SME), que é associada à obesidade generalizada e/ou regional. O objetivo deste experimento foi caracterizar as alterações no perfil hormonal em equinos submetidos à dieta hipercalórica. Foram utilizados nove equinos Mangalarga Marchador adultos com escore corporal (EC) médio (±DP) inicial de 2,9±1 (escala de 1-9) submetidos à dieta hipercalórica atingindo um EC de 8,3±1 após cinco meses. Os dados foram coletados antes do início do experimento e com o intervalo de 15 dias até o final do experimento, os valores plasmáticos foram obtidos para mensuração das concentrações de glicose e insulina. Foram calculados os proxies G:I, RISQI, HOMA-IR e o MIRG. Foi realizado o teste de baixa dose de glicose oral (TBDGO) utilizando a área total sob a curva de glicose (ATG) e insulina (ATI) em três momentos, antes da indução a obesidade, após 90 e 150 dias. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância considerando-se os efeitos de tempo e as médias comparadas com medidas repetidas pelo teste de Tukey, com o valor P≤0,05. A DI foi observada nos primeiros 90 dias de experimento, se caracterizando como um quadro de DI descompensada, apresentando um aumento dos níveis plasmáticos basais de glicose e insulina, pelas alterações em todos os proxies e com um aumento significativo da ATG (P<0,001) e ATI (P<0,05). Contudo, ficou evidente uma compensação do quadro de DI após 150 dias de experimento, sendo demonstrado pelos dados da resposta secretória insulínica das células ß do pâncreas, que se manifestaram pelo aumento dos níveis plasmáticos de insulina pós-jejum ou exposição à glicose gástrica com concomitante redução nos níveis de glicose e frutosamina pós-jejum e pela redução da ATG e pela marcada elevação de ATI (P<0,0001) no teste dinâmico. Tais achados comprovam a ocorrência de hiperinsulinemia associada à desregulação insulínica em equinos Mangalarga Marchador expostos a dietas à dieta hipercalórica.(AU)