Genetic diversity analysis in dairy cows of Nariño, southwestern Colombia / Análise da diversidade genética em vacas leiteiras de Nariño, sudoeste da Colômbia

In Colombia, different dairy breeds were introduced from Europe and the United States, which underwent different crossing and selection processes that generated specific qualities or differences and which likely have their own genomic structure. To characterize genetic diversity, population structure, and admixture, we used genotypes from 23,182 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 130 animals representing four dairy cattle breed groups from Nariño. In addition, we merged genotypes from 43,043 autosomal SNPs, from 137 animals from the Decker database (Decker et al., 2014) (DRYAD doi:10.5061/dryad.th092). After the quality control process of pruning the merged dataset, we were left with 7,475 autosomal SNPs shared by both databases of Nariño (127 samples) and Decker (135 samples). Genetic diversity levels were moderate in all breeds (average observed heterozygosity = 0.40). Based on the fixation index values, we conclude that Brahman individuals were more differentiated than the taurine breeds (-0.374 to 0.076 for Brown Swiss). Pairs between taurine breeds showed low genetic differentiation (0.011-0.479). Principal component analysis revealed that in both the Nariño and Decker databases, the taurine formed the most compact cluster compared with other breeds known not to share the same ancestry, and Jersey, Brown Swiss, and Normand individuals exhibited high similarity with Holstein individuals. Hierarchical cluster analysis with Admixture revealed that Brahman, Jersey, Normand, and Holstein from the Decker databases most of which were clustered together with the dairy breeds of the Nariño highland tropics are not able to create different groups, thus having greater similarity with each other. This can be explained by the crosses made by farmers to increase milk production volume, always based on the Holstein breed with semen of bulls from America and Canada. Detrimental impacts due to intensive selection might cause some specific traits from the region to be fixed in the offspring, which can influence their adaptive capacity to the highland tropics.

Na Colômbia foram introduzidas diferentes raças leiteiras trazidas da Europa e dos Estados Unidos, que passaram por diferentes processos de cruzamento e seleção, gerando o desenvolvimento de características ou diferenças específicas nas raças bovinas e provavelmente, exibem sua própria estrutura genômica. Para caracterizar a diversidade genética e estrutura populacional foram utilizados genótipos de 23.182 polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) autossômicos de 130 animais, representando quatro grupos de raças de gado leiteiro de Nariño. Além disso, juntamos genótipos de 43.043 SNPs autossômicos, de 137 animais do banco de dados Decker (Decker et al., 2014) (DRYAD doi:10.5061/dryad.th092). Após o processo de controle de qualidade, o conjunto de dados misto ficou com 7.475 SNPs autossômicos compartilhados em ambos os bancos de dados de Nariño (127 amostras) e Decker (135 amostras). Os níveis de diversidade genética foram moderados em todas as raças (heterozigose média observada = 0,40). Com base nos valores do índice de fixação, concluímos que os indivíduos Brahman (zebuínos) foram mais diferenciados em comparação às raças taurinas (-0,374 a 0,076 para Pardo Suíço). Pares entre as raças taurinas apresentaram baixa diferenciação genética (0,011 ­ 0,479). O resultado dos componentes principais mostra que nos dois bancos de dados, Nariño e Decker, os taurinos formaram o cluster mais compacto em comparação com outras raças conhecidas por não compartilharem a mesma ancestralidade; indivíduos Jersey, Pardo Suíço e Normando denotaram alta similaridade com indivíduos Holandeses. A análise de agrupamento hierárquico com Admixture mostrou que Brahman, Jersey, Normando e Holandês da base de dados Decker, a maioria deles também agrupados com as raças leiteiras do alto trópico de Nariño, não são capazes de criar grupos diferentes, portanto, mostram maior semelhança entre eles. Isso pode ser explicado devido aos cruzamentos feitos pelos pecuaristas para aumentar o volume de produção de leite, sempre tendo como base a raça Holandesa com sêmen de touros da América e Canadá. Impactos prejudiciais, devido à seleção intensiva, podem fazer com que algumas características específicas da região sejam fixadas na prole e isso pode influenciar a sua capacidade adaptativa aos trópicos altos.

Range extension of Diclidurus scutatus (Chiroptera, Emballonuridae) to southwestern Amazonia / Extensão da distribuição de Diclidurus scutatus (Chiroptera, Emballonuridae) para o sudoeste da Amazônia

ABSTRACT Diclidurus scutatus is an aerial insectivore bat endemic of South America and considered rare throughout its distribution range. We present the first record of this species in Rondônia State, northern Brazil, expanding its distribution more than 1000 km into southwestern Amazonia. Including this record, D. scutatus is known for 20 localities from eight countries (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela), and two biomes-Amazonia and Atlantic Forest.

RESUMO Diclidurus scutatus é um morcego insetívoro aéreo, endêmico da América do Sul e considerado raro em toda sua área de distribuição. Apresentamos o primeiro registro dessa espécie para o estado de Rondônia, norte do Brasil, expandindo sua distribuição em mais de 1000 quilômetros para o sudoeste da Amazônia. Incluindo o presente registro, D. scutatus é conhecido para 20 localidades em oito países (Brasil, Colômbia, Equador, Guiana Francesa, Guiana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela) e dois biomas-Amazônia e Mata Atlântica.

Range extension of Diclidurus scutatus (Chiroptera, Emballonuridae) to southwestern Amazonia / Extensão da distribuição de Diclidurus scutatus (Chiroptera, Emballonuridae) para o sudoeste da Amazônia

ABSTRACT Diclidurus scutatus is an aerial insectivore bat endemic of South America and considered rare throughout its distribution range. We present the first record of this species in Rondônia State, northern Brazil, expanding its distribution more than 1000 km into southwestern Amazonia. Including this record, D. scutatus is known for 20 localities from eight countries (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela), and two biomes-Amazonia and Atlantic Forest.(AU)

RESUMO Diclidurus scutatus é um morcego insetívoro aéreo, endêmico da América do Sul e considerado raro em toda sua área de distribuição. Apresentamos o primeiro registro dessa espécie para o estado de Rondônia, norte do Brasil, expandindo sua distribuição em mais de 1000 quilômetros para o sudoeste da Amazônia. Incluindo o presente registro, D. scutatus é conhecido para 20 localidades em oito países (Brasil, Colômbia, Equador, Guiana Francesa, Guiana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela) e dois biomas-Amazônia e Mata Atlântica.(AU)

Notes on the neotropical genus Macrinus (Araneae: Sparassidae)

Macrinus Simon, 1887 can be diagnosed by the twisted tegulum with a distal retrolateral laminar projection and the fulcrum with a prolateral serrated projection on the male palp and by the copulatory ducts with an anterior, fused hyaline part and a median long and sclerotized part ending at a slightly rounded spermathecae in the female epigynum. The genus currently includes three species: Macrinus succineus Simon, 1887 and M. jaegeri Rheims, 2007, from Brazil, and M. pollexensis (Schenkel, 1953) from Venezuela. In this paper I describe two new species: Macrinus bambuco sp. nov. and Macrinus calypso sp. nov. The first is based on a male from Lomalinda, Colombia, and is distinguished from the remaining Macrinus by the presence of a retrolateral triangular projection on the tegulum of the male palp. The second is based on a male from Charlotteville, Tobago, and is distinguished from the remaining species by a small retrolateral process at the base of the RTA. In addition, Olios mohavensis Fox, 1937, from the Mojave Desert in California, USA, is transferred to Macrinus. The species can be distinguished from the remaining species of the genus by a median anterior constriction on the anterior margin of the median septum of the female epigynum. It's distribution range is extended to southwestern North America, in the Nearctic region. No Macrinus species is known to occur in Central America.

Notes on the neotropical genus Macrinus (Araneae: Sparassidae)

Macrinus Simon, 1887 can be diagnosed by the twisted tegulum with a distal retrolateral laminar projection and the fulcrum with a prolateral serrated projection on the male palp and by the copulatory ducts with an anterior, fused hyaline part and a median long and sclerotized part ending at a slightly rounded spermathecae in the female epigynum. The genus currently includes three species: Macrinus succineus Simon, 1887 and M. jaegeri Rheims, 2007, from Brazil, and M. pollexensis (Schenkel, 1953) from Venezuela. In this paper I describe two new species: Macrinus bambuco sp. nov. and Macrinus calypso sp. nov. The first is based on a male from Lomalinda, Colombia, and is distinguished from the remaining Macrinus by the presence of a retrolateral triangular projection on the tegulum of the male palp. The second is based on a male from Charlotteville, Tobago, and is distinguished from the remaining species by a small retrolateral process at the base of the RTA. In addition, Olios mohavensis Fox, 1937, from the Mojave Desert in California, USA, is transferred to Macrinus. The species can be distinguished from the remaining species of the genus by a median anterior constriction on the anterior margin of the median septum of the female epigynum. It's distribution range is extended to southwestern North America, in the Nearctic region. No Macrinus species is known to occur in Central America.

Una nueva especie de Epipedobates (Anura: Dendrobatidae) del suroccidente de Colombia

Se describe una nueva especie del género Epipedobates del departamento de Nariño, al suroccidente de Colombia. Epipedobates narinensis sp. nov. puede ser diferenciada de cualquier otra especie del género por morfología externa y su distintivo patrón de coloración.

A new species of genus Epipedobates from Nariño department, southwestern Colombia is described. Epipedobates narinensis n. sp. differs from all others congeners by external morphology and by their distinctive coloration pattern.

Una nueva especie de Epipedobates (Anura: Dendrobatidae) del suroccidente de Colombia

Se describe una nueva especie del género Epipedobates del departamento de Nariño, al suroccidente de Colombia. Epipedobates narinensis sp. nov. puede ser diferenciada de cualquier otra especie del género por morfología externa y su distintivo patrón de coloración.

A new species of genus Epipedobates from Nariño department, southwestern Colombia is described. Epipedobates narinensis n. sp. differs from all others congeners by external morphology and by their distinctive coloration pattern.

Confirmation of the presence of Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in Southwestern Colombia

We confirm the presence of the bat Nyctinomops laticaudatus in southwestern Colombia, by the record of a colony of the species in the urban area of the town of Cartago municipality, Valle del Cauca department, at a 950 m elevation. This new record supports the distribution of the species in the geographic valley of the Cauca River and in southwestern Colombia, where it was previously regarded as hypothetical.

Confirmation of the presence of Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in Southwestern Colombia

We confirm the presence of the bat Nyctinomops laticaudatus in southwestern Colombia, by the record of a colony of the species in the urban area of the town of Cartago municipality, Valle del Cauca department, at a 950 m elevation. This new record supports the distribution of the species in the geographic valley of the Cauca River and in southwestern Colombia, where it was previously regarded as hypothetical.(AU)

The Neotropical whale catfishes (Siluriformes: Cetopsidae: Cetopsinae), a revisionary study

The catfishes of the subfamily Cetopsinae of the Neotropical family Cetopsidae are revised. Four genera, Cetopsidium new genus, Cetopsis, Denticetopsis, and Paracetopsis Bleeker are recognized as valid. Bathycetopsis, Hemicetopsis, and Pseudocetopsis are considered synonyms of Cetopsis and Paracetopsis Eigenmann & Bean and Cetopsogiton synonyms of Paracetopsis. Thirty-seven species are recognized in the Cetopsinae. Cetopsidium includes six species: C. ferreirai, new species, rio Trombetas; C. minutum, Essequibo River; C. morenoi, central and western portions of río Orinoco; C. orientale, coastal rivers of Suriname and French Guiana, and tentatively rio Tocantins and rio Xingu; C. pemon, new species, río Caura, río Caroni, río Meta, and rio Branco; and C. roae, new species, Rupununi River. Cetopsis includes 21 species: C. amphiloxa, río San Juan, río Atrato, and río Patia, western Colombia, and rivers of northwestern Ecuador; C. arcana, new species, rio Tocantins; C. baudoensis, río Baudo; C. caiapo, new species, rio Tocantins; C. candiru, Amazon basin; C. fimbriata, new species, río Truando; C. coecutiens, rio Amazonas, rio Tocantins, and río Orinoco; C. gobioides, upper rio São Francisco, rio Paraná, río Uruguay, and rio Juquiá; C. jurubidae, río Jurubidá; C. montana, new species, western portions of Amazon basin; C. motatanensis, Lago Maracaibo basin; C. oliveirai, Amazon basin; C. orinoco, río Orinoco, río Aroa, and río Yaracuy; C. othonops, río Magdalena and río Sinú; C. parma, western Amazon basin; C. pearsoni, new species, upper portions of rio Madeira; C. plumbea, western portions of rio Amazonas; C. sandrae, new species, rio Tapajós; C. sarcodes, new species, rio Tocantins; C. starnesi, new species, northwestern río de La Plata and southern rio Madeira; and C. umbrosa, new species, western río Orinoco. Cetopsis chalmersi is a synonym of C. gobioides. Cetopsis macroteronema is a synonym of C. plumbea. Denticetopsis includes seven species: D. epa, new species, rio Tocantins; D. iwokrama, new species, Siparuni River; D. macilenta, Potaro River; D. praecox, río Baria; D. royeroi, upper río Negro; D. sauli, upper río Negro; and D. seducta, new species, western portions of rio Amazonas and río Orinoco. Paracetopsis consists of three species: P. atahualpa, new species, río Tumbes, northwestern Peru, and río Zarumilla, southwestern Ecuador; P. bleekeri, río Guayas and río Santa Rosa, south-western Ecuador; and P. esmeraldas, new species, rivers of northwestern Ecuador. Cetopsis ventralis and C. occidentalis are synonyms of Paracetopsis bleekeri. A neotype is designated for Paracetopsis bleekeri. Lectotypes are designated for Cetopsis candiru, Cetopsis chalmersi, and Cetopsis plumbeus.

Os bagres da subfamília Cetopsinae, da família neotropical Cetopsidae, são revisados. Quatro gêneros, Cetopsidium novo gênero, Cetopsis, Denticetopsis,e Paracetopsis Bleeker são reconhecidos como válidos. Bathycetopsis, Hemicetopsis, e Pseudocetopsis são considerados sinônimos de Cetopsis, enquanto que Paracetopsis Eigenmann & Bean e Cetopsogiton sinônimos de Paracetopsis. Trinta e sete espécies são reconhecidas em Cetopsinae. Cetopsidium inclui seis espécies: C. ferreirai, nova espécie, rio Trombetas; C. minutum, rio Essequibo; C. morenoi, partes central e ocidental do río Orinoco; C. orientale, rios costeiros do Suriname e Guiana Francesa, e tentativamente rio Tocantins e rio Xingu; C. pemon, nova espécie, río Caura, río Caroni, río Meta, e rio Branco; e C. roae, nova espécie, rio Rupununi. Cetopsis inclui 21 espécies: C. amphiloxa, río San Juan, río Atrato, e río Patia, Colombia ocidental, e rios do noroeste do Equador; C. arcana, nova espécie, rio Tocantins; C. baudoensis, río Baudo; C. caiapo, nova espécie, rio Tocantins; C. candiru, bacia Amazônica; C. fimbriata, nova espécie, río Truando; C. coecutiens, rio Amazonas, rio Tocantins, e río Orinoco; C. gobioides, alto rio São Francisco, rio Paraná, río Uruguay, e rio Juquiá; C. jurubidae, río Jurubidá; C. montana, nova espécie, região ocidental da bacia Amazônica; C. motatanensis, bacia do Lago Maracaibo; C. oliveirai, bacia Amazônica; C. orinoco, río Orinoco, río Aroa, e río Yaracuy; C. othonops, río Magdalena e río Sinú; C. parma, bacia Amazônica ocidental; C. pearsoni, nova espécie, alto rio Madeira; C. plumbea, porção ocidental do rio Amazonas; C. sandrae, nova espécie, rio Tapajós; C. sarcodes, nova espécie, rio Tocantins; C. starnesi, nova espécie, noroeste do río de La Plata e sul do rio Madeira; e C. umbrosa, nova espécie, río Orinoco ocidental. Cetopsis chalmersi é sinônimo de C. gobioides. Cetopsis macroteronema é sinônimo de C. plumbea. Denticetopsis inclui sete espécies: D. epa, nova espécie, rio Tocantins; D. iwokrama, nova espécie, rio Siparuni; D. macilenta, rio Potaro; D. praecox, río Baria; D. royeroi, alto río Negro; D. sauli, alto río Negro; e D. seducta, nova espécie, porção ocidental do rio Amazonas e río Orinoco. Paracetopsis compreende três espécies: P. atahualpa, nova espécie, río Tumbes, noroeste do Peru, e río Zarumilla, sudoeste do Equador; P. bleekeri, río Guayas e río Santa Rosa, sudoeste do Equador; e P. esmeraldas, nova espécie, rios do noroeste do Equador. Cetopsis ventralis e C. occidentalis são sinônimos de Paracetopsis bleekeri. Um neótipo é designado para Paracetopsis bleekeri Bleeker. Lectótipos são designados para Cetopsis candiru, Cetopsis chalmersi e Cetopsis plumbeus.

The Neotropical whale catfishes (Siluriformes: Cetopsidae: Cetopsinae), a revisionary study

The catfishes of the subfamily Cetopsinae of the Neotropical family Cetopsidae are revised. Four genera, Cetopsidium new genus, Cetopsis, Denticetopsis, and Paracetopsis Bleeker are recognized as valid. Bathycetopsis, Hemicetopsis, and Pseudocetopsis are considered synonyms of Cetopsis and Paracetopsis Eigenmann & Bean and Cetopsogiton synonyms of Paracetopsis. Thirty-seven species are recognized in the Cetopsinae. Cetopsidium includes six species: C. ferreirai, new species, rio Trombetas; C. minutum, Essequibo River; C. morenoi, central and western portions of río Orinoco; C. orientale, coastal rivers of Suriname and French Guiana, and tentatively rio Tocantins and rio Xingu; C. pemon, new species, río Caura, río Caroni, río Meta, and rio Branco; and C. roae, new species, Rupununi River. Cetopsis includes 21 species: C. amphiloxa, río San Juan, río Atrato, and río Patia, western Colombia, and rivers of northwestern Ecuador; C. arcana, new species, rio Tocantins; C. baudoensis, río Baudo; C. caiapo, new species, rio Tocantins; C. candiru, Amazon basin; C. fimbriata, new species, río Truando; C. coecutiens, rio Amazonas, rio Tocantins, and río Orinoco; C. gobioides, upper rio São Francisco, rio Paraná, río Uruguay, and rio Juquiá; C. jurubidae, río Jurubidá; C. montana, new species, western portions of Amazon basin; C. motatanensis, Lago Maracaibo basin; C. oliveirai, Amazon basin; C. orinoco, río Orinoco, río Aroa, and río Yaracuy; C. othonops, río Magdalena and río Sinú; C. parma, western Amazon basin; C. pearsoni, new species, upper portions of rio Madeira; C. plumbea, western portions of rio Amazonas; C. sandrae, new species, rio Tapajós; C. sarcodes, new species, rio Tocantins; C. starnesi, new species, northwestern río de La Plata and southern rio Madeira; and C. umbrosa, new species, western río Orinoco. Cetopsis chalmersi is a synonym of C. gobioides. Cetopsis macroteronema is a synonym of C. plumbea. Denticetopsis includes seven species: D. epa, new species, rio Tocantins; D. iwokrama, new species, Siparuni River; D. macilenta, Potaro River; D. praecox, río Baria; D. royeroi, upper río Negro; D. sauli, upper río Negro; and D. seducta, new species, western portions of rio Amazonas and río Orinoco. Paracetopsis consists of three species: P. atahualpa, new species, río Tumbes, northwestern Peru, and río Zarumilla, southwestern Ecuador; P. bleekeri, río Guayas and río Santa Rosa, south-western Ecuador; and P. esmeraldas, new species, rivers of northwestern Ecuador. Cetopsis ventralis and C. occidentalis are synonyms of Paracetopsis bleekeri. A neotype is designated for Paracetopsis bleekeri. Lectotypes are designated for Cetopsis candiru, Cetopsis chalmersi, and Cetopsis plumbeus.

Os bagres da subfamília Cetopsinae, da família neotropical Cetopsidae, são revisados. Quatro gêneros, Cetopsidium novo gênero, Cetopsis, Denticetopsis,e Paracetopsis Bleeker são reconhecidos como válidos. Bathycetopsis, Hemicetopsis, e Pseudocetopsis são considerados sinônimos de Cetopsis, enquanto que Paracetopsis Eigenmann & Bean e Cetopsogiton sinônimos de Paracetopsis. Trinta e sete espécies são reconhecidas em Cetopsinae. Cetopsidium inclui seis espécies: C. ferreirai, nova espécie, rio Trombetas; C. minutum, rio Essequibo; C. morenoi, partes central e ocidental do río Orinoco; C. orientale, rios costeiros do Suriname e Guiana Francesa, e tentativamente rio Tocantins e rio Xingu; C. pemon, nova espécie, río Caura, río Caroni, río Meta, e rio Branco; e C. roae, nova espécie, rio Rupununi. Cetopsis inclui 21 espécies: C. amphiloxa, río San Juan, río Atrato, e río Patia, Colombia ocidental, e rios do noroeste do Equador; C. arcana, nova espécie, rio Tocantins; C. baudoensis, río Baudo; C. caiapo, nova espécie, rio Tocantins; C. candiru, bacia Amazônica; C. fimbriata, nova espécie, río Truando; C. coecutiens, rio Amazonas, rio Tocantins, e río Orinoco; C. gobioides, alto rio São Francisco, rio Paraná, río Uruguay, e rio Juquiá; C. jurubidae, río Jurubidá; C. montana, nova espécie, região ocidental da bacia Amazônica; C. motatanensis, bacia do Lago Maracaibo; C. oliveirai, bacia Amazônica; C. orinoco, río Orinoco, río Aroa, e río Yaracuy; C. othonops, río Magdalena e río Sinú; C. parma, bacia Amazônica ocidental; C. pearsoni, nova espécie, alto rio Madeira; C. plumbea, porção ocidental do rio Amazonas; C. sandrae, nova espécie, rio Tapajós; C. sarcodes, nova espécie, rio Tocantins; C. starnesi, nova espécie, noroeste do río de La Plata e sul do rio Madeira; e C. umbrosa, nova espécie, río Orinoco ocidental. Cetopsis chalmersi é sinônimo de C. gobioides. Cetopsis macroteronema é sinônimo de C. plumbea. Denticetopsis inclui sete espécies: D. epa, nova espécie, rio Tocantins; D. iwokrama, nova espécie, rio Siparuni; D. macilenta, rio Potaro; D. praecox, río Baria; D. royeroi, alto río Negro; D. sauli, alto río Negro; e D. seducta, nova espécie, porção ocidental do rio Amazonas e río Orinoco. Paracetopsis compreende três espécies: P. atahualpa, nova espécie, río Tumbes, noroeste do Peru, e río Zarumilla, sudoeste do Equador; P. bleekeri, río Guayas e río Santa Rosa, sudoeste do Equador; e P. esmeraldas, nova espécie, rios do noroeste do Equador. Cetopsis ventralis e C. occidentalis são sinônimos de Paracetopsis bleekeri. Um neótipo é designado para Paracetopsis bleekeri Bleeker. Lectótipos são designados para Cetopsis candiru, Cetopsis chalmersi e Cetopsis plumbeus.