Sugarcane yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and ß-mannanase enzyme in broilers' diets / Levedura de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) e enzima ß-mananase em dietas para frangos de corte

Our objective was to evaluate the effect of supplementing ß-mannanase enzyme, with and without sugarcane yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), on broiler chickens aged 1-21 days. The study used 720 one-day-old male Cobb chicks in a randomized design, with six treatments and six replications of 20 birds each. The treatments were: basal diet (BD), BD + ß-mannanase (100 g/t), 7% sugarcane yeast (SY), SY + ß-mannanase (80 g/t), SY + ß-mannanase (100 g/t), and SY + ß-mannanase (120 g/t). Zootechnical results (animal performance) were evaluated during the pre-starter (1 to 7 day-old) and starter (1 to 21 day-old) phases, as well as small intestine morphometry (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and diets' economic viability. Data were subjected to variance analysis using the SAS software, and the means were compared by the Student Newman Keuls (SNK) test. In the pre-starter phase, treatments with YD + ß-mannanase (80, 100, and 120 g/t) showed the best feed conversion averages. In the starter phase, chickens consuming the basal diet (BD) and BD + ß-mannanase showed better average weights, weight gains, and feed conversion rates. For intestinal morphometry, shallower ileal crypts were observed in the treatment with YD + ß-mannanase (120 g/t) compared to the basal diet, and wider ileal villi were observed in the treatment with YD + ß-mannanase (100 g/t) compared to the diet with YD + ß-mannanase (80 g/t). The thickness of the muscular wall in the duodenum was lower in chickens consuming BD compared to BD + ß-mannanase (100 g/t), higher in YD and supplementation with 100 g/t compared to 80 and 120 g/t in the jejunum, and higher in diets with ß-mannanase supplementation compared to BD and YD in the ileum. For economic viability, adding 7% sugar cane yeast, with or without enzyme, increased the average feed cost and cost index, and reduced the economic efficiency index. Based on the zootechnical results, YD + ß-mannanase (120 g/t) is recommended for the pre-starter and starter phases. However, using sugar cane yeast with or without ß-mannanase enzyme supplementation is not economically viable in the 1- to 21-day period.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação da enzima ß-mananase com e sem levedura de cana de açúcar (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) para frangos de corte 1 a 21 dias de idade. Utilizou-se 720 pintos de corte de um dia de idade, machos, da linhagem Cobb, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e, seis repetições de 20 aves cada. Os tratamentos foram: Dieta basal (DB); DB + ß-mananase (100 g/t); DB + 7% de levedura de cana-de-açúcar (DL); DL + ß-mananase (80 g/t); DL + ß-mananase (100 g/t); DL + ß-mananase (120 g/t). Avaliou-se o desempenho zootécnico na fase pré-inicial (1 a 7) e na fase inicial (1 a 21 dias de idade), a morfometria do intestino delgado (duodeno, jejuno e íleo) e, a viabilidade econômica da ração. Os dados foram submetidos à análise da variância do programa SAS e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Student Newmann Keuls (SNK). Na fase pré-inicial, os tratamentos com DL + ß-mananase (80, 100 e 120 g/t) apresentaram as melhores médias de conversão alimentar. Na fase inicial, aos frangos que consumiram à dieta basal (DB) e DB + ß-mananase apresentaram peso médio, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar melhores. Para a morfometria intestinal, criptas ileais mais rasas foram observadas no tratamento com DL+ ß-mananase (120 g/t) em relação a dieta basal e vilos ileais mais largos foram observados no tratamento com DL+ ß-mananase (100 g/t) em relação a dieta com DL+ ß-mananase (80 g/t). A espessura da parede muscular, no duodeno, foi menor nos frangos que consumiram a DB em relação a DB + ß-mananase (100 g/t), no jejuno, foi maior na DL e na suplementação com 100 g/t em relação a 80 e 120 g/t e no íleo, foi maior nas dietas com suplementação de ß-mananase em relação a DB e DL. Para a viabilidade econômica, a adição de 7% de levedura de cana-de-açúcar, com ou sem enzima proporcionaram aumento do custo médio de ração e índice de custo, e redução do índice de eficiência econômica. Com base nos resultados zootécnicos recomenda-se DL + ß-mananase (120g/t) para a fase pré-inicial e inicial. Contudo, o uso de levedura de cana-de-açúcar com e sem suplementação da enzima ß-mananase não é economicamente viável no período de 1 a 21 dias.

The fermentation efficiency exhibited by Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, by analyzing the effects of pre-treatment and detoxification / A eficiência da fermentação exibida por Saccharomyces cerevisiae no hidrolisado de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, analisando os efeitos do pré-tratamento e destoxicação

In this study, the possibility of increasing fermentation efficiency of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on sugarcane bagasse (a type of lignocellulosic waste) was analyzed. Sugarcane bagasse was subjected to hydrothermal and acidic pre-treatment. Next, the enzymatic hydrolysis of raw biomass and each pre treated biomass was performed using CellicCtec® enzymatic complex to obtain sugarcane hydrolysate, hydrothermal hydrolysate and acidic hydrolysate. Next, these were fermented by S. cerevisiae to check if the by-products of enzymatic hydrolysis, furfural and acetic acid had an inhibitory effect on fermentation efficiency. Next, each pre-treated biomass was subjected to detoxification involving activated charcoal. Each detoxified biomass was tested for fermentation efficiency. The lignocellulosic composition for sugarcane hydrolysate, hydrothermal hydrolysate and acidic hydrolysate, varied significantly, and were found to be, for cellulose 36.7%, 27.7% and 63.7% respectively; for hemicellulose 22.2%, 4.4% and 12% respectively; and for lignin 21.2%, 27.7% and 28.7% respectively. The presence of furfural and acetic acid had a strong influence on the fermentation efficiency of S. cerevisiae, and affected the consumption of sugars in each biomass by more than 90%. Further, we found that the detoxification process increased fermentation efficiency by 12.7% for the hydrothermal hydrolysate while for the acidic hydrolysate no significant difference was observed. This study showed that fermentation with greater efficiency is viable through the combined use of hydrothermal pre-treatment and detoxification. This combination of methods also causes less pollution as compared with the method involving acid pre-treatment due to the reduced number of effluents produced.(AU)

Nesse trabalho avaliou-se a possibilidade de se aumentar a eficiência de fermentação de um hidrolisado de bagaço de cana submetido aos pré-tratamentos hidrotérmico (195 ºC, usando 200 rpm por 10 min) e ácido (0,5% (v/v) de ácido sulfúrico a 121ºC por 15 min) (carga de sólidos de 10% m/v). A hidrólise enzimática do material pré-tratado foi realizada utilizado o complexo enzimático CellicCtec® (60 FPU/gbiomassa seca, tampão citrato a 50 mM e pH 4,8) a 50ºC usando 150 rpm por 72h. Antes do processo de detoxificação, realizou-se um teste com a espécie de Saccharomyces cerevisiae para verificar se os compostos furfural (1 e 4g.L-1) e ácido acético (1 e 5% v/v) exerciam significativa inibição na espécie testada. O processo de detoxificação avaliou a concentração de carvão ativado (1, 3 e 5% m/v) e o tempo do processo (30, 45 e 60 min) a 30 ºC, 150 rpm por 24 h. A composição lignocelulosica da biomassa in natura e pré-tratada (hidrotérmico e ácido) foi para celulose (36,7, 27,7 e 63,7%), hemicelulose (22,2, 4,4 e 12%) e lignina (21,2, 27,7 e 28,7%), respectivamente e com rendimento mássico em torno de 60%. A presença de furfural e ácido acético exibiu forte influência na espécie considerada, chegando a prejudicar em mais de 90% o consumo de açúcares no meio. O processo de destoxificação aumentou 13% a eficiência de fermentação para o hidrolisado obtido hidrotermicamente, enquanto que para o ácido não houve diferença significativa. Obtendo assim uma fermentação com maior eficiência, tecnicamente viável e menos poluente.(AU)

Exopolysaccharyde production by Cryptococcus laurentii SD7 using molasses and corn steep liquor as substrates

Microbial polysaccharides are of great biotechnological and commercial interest and have wide application in the food, cosmetic and medicine industries. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by the yeast Cryptococcus laurentii SD7, isolated from fresh water molluscs, was studied using agro-industrial byproducts as substrates in the submerged fermentation. The Central Composite Design (CCD) 23 was used to study the influence of pH, different concentrations on sugarcane molasses and corn steep liquor (CSL), for 48 hours. According to the results, the highest EPS production occurred at the initial pH 5 and at 8.4% concentration of sugarcane molasses, which were statistically significant variable at 10% (p < 0.1). The concentration of CSL had no influence in the studied range, thus, it can be used lowest concentration (0.3%). The time course of EPS production showed that while cell growth peaked within 48 hours, the highest EPS production (6.61 g L-1) occurred at 168 hours, with a productivity of about 0.04 g L-1 h-1. The pH of the medium remained approximately constant throughout the fermentation process. The yeast C. laurentii SD7 showed great potential for EPS production at a low cost and with sustainable substrates.(AU)

Mixed silages of sugarcane and forage peanut treated with Lactobacillus buchneri / Silagens mistas de cana-de-açúcar e amendoim forrageiro tratadas com Lactobacillus buchneri

There is evidence for the beneficial effects of forage peanut on the nutritive value and fermentation profile of silages; however, its effects on sugarcane silage have not been determined. The objective of the study was to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation profile, microbial composition, and dry matter recovery (DMR) of sugarcane silage containing various amounts of forage peanut (Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte) (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% on a fresh matter basis), treated or untreated with Lactobacillus buchneri. A completely randomized 4 × 2 factorial design was used with three replications. The interaction between forage peanut levels and inoculant influenced the concentrations of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber, organic acids and ethanol, populations of lactic acid bacteria and yeast, gas and effluent losses, and DMR. Forage peanut levels had effects on dry matter, hemicellulose, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, pH, and ammonia nitrogen. Increasing proportions of forage peanut increased the protein content and decreased the fiber content in the silage, while also reducing the production of ethanol and effluent. We recommend the inclusion of 40%-75% forage peanut in the sugarcane ensilage to improve the chemical composition and fermentation profile. Furthermore, inoculation with L. buchneri associated with forage peanut increases the concentration of antifungal acids in the silage and decreases the yeast population and ethanol production.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar composição química, perfil fermentativo, população de microrganismos e recuperação de matéria seca (RMS) de silagem de cana-de-açúcar contendo níveis crescentes (0, 25, 50 e 75%, na base da matéria natural) de amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte), tratadas ou não com Lactobacillus buchneri. Usou-se o esquema fatorial 4×2, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Verificou-se efeito de interação níveis de amendoim forrageiro e inoculante para teores de matéria seca, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e ácido, ácidos orgânicos e etanol, população de bactérias láticas e leveduras, perdas por gases e por efluente e RMS. Houve efeito de níveis de amendoim forrageiro no teor de hemicelulose, nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido, pH e nitrogênio amoniacal. Verificou-se que o aumento de níveis de amendoim forrageiro incrementou teor de proteína e diminuiu teor de fibra, além de reduzir a produção de etanol e de efluente. Recomenda-se inclusão de 40% a 75% de amendoim forrageiro na ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar para melhorar a composição química e o perfil de fermentação. A inoculação com L. buchneri associada ao amendoim forrageiro aumenta a concentração de ácidos antifúngicos na silagem e decresce a população de leveduras e a produção de etanol.

Exopolysaccharyde production by Cryptococcus laurentii SD7 using molasses and corn steep liquor as substrates / Exopolysaccharyde production by Cryptococcus laurentii SD7 using molasses and corn steep liquor as substrates

Microbial polysaccharides are of great biotechnological and commercial interest and have wide application in the food, cosmetic and medicine industries. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by the yeast Cryptococcus laurentii SD7, isolated from fresh water molluscs, was studied using agro-industrial byproducts as substrates in the submerged fermentation. The Central Composite Design (CCD) 23 was used to study the influence of pH, different concentrations on sugarcane molasses and corn steep liquor (CSL), for 48 hours. According to the results, the highest EPS production occurred at the initial pH 5 and at 8.4% concentration of sugarcane molasses, which were statistically significant variable at 10% (p < 0.1). The concentration of CSL had no influence in the studied range, thus, it can be used lowest concentration (0.3%). The time course of EPS production showed that while cell growth peaked within 48 hours, the highest EPS production (6.61 g L-1) occurred at 168 hours, with a productivity of about 0.04 g L-1 h-1. The pH of the medium remained approximately constant throughout the fermentation process. The yeast C. laurentii SD7 showed great potential for EPS production at a low cost and with sustainable substrates.

Microbial polysaccharides are of great biotechnological and commercial interest and have wide application in the food, cosmetic and medicine industries. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by the yeast Cryptococcus laurentii SD7, isolated from fresh water molluscs, was studied using agro-industrial byproducts as substrates in the submerged fermentation. The Central Composite Design (CCD) 23 was used to study the influence of pH, different concentrations on sugarcane molasses and corn steep liquor (CSL), for 48 hours. According to the results, the highest EPS production occurred at the initial pH 5 and at 8.4% concentration of sugarcane molasses, which were statistically significant variable at 10% (p < 0.1). The concentration of CSL had no influence in the studied range, thus, it can be used lowest concentration (0.3%). The time course of EPS production showed that while cell growth peaked within 48 hours, the highest EPS production (6.61 g L-1) occurred at 168 hours, with a productivity of about 0.04 g L-1 h-1. The pH of the medium remained approximately constant throughout the fermentation process. The yeast C. laurentii SD7 showed great potential for EPS production at a low cost and with sustainable substrates.

Chitosan level effects on fermentation profile and chemical composition of sugarcane silage / Efeitos de níveis de quitosana sobre o perfil fermentativo e a composição química da silagem de cana-de-açúcar

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of chitosan (CHI) on sugarcane fermentation profile and losses, chemical composition, and in situ degradation. Treatments were: 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 g of CHI/kg of dry matter (DM). Twenty experimental silos (PVC tubing with diameter 28 cm and height 25 cm) were used. Sand (2 kg) was placed at the bottom of each silo to evaluate effluent losses, and silos were weighed 60 d after ensiling to calculate gas losses. Samples were collected from the center of the silo mass to evaluate silage chemical composition, in situ degradation, fermentation profile, and mold and yeast count. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design, and the treatment effect was decomposed using polynomial regression. Chitosan linearly increased acetic acid and NH3-N concentration, while yeast and mold count, and ethanol concentration decreased. Intermediary levels of CHI (from 4.47 to 6.34 g/kg DM) showed the lower values of effluent, gas, and total losses. There was a quadratic effect of CHI on the content of non-fiber carbohydrates, neutral and acid detergent, and in situ DM degradation. The lowest fiber content was observed with levels between 7.01 and 7.47 g/kg DM, whereas the highest non-fiber carbohydrate content and in situ DM degradation were found with 6.30 and 7.17 g/kg DM of CHI, respectively. Chitosan linearly increased acetic aci

Foram avaliados os efeitos do aumento dos níveis de quitosana (CHI) sobre o perfil e as perdas fermentativas, a composição química e degradação in situ da silagem de cana-de-açúcar. Os tratamentos foram: 0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 g de CHI / kg de matéria seca (MS). Foram utilizados vinte silos experimentais (tubos de PVC com 28 cm de diâmetro e 25 cm de altura). Areia (2 kg) foi adicionada na porção inferior de cada silo para avaliar as perdas por efluentes e os silos foram pesados 60 dias após a ensilagem para calcular as perdas por gases. Amostras foram coletadas do centro da massa do silo para avaliar a composição química, degradação in situ, perfil fermentativo e a contagem de fungos e leveduras da silagem. Os dados foram analisados como um delineamento inteiramente casualizado e o efeito do tratamento foi decomposto usando regressão polinomial. A CHI aumentou linearmente a concentração de ácido acético e N-NH3, enquanto diminuiu a contagem de leveduras e bolores e a concentração de etanol. Os níveis intermediários de CHI (de 4,47 a 6,34 g/kg MS) mostraram os menores valores de perdas por efluentes, gases e totais. Houve efeito quadrático da CHI sobre o teor de carboidratos não fibrosos, fibra em detergente neutro e ácido e sobre a degradação in situ da MS. Os menores teores de fibras foram observados com níveis de CHI entre 7,01 e 7,47 g/kg MS, enquanto que os maiores teores de carbo

Effect of sample size on kinetic parameters of roughage and concentrated feeds by a semi-automated in vitro gas production system / Efeito do tamanho da amostra nos parâmetros cinéticos de alimentos volumosos e concentrados por meio de um sistema de produção de gases in vitro semi-automatizado

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different amounts of incubated samples on the kinetic parameters of in vitro fermentation of roughage and concentrated food used for feeding ruminants. Samples were prepared using 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg of air-dried roughage and concentrated sample, ground to 1 mm, and placed in 120 mL glass flasks. Next, inoculum and McDougal solution were added, and the readings were obtained using a semi-automated pressure transducer up to 96 h after the beginning of the incubations. Gas production of the non-fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers' grains with solubles, dried brewer's yeast, bean residue, wet brewer's grains, sunflower meal, and Jatropha meal; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage and cottonseed meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for castor meal and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the non-fibrous fraction reduced linearly (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Napier grass silage, and castor meal; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Marandu grass silage; and cubically (P < 0.05) for corn silage, soybean meal, dried corn distillers' grains with solubles, bean residue, and cottonseed meal. Gas production of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers' grains with solubles, bean residue, wet brewer’s grain, cottonseed meal, and sunflower meal; quadratically ( < 0.05) for Jatropha meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, castor meal, and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, dried brewer’s yeast, wet brewer’s grains; quadratically (P < 0.05) for corn silage and castor meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, and bean residue. The lag time reduced linearly (P < 0.05)...

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de diferentes quantidades de amostras incubadas sobre os parâmetros cinéticos de fermentação in vitro de alimentos concentrados e volumosos disponíveis para alimentação de ruminantes. O preparo das amostras foi realizado utilizando 200, 300, 400 e 500 mg de amostra seca ao ar, moída a 1 mm, alocadas em frascos de vidro com capacidade de 120 mL, e adicionados inóculo e solução McDougal, seguidos das leituras, por meio de um transdutor de pressão semi-automatizado, até 96 horas após o inicio das incubações. A produção de gases da fração não-fibrosa apresentou comportamento linear crescente (P < 0,05) para a cana-de-açúcar, silagem de capim marandu, silagem de milho, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo de cervejaria desidratado, resíduo de feijão, resíduo úmido de cervejaria, torta de girassol e farelo de pinhão manso, quadrático (P < 0,05) para silagem de capim napier e torta de algodão, e cúbico (P < 0,05) para farelo de mamona e farelo de soja. A taxa de degradação da fração não-fibrosa apresentou redução linear (P < 0,05) para a cana-de-açúcar, silagem de capim napier e farelo de mamona, quadrático (P < 0,05) para a silagem de capim marandu, e cúbico (P < 0,05) para a silagem de milho, farelo de soja, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo de feijão e torta de algodão. A produção de gases da fração fibrosa apresentou comportamento linear crescente (P < 0,05) para a silagem de capim napier, silagem de capim marandu, silagem de milho, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo de feijão, resíduo úmido de cervejaria, torta de algodão e torta de girassol, quadrático (P < 0,05) para farelo de pinhão manso, e cúbico (P < 0,05) para a cana-de-açúcar, farelo de mamona, farelo de soja. A taxa de degradação da fração fibrosa apresentou comportamento linear decrescente (P < 0,05) para a silagem de capim napier, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo...

Effect of sample size on kinetic parameters of roughage and concentrated feeds by a semi-automated in vitro gas production system / Efeito do tamanho da amostra nos parâmetros cinéticos de alimentos volumosos e concentrados por meio de um sistema de produção de gases in vitro semi-automatizado

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different amounts of incubated samples on the kinetic parameters of in vitro fermentation of roughage and concentrated food used for feeding ruminants. Samples were prepared using 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg of air-dried roughage and concentrated sample, ground to 1 mm, and placed in 120 mL glass flasks. Next, inoculum and McDougal solution were added, and the readings were obtained using a semi-automated pressure transducer up to 96 h after the beginning of the incubations. Gas production of the non-fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers' grains with solubles, dried brewer's yeast, bean residue, wet brewer's grains, sunflower meal, and Jatropha meal; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage and cottonseed meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for castor meal and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the non-fibrous fraction reduced linearly (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Napier grass silage, and castor meal; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Marandu grass silage; and cubically (P < 0.05) for corn silage, soybean meal, dried corn distillers' grains with solubles, bean residue, and cottonseed meal. Gas production of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers' grains with solubles, bean residue, wet brewers grain, cottonseed meal, and sunflower meal; quadratically ( < 0.05) for Jatropha meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, castor meal, and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage, dried corn distillers grains with solubles, dried brewers yeast, wet brewers grains; quadratically (P < 0.05) for corn silage and castor meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, and bean residue. The lag time reduced linearly (P < 0.05)...(AU)

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de diferentes quantidades de amostras incubadas sobre os parâmetros cinéticos de fermentação in vitro de alimentos concentrados e volumosos disponíveis para alimentação de ruminantes. O preparo das amostras foi realizado utilizando 200, 300, 400 e 500 mg de amostra seca ao ar, moída a 1 mm, alocadas em frascos de vidro com capacidade de 120 mL, e adicionados inóculo e solução McDougal, seguidos das leituras, por meio de um transdutor de pressão semi-automatizado, até 96 horas após o inicio das incubações. A produção de gases da fração não-fibrosa apresentou comportamento linear crescente (P < 0,05) para a cana-de-açúcar, silagem de capim marandu, silagem de milho, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo de cervejaria desidratado, resíduo de feijão, resíduo úmido de cervejaria, torta de girassol e farelo de pinhão manso, quadrático (P < 0,05) para silagem de capim napier e torta de algodão, e cúbico (P < 0,05) para farelo de mamona e farelo de soja. A taxa de degradação da fração não-fibrosa apresentou redução linear (P < 0,05) para a cana-de-açúcar, silagem de capim napier e farelo de mamona, quadrático (P < 0,05) para a silagem de capim marandu, e cúbico (P < 0,05) para a silagem de milho, farelo de soja, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo de feijão e torta de algodão. A produção de gases da fração fibrosa apresentou comportamento linear crescente (P < 0,05) para a silagem de capim napier, silagem de capim marandu, silagem de milho, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo de feijão, resíduo úmido de cervejaria, torta de algodão e torta de girassol, quadrático (P < 0,05) para farelo de pinhão manso, e cúbico (P < 0,05) para a cana-de-açúcar, farelo de mamona, farelo de soja. A taxa de degradação da fração fibrosa apresentou comportamento linear decrescente (P < 0,05) para a silagem de capim napier, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo...(AU)

Natamycin as a potential silage additive: A lab trial using sugarcane to assess greenhouse gas emissions

The objective of this study was to evaluate natamycin, Lactobacillus buchneri (LB), or their combination on the chemical composition, loss, fermentative profile, and aerobic stability as well as gas production and composition of sugarcane silages. The treatments were (wet basis): no additive (control), 10 g t−1 of natamycin (N10), 5 × 104 cfu g−1 of LB, and the combination of 4 g t−1 of natamycin and 2.5 × 104 cfu g−1 of LB (NLB). Sugarcane was chopped (10 mm), treated with the additives, and ensiled in experimental silos (four replicates). The silos remained stored for 51 days. The LB inoculation, alone or in combination with natamycin, increased the acetic acid content (by 105 and 78% respectively) and decreased ethanol content (by 83 and 71% respectively) when compared to N10 treatment and the control. A decrease in both dry matter and gas losses was observed in the LB (by 72 and 78%, respectively) and N10 (by 69 and 77%, respectively) silages compared with the control, but not the combination. The N10 treatment reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emission by 86% compared with the control silage. Control and N10 silages deteriorated to the same extent with aerobic exposure, whereas LB and NLB presented higher aerobic stability. The use of natamycin alone is not recommended when ethanol and aerobic stability are concerns. However, natamycin may be considered for the composition of blend additives to decrease greenhouse gas emission and fermentative loss in silages. Further studies must be carried out to optimize doses of natamycin in blend additives.(AU)

Chitosan level effects on fermentation profile and chemical composition of sugarcane silage / Efeitos de níveis de quitosana sobre o perfil fermentativo e a composição química da silagem de cana-de-açúcar

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of chitosan (CHI) on sugarcane fermentation profile and losses, chemical composition, and in situ degradation. Treatments were: 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 g of CHI/kg of dry matter (DM). Twenty experimental silos (PVC tubing with diameter 28 cm and height 25 cm) were used. Sand (2 kg) was placed at the bottom of each silo to evaluate effluent losses, and silos were weighed 60 d after ensiling to calculate gas losses. Samples were collected from the center of the silo mass to evaluate silage chemical composition, in situdegradation, fermentation profile, and mold and yeast count. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design, and the treatment effect was decomposed using polynomial regression. Chitosan linearly increased acetic acid and NH3-N concentration, while yeast and mold count, and ethanol concentration decreased. Intermediary levels of CHI (from 4.47 to 6.34 g/kg DM) showed the lower values of effluent, gas, and total losses. There was a quadratic effect of CHI on the content of non-fiber carbohydrates, neutral and acid detergent, and in situ DM degradation. The lowest fiber content was observed with levels between 7.01 and 7.47 g/kg DM, whereas the highest non-fiber carbohydrate content and in situ DM degradation were found with 6.30 and 7.17 g/kg DM of CHI, respectively. Chitosan linearly increased acetic acid and NH3-N concentration, whereas it linearly reduced ethanol concentration and count of yeast and mold. Thus, intermediary levels of CHI, between 4.47 and 7.47 g/kg of DM, decrease fermentation losses and improve the nutritional value of sugarcane silage.(AU)

Foram avaliados os efeitos do aumento dos níveis de quitosana (CHI) sobre o perfil e as perdas fermentativas, a composição química e degradação in situ da silagem de cana-de-açúcar. Os tratamentos foram: 0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 g de CHI / kg de matéria seca (MS). Foram utilizados vinte silos experimentais (tubos de PVC com 28 cm de diâmetro e 25 cm de altura). Areia (2 kg) foi adicionada na porção inferior de cada silo para avaliar as perdas por efluentes e os silos foram pesados 60 dias após a ensilagem para calcular as perdas por gases. Amostras foram coletadas do centro da massa do silo para avaliar a composição química, degradação in situ, perfil fermentativo e a contagem de fungos e leveduras da silagem. Os dados foram analisados como um delineamento inteiramente casualizado e o efeito do tratamento foi decomposto usando regressão polinomial. A CHI aumentou linearmente a concentração de ácido acético e N-NH3, enquanto diminuiu a contagem de leveduras e bolores e a concentração de etanol. Os níveis intermediários de CHI (de 4,47 a 6,34 g/kg MS) mostraram os menores valores de perdas por efluentes, gases e totais. Houve efeito quadrático da CHI sobre o teor de carboidratos não fibrosos, fibra em detergente neutro e ácido e sobre a degradação in situ da MS. Os menores teores de fibras foram observados com níveis de CHI entre 7,01 e 7,47 g/kg MS, enquanto que os maiores teores de carboidratos não fibrosos e degradação in situ da MS foram encontrados com 6,30 e 7,17 g/kg MS de CHI, repectivamente. A CHI aumentou linearmente as concentrações de ácido acético e N-NH3, enquanto reduziu linearmente a concentração de etanol e a contagem de fungos e leveduras. Desta forma, níveis intermediários de CHI, entre 4,47 e 7,47 g / kg de MS, diminuem as perdas fermentativas e melhoram o valor nutricional da silagem de cana-de-açúcar.(AU)

Chitosan level effects on fermentation profile and chemical composition of sugarcane silage / Efeitos de níveis de quitosana sobre o perfil fermentativo e a composição química da silagem de cana-de-açúcar

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of chitosan (CHI) on sugarcane fermentation profile and losses, chemical composition, and in situ degradation. Treatments were: 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 g of CHI/kg of dry matter (DM). Twenty experimental silos (PVC tubing with diameter 28 cm and height 25 cm) were used. Sand (2 kg) was placed at the bottom of each silo to evaluate effluent losses, and silos were weighed 60 d after ensiling to calculate gas losses. Samples were collected from the center of the silo mass to evaluate silage chemical composition, in situdegradation, fermentation profile, and mold and yeast count. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design, and the treatment effect was decomposed using polynomial regression. Chitosan linearly increased acetic acid and NH3-N concentration, while yeast and mold count, and ethanol concentration decreased. Intermediary levels of CHI (from 4.47 to 6.34 g/kg DM) showed the lower values of effluent, gas, and total losses. There was a quadratic effect of CHI on the content of non-fiber carbohydrates, neutral and acid detergent, and in situ DM degradation. The lowest fiber content was observed with levels between 7.01 and 7.47 g/kg DM, whereas the highest non-fiber carbohydrate content and in situ DM degradation were found with 6.30 and 7.17 g/kg DM of CHI, respectively. Chitosan linearly increased acetic acid and NH3-N concentration, whereas it linearly reduced ethanol concentration and count of yeast and mold. Thus, intermediary levels of CHI, between 4.47 and 7.47 g/kg of DM, decrease fermentation losses and improve the nutritional value of sugarcane silage.(AU)

Foram avaliados os efeitos do aumento dos níveis de quitosana (CHI) sobre o perfil e as perdas fermentativas, a composição química e degradação in situ da silagem de cana-de-açúcar. Os tratamentos foram: 0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 g de CHI / kg de matéria seca (MS). Foram utilizados vinte silos experimentais (tubos de PVC com 28 cm de diâmetro e 25 cm de altura). Areia (2 kg) foi adicionada na porção inferior de cada silo para avaliar as perdas por efluentes e os silos foram pesados 60 dias após a ensilagem para calcular as perdas por gases. Amostras foram coletadas do centro da massa do silo para avaliar a composição química, degradação in situ, perfil fermentativo e a contagem de fungos e leveduras da silagem. Os dados foram analisados como um delineamento inteiramente casualizado e o efeito do tratamento foi decomposto usando regressão polinomial. A CHI aumentou linearmente a concentração de ácido acético e N-NH3, enquanto diminuiu a contagem de leveduras e bolores e a concentração de etanol. Os níveis intermediários de CHI (de 4,47 a 6,34 g/kg MS) mostraram os menores valores de perdas por efluentes, gases e totais. Houve efeito quadrático da CHI sobre o teor de carboidratos não fibrosos, fibra em detergente neutro e ácido e sobre a degradação in situ da MS. Os menores teores de fibras foram observados com níveis de CHI entre 7,01 e 7,47 g/kg MS, enquanto que os maiores teores de carboidratos não fibrosos e degradação in situ da MS foram encontrados com 6,30 e 7,17 g/kg MS de CHI, repectivamente. A CHI aumentou linearmente as concentrações de ácido acético e N-NH3, enquanto reduziu linearmente a concentração de etanol e a contagem de fungos e leveduras. Desta forma, níveis intermediários de CHI, entre 4,47 e 7,47 g / kg de MS, diminuem as perdas fermentativas e melhoram o valor nutricional da silagem de cana-de-açúcar.(AU)

Multivariate optimization of Staphylococcus xylosus AD1biomass production using sugarcane molasses plus yeast extract and soybean meal

Staphylococcus xylosusis a microorganism that has important physiological and technological characteristics that make it suitable for use as a starter culture in fermented meat products. For the development of these products in the food industry, it is necessary to produce biomass by the multiplication of starter cultures using low-cost media. This study developed a culture medium based on sugarcane molasses (SCM) supplemented with yeast extract (YE) and soybean meal (SM) to produce S. xylosusAD1 biomass employing a Box Behnken multivariateoptimization design,usingthe best concentrations of the constituents of the culture medium for S. xylosusAD1 growth. By combining the mathematical models by the desirability function, it was possible to establish the optimal condition for the maximum production of viable cells and biomass. The optimal experimental condition was found when the fermentative process medium was composed of 10% SCM, 2% YE and 4% SM. In addition, the results of all experiments, except for the medium formulated with only SCM,presented a better performance than the commercial medium Brain Heart Infusion for the growth of S. xylosusAD1. The culture medium with agro-industrial byproduct (SCM) supplemented with YE and SM is an excellent alternative for producing S. xylosusAD1 biomass.

Effect of an enzymatic blend and yeast on the performance, carcass yield and histomorphometry of the small intestine in broilers from 21 to 42 days of age

The present study was conducted to evaluate the performance, carcass yield, and histomorphometry of the small intestine of broilers fed yeast sugarcane supplemented with enzymatic blend from 22 to 42 days of age. Seven hundred broiler chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design in a factorial design (2x3+1), two levels of the enzyme blend (0 and 200 g/ton), three protein levels (0%, 6% and 12%) and a control diet. The level of 6% yeast showed higher feed intake and weight gain after 33 days. From 22 to 42 days there was no significant effect (p<0.05) to the use of yeast in animal performance, carcass yield and cuts. At 42 days an interaction between the factors for width and crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum, respectively, was observed. The inclusion of yeast in the diets for broilers from 22 to 42 days did not affect the performance and yield of the carcass. Yeast increased the muscle wall of the jejunum. The use of the enzymatic blend did not influence performance but affected the integrity of the intestinal mucosa.(AU)

Effect of an enzymatic blend and yeast on the performance, carcass yield and histomorphometry of the small intestine in broilers from 21 to 42 days of age

The present study was conducted to evaluate the performance, carcass yield, and histomorphometry of the small intestine of broilers fed yeast sugarcane supplemented with enzymatic blend from 22 to 42 days of age. Seven hundred broiler chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design in a factorial design (2x3+1), two levels of the enzyme blend (0 and 200 g/ton), three protein levels (0%, 6% and 12%) and a control diet. The level of 6% yeast showed higher feed intake and weight gain after 33 days. From 22 to 42 days there was no significant effect (p<0.05) to the use of yeast in animal performance, carcass yield and cuts. At 42 days an interaction between the factors for width and crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum, respectively, was observed. The inclusion of yeast in the diets for broilers from 22 to 42 days did not affect the performance and yield of the carcass. Yeast increased the muscle wall of the jejunum. The use of the enzymatic blend did not influence performance but affected the integrity of the intestinal mucosa.

Nutritive value of sugarcane silages added with increasing levels of acetic acid / Valor nutricional de silagens de cana-de-açúcar aditivadas com níveis crescentes de ácido acético

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding acetic acid during ensiling on fermentation quality and nutritive value of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). The treatments consisted of sugarcane silages of IAC 86-2480 variety added with five inclusion levels of glacial acetic acid (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 g kg-1 in the dry matter basis). A completely randomized design with five treatments and six replicates was used. The glacial acetic acid had a pH of 2.9 (0.1M). The pH of the sugarcane silage reduced by 0.07 units for each 10 g kg-1 of acetic acid added (P < 0.01). The N-NH3 concentration in the ensiled mass was not affected by treatments, averaging 4.5 g kg-1 in the dry matter basis (P = 0.91). The means for effluent losses were adjusted to the quadratic regression model (P < 0.01). The yeast population reduced by 0.44 log CFU g-1 of silage for each 10 g kg-1 of acetic acid added (P < 0.01). The addition of acetic acid to sugarcane silages reduces the fermentation losses and the yeast population, besides improving the nutritive value of silages in levels from 15 g kg-1 of dry matter.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito da adição de ácido acético durante a ensilagem na qualidade fermentativa e valor nutritivo de silagem de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharaum officinarum). Os tratamentos consistiram de silagem de cana-de-açúcar variedade IAC 86-2480 com cinco doses de ácido acético glacial (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 g kg-1 na base da matéria seca). Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. O pH do ácido acético glacial foi de 2,9 (0.1M). O ph da silagem de cana-de-açúcar reduziu 0,07 unidades para cada 10 g kg-1 de ácido acético adicionado (P < 0,01). A concentração de N-NH3 na massa ensilada não foi afetada pelos tratamentos, com média de 4,5 g kg-1 na matéria seca (P = 0,91). As médias para perdas por efluente se ajustaram ao modelo de regressão quadrático (P < 0,01). A população de leveduras reduziu 0,44 log UFC g-1 na silagem para cada 10 g kg-1 de ácido acético adicionado (P < 0,01). A adição de ácido acético em silagens de cana-de-açúcar reduz as perdas fermentativas e a população de leveduras, além de melhorar o valor nutritivo de silagens na dose de 15 g kg-1 na matéria seca.

Nutritive value of sugarcane silages added with increasing levels of acetic acid / Valor nutricional de silagens de cana-de-açúcar aditivadas com níveis crescentes de ácido acético

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding acetic acid during ensiling on fermentation quality and nutritive value of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). The treatments consisted of sugarcane silages of IAC 86-2480 variety added with five inclusion levels of glacial acetic acid (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 g kg-1 in the dry matter basis). A completely randomized design with five treatments and six replicates was used. The glacial acetic acid had a pH of 2.9 (0.1M). The pH of the sugarcane silage reduced by 0.07 units for each 10 g kg-1 of acetic acid added (P < 0.01). The N-NH3 concentration in the ensiled mass was not affected by treatments, averaging 4.5 g kg-1 in the dry matter basis (P = 0.91). The means for effluent losses were adjusted to the quadratic regression model (P < 0.01). The yeast population reduced by 0.44 log CFU g-1 of silage for each 10 g kg-1 of acetic acid added (P < 0.01). The addition of acetic acid to sugarcane silages reduces the fermentation losses and the yeast population, besides improving the nutritive value of silages in levels from 15 g kg-1 of dry matter.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito da adição de ácido acético durante a ensilagem na qualidade fermentativa e valor nutritivo de silagem de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharaum officinarum). Os tratamentos consistiram de silagem de cana-de-açúcar variedade IAC 86-2480 com cinco doses de ácido acético glacial (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 g kg-1 na base da matéria seca). Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. O pH do ácido acético glacial foi de 2,9 (0.1M). O ph da silagem de cana-de-açúcar reduziu 0,07 unidades para cada 10 g kg-1 de ácido acético adicionado (P < 0,01). A concentração de N-NH3 na massa ensilada não foi afetada pelos tratamentos, com média de 4,5 g kg-1 na matéria seca (P = 0,91). As médias para perdas por efluente se ajustaram ao modelo de regressão quadrático (P < 0,01). A população de leveduras reduziu 0,44 log UFC g-1 na silagem para cada 10 g kg-1 de ácido acético adicionado (P < 0,01). A adição de ácido acético em silagens de cana-de-açúcar reduz as perdas fermentativas e a população de leveduras, além de melhorar o valor nutritivo de silagens na dose de 15 g kg-1 na matéria seca.(AU)

The potential of the newly isolated thermotolerant yeast Pichia kudriavzevii RZ8-1 for high-temperature ethanol production

Abstract High potential, thermotolerant, ethanol-producing yeasts were successfully isolated in this study. Based on molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis, the isolated thermotolerant yeasts were clustered in the genera of Pichia kudriavzevii, Candida tropicalis, Candida orthopsilosis, Candida glabrata and Kodamea ohmeri. A comparative study of ethanol production using 160 g/L glucose as a substrate revealed several yeast strains that could produce high ethanol concentrations at high temperatures. When sugarcane bagasse (SCB) hydrolysate containing 85 g/L glucose was used as a substrate, the yeast strain designated P. kudriavzevii RZ8-1 exhibited the highest ethanol concentrations of 35.51 g/L and 33.84 g/L at 37 °C and 40 °C, respectively. It also exhibited multi-stress tolerance, such as heat, ethanol and acetic acid tolerance. During ethanol fermentation at high temperature (42 °C), genes encoding heat shock proteins (ssq1 and hsp90), alcohol dehydrogenases (adh1, adh2, adh3 and adh4) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (tdh2) were up-regulated, suggesting that these genes might play a crucial role in the thermotolerance ability of P. kudriavzevii RZ8-1 under heat stress. These findings suggest that the growth and ethanol fermentation activities of this organism under heat stress were restricted to the expression of genes involved not only in heat shock response but also in the ethanol production pathway.

The potential of the newly isolated thermotolerant yeast Pichia kudriavzevii RZ8-1 for high-temperature ethanol production

High potential, thermotolerant, ethanol-producing yeasts were successfully isolated in this study. Based on molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis, the isolated thermotolerant yeasts were clustered in the genera of Pichia kudriavzevii, Candida tropicalis, Candida orthopsilosis, Candida glabrata and Kodamea ohmeri. A comparative study of ethanol production using 160 g/L glucose as a substrate revealed several yeast strains that could produce high ethanol concentrations at high temperatures. When sugarcane bagasse (SCB) hydrolysate containing 85 g/L glucose was used as a substrate, the yeast strain designated P. kudriavzevii RZ8-1 exhibited the highest ethanol concentrations of 35.51 g/L and 33.84 g/L at 37 °C and 40 °C, respectively. It also exhibited multi-stress tolerance, such as heat, ethanol and acetic acid tolerance. During ethanol fermentation at high temperature (42 °C), genes encoding heat shock proteins (ssq1 and hsp90), alcohol dehydrogenases (adh1, adh2, adh3 and adh4) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (tdh2) were up-regulated, suggesting that these genes might play a crucial role in the thermotolerance ability of P. kudriavzevii RZ8-1 under heat stress. These findings suggest that the growth and ethanol fermentation activities of this organism under heat stress were restricted to the expression of genes involved not only in heat shock response but also in the ethanol production pathway.(AU)

Carotenoid production in sugarcane juice and synthetic media supplemented with nutrients by Rhodotorula rubra l02

In order for the use of biological carotenoids to become feasible, it is necessary to have adequate low cost sources and improved methods of cultivation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, and magnesium, on the biomass and carotenoid volumetric production by yeast Rhodotorula rubra L02 using a complex medium (sugarcane juice) and synthetic media (sucrose and maltose) as substrates. The experimental design used for each substrate was randomized in blocks with 16 treatments and 3 repetitions. The treatments were compound for 15 different combinations of nutrients (N; Mg; Zn; P, N + Mg; N + Zn; N + P; Mg + Zn; Mg + P; Zn + P; N + P + Zn; N + P + Mg; N + Zn + Mg; P + Zn + Mg; N + Zn + Mg + P) alone and combined, and a control. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey test at 5% significance level. Among the treatments evaluated, the highest production of dry biomass, with both maltose and sucrose, was observed for Mg (1.60 g/L and 1.94 g/L, respectively). Additionally, another treatment that stood out in terms of biomass production was the control treatment with maltose (1.54 g/L). After the incubation time, killer activity was not observed since there was no formation of inhibition halo around the L02 yeast.(AU)

Deterioration and fermentability of energy cane juice / Deterioração e fermentabilidade do caldo de cana energia

The main interest in the energy cane is the bioenergy production from the bagasse. The juice obtained after the cane milling may constitute a feedstock for the first-generation ethanol units; however, little attention has been dedicated to this issue. In order to verify the feasibility of the energy cane juice as substrate for ethanol production, the objectives of this research were first to determine the microbiological characteristics and deterioration along the time of the juices from two clones of energy cane (Type I) and second, their fermentability as feedstock for utilization in ethanol distilleries. There was a clear differentiation in the bacterial and yeast development of the sugarcane juices assayed, being much faster in the energy canes than in sugarcane. The storage of juice for 8 hours at 30oC did not cause impact in alcoholic fermentation for any sample analyzed, although a significant bacterial growth was detected in this period. A decrease of approximately seven percentage points in the fermentative efficiency was observed for energy cane juice in relation to sugarcane in a 24-hour fermentation cycle with the baking yeast. Despite the faster deterioration, the present research demonstrated that the energy cane juice has potential to be used as feedstock in ethanol-producing industries. As far as we know, it is the first research to deal with the characteristics of deterioration and fermentability of energy cane juices.

O principal interesse na cana energia reside na produção de bioenergia a partir do bagaço. O caldo obtido após a moagem da cana pode se constituir em substrato para as unidades de produção de etanol de primeira geração, no entanto, pouca atenção tem sido dispensada a esta questão. O presente trabalho avaliou o caldo de cana energia obtido de dois clones Tipo I como substrato para a produção de etanol, com base na determinação das suas características microbiológicas e deterioração ao longo do tempo, em comparação com o caldo de cana-de-açúcar (variedade RB867515). Foi observada uma clara diferenciação quanto ao crescimento bacteriano e de leveduras nas amostras de caldo analisadas, sendo o crescimento mais rápido no caldo de cana energia que no caldo de cana-de-açúcar. A manutenção do caldo por 8 horas a 30oC não causou impacto sobre a fermentação etanólica para quaisquer das amostras analisadas, apesar do crescimento significativo de bactérias. Houve um decréscimo de aproximadamente sete pontos percentuais na eficiência da fermentação com caldo de cana energia em um ciclo fermentativo de 24 horas com a levedura da panificação, em relação ao caldo da cana-de-açúcar. Apesar de a deterioração do caldo da cana energia ter sido mais rápida que a apresentada pelo caldo de cana-de-açúcar, o presente trabalho demonstrou que o caldo de cana energia tem potencial para ser utilizado como substrato nas indústrias produtoras de etanol. Do que se tem conhecimento, esse é o primeiro trabalho que trata das características de deterioração e fermentabilidade do caldo de cana energia.