Glyceryl guaiacol ether for sedation of horses undergoing orchiectomy when standing / Éter gliceril-guaiacol para sedação de equinos submetidos à orquiectomia em pé

A study was designed to compare two sedation protocols to be used in horses undergoing orchiectomy when standing. In both protocols, the induction to the sedative state was performed with bolus detomidine at a dose of 10 µg/kg, intravenously (IV). In the first protocol (eight horses), the sedative state was maintained with 1% glyceryl guaiacol ether (GGE) in continuous infusion, at a dose of 1ml/kg/hour IV. In the second protocol (eight horses) this sedative effect was maintained with detomidine in continuous infusion at the same dose and induction route. Orchiectomy was performed on all animals. The two protocols allowed the surgeries to be performed when standing. However, horses kept under sedation by the GGE showed greater relaxation and a more intense degree of sedation. It should be noted that the use of GGE to maintain the sedative state in horses is unprecedented in the literature. The drug is used in anesthetic protocols in the species, but only in pre-anesthetic medication in general anesthesia. It was concluded that the two sedation protocols allowed the performance of orchiectomy with the horses when standing. However, the protocol in which 1% GGE was used showed more profound sedation, without adverse effects.

Foi realizado um estudo para comparar dois protocolos de sedação a serem utilizados em equinos submetidos à orquiectomia em estação. Em ambos os protocolos, a indução ao estado sedativo foi realizada com bolus de detomidina, na dose de 10µg/kg, por via intravenosa (IV). No primeiro protocolo (oito cavalos), o estado sedativo foi mantido com 1% de éter gliceril guaiacol (GGE) em infusão contínua, na dose de 1mL/kg/hora IV. No segundo protocolo (oito cavalos), esse efeito sedativo foi mantido com detomidina, em infusão contínua, na mesma dose e via de indução. Foi realizada orquiectomia em todos os animais. Os dois protocolos permitiram que as cirurgias fossem realizadas em estação No entanto, os cavalos mantidos sob sedação pelo GGE apresentaram maior relaxamento e grau de sedação mais intenso. Ressalta-se que o uso de GGE para manutenção do estado sedativo em equinos é inédito na literatura. O fármaco é utilizado em protocolos anestésicos na espécie, mas apenas na medicação pré-anestésica em anestesia geral. Concluiu-se que os dois protocolos de sedação permitiram a realização da orquiectomia com os cavalos em estação. No entanto, o protocolo em que foi utilizado GGE 1% apresentou sedação mais profunda, sem efeitos adversos.

Cardiorespiratory/sedative effects of a peptide identified in crotalic venom compared to acepromazine and xylazine in horses / Efeitos cardiorrespiratórios/sedativos de um peptídeo identificado no veneno crotálico comparado à acepromazina e à xilazina em equinos

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether intravenous crotalphine produces significant sedation, as well as physiological changes, in healthy standing horses. Six mares, aged 8 years and weighing 415kg underwent three different treatments in a crossover design: TA (acepromazine: 50µg.kg-1), TC (crotalphine: 0.01µg.kg-1) and TX (xylazine: 1000µg.kg-1), intravenously. At various time points over 60 minutes, physiologic variables were recorded: heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature. The head height from the ground (HHG) was evaluated in centimeters. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test or Friedman followed by Dunn's test, under 5% significance. Heart rate decreased significantly at M5 and M10 compared with Mb in TX (28±7, 26±6 and 40±8 beats/minute-1, respectively; p=0.0004). Respiratory rate and rectal temperature did not differ among groups or time points. The HHG significantly decreased in all groups compared with Mb at various time points (p<0.0001). In conclusion, crotalphine did not produce reliable and durable sedation in healthy standing mares and did not influence cardiorespiratory variables in a clinically relevant manner.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se a administração de crotalfina intravenosa produz sedação significativa e alterações fisiológicas em equinos saudáveis. Seis éguas, idade média de oito anos e peso médio de 415kg, foram submetidas a três tratamentos distintos: TA (acepromazina: 50µg/kg), TC (crotalfina: 0,01µg/kg) e TX xilazina: 1000µg/kg), por via intravenosa. Em vários momentos, ao de longo de 60 minutos, as variáveis fisiológicas registradas foram frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e temperatura retal. A altura de cabeça ao solo (ACS) foi avaliada em centímetros. Os dados foram analisados pela ANOVA, seguida pelo teste de Dunnett ou de Friedman e, depois, pelo teste de Dunn, sob 5% de significância. A frequência cardíaca diminuiu significativamente em M5 e M10 em comparação com Mb em TX (28±7, 26±6 e 40±8 bpm, respectivamente; P=0,0004). A frequência respiratória e a temperatura retal não diferiram entre os grupos ou os pontos de tempo. O HHG diminuiu significativamente em todos os grupos em comparação com Mb em vários momentos (P <0,0001). Em conclusão, a crotalfina não produziu sedação confiável e durável em éguas saudáveis e não influenciou as variáveis cardiorrespiratórias de maneira clinicamente relevante.

Influence on clinical biochemistry values of black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) anesthetized with isoflurane or sevoflurane / Influência sobre valores de bioquímica clínica de saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata) anestesiados com isoflurano ou sevoflurano

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical biochemistry behavior of Black-Tufted Marmosets (Callithrix penicillatta) submitted to blood collection without sedation and after general anesthesia with anesthetics isoflurane or sevoflurane. Blood collections were performed on (M1) day before anesthesia by physical restraint, and (M2) after anesthesia. There were four groups: Isoflurane (GI) and Sevoflurane (GS) using an anesthetic box. GIM: isoflurane induction with mask for a shorter period. Control group (GP): physical restraint in both moments. Plasma was separated and frozen to measure clinic biochemistry values. Urea was higher at M2 in groups GI and GP. AST was higher in M2 in GI, GS, and GP and only GI showed an increase in CK in M2. Glucose was higher in M1 in the GI, GS, and GP groups and fructosamine was higher in M2 in the GI. Stress caused by physical restraint can cause biochemical changes and these must be considered when interpreting the exams. Both the inhalational anesthetic isoflurane and sevoflurane did not cause clinically significant changes in clinical biochemistry results.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o comportamento da bioquímica clínica de saguis-do-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillatta) submetidos à coleta sanguínea sem sedação e após anestesia geral, com os anestésicos isoflurano ou sevoflurano. As coletas de sangue foram realizadas: (M1) dia antes da anestesia por contenção física e (M2) após anestesia. Foram definidos quatro grupos: isoflurano (GI) e sevoflurano (GS), utilizando caixa anestésica; GIM: indução com isoflurano com máscara por um período menor; grupo controle (GCF): contenção física em ambos os momentos. O plasma com EDTA foi separado e congelado para realizar dosagem da bioquímica clínica. A ureia foi maior no M2 nos grupos GI e GCF. A AST foi maior no M2 nos GI, GS e GCF e somente o GI apresentou aumento de CK no M2. A glicose foi maior no M1 nos grupos GI, GS e GCF, e a frutosamina foi maior no M2 no GI. O estresse causado pela contenção física pode causar alterações bioquímicas e essas devem ser levadas em consideração na interpretação dos exames. Tanto o anestésico inalatório isoflurano quanto o sevoflurano não causaram alterações clinicamente significantes nos resultados da bioquímica clínica.

Tumor neuroendócrino em coração de cão / Neuroendocrine tumor involving the heart of a dog

Background: Neuroendocrine tumors are epithelial tumors with predominant neuroendocrine differentiation. Ectopic thyroid carcinoma develops in the ectopic thyroid parenchyma, in the anterior mediastinum, being an important differential diagnosis of paraganglioma, although occurring less frequently than the same. The cells invade the mediastinal fat reaching the adventitia of the aorta. There is a possibility of metastatic formations in the lung, kidneys, and pancreas. A supporting treatment was provided. The present study proposes the exposition and description of a case of neuroendocrine tumor in the heart, considering the rarity of the involvement of this tumor in the canine species. Case: A 9-year-old American Bulldog male canine was treated at home in the city of Rio de Janeiro. On clinical examination, dyspnea, edema of the hind limbs and an increase in abdominal volume were observed. With the suspicion of congestive heart failure, mainly on the right, cardiac exams were requested. Because it was an aggressive animal, sedation was performed with a combination of tiletamine and zolazepam. During cardiac auscultation, the presence of S4 was noticed, characterizing a gallop rhythm. No alterations were observed on the electrocardiographic examination. The echocardiogram showed a tumor mass in the atrium and dilation of the venous return vessels. The tumor enveloped 80% of the atrium of a 9-year-old male American Bulldog. The abdominocentesis procedure was performed to drain abdominal free fluid. Furosemide, enalapril and digoxin were prescribed as a treatment. Three months after the start of treatment, the animal presented intense dyspnea that culminated in the death of the patient, who later had the body sent for necropsy and subsequent tissue collection for histopathological analysis. Based on the immunohistochemical markers chromogranin and synaptophysin, the work here presented describes a case of a neuroendocrine tumor suggestive of paraganglioma involving a dog's heart. Discussion: Brachycephalic dogs, such as Boxers, Bulldogs and Boston Terriers, are predisposed to the development of paragangliomas. The genetic predisposition is related to hyperplasia of the carotid bodies generated by chronic hypoxia, resulting from obstructive processes in the airways. As the reported dog is an American Bulldog, the possibility of the tumor in question was reinforced. Paragangliomas are more frequent in males from nine to thirteen years of age, commonly associated with other endocrine neoplasms. It is also an important marker present in paragangliomas. In contrast to the literature, the report points to a neuroendocrine tumor suggestive of paraganglioma, without eliminating the possibility of an ectopic thyroid tumor, because although TTF-1 appears in most thyroid tumors, not all of them are present, although it is very suggestive. Treatment in question, attributed to the control of right congestive heart failure, although with little effect, denotes that the obstructive process of the return pathway, even with the use of drugs that prevent congestion, did not delay the evolution of the disease. However, it is observed that the treatment resources for these tumors, whether by surgical or chemotherapy option, also have few answers. The lack of literature on ectopic thyroid tumors influences the diagnosis of paraganglioma. Thus, clinical and complementary findings, mainly along with immunohistochemistry, were essential in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumor. After 3 months of the start of the treatment, the animal died.

Lesão facial grave em um gambá-de-orelha-branca (Didelphis albiventris) - tratamento com ozonioterapia / Severe facial wound in a white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) - treatment with ozone therapy

Background: Ozone therapy (OT) is a type of treatment that uses ozone gas, which has high oxidizing power. OT has been utilized for various diseases and to accelerate the wound healing process and reduce inflammation. Additionally, OT is a low-cost treatment recommended for patients that can be easily restrained. There are several methods of ozone administration, including topical use through bagging, cupping, or rectal insufflation, in addition to ozonated autohemotherapy. Based on the benefits of OT and the scarcity of reports describing its effects on white-eared opossums (Didelphis albiventris), we report on the use of ozone in the treatment of a severe facial wound in a white-eared opossum. Case: An adult female white-eared opossum weighing 1.6 kg was rescued from a fire. The patient was pregnant, dehydrated, hypothermic and had an extensive burn wound in the facial region. Due to the stress of captivity and its aggressive behavior, the animal needed to be chemically restrained with dexmedetomidine and butorphanol. Following sedation, the cephalic vein was catheterized and intravenous fluid therapy with ringer lactate was started to treat dehydration. Next, enrofloxacin, meloxicam, and tramadol hydrochloride were administered. Body rewarming was performed with thermal bags. The microbial load of the wound was reduced with chlorhexidine degerming solution followed by washing with saline solution. A thin layer of silver sulfadiazine cream was applied to the wound area. Over the following days the patient was treated with OT using the cupping technique combined with ozonated sunflower oil. After the first applications there was an improvement in the appearance of the wound, which initially had a purulent aspect. After 20 days of treatment the wound showed good granulation and there were no signs of infection, and at 45 days of treatment it was completely healed. The patient was then released with her baby. Discussion: Ozone therapy was included in the patient's treatment plan to enhance the tissue repair process in order to reintroduce the animal to the wild in the shortest possible time. The strategy was successful in improving healing and reducing tissue inflammation and infection. Ozone is known to cause the inactivation of microorganisms as a result of the oxidation of phospholipids and lipoproteins present in the cell membrane of bacteria and to interrupt viral replication. Ozone helps in the perfusion of injured tissues, contributing to the entry of humoral components, which control inflammation. Moreover, ozone contributes to increase supply of oxygen and nutrients to tissues and to stimulate increased production of fibrinogen and formation of granulation tissue. Ozone increases the enzymatic antioxidant response, while also playing a role in immunoregulation. Ozone can be used in several ways and via various methods with potential routes including intravenous, urethral, intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intra-articular, in addition to rectal and intramammary insufflation. Immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antiseptic effects can be achieved with different doses and concentrations, which enables its application in different types of pathologies. Because of the aggressive behavior of the animal, in the current case we opted for the cupping technique combined with ozonated oil, both techniques which can be administered easily with only physical restraint of the patient. Cupping allows for the provision of a higher concentration of ozone gas locally whereas the ozonated oil maintains the effect of the gas for slightly longer, enhancing its effect and promoting tissue repair. The present report showed that OT is an effective alternative for the treatment of burn wounds in opossums, without causing adverse effects to the patient or her baby.

Effects of ketamine, midazolam and methadone, combined with local anesthesia, in cats undergoing orchiectomy / Efeitos da cetamina, midazolam e metadona, associados à anestesia local, em gatos submetidos à orquiectomia

Different anesthetic combinations are used for orchiectomy in cats. This study aimed to evaluate the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects on the physiological variables of ketamine (10 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) and methadone (0.3 mg/kg), combined with local anesthesia, in cats undergoing orchiectomy (n = 19 cats). The time for lateral recumbency, degree of sedation, muscle relaxation and nociception were recorded preoperatively. The propofol rescue dose was recorded. The time to head up and quality of recovery were evaluated postoperatively. The time for lateral recumbency was 5 ± 2 minu-tes. Fifteen minutes after the administration of the ketamine-midazolam-methadone combination, a greater sedative effect, muscle relaxation and less response to noxious stimulation were observed. Propofol was administered to twelve cats under local anesthesia, at a total dose of 1.5 ± 0.8 mg/kg. Surgery was started 28 ± 5 minutes after the administration of ketamine--midazolam-methadone combination. There were no differences in the physiological variables evaluated over the other evalu-ation times (p > 0.05). The recovery quality scores were adequate, and the time to head up was 51 ± 10 minutes. Under the conditions of this study, the ketamine-midazolam-methadone combination did not allow local anesthesia for orchiectomy. Many cats required propofol rescue prior to surgery. This combination promoted minimal changes in physiological variables and prolonged anesthetic recovery.(AU)

Diferentes combinações anestésicas são usadas para orquiectomia em gatos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito anestésico e as alterações promovidas nas variáveis fisiológicas pela cetamina (10 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) e metadona (0.3 mg/kg), combinados com anestesia local, em gatos submetidos à orquiectomia (n = 19 gatos). O tempo para adoção do decúbito lateral, grau de sedação, relaxamento muscular e nocicepção foram registrados no pré-operatório. A dose de resgate de propofol foi registrada. O tempo para o gato erguer a cabeça e a qualidade da recuperação foram avaliados no pós-operatório. O tempo para adoção do decúbito lateral foi de 5 ± 2 minutos. Quinze minutos após a administração da associação cetamina-midazolam-metadona, observou-se maior efeito sedativo e relaxamento muscular, e menor resposta à estimulação nociva. O propofol foi administrado em doze gatos para realização de anestesia local, utilizando a dose total de 1.5 ± 0.8 mg/kg. A cirurgia foi iniciada 28 ± 5 minutos após a administração de cetamina-midazolam-metadona. Não houve diferença nas variáveis fisiológicas avaliadas em relação aos demais tempos de avaliação (p > 0.05). Os escores de qualidade de recuperação foram adequados e o tempo para o gato erguer a cabeça foi de 51 ± 10 minutos. Nas condições deste estudo, cetamina-midazolam-metadona não permitiu a realização da anestesia local para orquiectomia. Muitos gatos precisaram de resgate com propofol antes de iniciar a cirurgia. Essa associação promoveu alterações mínimas nas variáveis fisiológicas e longa recuperação anestésica.(AU)

Sedative effect and physiological changes in horses treated with intramuscular injection of detomidine and morphine / Efeito sedativo e alterações fisiológicas em cavalos tratados com injeção intramuscular de detomidina e morfina

This study aimed to elucidate the sedative effect and physiological changes associated with the intramuscular injection of detomidine combined with morphine in horses. Six healthy crossbred horses, aged 2 to 10 years, were included. A crossover experimental design was used to compare the effects of intramuscular injection of 30 µg/kg of detomidine alone (IMD) and intramuscular administration of 30 µg/kg of detomidine and 0.1 mg/kg of morphine (IMDM). The degree of sedation, height of head above ground, were assessed at the time points before and 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 minutes after drug administration, and heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, rectum temperature and intestinal motility were assessed at the time points before and 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 minutes after drug administration. The physiological parameters were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post-hoc test and analysis of variance with t-test for independent samples and the sedation scores using the Friedman test and Mann Whitney U-test. P-values <0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference. IMDM promoted a higher sedative effect as compared to IMD, but the sedation occurred inconsistently. Additionally, a reduction in intestinal motility was observed with IMDM at 60, 75, 90, and 105 minutes after administration. IMDM promoted more variable sedation and prolonged reduction in the intestinal motility in the horses as compared to IMD.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo elucidar o efeito sedativo e alterações fisiológicas em cavalos associados à injeção intramuscular de detomidina combinada com morfina. Seis cavalos saudáveis e sem raça definida, com idade de dois a 10 anos, foram incluídos. Delineamento experimental cruzado foi usado para comparar os efeitos da administração intramuscular de 30 µg/kg detomidina isolada (IMD) e da administração intramuscular de 30 µg/kg de detomidina associada à morfina a 0,1 mg/kg (IMDM). Avaliou-se o grau de sedação, a altura da cabeça acima do solo nos momentos antes (M0) e 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 105 e 120 minutos após administração dos fármacos, e frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, pressão arterial sistólica, temperatura retal e motilidade intestinal foram avaliados nos momentos antes (M0) e 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 105 e 120 minutos após administração dos fármacos. Para análise estatística foram utilizados: teste de Kruskal-Wallis, com pós-teste de Dunn, e ANOVA associada ao teste t para amostras independentes para os parâmetros fisiológicos; e teste de Friedman e teste de Mann Whitney para os escores de sedação. Valores de P < 0.05 indicaram diferença significativa. A administração de detomidina associada à morfina pela via intramuscular (IM) promoveu maior efeito sedativo, quando comparada à administração isolada de detomidina IM. Contudo, a sedação ocorreu de forma inconsistente. Também foi observado, no IMDM, redução da motilidade intestinal aos 60, 75, 90 e 105 minutos de avaliação. A associação de morfina e detomidina pela via intramuscular promove sedação de forma variável em cavalos, e resulta em redução da motilidade intestinal, mais prolongada quando comparada a administração isolada de detomidina intramuscular.

Assessment of sedation and cardiorespiratory variables in sheep using different anesthetic protocols during artificial insemination / Avaliação da sedação e variáveis cardiorrespiratórias em ovinos submetidos a diferentes protocolos de anestesia durante a realização da inseminação artificial

Artificial insemination (AI) is an important technique in sheep breeding. Since it is an invasive procedure, sedation and analgesia are essential. In the present study, 75 Texel sheep, standardized for weight (kg) and age (months) were used. The animals were randomly allocated to five groups: Acepromazine Group (AG); Acepromazine and Butorphanol Group (ABG); Acepromazine and Morphine Group (AMG); Acepromazine and Meperidine Group (AMRG) and Saline group (SG). The following parameters were assessed: sedation score, agitation level, heart rate (HR); respiratory rate (f), rectal temperature (T°R), latency time and time to perform artificial insemination (AI). Assessments times were M-20, M0, M1 and M2. Significant differences were considered when p˂0.05. There were no significant differences for weight and age. HR increased by 30.6, 34.2 and 42.5% from M-20 to M2 for the AG, ABG and AMRG, respectively. At M0, the AMRG obtained higher values, reaching 41.4% above the other groups. For f there was a decline of 21.8 and 26.9% in M1 in relation to M-20 for the AMRG and AMG, respectively, and a decrease of 20 and 25% between M-20 and M2. A comparison between SG f values showed an increase of 106.3 and 68.8% between M-20 and M1 and M2, respectively. The f values obtained at M1 and M2 for the SG were higher than those of the other groups. Although there were no intergroup differences in sedation level, the values obtained are clinically relevant. There were intergroup differences in agitation level, whereby at M1, AMRG and AMG obtained a score of 2 and SG 0, while at M2, AMG scored 2 and SG 0. There were no statistical differences for latency and AI times. Thus, under the conditions of the present study, the AMRG protocol was the least safe among the options assessed. The pre-anesthetic medication protocols promoted mild sedation and did not reduce the time required for AI.

A inseminação artificial (IA) é um importante técnica para melhoramento genético em ovinos. Em função de ser uma técnica invasiva, a tranquilização e analgesia são fundamentais. No presente estudo foram utilizados 75 ovinos, da raça Texel, padronizados quanto a peso (kg) e idade (meses). Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em cinco grupos: Grupo Acepromazina (GA); Grupo Acepromazina e Butorfanol (GAB); Grupo Acepromazina e Morfina (GAMF); Grupo Acepromazina e Meperidina (GAME) e Grupo Salina (GS). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: escore de sedação, grau de agitação, frequência cardíaca (FC); frequência respiratória (f), temperatura retal (T°R), tempo de latência e tempo para realização da IA. Os momentos de avaliação foram: M-20, M0, M1 e M2. Diferenças significativas foram consideradas quando p˂0,05. Não houveram diferenças significativas para peso e idade. Com relação a FC observou-se um aumento de 30,6%, 34,2% e 42,5% de M-20 para M2 para os grupos GA, GAB e GAME, respectivamente. Entre grupos, observou-se que em M0 o grupo GAME apresentou valores superiores, chegando a um valor de 41,4% acima dos demais grupos. Para a f destaca-se uma diminuição de 21,8% e 26,9% em M1 com relação a M-20 para os grupos GAME e GAMF, respectivamente. Já entre M-20 e M2 para GAME e GAMF destaca-se uma diminuição de 20% e 25%, na devida ordem. Quando comparados os valores de f do grupo GS, observa-se que entre o M-20 e os momentos M1 e M2 houve um aumento de 106,3% e 68,8% respectivamente. Os valores de f obtidos nos momentos M1 e M2 para GS foram maiores que os demais grupos. Quanto ao grau de sedação não houveram diferenças entre os grupos, contudo os valores obtidos são de relevância clínica. Com relação ao grau de agitação, houveram diferenças entre grupos, em M1 os grupos GAME e GAMF pontuaram 2, enquanto GS pontuou 0, em M2 o grupo GAMF pontuou 2 e o grupo GS 0. Para o tempo de latência e tempo para realização da IA não houveram diferenças estatísticas. Assim, nas condições do presente estudo o protocolo em GAME apresentou-se como o menos seguro dentre as opções avaliadas. Os protocolos instituídos de medicação pré-anestésicas promoveram discreta sedação dos pacientes e não diminuíram o tempo para a realização da técnica de IA.

Infusão contínua de fentanil e cetamina para controle de dor no transcirurgico: relato de caso / Continuous infusion of fentanyl and ketamine for trans-surgical pain control: case report

O paciente da espécie canina, sem raça definida, com 5 anos, deu entrada a clínica veterinária particular apresentando quadro de dor aguda e intensa em cavidade abdominal associada a prostração. Foram realizados exames de sangue, ultrassonografia e radiografia de abdômen, cuja suspeita foi torção parcial do estômago, com esplenomegalia, além de gastrite e enterite. O paciente foi submetido imediatamente ao procedimento cirúrgico para alívio, reposicionamento do órgão e gastropexia. O animal foi medicado previamente com metadona, tramadol e dipirona duas horas antes do ato cirúrgico, portanto não foram utilizadas medicações pré-anestésicas e optou-se pelo propofol e cetamina para a indução anestésica, além da infusão contínua com cetamina e fentanil para se obter a analgesia multimodal. Os parâmetros de dor foram avaliados por meio das frequências cardíaca e respiratória, traçado eletrocardiográfico, pressão arterial sistólica e média, aferição da temperatura retal e coloração de mucosas, a cada 5 minutos. Os mesmos indicaram boa estabilidade hemodinâmica, segurança e analgesia, sem necessidade de alterar as doses estabelecidas durante o procedimento. Pode ser observada também redução do requerimento de isoflurano para manutenção do plano cirúrgico. O paciente acordou sem sinais de dor no pós-operatório imediato evitando estresse sistêmico, o que conferiu o bom resultado do protocolo analgésico instituído.

The patient (Caramel) canine, mixed breed, approximately 5 years old, weighing 26kg was seen at the Ame Vet veterinary clinic, with severe abdominal pain, apathy, anorexia, prostration. Blood tests, abdominal ultrasound and abdominal x-ray were performed according to the tests a suspicion of partial torsion of the stomach and splenomegaly with right displacement, in addition to gastritis and enteritis. It was decided by the clinic and surgeon to perform laparotomy and prophylactic gastropexy. The animal was previously medicated by the clinic that treated the animal for analgesia with methadone, tramadol and dipyrone two hours before the beginning of the surgical procedure, therefore, pre-anesthetic medications, anesthetic induction with propofol, and ketamine were not used, aiming to perform analgesia. Multimodal with continuous infusion of ketamine and fentanyl, that is, more than one different mechanism of action, acting synergistically and reducing dose-dependent adverse effects and monitoring hemostasis and patient parameters, presenting its efficacy and safety in intraoperative pain control. The parameters addressed were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), electrocardiographic tracing, Spo2, systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), temperature and mucosal color, evaluated every 5 minutes. The parameters evaluated indicated good hemodynamic stability, safety and analgesia, with no need to change the doses established during the procedure. A reduction in the requirement of isoflurane to maintain the surgical plan can also be observed. The patient woke up without signs of pain in the immediate postoperative period, thus avoiding systemic stress. which conferred the good result of the analgesic protocol instituted.

Comparative study between S-(+)-ketamine­midazolam and fentanyl­droperidol in black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) / Estudo comparativo entre S-(+)cetamina-midazolam e fentanil-droperidol em saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata)

Sedative and antinociceptive effects of two anesthetic protocols in black-tufted marmosets were compared in this study. Twenty-six marmosets underwent chemical immobilization for physical examination, blood sampling, tattooing, and microchipping. Animals were randomly treated with S-(+)-ketamine (10 mg/kg) and midazolam (1 mg/kg) (KM) or fentanyl (12.5 µg/kg) and droperidol (625 µg/kg) (FD) given by intramuscular injection. Heart and respiratory rates were recorded. Sedation, antinociception, muscle relaxation, posture, auditory, and visual responses were evaluated using a scoring system. Sedation in KM was achieved faster (p < 0.001) and lasted for a shorter period of time (p = 0.0009). KM was similar to FD in its cardiorespiratory effects, auditory and visual responses. Both protocols promoted adequate sedation to allow manipulation. Animals in KM assumed lateral recumbency while animals in FD maintained a quadrupedal posture during evaluation. FD produced less intense sedation and muscle relaxation but a higher degree of antinociception compared to KM and is suitable for procedures that require analgesia in black-tufted marmosets.(AU)

O presente estudo comparou os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios, sedativos e antinociceptivos de dois protocolos anestésicos em saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata). Vinte e seis saguis foram submetidos à contenção química para exame físico, coleta de sangue, tatuagem de identificação e microchip. Os animais foram tratados aleatoriamente com a associação de S-(+)-cetamina (10 mg/kg) e midazolam (1 mg/kg) (KM) ou fentanil (12,5 µg/kg) e droperidol (625 µg/kg) (FD), administrados por injeção intramuscular. Foram avaliadas frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, sedação, antinocicepção, relaxamento muscular, postura e resposta ao estímulo auditivo e visual. A sedação em KM foi alcançada mais rapidamente (p <0,001) e teve um tempo hábil mais curto (p = 0,0009). KM foi semelhante a FD nos efeitos cardiorrespiratórios, respostas auditivas e visuais. Os dois protocolos promoveram sedação adequada para manipulação. Os animais do grupo KM permaneceram em decúbito lateral durante a avaliação, enquanto os animais em FD mantiveram postura quadrupedal. FD resultou em sedação e relaxamento muscular de menor intensidade, porém com maior escore de antinocicepção em comparação com KM, sendo adequada para procedimentos que requerem analgesia em saguis-de-tufo-preto.(AU)

Iohexol gastrointestinal transit times in cockatiels under sedation with intranasal midazolam by computed radiography / Tempos de trânsito gastrintestinal com iohexol em calopsitas, sob sedação com midazolam intranasal, por meio de radiografia computadorizada

This study used contrast radiography to evaluate gastrointestinal transit times in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and investigated the sedative effects of intranasal midazolam in this species and its usefulness in facilitating the manual restraint required for radiographic studies. Twelve healthy adult cockatiels received intranasal midazolam at dose of 2 mg/kg, and iohexol at 15 ml/kg by crop gavage. Radiographic images were obtained before contrast administration, 3 minutes after and then each 10 minutes for 90 minutes. Sedation quality of the bird was evaluated during the radiographic study and assessed according to an adapted visual sedation scale. Three minutes after iohexol administration, the cervical oesophagus and the crop were filled in all birds. At the same time, the contrast medium reached the thoracic oesophagus, proventriculus, isthmus and ventriculus in most birds. In all cockatiels, median (range) transit times were 3 (3-10) minutes for proventriculus and ventriculus, 10 (10-40) minutes for small intestine and 45 (30-70) minutes for large intestine. The overall gastrointestinal transit time was 50 (30-90) minutes.Crop remained filled with iohexol throughout the study, while oesophagus and isthmus presented a pattern of contrast progression different from the other gastrointestinal segments. According to the visual sedation scale, cockatiels presented a moderate to intense muscular relaxation, and intranasal midazolam seems to be an appropriate sedation protocol for radiographic study. All cockatiels remained healthy after the study and presented clear and watery stools at least 12 hours after, due to gastrointestinal emptying.

O presente estudo objetivou determinar os tempos de trânsito gastrintestinal de calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus) por meio do estudo radiográfico contrastado e investigar os efeitos sedativos do midazolam intranasal nesta espécie, bem como a viabilidade do uso deste fármaco para facilitar a contenção manual durante o exame radiográfico. Doze calopsitas, adultas e saudáveis, receberam midazolam intranasal, na dose de 2 mg/kg, e 15 ml/kg de iohexol por gavagem. Imagens radiográficas foram obtidas antes da administração do meio de contraste, três minutos depois da administração e a cada 10 minutos, até 90 minutos de estudo. A qualidade da sedação foi avaliada durante todo o estudo radiográfico por meio de escala visual adaptada. Três minutos após a administração do iohexol, esôfago cervical e inglúvio foram preenchidos em todas as aves. Ao mesmo tempo, o meio de contraste alcançou esôfago torácico, proventrículo, istmo e ventrículo na maioria dos animais. Em todas as aves, a mediana e intervalo dos tempos de trânsito foram três (3-10) minutos em proventrículo e ventrículo, 10 (10-40) minutos em intestino delgado e 45 (30-70) minutos em intestino grosso, sendo que o tempo total de trânsito gastrintestinal foi 50 (30-90) minutos. Inglúvio permaneceu preenchido por meio de contraste durante todo o estudo radiográfico, enquanto esôfago e istmo apresentaram padrão de trânsito diferente dos demais segmentos avaliados. As aves apresentaram moderado a intenso relaxamento muscular durante o estudo e a administração de midazolam intranasal mostrou-se como protocolo sedativo apropriado em calopsitas. Todas as aves permaneceram saudáveis e apresentaram fezes com aspecto aquoso e esbranquiçado no mínimo 12 horas após o estudo radiográfico, devido ao esvaziamento gastrintestinal.

Dexmedetomidine for chemical restraint of a Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris)

Background: The Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris), considered the largest land mammal in South America, is a vulnerable species in terms of its degree of conservation. In captivity, its health is evaluated through behavioral and physical observation and laboratory exams, and in some cases, chemical restraint, to reduce stress. Dissociative anesthetics and sedatives are used for the sedation of these animals, and few studies have reported the use of dexmedetomidine and its effects when associated with other drugs in chemical containment protocols; therefore, this work reports its use, in conjunction with ketamine and midazolam, in a young Brazilian tapir. Case: A male Brazilian tapir, male, weighing 89 kg, 1 and a half year old, housed at CETAS in Rio Branco, Acre, was chemically restrained with dexmedetomidine (7 µg/kg), ketamine (1.5 mg/kg), and midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) for venous blood collection, oral and rectal mucosal swabs, and microchipping. The protocol was administered intramuscularly to the right triceps brachii, after physical restraint. After 5 min of application, the animal assumed sternal recumbency and presented reflux. After 15 min, the patient was placed in the right lateral decubitus position. During collection, heart rate (48 ± 10 bpm), respiratory frequency (29 ± 1 mpm), rectal temperature (38.1 ± 0.18°C), oxyhemoglobin saturation (97 ± 1%), and electrocardiographic tracing were recorded. The tapir showed deep sedation, immobility, good muscle relaxation, discreet medial palpebral reflex, and bilateral rotation of the eyeball. After 40 min of protocol administration, sedative reversal was performed intramuscularly with 14 µg/kg atipamezole. Five min after administration, the tapir showed signs of mild sedation. After 10 min, he assumed the quadrupedal position, remained in this position for 8 min, and gently resumed the sternal decubitus. After only 20 min, he resumed the quadrupedal position, with mild ataxia and good muscular and conscious tone. After 50 min, the patient was discharged from anesthesia. Discussion: Domestic horses are phylogenetically close to tapirs, so the choice of drugs and doses of the protocol used was based on their use in horses, and on studies carried out with tapirs as well. Despite being docile and passive, the tapir was not conditioned and did not allow the manipulation and collection of samples collaboratively; therefore, it was chemically contained. The physical restraint performed did not generate satisfactory immobilization of the tapir, resulting in agitation and stress and causing the needle to break. The reflux presented by the tapir minutes after sedation and at recovery was induced by dexmedetomidine, and only the undigested banana pieces were offered to the animal. Reflux plus stress from extensive fasting and suboptimal physical restraint was responsible for the change in the tapir's eating behavior, with possible stress gastritis 24 h after chemical restraint. Only one study reported the use of dexmedetomidine in tapirs, associated with continuous infusions of ketamine, midazolam and guaiacol glyceryl ether for moderate to long-term field procedures. Sedative reversal of dexmedetomidine by atipamezole reduced the recovery time and the risk of death from cardiorespiratory depression. The anesthetic combination used was effective, promoting immobility, muscle relaxation, and stability of the physical parameters evaluated, with rapid and gentle induction and an adequate level of sedation for the objective, good sedative reversal, and anesthetic recovery.

Protocolo de sedação visando a castração química em cães / Sedation protocol aiming to chemical castration in dogs

A castração química é utilizada para castrar cães machos a um custo mais baixo que o procedimento cirúrgico, que é o método mais aplicado para castrar cães e gatos. A castração química é um procedimento mais simples que a castração cirúrgica e pode ser realizada a nível ambulatorial, sem necessidade de anestesia geral. Entretanto, devido ao estresse pela manipulação e ao desconforto produzido pela injeção de uma substância no interior dos testículos, faz-se necessária uma sedação para que a castração química seja efetuada de um modo que proporcione o bem-estar do animal. Assim, este artigo tem como objetivo propor um protocolo inovador para sedação de cães submetidos à castração química. Para isso, foram utilizados 12 cães submetidos à administração de xilazina em subdose no acuponto yin tang. Após o estabelecimento da sedação, os cães foram castrados quimicamente. O protocolo proposto permitiu que a castração química fosse realizada com conforto para o paciente e para a equipe de médicos veterinários. Desta forma, concluiu-se que o protocolo de sedação é seguro e pode ser empregado em cães para procedimentos não invasivos, como exames, coleta de material e outros processos ou técnicas semelhantes.

Chemical castration is used to spay male dogs at a lower cost than the surgical procedure, which is the most applied method to spay dogs and cats. Chemical castration is a simpler procedure than surgical castration and can be performed on an outpatient basis, without the need for general anesthesia. However, due to the stress caused by manipulation and the discomfort produced by the injection of a substance into the testicles, sedation is necessary so that chemical castration is to be carried out in a way that provides the animal's welfare. Thus, this article aims to propose an innovative protocol for sedation of dogs submitted to chemical castration. For this purpose, twelve dogs submitted to the administration of xylazine in subdosis in the yin-tang acupoint were used. After the establishment of sedation, the dogs were chemically neutered. The proposed protocol allowed chemical castration to be performed with comfort for the patient and the team of veterinarians. Therefore, it is concluded that the sedation protocol is safe and can be used in dogs for non-invasive procedures such as exams, material collection, and other similar processes or techniques.

Assessing ultrasonographic optic nerve sheath diameter in animal model with anesthesia regimens

Purpose: To determine the normal optical nerve sheath (ONS) diameter ultrasonography (ONSUS) and evaluate the possible effects of drugs on ONS diameter during anesthetic induction in healthy pigs. Methods: Healthy piglets were divided into three groups: a control group, that received xylazine and ketamine (X/K); other that received xylazine, ketamine and propofol (X/K/P); and a third group that received xylazine, ketamine, and thiopental (X/K/T). The sheath diameter was assessed by ultrasonography calculating the average of three measurements of each eye from the left and right sides. Results: 118 animals were anesthetized (49 X/K 33 X/K/P and 39 X/K/T). Mean ONS sizes on both sides in each group were 0.394 ± 0.048 (X/K), 0.407 ± 0.029 (X/K/P) and 0.378 ± 0.042 cm (X/K/T) (medians of 0.400, 0.405 and 0.389, respectively). The ONS diameter varied from 0.287-0.512 cm (mean of 0.302 ± 0.039 cm). For group X/K, the mean diameter was 0.394 ± 0.048 cm. Significant differences in ONS sizes between the groups P and T (X/K/P > X/K/T, p = 0.003) were found. No statistically significant differences were detected when other groups were compared (X/K = X/K/P, p = 0.302; X/K = X/K/T, p = 0.294). Conclusions: Sedation with thiopental lead to significative ONS diameter reduction in comparison with propofol. ONSUS may be useful to evaluate responses to thiopental administration.

O uso de opioides em ruminantes / Use of opioids in ruminants

Os ruminantes, como todos os animais, têm capacidade de sentir dor, a qual pode ser causada por doenças ou procedimentos frequentemente praticados, como a descorna e a orquiectomia. Todavia, nesses animais, o uso de analgésicos ainda é menos comum do que o ideal, sendo necessária uma maior conscientização, além de estudos com fármacos e protocolos, capazes de aliviar a dor de maneira eficaz nessas espécies. Neste contexto, destacam-se os opioides, potentes fármacos analgésicos, sendo ótima opção para o controle da dor; entretanto, seu uso ainda é pouco frequente em ruminantes, os estudos são limitados e encontram resultados variáveis. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar os benefícios do controle da dor em ruminantes, através do uso de opioides, elucidando as possibilidades analgésicas com diferentes fármacos desta classe e vias de administração, a fim de incentivar o uso pelos médicos veterinários de ruminantes, com base na literatura já publicada sobre este assunto; uma vez que, mesmo com alguns resultados variáveis, diversos estudos têm demonstrado o potencial antinociceptivo dos opioides em ruminantes, além dos efeitos sedativos, destacando o potencial analgésico principalmente por vias de administração alternativas, como o fentanil transdérmico e a via epidural para diversos opioides, os quais tornam-se opções importantes a serem consideradas nos protocolos analgésicos para ruminantes.

Ruminants, as all other animals, feel pain, which can be caused by diseases or frequently practiced procedures, such as dehorning and orchiectomy. However, in these animals the use of analgesics is still less common than ideal, requiring greater awareness, in addition to studies with drugs and protocols capable of effectively relieving pain in these species. In this context, opioids, potent analgesic drugs, are highlighted as a great option for pain control. Nevertheless, their use is still infrequent in ruminants, where studies are limited and show varied results. Therefore, the objective of this study was to review the benefits of pain control in ruminants through opioids, elucidating the analgesic possibilities with different drugs of this class and administration routes to encourage the use by veterinarians of ruminants, based on the literature already published on this subject. Even with some variable results, several studies have demonstrated the antinociceptive potential of opioids in ruminants, in addition to the sedative effects, highlighting the analgesic potential mainly through alternative routes of administration, such as transdermal fentanyl and the epidural route for various opioids, which become important options to be considered in analgesic protocols for ruminants.

Fratura de úmero em uma curicaca (Theristicus caudatus) - manejo anestésico e cirúrgico / Humerus fracture in a buff-necked ibis (Theristicus caudatus) - anesthesia and surgical procedures

Background: The medical science of birds, with the exception of aviculture, has a very short history compared to other subdisciplines of veterinary medicine. With this in mind, the current work aims to report the case of a buff-necked ibis with an open fracture of the left humerus, presenting the surgical treatment and anesthetic protocol used, in order to contribute to the avian medical literature. Case: An adult buff-necked ibis (Theristicus caudatus) was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital with an open fracture of the left humeral shaft, 7 days after rescue. During the physical examination, a skin lesion was identified in the fracture area, with signs of low vascularization, devitalization, necrotic tissues, and purulent secretions being noted. On radiographic examination, the fracture was classified as comminuted, with exposure of the left humeral shaft. After evaluating the limb, it was decided to amputate the wing, and 24 h later, the patient was referred to the operating room after fasting for 4 h. As pre-anesthetic medication, ketamine (20 mg/kg) and midazolam (1 mg/kg) were administered, both intramuscularly. Orotracheal intubation was performed, after which the tracheal tube was connected to a Baraka-type gas-free system and the supply of isoflurane was started through a universal vaporizer, diluted in 100% oxygen. For transoperative analgesia, brachial plexus block was performed using 2% lidocaine (2 mg/kg). During the surgical procedure, an incision was made in the skin and subcutaneous tissue in the middle third of the left humerus, and detachment of the greater deltoid muscle was performed with a periosteal elevator, followed by excision of the tensor propatagialis. In the ventrodorsal region, circular ligation of the brachial vein, ulnar vein and artery, and median-ulnar nerve was carried out, and disarticulation of the scapulacoracoid-humeral region. Subsequently, abolition of dead space and a myorrhaphy were performed, followed by demorrhaphy. In the immediate post-operative period, morphine (5 mg/kg), meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg), and enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg) were administered intramuscularly. The patient was discharged from the hospital 6 h after the end of the surgical procedure. Discussion: Interest in the conservation of wild birds is one of the causes of the increased demand for anesthetic and surgical procedures in these species. However, it is a challenge for professionals in the field. The use of analgesics is recommended for reasons of well-being, but also because of the possibility of reducing the concentration of inhalational anesthetics in surgical procedures. Ketamine associated with midazolam promotes sufficient sedation and muscle relaxation in the patient, enabling safe preoperative management, in addition to reducing the amount of inhaled anesthetics used during the transoperative period. Isofluorane promotes safe general anesthesia for birds and has an advantage over injectable drugs, as it provides better dynamic control of anesthetic depth in these species. The brachial plexus block performed is a simple procedure that promotes quality anesthesia and analgesia in the perioperative period. The choice for amputation was due to the absence of musculature for closure, severe skin, muscle, and bone devitalization, and the infectious process in the region, factors that would prevent osteosynthesis. Although amputation through the bone is preferable, the disarticulation technique was used due to the absence of a healthy proximal humeral fragment. The patient's death can be explained by the poor nutritional status the bird was in, as it presented an open fracture with severe contamination, a concomitant injury that occurred during the possible trauma, and the excessive time between the day of the trauma and the day of medical attendance. However, the surgical and anesthetic procedures were adequate and satisfactory for the patient. The importance of identifying and treating diseases secondary to contaminated fractures in these species is emphasized.

Primary corneal hemangiosarcoma in a tapir (Tapirus terrestris)

Background: Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant vascular tumor commonly described in veterinary ophthalmology as emerging at the margin of the third eyelid and bulbar conjunctiva. The primary corneal attachment of the tumor is considered rare, as the cornea is an avascular structure, but there are sparse reports of primary occurrences in the cornea of dogs, cats, and horses. No reports were found in wild animals. The Tapirus terrestris, commonly known as Tapir, is a perissodactyl mammal that inhabits South America regions, being considered the largest terrestrial mammal of Brazil and one of the most popular animals in zoos in various countries. This paper aims to report the first case of primary corneal hemangiosarcoma in a 25-year-old female Tapir (Tapirus terrestris) held in captivity. Case: A 25-year-old Tapirus terrestris female presented an irregular mass in the right cornea, mucopurulent secretion, and inconclusive previous cytological evaluation. It also had a history of a milky cornea for many years, and in the last 12 months, a tissue growth was observed, as well as the occurrence of mucopurulent secretion. The menace response in the right eye was negative. In the ophthalmologic examination, a red-colored, lobed, hemorrhagic, and ulcerated mass occupying approximately 90% of the cornea was observed, and in the peripheral cornea, there was an intense discoloration. Due to the extension of the mass and visual loss, the transpalpebral enucleation was performed under general inhalation anesthesia. The histopathological analysis evidenced a vascular tumor restricted to the central peripheral cornea, composed of blood vessels of small and large caliber, showing polygonal endothelial cells with moderate atypia, anisocytosis, and anisocariasis, in addition to dense stroma and inflammatory cells. The mass occupied the anterior corneal stroma, and there was no involvement of bulbar conjunctiva, sclera, or intraocular structures. The immunohistochemical study revealed the positivity of neoplastic cells for CD31, and the proliferative index of the lesion was evaluated by the Ki-67 as inferior to 10%. Discussion: The histopathologic and immunohistochemical examinations evidenced a hypercellular lesion, and the diagnosis of primary corneal hemangiosarcoma (HSA) was possible due to the significant cellular atypia identified in the lesion. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of corneal hemangiosarcoma described in Tapirus terrestris. The HAS is a malignant neoplasm originating in the vascular endothelial cells. There is a significant correlation between the HSA and prolonged exposure to solar radiation. The tapir of this report lived in a high-altitude region with exposure to ultraviolet rays; therefore, it might be an important predisposing factor for the HSA emergence. The chosen treatment for vascular tumors according to the visual prognostic is the lamellar keratectomy; however, the transpalpebral enucleation was the elected treatment since the eye was not visual, the neoplasm had a great extension, the animal was in advanced age and lived in captivity, and it was difficult to handle the animal without sedation to perform adjuvant therapies. Since the mass corresponded to 90% of the cornea, total removal with free edges would not be possible as described in the literature, and, therefore, there was an increased risk of relapse. In the follow-up after 3 years of surgical excision, the animal remained free of metastasis, reinforcing the diagnosis of primary corneal hemangiosarcoma.

Locoregional anesthesia due to tumescence in bilateral total mastectomy of goats

Background: Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland or udder, regardless of its origin, severity, or evolution. Bilateral total mastectomy is indicated in cases of chronic suppurative mastitis, gangrenous mastitis, udder neoplasm or hyperplasia. For mastectomy, the supine position is recommended and, as it is a long-term procedure, general anesthesia was chosen together with the tumescence technique with the objective of transanesthetic and postoperative analgesia. The present report aims to report the general anesthesia protocol used for 2 goats submitted to bilateral total mastectomy associated with a locoregional block by tumescence, a technique not described in the goat species. Cases: Two female goats, mixed breed, approximately 3 years old, were admitted to the Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais (HVGA) of the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), with a history of recurrent mastitis. There was an increase in udder volume and the presence of purulent secretion during milking. One of the animals had given birth about 20 days ago. Surgical treatment through bilateral total mastectomy was recommended for both animals, as they did not present a satisfactory response to antimicrobial therapy, excessive enlargement and functional loss of the mammary system. For the procedure, food fasting for 48 h and water fasting for 24 h was established. The anesthetic protocols used consisted of previous sedation with xylazine1 [Xilazin® - 0.05 mg/kg, IM] anesthetic induction with ketamine2 [Ketalex® - 10 mg/kg, IV] and midazolam3 [Dormire® - 0.1 mg/kg, IV]. Orotracheal intubation and connection to the anesthetic circuit were performed for maintenance through inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane4 (Forane®) and oxygen therapy. Then, in bottle of lactated ringer's solution5 [Linhamax® - 500 mL], lidocaine 2%6 without vasoconstrictor [Lidovet® - 40 mL] and adrenaline7 [Adren® - 25 mg/mL, 0.5 mL] were added, 10 mL/kg of the solution were injected into the subcutaneous tissue of the region of the mammary chains utilizing a Klein cannula after local antisepsis. After the administration of the tumescent solution, it was observed that the area involved is presented with the formation of a gel and there is minimal bleeding, compared to the conventional technique. The animals were monitored for the degree of analgesia, recording vital signs every 15 min at the end of the surgery, dipyrone9 [D-500® - 25 mg/kg, IV], morphine7 [Sulfato de Morfina® - 0.1 mg/kg, SC], and meloxicam10 [Maxican® 0.5 mg/kg, IM, 3 consecutive days] for postoperative analgesia. Additionally, tetanus serum1 [Vencosat® - 50,000 IU, single dose] and of oxytetracycline¹ [Oxitetraciclina LA® - 10 mg/kg, IM, 5 applications on alternate days)]. In the following 24 h, no signs of pain were observed on palpation of the surgical wound in the animals, but goat 1 was apathetic and inappetent, with improvement in the clinical picture only 48 h after surgery. Discussion: The choice of the surgical procedure resulted in an improvement in the clinical conditions of the animals and the anesthetic protocol using inhalation anesthesia and locoregional block (tumescence) proved to be efficient to perform in goats, contributing to transanesthetic and postoperative analgesia, being easily applied to ruminants that need surgical interventions in the region of mammary chains.

Anestesia regional intravenosa (bloqueio de Bier) em urubu-de-cabeça-preta (Coragyps atratus) submetido à amputação de dígito / Regional intravenous anaesthesia (Bier's block) in black-headed vulture (Coragyps atratus) submitted to digit amputation

Background: The Coragyps atratus flies long distances in search of food and has a marked behaviour of food competition. Since they are frequently found in areas of recent human occupation, they are subject to trauma, which may require surgical interventions. Locoregional blocks are used as part of a balanced-anaesthesia protocol and are currently being evaluated in birds, with brachial plexus block being the main technique described in the literature. However, to our knowledge, this is the first description of intravenous regional anaesthesia (Bier's block) in a vulture. Thus, we aim to report the use of Bier's block with 1% lidocaine, in a black-headed vulture submitted to digit amputation. Case: A black-headed vulture (Coragyps atratus), weighing 2 kg, was rescued and referred to the Veterinary Hospital due to its inability to fly. Physical examination revealed a swollen digit in the right pelvic limb. Radiographic examination confirmed the intermediate phalanx fracture of the 4th digit of the right pelvic limb with signs suggestive of advanced osteomyelitis. The animal was referred to surgery for amputation of the affected digit. Before surgery, water and food were withdrawn for 12 h. Pre-anaesthetic medication consisted of 1 mg/kg midazolam and 0.5 mg/kg morphine intramuscularly (IM). Anaesthetic induction was performed through face mask with isoflurane, followed by orotracheal intubation with a 3 mm-endotracheal tube. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane through a non-rebreathing circuit in 100% oxygen. Using a multiparametric monitor, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2 ), oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2 ), electrocardiography (ECG), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and core temperature (CT) were evaluated. Antisepsis of the right pelvic limb was performed and an elastic band was applied around the distal region of the affected tibia to serve as a tourniquet. A scalp vein set was used to access the lateral saphenous vein in the region distal to the tourniquet, and 5 mg/ kg lidocaine 1% was injected intravenously. The patient remained stable during the procedure, with no need for analgesic rescue. The tourniquet was gradually released 40 min past its application, being completely removed after 45 min of surgery. The anaesthetic supply was interrupted, with extubation after 4 min; the patient had satisfactory anaesthetic recovery. Discussion: The present report describes the success in using the technique of intravenous regional anaesthesia with 1% lidocaine for digit amputation performed on a specimen of black-headed vulture. The pre-anaesthetic medication provided analgesia, satisfactory sedation for venoclysis, and anaesthetic induction without complications. Anaesthetic induction and maintenance in birds are preferably performed with inhaled anaesthetics, thus the choice of mask induction. Despite the reduction in RR soon after induction, the patient remained on spontaneous ventilation. Bier's block using 5 mg/kg lidocaine showed to be an easy and safe technique in vultures, but doses up to 6 mg/kg lidocaine are not associated with adverse effects in birds. The intravenous regional anaesthesia technique described in this manuscript promoted adequate analgesia for the digit amputation procedure in black-headed vultures and allowed hemodynamic stability without significant anaesthetic complications. Thus, the present report points to the potential use of this locoregional block in other birds.

Benzocaine and eugenol as anesthetics for pangasius juveniles, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect and efficacy of different concentrations of eugenol and benzocaine for pangasius juveniles (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and determine the anesthetic and concentration most appropriate for carrying out routine fish farming practices for this species. One hundred juveniles with an average weight of 32.10 ± 4.9 g and an average total length of 15.32 ± 0.57 cm were used. Four concentrations of both anesthetics were evaluated: 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/L, with four induction time stages and three recovery stages. During the time that the fish remained anesthetized, biometric procedures were performed. Then, they were transferred to a 10-liter aquarium containing clean water, without adding the anesthetic to observe the recovery time. After recovery, the animals were kept in aquariums for 72 hours to check for mortality. Eugenol, at all concentrations evaluated, and benzocaine, at a concentration of 25 mg/L, were not effective in sedating juveniles of pangasius. Benzocaine concentrations of 75 and 100 mg/L were effective for anesthesia and recovery of fish within the time span of five and seven minutes. However, considering animal welfare, the use of a concentration of 100 mg/L is recommended, as it resulted in shorter latency and recovery times.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito e a eficácia de diferentes concentrações de benzocaína e eugenol em juvenis de pangasius (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) para determinar o anestésico mais eficiente e a concentração mais adequada para realização das práticas rotineiras em piscicultura para esta espécie. Foram utilizados 100 juvenis, com peso médio de 32,10 ± 4,9 g e comprimento total médio de 15,32 ± 0,57 cm. Foram avaliadas quatro concentrações para ambos os anestésicos: 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 mg/L, sendo observados quatro estágios de tempo de indução e três estágios de recuperação. Durante o tempo em que os peixes permaneceram anestesiados, foram realizados os procedimentos de biometria. Em seguida, os animais foram transferidos para um aquário de 10 L contendo água limpa, sem adição do anestésico, para observar o tempo de recuperação. Após a recuperação, os animais foram mantidos nos aquários por 72 horas para verificação da mortalidade. O eugenol, em todas as concentrações avaliadas, e a benzocaína, na concentração de 25 mg/L, não foram eficazes na sedação de juvenis de pangasius. As concentrações de benzocaína de 75 e 100 mg/L foram eficientes para anestesia e recuperação dos peixes considerando a faixa de tempo pré-estabelecida de cinco e sete minutos, respectivamente. Entretanto, considerando o bem-estar animal, recomenda-se o uso da concentração de 100 mg/L, uma vez que resultou em menor tempo de latência e recuperação.