Retinopatia deficiente de taurina em uma gata / Taurine deficiency retinopathy in a cat

Background: Taurine is an essential amino acid for cats and its deficiency causes an ocular disorder called taurine deficiency retinopathy. The retinal lesion is definitive and can be classified into five progression stages. In an advanced stage, it leads to blindness that in most cases is irreversible. This disease is considered rare as taurine is currently supplemented in commercial cat food. The objective of this report is to describe the ophthalmic changes in a cat with advanced taurine deficiency retinopathy, a rare but current disease that is important for differential diagnosis of blindness in cats. Case: We report the case of an adult mixed-breed cat (weighing 3.4 kg), that was attended by the Ophthalmology Service of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (UNESP - Botucatu), which was treated due to complaints of poor visual acuity for about 1 year. The animal, which was previously a stray animal, had been adopted for 2 years and provided premium cat food ad libitum. Ophthalmic examination showed bilateral mydriasis, with negative menace, direct pupillary, and consensual light reflexes. No change was observed in the ocular appendages, cornea, anterior chamber, lens, and vitreous humor. The eyes were normotensive and fluorescein test negative. Direct and indirect fundoscopy revealed an area of ellipsoidal hyperreflexia with darkened margins laterally to the optic nerve disk in the tapetal region and intense retinal vascular attenuation in both eyes, with a diagnosis of taurine deficiency retinopathy. Complete blood count and biochemical analysis parameters were within the normal range, including the leukocyte count. The guardian was instructed to continue feeding the cat balanced cat food and received information on the proper care and management of a blind animal. Discussion: Although taurine deficient retinopathy is currently underdiagnosed due to the supplementation of this amino acid in commercial cat food, animals that are not properly fed, such as those receiving dog food or homemade food, may be deficient in this amino acid. Taurine deficiency and in this case, the consequent taurine deficiency retinopathy, was diagnosed by visualizing the lesion characteristic of this amino acid deficit since no other retinal change presents this aspect in cats. Therefore, this lesion is considered pathognomonic of this deficiency. Hyperreflective retinal lesions with darkened margins indicate the slow chronic progression in the already stabilized lesions. The animal in this report presented pigmented lesion margins, indicating the chronicity of these retinal changes. Moreover, lesion signs are visible on fundoscopy only after a period of 2-11 months of nutritional amino acid deficiency, and complete retinal atrophy usually occurs after at least nine months of taurine deficiency. Thus, complete blindness associated with advanced retinal changes reinforced the suspicion that the animal had taurine deficiency for a prolonged period of time prior to its adoption. Its guardian was instructed to provide balanced commercial cat food, because although retinal lesions are irreversible, cardiac changes resulting from taurine deficiency are reversed with dietary supplementation. In addition, taurine deficiency affects other organs and systems, such as the central nervous, immune, and reproductive systems. In conclusion, although taurine deficiency retinopathy is currently rare, this condition should be considered one of the possible differential diagnoses for blindness in feline patients.

Uso de imagens para diagnóstico de afecções oculares - revisão de literatura / Use of images for the diagnosis of ocular pathologies - literature review / Uso de imágenes para el diagnóstico de patologías de los ojos - revisión de la literatura

La oftalmología veterinaria cubre el diagnóstico de alteraciones oculares primarias, perioculares y retrobulbares, así como sus manifestaciones sistémicas y secundarias, lo que es posible gracias a la evaluación completa del bulbo ocular, la órbita y las inserciones mediante un examen oftálmico completo y exámenes complementarios. Entre las pruebas de imagen que ayudan en el diagnóstico de patologías oculares, la ecografía se encuentra entre las pruebas de imagen más utilizadas en la rutina veterinaria, ayudando en la observación de anomalías retrobulbares y en la evaluación de estructuras bulbosas en presencia de medios transparentes opacos, por ejemplo. Además de la ecografía, existen otros tipos de exámenes, que incluyen tomografía computarizada, resonancia magnética, angiografía, microscopía especular, angiografía, tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) y angiografía por tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT-A). Debido a los avances tecnológicos en la obtención de imágenes, la evaluación del globo ocular y de las estructuras orbitarias se puede realizar con mayor precisión, lo que favorece el diagnóstico y la elección terapéutica adecuada. El objetivo de esta revisión es enumerar las pruebas disponibles, sus principales indicaciones, así como su aplicabilidad y estudios en animales domésticos.

Veterinary ophthalmology covers the diagnosis of primary ocular, periocular and retrobulbar alterations, and also their systemic and secondary manifestations. That is possible through the complete clinic avaliation of ocular bulb, orbit and attachments and the use of complementary exams. Among the imaging exams that help in the diagnostics of ocular pathologies, ultrasound is one of the most used exams in the veterinary routine, assisting in the observation of retrobulbar abnormalities and bulbar structures when the transparency of the tissues is committed, for example. There are other modalities of imaging exams like computer tomography, magnetic resonance, angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and angiography optical coherence tomography (OCT-A). Due to technology advances in images, the avaliation of ocular globe and orbital structures is more accurate, allowing accurate diagnosis and adequate treatment. The aim of this literature review is list the available exams and their indications, as well as their applicability and studies in domestic animals.

A oftalmologia veterinária abrange o diagnóstico das alterações oculares, perioculares e retrobulbares primárias, e também suas manifestações sistêmicas e secundárias, o que se torna possível a partir da avaliação completa do bulbo ocular, órbita e anexos por meio do exame oftálmico completo e de exames complementares. Dentre os exames de imagens que auxiliam no diagnóstico das afecções oculares, a ultrassonografia está entre os exames de imagem mais utilizados na rotina veterinária, auxiliando na observação de anormalidades retrobulbares e na avaliação das estruturas bulbares na presença de opacificação de meios transparentes, por exemplo. Além da ultrassonografia, existem outras modalidades de exames, dentre eles a tomografia computadorizada, ressonância magnética, angiografia, microscopia especular, tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) e angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT-A).  Em virtude dos avanços tecnológicos na obtenção de imagens, a avaliação globo ocular e das estruturas orbitárias pode ser realizada com maior precisão, o que favorece o diagnóstico e a escolha terapêutica adequada. Objetiva-se com esta revisão enumerar os exames disponíveis, suas principais indicações, bem como sua aplicabilidade e estudos em animais domésticos.

P-I metalloproteinases and L-amino acid oxidases from Bothrops species inhibit angiogenesis

Snake venoms are composed of pharmacologically active proteins that are evolutionarily diverse, stable and specific to targets. Hence, venoms have been explored as a source of bioactive molecules in treating numerous diseases. Recent evidences suggest that snake venom proteins may affect the formation of new blood vessels. Excessive angiogenesis has been implicated in several pathologies including tumours, diabetic retinopathy, arthritis, inter alia. In the present study, we have examined the effects of P-I metalloproteinases isolated from Bothrops moojeni (BmMP-1) and Bothrops atrox (BaMP-1) and L-amino acid oxidases (LAAO) isolated from B. moojeni (BmLAAO) and B. atrox (BaLAAO) on biochemical and functional aspects of angiogenesis. Methods: P-I metalloproteinases and LAAO were purified from venom by molecular size exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography and subsequently confirmed using mass spectrometry. The P-I metalloproteinases were characterized by azocaseinolytic, fibrinogenolytic and gelatinase activity and LAAO activity was assessed by enzyme activity on L-amino acids. Influence of these proteins on apoptosis and cell cycle in endothelial cells was analysed by flow cytometry. The angiogenic activity was determined by in vitro 3D spheroid assay, Matrigel tube forming assay, and in vivo agarose plug transformation in mice. Results: P-I metalloproteinases exhibited azocaseinolytic activity, cleaved α and partially β chain of fibrinogen, and displayed catalytic activity on gelatin. LAAO showed differential activity on L-amino acids. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that both P-I metalloproteinases and LAAO arrested the cells in G0/G1 phase and further induced both necrosis and apoptosis in endothelial cells. In vitro, P-I metalloproteinases and LAAO exhibited significant anti-angiogenic properties in 3D spheroid and Matrigel models by reducing sprout outgrowth and tube formation. Using agarose plug transplants in mice harbouring P-I metalloproteinases and LAAO we demonstrated a marked disruption of vasculature at the periphery. Conclusion: Our research suggests that P-I metalloproteinases and LAAO exhibit anti-angiogenic properties in vitro and in vivo.(AU)

Uso de imagens para diagnóstico de afecções oculares - revisão de literatura / Use of images for the diagnosis of ocular pathologies - literature review / Uso de imágenes para el diagnóstico de patologías de los ojos - revisión de la literatura

La oftalmología veterinaria cubre el diagnóstico de alteraciones oculares primarias, perioculares y retrobulbares, así como sus manifestaciones sistémicas y secundarias, lo que es posible gracias a la evaluación completa del bulbo ocular, la órbita y las inserciones mediante un examen oftálmico completo y exámenes complementarios. Entre las pruebas de imagen que ayudan en el diagnóstico de patologías oculares, la ecografía se encuentra entre las pruebas de imagen más utilizadas en la rutina veterinaria, ayudando en la observación de anomalías retrobulbares y en la evaluación de estructuras bulbosas en presencia de medios transparentes opacos, por ejemplo. Además de la ecografía, existen otros tipos de exámenes, que incluyen tomografía computarizada, resonancia magnética, angiografía, microscopía especular, angiografía, tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) y angiografía por tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT-A). Debido a los avances tecnológicos en la obtención de imágenes, la evaluación del globo ocular y de las estructuras orbitarias se puede realizar con mayor precisión, lo que favorece el diagnóstico y la elección terapéutica adecuada. El objetivo de esta revisión es enumerar las pruebas disponibles, sus principales indicaciones, así como su aplicabilidad y estudios en animales domésticos.(AU)

Veterinary ophthalmology covers the diagnosis of primary ocular, periocular and retrobulbar alterations, and also their systemic and secondary manifestations. That is possible through the complete clinic avaliation of ocular bulb, orbit and attachments and the use of complementary exams. Among the imaging exams that help in the diagnostics of ocular pathologies, ultrasound is one of the most used exams in the veterinary routine, assisting in the observation of retrobulbar abnormalities and bulbar structures when the transparency of the tissues is committed, for example. There are other modalities of imaging exams like computer tomography, magnetic resonance, angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and angiography optical coherence tomography (OCT-A). Due to technology advances in images, the avaliation of ocular globe and orbital structures is more accurate, allowing accurate diagnosis and adequate treatment. The aim of this literature review is list the available exams and their indications, as well as their applicability and studies in domestic animals.(AU)

A oftalmologia veterinária abrange o diagnóstico das alterações oculares, perioculares e retrobulbares primárias, e também suas manifestações sistêmicas e secundárias, o que se torna possível a partir da avaliação completa do bulbo ocular, órbita e anexos por meio do exame oftálmico completo e de exames complementares. Dentre os exames de imagens que auxiliam no diagnóstico das afecções oculares, a ultrassonografia está entre os exames de imagem mais utilizados na rotina veterinária, auxiliando na observação de anormalidades retrobulbares e na avaliação das estruturas bulbares na presença de opacificação de meios transparentes, por exemplo. Além da ultrassonografia, existem outras modalidades de exames, dentre eles a tomografia computadorizada, ressonância magnética, angiografia, microscopia especular, tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) e angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT-A).  Em virtude dos avanços tecnológicos na obtenção de imagens, a avaliação globo ocular e das estruturas orbitárias pode ser realizada com maior precisão, o que favorece o diagnóstico e a escolha terapêutica adequada. Objetiva-se com esta revisão enumerar os exames disponíveis, suas principais indicações, bem como sua aplicabilidade e estudos em animais domésticos.(AU)

P-I metalloproteinases and L-amino acid oxidases from Bothrops species inhibit angiogenesis

Snake venoms are composed of pharmacologically active proteins that are evolutionarily diverse, stable and specific to targets. Hence, venoms have been explored as a source of bioactive molecules in treating numerous diseases. Recent evidences suggest that snake venom proteins may affect the formation of new blood vessels. Excessive angiogenesis has been implicated in several pathologies including tumours, diabetic retinopathy, arthritis, inter alia. In the present study, we have examined the effects of P-I metalloproteinases isolated from Bothrops moojeni (BmMP-1) and Bothrops atrox (BaMP-1) and L-amino acid oxidases (LAAO) isolated from B. moojeni (BmLAAO) and B. atrox (BaLAAO) on biochemical and functional aspects of angiogenesis. Methods: P-I metalloproteinases and LAAO were purified from venom by molecular size exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography and subsequently confirmed using mass spectrometry. The P-I metalloproteinases were characterized by azocaseinolytic, fibrinogenolytic and gelatinase activity and LAAO activity was assessed by enzyme activity on L-amino acids. Influence of these proteins on apoptosis and cell cycle in endothelial cells was analysed by flow cytometry. The angiogenic activity was determined by in vitro 3D spheroid assay, Matrigel tube forming assay, and in vivo agarose plug transformation in mice. Results: P-I metalloproteinases exhibited azocaseinolytic activity, cleaved α and partially β chain of fibrinogen, and displayed catalytic activity on gelatin. LAAO showed differential activity on L-amino acids. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that both P-I metalloproteinases and LAAO arrested the cells in G0/G1 phase and further induced both necrosis and apoptosis in endothelial cells. In vitro, P-I metalloproteinases and LAAO exhibited significant anti-angiogenic properties in 3D spheroid and Matrigel models by reducing sprout outgrowth and tube formation. Using agarose plug transplants in mice harbouring P-I metalloproteinases and LAAO we demonstrated a marked disruption of vasculature at the periphery. Conclusion: Our research suggests that P-I metalloproteinases and LAAO exhibit anti-angiogenic properties in vitro and in vivo.(AU)

Accidental closantel poisoning in sheep in the State of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil

Background: Verminosis is one of the major health problems in sheep flocks, and is one of the main causes of death insheep worldwide. Closantel is an antiparasitic drug commonly used in sheep; however, its safety margin is narrow, andthis drug may induce intoxication in animals submitted to high doses. Lesions occur mainly in the eyes, and are characterized by edema and compression of the optic nerve, retinopathy, and severe degeneration of ganglia cells. Clinical signsare pupil dilation, which often lead to permanent blindness. This work aims to report an outbreak of sheep mortality dueto closantel intoxication, associated with inadequate anthelmintic administration practices.Case: An on-site visit was conducted to a sheep farm, located in the municipality of Osório, Rio Grande do Sul (RS)- Brazil, in which high mortality was reported. The flock consisted of approximately 300 Texel sheep, managed in anextensive grazing system. Lambs and adult animals were affected. According to the information provided by the farmowner, many animals presented clinical signs of haemonchosis, and a closantel dose of 20 mg / lamb was administeredin all sheep, regardless of body weight. Lambs weighted on average 13 kg. After closantel administration, several sheeppresented neurologic signs and died. At the clinical examination, sheep presented pallor of ocular mucous membranes,as well as submandibular edema. Also, 20 lambs showed signs of blindness, disorientation and bumping into objects, aswell as hypothermia and lack of response to the menace reflex. Three 30 to 45-day-old male lambs that died spontaneously were submitted for necropsy. Grossly, only mild ascites was noted. Histopathological examination of the retinashowed degeneration and fragmentation of photoreceptor layer as well as depletion of the inner nuclear layer, associatedwith pyknosis and karyorrhexis. There was also a reduction in the number of ganglia cells in the ganglion cell layer andatrophy...

Accidental closantel poisoning in sheep in the State of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil

Background: Verminosis is one of the major health problems in sheep flocks, and is one of the main causes of death insheep worldwide. Closantel is an antiparasitic drug commonly used in sheep; however, its safety margin is narrow, andthis drug may induce intoxication in animals submitted to high doses. Lesions occur mainly in the eyes, and are characterized by edema and compression of the optic nerve, retinopathy, and severe degeneration of ganglia cells. Clinical signsare pupil dilation, which often lead to permanent blindness. This work aims to report an outbreak of sheep mortality dueto closantel intoxication, associated with inadequate anthelmintic administration practices.Case: An on-site visit was conducted to a sheep farm, located in the municipality of Osório, Rio Grande do Sul (RS)- Brazil, in which high mortality was reported. The flock consisted of approximately 300 Texel sheep, managed in anextensive grazing system. Lambs and adult animals were affected. According to the information provided by the farmowner, many animals presented clinical signs of haemonchosis, and a closantel dose of 20 mg / lamb was administeredin all sheep, regardless of body weight. Lambs weighted on average 13 kg. After closantel administration, several sheeppresented neurologic signs and died. At the clinical examination, sheep presented pallor of ocular mucous membranes,as well as submandibular edema. Also, 20 lambs showed signs of blindness, disorientation and bumping into objects, aswell as hypothermia and lack of response to the menace reflex. Three 30 to 45-day-old male lambs that died spontaneously were submitted for necropsy. Grossly, only mild ascites was noted. Histopathological examination of the retinashowed degeneration and fragmentation of photoreceptor layer as well as depletion of the inner nuclear layer, associatedwith pyknosis and karyorrhexis. There was also a reduction in the number of ganglia cells in the ganglion cell layer andatrophy...(AU)

Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Purpose:To investigated the effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Methods:Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (80 mg/kg) in male Wistar rats. Ginsenoside Rb1 (20, 40 mg/kg) was injected (i.p.) once a day for 4 weeks. Then, using fundus photography, the diameter and vascular permeability of retinal vessels were investigated. Retinal histopathology was undertaken. Contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in retinas were assayed. Levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), glutathione cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), and glutathione cysteine ligase modulatory subunit (GCLM) were measured.Results:Treatment with ginsenoside Rb1 attenuated the diabetes-induced increase in the diameter of retinal blood vessels. Ginsenoside Rb1 reduced extravasation of Evans Blue dye from retinal blood vessels. Ginsenoside Rb1 partially inhibited the increase in MDA content and decrease in GSH level in rat retinas. Nrf2 levels in the nuclei of retinal cells and expression of GCLC and GCLM were increased significantly in rats treated with ginsenoside Rb1.Conclusion:These findings suggest that ginsenoside Rb1 can attenuate diabetic retinopathy by regulating the antioxidative function in rat retinas.(AU)

Retina assessment by optical coherence tomography of diabetic dogs / Avaliação da retina de cães diabéticos pela tomografia de coerência óptica

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine disorders characterized by relative or absolute lack of insulin; this can lead to several ocular manifestations, among them diabetic retinopathy and cataracts. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microangiopathy that involves retinal precapillary arterioles, postcapillary venules, and large vessels, causing them to be functionally and anatomically incompetent. Hyperglycemia seems to be the most probable cause of damage to the retina due to interference in cellular metabolism and transduction processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate retinal thickness in eight diabetic dogs, four females and four males of different breeds and ages ranging from 6 to 15 years, by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to compare them with non-diabetic dogs. Assessment provided by OCT in diabetic dogs showed retinal layers thinning and loss of stratification when compared to non-diabetic dogs (198μm versus 219μm respectively), with statistical significance (p=0.008). OCT images may suggest that diabetes mellitus causes retinal neuropathy in dogs, as also seen in diabetic humans.(AU)

Diabete melito é umas das principais endocrinopatias, caracterizada pela deficiência relativa ou absoluta de insulina, que pode resultar em diversas manifestações oculares, sendo as mais frequentes a retinopatia diabética e a catarata. Retinopatia diabética (RD) é uma microangiopatia que afeta primeiramente as arteríolas pré-capilares, capilares, vênulas pós-capilares e vasos de maior calibre, causando incompetência funcional e anatômica dos vasos retinianos. A hiperglicemia parece ser a causa mais provável da lesão retiniana, interferindo nas vias de metabolismo celular e no processo de transdução. Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar e comparar a espessura retiniana total em oito cães diabéticos, quatro fêmeas e quatro machos, de diversas raças, com idade variando de seis a 15 anos, com auxílio de tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) e comparar com a de cães não diabéticos. A espessura e arquitetura retiniana realizada pela OCT nos cães diabéticos, demonstrou afinamento das camadas da retina e perda da estratificação em comparação com os cães não diabéticos (198μm versus 219μm, respectivamente), sendo esta redução estatisticamente significante (p=0,008). Baseado nas imagens da OCT pode-se sugerir que a diabete melito, no cão, cause neuropatia retiniana como descrito em humanos diabéticos.(AU)

Retina assessment by optical coherence tomography of diabetic dogs / Avaliação da retina de cães diabéticos pela tomografia de coerência óptica

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine disorders characterized by relative or absolute lack of insulin; this can lead to several ocular manifestations, among them diabetic retinopathy and cataracts. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microangiopathy that involves retinal precapillary arterioles, postcapillary venules, and large vessels, causing them to be functionally and anatomically incompetent. Hyperglycemia seems to be the most probable cause of damage to the retina due to interference in cellular metabolism and transduction processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate retinal thickness in eight diabetic dogs, four females and four males of different breeds and ages ranging from 6 to 15 years, by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to compare them with non-diabetic dogs. Assessment provided by OCT in diabetic dogs showed retinal layers thinning and loss of stratification when compared to non-diabetic dogs (198μm versus 219μm respectively), with statistical significance (p=0.008). OCT images may suggest that diabetes mellitus causes retinal neuropathy in dogs, as also seen in diabetic humans.(AU)

Diabete melito é umas das principais endocrinopatias, caracterizada pela deficiência relativa ou absoluta de insulina, que pode resultar em diversas manifestações oculares, sendo as mais frequentes a retinopatia diabética e a catarata. Retinopatia diabética (RD) é uma microangiopatia que afeta primeiramente as arteríolas pré-capilares, capilares, vênulas pós-capilares e vasos de maior calibre, causando incompetência funcional e anatômica dos vasos retinianos. A hiperglicemia parece ser a causa mais provável da lesão retiniana, interferindo nas vias de metabolismo celular e no processo de transdução. Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar e comparar a espessura retiniana total em oito cães diabéticos, quatro fêmeas e quatro machos, de diversas raças, com idade variando de seis a 15 anos, com auxílio de tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) e comparar com a de cães não diabéticos. A espessura e arquitetura retiniana realizada pela OCT nos cães diabéticos, demonstrou afinamento das camadas da retina e perda da estratificação em comparação com os cães não diabéticos (198μm versus 219μm, respectivamente), sendo esta redução estatisticamente significante (p=0,008). Baseado nas imagens da OCT pode-se sugerir que a diabete melito, no cão, cause neuropatia retiniana como descrito em humanos diabéticos.(AU)

Nefropatia diabética em cães: revisão de literatura / Diabetic nephropathy in dogs: literature review

O diabetes mellitus que se desenvolve por deficiência de insulina e hiperglicemia crônica usualmente apresenta complicações que incluem catarata, retinopatia, infecções recorrentes e cetoacidose. A hiperglicemia crônica pode promover complicações a longo prazo como a nefropatia diabética. Nos humanos, a nefropatia diabética é caracterizada principalmente por lesão glomerular e geralmente está associada a hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Dentre os mecanismos propostos para a fisiopatologia da nefropatia diabética tem sido referida a lesão glomerular, assim como a lesão nos túbulos renais. Contudo, até o momento existem poucos estudos investigando a relação entre diabetes mellitus e lesão renal em cães. Esta revisão tem por objetivos esclarecer os possíveis mecanismos fisiopatológicos da nefropatia diabética e discutir o conhecimento disponível sobre sua ocorrência em cães.

Diabetes mellitus caused by insulin deficiency and chronic hyperglycemia usually presents complications including cataract, retinopathy, recurrent infections and ketoacidosis. Chronic hyperglycemia can cause long-term complications such as diabetic nephropathy. In humans, diabetic nephropathy is characterized mainly by glomerular injury and usually it is associated with systemic hypertension. The mechanisms proposed for the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy could be glomerular injury, as well as renal tubular damage. However, there are few studies analyzing the relationship between diabetes mellitus and kidney damage in dogs. The objective of this review is to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy and to analyze the available information about its occurrence in dogs.

Nefropatia diabética em cães: revisão de literatura / Diabetic nephropathy in dogs: literature review

O diabetes mellitus que se desenvolve por deficiência de insulina e hiperglicemia crônica usualmente apresenta complicações que incluem catarata, retinopatia, infecções recorrentes e cetoacidose. A hiperglicemia crônica pode promover complicações a longo prazo como a nefropatia diabética. Nos humanos, a nefropatia diabética é caracterizada principalmente por lesão glomerular e geralmente está associada a hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Dentre os mecanismos propostos para a fisiopatologia da nefropatia diabética tem sido referida a lesão glomerular, assim como a lesão nos túbulos renais. Contudo, até o momento existem poucos estudos investigando a relação entre diabetes mellitus e lesão renal em cães. Esta revisão tem por objetivos esclarecer os possíveis mecanismos fisiopatológicos da nefropatia diabética e discutir o conhecimento disponível sobre sua ocorrência em cães.(AU)

Diabetes mellitus caused by insulin deficiency and chronic hyperglycemia usually presents complications including cataract, retinopathy, recurrent infections and ketoacidosis. Chronic hyperglycemia can cause long-term complications such as diabetic nephropathy. In humans, diabetic nephropathy is characterized mainly by glomerular injury and usually it is associated with systemic hypertension. The mechanisms proposed for the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy could be glomerular injury, as well as renal tubular damage. However, there are few studies analyzing the relationship between diabetes mellitus and kidney damage in dogs. The objective of this review is to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy and to analyze the available information about its occurrence in dogs.(AU)

EFEITOS DA SUPLEMENTAÇÃO DE CAMU-CAMU (MYRCIARIA DUBIA) NA DIETA DE PACUS (PIARACTUS MESOPOTAMICUS) ALOXANO-DIABÉTICOS SOBRE A RETINA

As retinopatias diabéticas despontam como causa importante de cegueira em humanos, notadamente em países não desenvolvidos e são caracterizadas pela presença de lesões microvasculares e degeneração. Os antioxidantes representam alternativa terapêutica a essa condição, por diminuírem o risco de perda da visão e o desenvolvimento de retinopatias. O camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) é um fruto da selva Amazônica, pertencente à família da Myrtaceae e contém grandes concentrações de vitamina C. O escopo deste trabalho foi o de estudar os efeitos de uma dieta enriquecida pelo camu-camu na retina de peixes aloxano-diabético. O estudo foi composto por peixes pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) de 213,87gramas, machos e fêmeas, distribuídos em 6 grupos (n=40):Três grupos não diabéticos (ND0, ND500 e ND1000) e três grupos diabéticos (D0, D500 e D1000). Foram administradas concentrações de camu-camu de 500 e de 1000mg nos dois grupos respectivamente. Avaliou-se seu efeito sobre a retina possíveis alterações e nível de RDNP (retinopatia diabética não proliferativa) mediante eletrorretinografia e retinografia, morfologia, histopatologia, imuno-histoquímica e apoptoses. Todos os pacientes induzidos à diabetes apresentaram lesões severas de RDNP. Aumento de escore a RDNP foi observado entre o grupo relativamente ao grupo ND com escore (0). Foram observadas diferenças significativas do escore de risco nos grupos D1000 versus os grupos controles com escore 2.83 e 0 respectivamente. Apresentando uma tendência menor as severidades de RDNP nos pacientes de D500. Relativamente à eletrorretinografia, o tempo implícito da onda b para os bastonetes foi significativamente mais baixo no grupo D500 quando comparados os grupos ND0 e ND500. A morfometria revelou que o grupo D0 teve diminuição significativa da espessura da retina total e posterior assim como da camada dos fotorreceptores ao ser comparado com o grupo ND0. O grupo D0 diminuiu significativamente a camada do epitélio pigmentário e dos fotorreceptores ao ser comparado com o ND500. Ademais, o grupo D1000 apresentou maior espessura do que os grupos D0 e o D500. Uma tendencia de maior marcação no escore final para o índice apoptótico, caspase 3 e caspase-9 no grupo D0 e menor marcação em D500 e D1000. Os achados sugerem que o camu-camu mostrou ação neuroprotetora beneficiando no tecido retinal do pacu.

Diabetic retinopathies are a major cause of blindness in humans, especially in undeveloped countries, and are characterized by the presence of microvascular lesions and degeneration. Antioxidants represent a therapeutic alternative to this condition by reducing the risk of vision loss and development of retinopathies. Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) is a fruit of the Amazon jungle, which belongs to the Myrtaceae family and contains high concentrations of vitamin C. The scope of this work was to study the effects of a diet enriched by camu-camu on the retina of aloxane-diabetic fish. The study was composed of male and female pacus fish (Piaractus mesopotamicus) of 213.87grams, distributed in 6 groups (n=40): Three non-diabetic groups (ND0, ND500 and ND1000) and three diabetic groups (D0, D500 and D1000). 500 and 1000mg concentrations of Camu-camu were administered to the two groups, respectively. Their effect on the retina regarding possible alterations and level of RDNP (non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy) was evaluated by means of electro-retinography and retinography, morphology, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and apoptosis. All diabetes-induced patients had severe lesions of RDNP. Increased RDNP score was observed in all D groups compared to ND group with score (0). Significant differences in risk score were observed in groups D1000 versus control groups with score 2.83 and 0, respectively. RNDP severity presented a lower tendency in D500 patients. Regarding electro-retinography, the implicit b wave time for rods was significantly lower in group D500 when compared to groups ND0 and ND500. Morphometry revealed that group D0 had a significant decrease in the thickness of total and posterior retina as well as the photoreceptor layer when compared to group ND0. Group D0 significantly decreased the pigment epithelium and photoreceptor layer when compared to the ND500. In addition, Group D1000 was thicker than Groups D0 and D500. There was a tendency of higher marking for apoptotic index, caspase-3 and caspase-9 in group D0 and lower marking in D500 and D1000. The findings suggest that the camu-camu showed neuroprotective action benefiting the retinal tissue of pacu.

Aspectos da tomografia de coerência óptica em cães com retinopatia / Aspects of optical coherence tomography in retinopathy in dogs

A tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) é um exame não invasivo e de não contato que permite avaliar a retina e o nervo óptico. As imagens da OCT fornecem informações da constituição da retina e sua integridade estrutural in vivo, gerando imagens de alta resolução, que se assemelham à microscopia óptica. Objetivou-se descrever a técnica de tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) e sua utilização em cães. Foi possível diferenciar claramente as camadas retinianas de cães hígidos e compará-las com as de cães portadores de atrofia progressiva de retina, que apresentaram perda da estratificação e diminuição significativa das camadas. No descolamento de retina (DR) foi possível observar a separação entre a retina neurossensorial e o epitélio pigmentário da retina (EPR), além da presença de exsudatos intrarretinianos. Assim, a OCT mostrou-se eficaz no diagnóstico de retinopatias.(AU)

The OCT is a noninvasive and noncontact exam capable to evaluate the retina and optic nerve. The OCT images provide information of the constitution of the retina and its structural integrity in vivo, providing high-resolution images that resemble optical microscopy. The objective of this paper was to describe and document the use of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) in dogs. It was possible differentiate the retinal layers of healthy dogs and compare them with dogs with progressive retinal atrophy which showed altered stratification and significant reduce of the layers. In cases of retinal detachment was observed separation of neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium, and the presence of intrarretinal exudates. Thus, the OCT was effective in the diagnosis of retinopathy.(AU)

POTENCIAL FARMACOLÓGICO DE Morinda citrifolia (noni) NA OFTALMOLOGIA VETERINÁRIA

Morinda citrifolia, ou noni, é uma planta encontrada na Ásia, Austrália e nos trópicos. Possui variadas atividades biológicas, como atividade antibacteriana, imunomodulatória, antiinflamatória, cicatrizante, antineoplásica, etc. Na oftalmologia, esta planta demonstrou atividade contra a degeneração macular, retinopatia diabética, catarata e alergias oculares, mas desconhecem-se seus efeitos no olho normal e não existem relatos do seu uso na oftalmologia veterinária. Além disso, há a busca pela redução dos efeitos colaterais provocados pelos medicamentos alopáticos oftálmicos, diminuição dos custos financeiros e combate a resistência dos patógenos aos fármacos existentes. Desta forma, este projeto tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos dos extratos padronizados de M. citrifolia em olhos saudáveis de coelhos. Foram utilizados dezoito coelhos brancos da raça Nova Zelândia com ausência de afecções oftálmicas e sem afecções concorrentes. Estes animais foram divididos em três grupos de seis coelhos que receberam tratamento, via oral, dos extratos padronizados de M. citrifolia a cada 12 horas durante 7 dias: G1 (300mg de extrato bruto de M. citrifolia), G2 (30mg de fração acetato do extrato de M. citrifolia) e G3 (30mg de fração aquosa do extrato de M. citrifolia). Os animais foram submetidos às avaliações clínicas oftálmicas pré tratamento e a cada 12 horas durante uma semana. Avaliaram-se parâmetros quanto ao blefarospasmo, à congestão, ao edema corneal, à quemose, à ulceração corneal, coloração e aspecto da íris, sinéquias, presença de fibrina ou de membranas na câmara anterior, flare clinico e alterações vítreo-retinianas. Empregou-se critério subjetivo qualiquantitativo, em escala de Nihill, leve, moderado e severo. Parâmetros quantitativos, tais como Pressão Intraocular (PIO), diâmetro pupilar e produção lacrimal, foram avaliados em cada um dos momentos. A cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) do extrato bruto e fração acetato demonstrou presença de flavonóides e ácidos fenólicos em sua composição. O extrato bruto de M. citrifolia e suas frações acetato e aquosa promoveram aumento da pressão intraocular em olhos de coelhos ao longo do tempo. A fração aquosa promoveu midríase e ambas promoveram aumento da produção lacrimal ao longo do tempo. A fração acetato promoveu maior congestão ocular desde o início do tratamento sem aumento no tempo.

Morinda citrifolia, or noni, is a plant found in Asia, Australia and the tropics. It has various biological activities, such as antibacterial, immunomodulatory, anti- inflammatory, healing, antineoplastic activity, etc. In ophthalmology, this plant has demonstrated activity against macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, cataract and eye allergies, but its effect in normal eyes is unknown and there are no reports of its use in veterinary ophthalmology. Moreover, the reduction of side effects caused by allopathic ophthalmic drugs is necessary, as is reducing financial costs and fighting the resistance of pathogens to existing drugs. Thus, this project aimed to evaluate the effects of standardized M. citrifolia extracts on healthy eyes of rabbits. Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits with no ophthalmic conditions and no concurrent conditions will be divided into three groups of six rabbits who received oral treatment of the standard M. citrifolia extracts every 12 hours for 7 days: G1 (300mg of M. citrifolia crude extract), G2 (30 mg of M. citrifolia extract acetate fraction) and G3 (30 mg of M. citrifolia extract aqueous fraction). The animals were submitted to clinical ophthalmic evaluations prior to treatment and every 12 hours for a week. Parameters were evaluated for blepharospasm, congestion, corneal edema, chemosis, corneal ulceration, iris color and appearance, synechiae, presence of fibrin or membranes in the anterior chamber, clinical flare and vitreoretinal alterations. Subjective qualitative parameters were evaluated by a mild, moderate and severe Nihill scale. Quantitative parameters, such as Intraocular Pressure (IOP), pupillary diameter and lacrimal production, were evaluated at each moment. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the crude extract and its acetate fraction showed presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids in its composition. The M. citrifolia crude extract and its acetate and aqueous fractions caused increased IOP in rabbits over time. The aqueous fraction caused mydriasis and both of them caused and increase in tear production over time. The acetate fraction caused ocular congestion since the beginning of treatment without increasing in time.

Ecobiometria ocular de cães glaucomatosos / Ocular echobiometry in glaucomatosus dogs

Foram estudados olhos glaucomatosos de cães referidos no serviço de diagnóstico por imagem. Os pacientes foram submetidos à ultrassonografia em modo B de alta resolução para realização de biometria ocular, por meio da qual foram realizadas as seguintes medidas: espessura central da córnea, profundidade da câmara anterior, espessura da lente e profundidade da câmara vítrea. Para tal, foi realizada contenção física e instilado colírio anestésico. Foram aferidas a PIO e a paquimetria da córnea e, em seguida, foi realizada a ultrassonografia em modo B nos dois olhos. Além da diferença óbvia de PIO, maior nos bulbos glaucomatosos, os resultados mostraram-se estatisticamente significativos em dois parâmetros: aumento da profundidade da câmara vítrea nos casos de glaucoma crônico (1,24±0,26cm; P=0,01) quando se comparou aos olhos controle e aumento da espessura da córnea também nos casos de glaucoma agudo (0,987±0,28cm; P=0,027), quando se comparou aos olhos controle e aos olhos com glaucoma crônico. Observou-se que a câmara vítrea é a estrutura intraocular que mais contribui no processo de expansão de volume do bulbo (buftalmia) durante o glaucoma.(AU)

Dogs with glaucomatous eyes referred to the Diagnostic Image Service at the Veterinary Hospital in the Federal University of Parana were studied using B-mode ultrasonography. Patients were submitted to a high resolution B-mode ultrasonography examination in order to perform ocular echobiometry. The following measurements were performed: central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness and vitreous chamber depth. Physical restraint was performed and anesthetic eye drops were used. Corneal pachymetry and IOP were evaluated first and then B-mode ultrasonography was carried out in both eyes. Besides an obvious difference in IOP, which is higher in glaucomatous eyes, vitreous chamber depth significantly increases in cases of chronic glaucomatous eyes (1.24±0.26cm P=0.01), when compared to control eyes; and corneal thickness also increases in cases of acute glaucoma (0.987±0.28cm P=0.027), when compared to control eyes and to chronic glaucomatous eyeballs as well. Vitreous chamber is the intraocular structure that most contributes to the process of volume expansion of the globe (buphthalmos).(AU)

AVALIAÇÃO DA RETINOPATIA DIABÉTICA EM RATOS INDUZIDOS PELA ESTREPTOZOTOCINA APÓS TRATAMENTO COM MELATONINA

A retinopatia diabética é uma doença metabólica com comprometimento microvascular com alto risco de perda da visão. Ela ocasiona danos estruturais e funcionais na retina, aumenta a expressão de citocinas inflamatórias (IL-6 e TNF-) 5 e induz a neovascularização intraocular patológica. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a ação da melatonina sobre a histopatologia, estresse oxidativo (retina e pâncreas) e atividade elétrica da retina bem como se ela seria capaz de mediar à expressão de VEGF, IL-6 e TNF-, além do índice apoptótico. Utilizou-se 50 ratos divididos nos seguintes grupos: GC: ratos sem indução ao diabetes pela estreptozotocina; GD: ratos com diabetes induzidos pela estreptozotocina e tratados com placebo; GDM: ratos induzidos ao diabetes pela estreptozotocina e após confirmação do diabetes tratados com melatonina na dosagem de 10 mg/kg de peso corporal durante 20 dias; GDMS: ratos induzidos ao diabetes pela estreptozoticina e simultaneamente tratados com melatonina na dosagem de 10 mg/kg durante 20 dias; GDI: ratos induzidos ao diabetes pela estreptozotocina e após confirmação do diabetes tratados com insulina durante 20 dias. O diabetes foi induzido pela administração intraperitoneal de estreptozotocina (60mg/kg), a melatonina foi administrada à noite por via subcutânea, e a insulina (5U/dia) pela mesma via. Para apoptose foi realizado o método de TUNEL e para a análise imunohistoquímica foram analisados os alvos para IL-6, TNF- e VEGF. O estresse oxidativo pancreático foi avaliado através da mensuração da peroxidação lipídica e níveis de glutationa reduzida, enquanto o estresse na retina foi analisado pela produção de ânions superóxidos. Os resultados mostraram que a melatonina atenuou as alterações histopatológicas; diminuiu o processo inflamatório e regulou os mecanismos que ocasionaram estresse oxidativo e no eletrorretinograma interferiu na amplitude da onda a do exame da mista entre os grupos GC e GD. Concluímos assim, que esse hormônio pode ser um importante fator coadjuvante no tratamento da retinopatia diabética devido a sua propriedade antioxidante e moduladora de processos inflamatórios, amenizando as alterações decorrentes desta patologia, principalmente quando administrado simultaneamente à indução do diabetes onde foi observado uma melhora expressiva na preservação da retina no aumento da insulina plasmática e na diminuição da hiperglicemia.

Diabetic retinopathy is a metabolic disease with cardiovascular involvement with high risk of vision loss. It causes structural and functional damage to the retina increases the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-) and induces pathological intraocular neovascularization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of melatonin on histopathology, oxidative stress (retina and pancreas) and electrical retinal activity and if she would be able to mediate the expression of VEGF, IL-6 and TNF-, in addition to index apoptotic. We used 50 rats divided into the following groups: GC: no induction mice diabetes by streptozotocin; GD: rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin treated and placebo; GDM: rats by streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus and after confirmation treated with melatonin at dosage of 10 mg / kg body weight for 20 days; GDMS: mice induced by streptozotocine diabetes and simultaneously treated with melatonin at dosage of 10 mg / kg for 20 days; GDI: rats by streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus and after confirmation treated with insulin for 20 days. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (60mg / kg), melatonin was administered subcutaneously at night, and insulin (5U / day) by the same route. For apoptosis was performed TUNEL assay and immunohistochemistry targets were analyzed for IL-6, TNF- and VEGF. The pancreatic oxidative stress was assessed by measurement of lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione levels while stress in the retina was analyzed for the production of superoxide anions. The results showed that melatonin attenuated histopathological changes; decreased inflammation and regulated the mechanisms that caused oxidative stress and electroretinography interfere with the amplitude of the wave of the joint examination between the GC and GD groups. It is concluded that this hormone may be an important contributing factor in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy due to its antioxidant property and modulating inflammatory processes, softening the changes of this pathology, especially when administered concurrently with diabetes induction it was observed a significant improvement retinal preservation in increased serum insulin and decreased hyperglycemia.

Healing activity of laser InGaAlP (660nm) in rats / Atividade cicatrizante do laser AlGaInP (660nm) em ratos

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect the healing activity of diode laser Indium Gallium Aluminum Phosphorus (InGaAlP) ë660nm on healing of surgical wounds in rats. METHODS: Fifty-four female Wistar rats were used, divided into three groups (n=18) and subdivided into three subgroups (n=6) to be studied in 5, 10 and 15th days after surgical procedures. The wound was induced in the dorsal-cervical using punch. The lesions were irradiated on alternate days with InGaAlP laser, the energy densities of 3J/cm2 (L3) or 6J/cm2 (L6). The control group received no irradiation. At 5, 10 and 15th days after surgery the animals were euthanized and the repair area was removed and histological sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and picrossírius. We evaluated macroscopic and histological lesions in the times cited, as well as morphometric analysis of angiogenesis and collagen content. RESULTS: The wound healing activity InGaAlP laser was evidenced by increased angiogenesis group L3 and L6 in relation to control group (CG) at the 5th day (p=0.0001) and decreased polymorphonuclear infiltrate and hemorrhage (p=0.045 and p=0.07 respectively) in the groups L3 and L6 in relation to control group (GC). On the 10 and 15th days was also observed in groups treated with laser L3 and L6 stimulation was pronounced fibroplasia (p=0.0003 and p=0.034 respectively) when compared with the control group (CG). CONCLUSION: The InGaAlP laser acted positively on the healing of skin wounds in rats.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a atividade cicatrizante do laser diodo Alumínio Gálio Índio Fósforo (AlGaInP), ë660nm em feridas cutâneas induzida em ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 54 ratos Wistar, fêmeas, divididos em três grupos (n=18) e subdivididos em três subgrupos (n=6) animais para serem estudados no 5, 10 e 15º dias após o procedimento cirúrgico. A ferida foi induzida em região dorso-cervical utilizando punch. As lesões foram irradiadas em dias alternados com laser AlGaInP, nas densidades de energia de 3J/cm2 (L3) ou 6J/cm2(L6). O grupo controle não recebeu irradiação. No 5,10 e 15º dia após o procedimento cirúrgico os animais foram eutanasiados e a área de reparo foi removida e os cortes histológicos foram corados com hematoxilina-eosina e picrossírius. Foram avaliados aspectos macroscópicos e histológicos das lesões nos tempos citados, bem como análises morfométricas da angiogênese e do conteúdo de colágeno. RESULTADOS: A atividade cicatrizante do laser AlGaInP foi evidenciada pelo aumento da angiogênese do grupo L3 e L6 em relação ao grupo controle (GC) no 5º dia (p=0,0001) e diminuição do infiltrado de polimorfonucleares e hemorragia (p=0,045 e p=0,007 respectivamente) dos grupos L3 e L6 em relação ao controle. No 10 e 15ºdias observou-se também que nos grupos tratados com laser L3 e L6 houve estimulo acentuado a fibroplasia(p=0,0003 e p=0,034 respectivamente), quando comparados ao grupo controle (GC). CONCLUSÃO: O laser AlGaInP atuou de forma positiva sobre a cicatrização de feridas cutâneas em ratos.(AU)