A comprehensive case study on the sustainability of tropical dairy cattle farming in Oaxaca, Mexico / Um estudo de caso abrangente sobre a sustentabilidade da pecuária leiteira tropical em Oaxaca, México

Tropical dairy cattle farming is one the most relevant economic activities for food production; although, currently faces increasing scrutiny from society due to its potential harm to natural resources and the environment. Moreover, some factors are paramount for the evaluation of the sustainability and productive potential of any given tropical dairy farm: soil quality, profitability, and energy efficiency. This study carried out a sustainability analysis in four types of tropical dairy cattle ranches, through three key indicators (economic profitability, energy efficiency and soil quality) and with a comprehensive approach in the Costa region of Oaxaca, Mexico. Therefore, four farms of different sizes (i.e., small, medium, large, and very large) were selected in Costa de Oaxaca, Mexico. The data collection was carried out for daily milk production, the dynamics of farm inputs (introduction or removal) from the production system, alongside with collection of soil samples. The agroecosystems evaluated were economically profitable, and those with greater intensification of their pasture areas display higher profit margins and energy efficiency. In terms of soil quality, there is a regular potential for its rational utilization.

A pecuária leiteira tropical é uma das atividades econômicas mais relevantes para a produção de alimentos, embora atualmente enfrente crescente discussão da sociedade devido ao seu potencial dano aos recursos naturais e ao meio ambiente. Além disso, alguns fatores são primordiais para a avaliação da sustentabilidade e potencial produtivo de qualquer popriedade leiteira tropical: qualidade do solo, rentabilidade e eficiência energética. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma análise de sustentabilidade em quatro tipos de propriedades de gado leiteiro tropical, por meio de três indicadores chave (rentabilidade econômica, eficiência energética e qualidade do solo) e com uma abordagem abrangente na região da Costa de Oaxaca, México. Portanto, quarto propriedades de diferentes tamanhos (isto é, pequenas, médias, grandes e muito grandes) foram selecionadas na Costa de Oaxaca, México. A coleta de dados foi realizada para a produção diária de leite, a dinâmica dos insumos da fazenda (introdução ou retirada) do sistema de produção, juntamente com coleta de amostras de solo. Os agroecossistemas avaliados foram economicamente rentáveis, sendo que aqueles com maior intensificação de suas áreas de pastagens apresentam maiores margens de lucro e eficiência energética. Em termos de qualidade do solo, existe um potencial regular para a sua utilização racional.

Biological Control in Brazil: state of art and perspectives

Brazil is one of the most extensive users of Biological Control (BC) (including both micro and macroorganisms) in the struggle to control agricultural pests. Nowadays, BC is seen not only as a measure supported by bioagents but also as an approach involving biofertilizers and biostimulants. This is part of a broader view that encompasses bioinputs, defined as agro-industrial products or processes developed from enzymes, extracts (from plants or microorganisms), microorganisms, macroorganisms (invertebrates), secondary metabolites, and semiochemicals (e.g., pheromones), all designated for BC. Sustainability is the worldwide need of the moment. Achieving this goal is a genuine concern of sustainable agriculture projects which is made possible by, among other measures, using biological products to control pests. As a leader in tropical agriculture, Brazil must increasingly use BC to meet the requirements of the international markets for agricultural products free from chemical residues. Entomological pest control involves both micro (fungi, bacteria, virus, nematodes, etc.) and macroorganisms (insects and mites). Although categorized as semiochemicals, pheromones are commonly included in BC, in this case, to monitor or control pests (e.g., the male confusion technique). In the current philosophy of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), aiming toward sustainability, BC should not be considered in isolation but as a component of IPM, i.e., as a method, similar to other control methods, to maintain pest populations below the economic injury level, which considers economic, ecological, and social criteria.(AU)

Bioremediation, drought tolerance and biofortification in biotechnological uses

The objective of this review is to bring information about innovations and technologies that, through genetic improvement, are being used to improve the sustainability and productivity of agricultural crops, improve human nutrition, as well as conservation and decontamination of soils. Bioremediation consists of using microorganisms that have the ability to modify or decompose certain pollutants, with the possibility of increasing their activity through genetic engineering, building new strains for the transformation of pollutants into inert substances. Genetic improvement is seeking to develop cultivars that are more tolerant to periods of water deficit. Plant biofortification consists of varieties of improved plants that have a higher content of vitamins and minerals, which are obtained through genetic improvement. Thus, biotechnology is once again essential for world agricultural production and can bring a series of other benefits to society.(AU)

How does reproduction account for dairy farm sustainability?

Sustainability - the new hype of the 21st century has brought discomfort for the government and society. Sustainable agriculture is essential to face our most concerning challenges: climate change, food security, and the environmental footprint, all of which add to consumers' opinions and choices. Improvements in reproductive indexes can enhance animal production and efficiency, guaranteeing profit and sustainability. Estrus detection, artificial insemination (AI), embryo transfer (ET), estrus synchronization (ES), and multiple ovulations are some strategies used to improve animal reproduction. This review highlights how reproductive strategies and genetic selection can contribute to sustainable ruminant production. Improved reproductive indices can reduce the number of nonproductive cows in the herd, reducing methane emissions and land use for production while preserving natural resources.(AU)

The economic value of sustainability of the integrated crop-livestock system in relation to conventional systems

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of improving the economic value of integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) compared to conventional systems specialized in monoculture. The experimental area was 16.02 ha, divided into 18 paddocks of 0.89 ha each, organized in a randomized block design, with three replicates and six models of production systems: crop system [corn ( Zea mays ) grain production], livestock system (beef cattle under grazing conditions), and four ICLS, identified as: ICLS-1, corn integrated with Marandu palisadegrass [ Urochloa brizantha (Hoechst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster cv. Marandu (syn. Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu] sown simultaneously without herbicide; ICLS-2, corn and Marandu palisadegrass sown simultaneously with herbicide; ICLS-3, corn and Marandu palisadegrass with lagged sowing; and ICLS-4, corn and Marandu palisadegrass sown simultaneously, with herbicide in rows and between-rows of corn. We demonstrated the economic impact analysis combined with the risk optimization and discounted cash flow techniques based on Monte Carlo simulation, considering price and productivity uncertainties. The indicators of added value and return on investment of ICLS had an economic advantage compared with conventional systems. It was also found that ICLS needed a smaller operational area than conventional systems for the economic break-even point. Integrated systems provide lower financial and operational risk levels and greater economic value per hectare compared with conventional systems specialized in monoculture.(AU)

Gelatin-based polymeric films for applications in food packaging: an overview of advances, challenges, and perspectives / Filmes poliméricos à base de gelatina para aplicações em embalagens de alimentos: uma visão geral sobre avanços, desafios e perspectivas

ABSTRACT: This research carried out a bibliometric analysis and literature review on the production of gelatin-based films for application as food packaging, addressing the main advances and limitations. The search for articles was performed in the Scopus database, and bibliometric data were obtained using the Bibliometrix tool (RStudio software). It was observed that a wide variety of compounds can be incorporated into gelatin films to overcome the limitations related to their high solubility and low mechanical properties, as well as to obtain active or smart functions. Among the most reported compounds were essential oils, pigments extracted from vegetables, and other antimicrobial agents. The most reported foods as an application matrix were meat (fish, chicken, and shrimp), milk, cheese, and minimally processed fruits. Even with promising trends, the biggest challenge for large-scale applications is to obtain easily degradable biopolymers with structural and functional stability similar to synthetic polymers. Thus, a greater focus on this theme in research may favor significant advances in the use of these packages and positively impact several of the Sustainable Development Goals, as recommended by the United Nations.

RESUMO: Este estudo objetivou realizar uma análise bibliométrica e revisão de literatura acerca da produção de filmes à base de gelatina para aplicação como embalagens alimentícias, abordando os principais avanços e limitações. A busca de artigos foi realizada na base de dados da Scopus e os dados bibliométricos obtidos pela ferramenta Bibliometrix (RStudio software). Verificou-se uma grande variedade de compostos que podem ser incorporados nos filmes de gelatina, a fim de superar suas limitações relacionadas à alta solubilidade e baixas propriedades mecânicas, bem como para obtenção de funções ativas ou inteligentes. Dentre os compostos mais reportados, têm-se: óleos essenciais, pigmentos extraídos de vegetais e outros agentes antimicrobianos. Os alimentos mais reportados como matriz de aplicação foram: carnes (peixe, frango e camarão), leite, queijo e frutas, minimamente processadas. Mesmo com tendências promissoras, o maior desafio no âmbito das aplicações reais em larga escala é a obtenção de biopolímeros facilmente degradáveis, com estabilidade estrutural e funcional similar aos polímeros sintéticos. Dessa forma, o maior enfoque dessa temática em pesquisas poderá favorecer avanços significativos para o uso dessas embalagens, impactando positivamente diversos dos Objetivos para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, preconizados pela Organização das Nações Unidas.

Dynamic organization of two agroforestry systems in the semi-arid region of Paraíba and their contribution to improving the socio-economic conditions of farming families / Caracterização e organização dinâmica de dois sistemas agroflorestais no semiárido paraibano e sua contribuição para melhoria das condições socioeconômicas de famílias agricultoras

ABSTRACT: The socio-economic vulnerability of family farmers in Brazilian semi-arid regions, combined with the intense degradation of the Caatinga biome, entails the use of alternatives that allow people to remain in the countryside while recovering the environment. Are agroforestry systems (AFS), which are based on the ecological, economic, and social interactions existing in a production system, an alternative? The present study described the structure, organization, and floristic composition of two AFS and analyzed the soil fertility of the two AFSimplanted in the semi-arid region of Paraíba. This study revealed that the farmers consider the AFS to be less harmful to the environment as it provides greater protection to the soil and better-qualityfood. Thegreatest challenges wereobtaining water during drought season and the need foran extra workforce. Nevertheless, the produce from these systemswas sufficient to provide for the families. Several varieties of fruit species were found in both the AFS studied, and Malpighia emarginata (acerola) was the most predominant. The soils of the two AFS presented a practically neutral pH the and high percentage of base saturation,thereby falling under the category of eutrophic soil with high fertility, and are ideal for growingany type of crop.

RESUMO: A vulnerabilidade socioeconômica dos agricultores familiares no semiárido brasileiro aliado à intensa degradação do bioma caatinga requer o emprego de alternativas que propiciem a permanência do homem no campo, ao mesmo tempo em que recupere o meio ambiente. Os Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAFs) que estão fundamentados nas interações ecológicas, econômicas e sociais existentes em um sistema de produção, são alternativas? O presente estudo tem como objetivos descrever a estrutura, a composição florística e a organização de dois SAFs implantados no sertão paraibano, bem como analisar a fertilidade dos solos das propriedades sob estes sistemas. Este trabalho verificou que os agricultores consideram que os SAFs proporcionam menos agressão ao meio ambiente, maior proteção ao solo e alimentação de qualidade, além da manutenção das famílias com a produção. As duas maiores dificuldades são a obtenção de água nos períodos de estiagem e mão de obra auxiliar. Nos dois SAFs estudados, há uma maior quantidade de espécies frutíferas, sendo a Malpighia emarginata (acerola) a de maior predominância. Os solos dos dois SAFs apresentam pH praticamente neutro e elevado percentual de saturação por base, sendo considerados eutróficos, com alto nível de fertilidade e ideal para o estabelecimento de agricultura.

Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) and genome editing to support a sustainable livestock

This article provides an overview of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and genome engineering to improve livestock production systems for the contribution of global sustainability. Most ruminant production systems are conducted on grassland conditions, as is the case of South American countries that are leaders in meat and milk production worldwide with a well-established grass-feed livestock. These systems have many strengths from an environmental perspective and consumer preferences but requires certain improvements to enhance resource efficiency. Reproductive performance is one of the main challenges particularly in cow-calf operations that usually are conducted under adverse conditions and thus ART can make a great contribution. Fixed-time artificial insemination is applied in South America in large scale programs as 20 to 30% of cows receive this technology every year in each country, with greater calving rate and significant herd genetic gain occurred in this region. Sexed semen has also been increasingly implemented, enhancing resource efficiency by a) obtaining desired female replacement and improving animal welfare by avoiding newborn male sacrifice in dairy industry, or b) alternatively producing male calves for beef industry. In vitro embryo production has been massively applied, with this region showing the greatest number of embryos produced worldwide leading to significant improvement in herd genetics and productivity. Although the contribution of these technologies is considerable, further improvements will be required for a significant livestock transformation and novel biotechnologies such as genome editing are already available. Through the CRISPR/Cas-based system it is possible to enhance food yield and quality, avoid animal welfare concerns, overcome animal health threats, and control pests and invasive species harming food production. In summary, a significant enhancement in livestock productivity and resource efficiency can be made through reproductive technologies and genome editing, improving at the same time profitability for farmers, and global food security and sustainability.(AU)

Effect of the performance, calving date and lactation period on the probability of pregnancy in beef cows

Determining what and how much each environmental factor affects pregnancy is crucial to the sustainability and management of beef cow herds. The study evaluated through logistic regression the effect of environmental variables on the increase or reduction in the pregnancy rate of beef cows. The average pregnancy rate in the cows was 73 %, with an average age for the herd of 3.7 years. An increase in age of one year represented a 30 % increase in pregnancy, while a reduction of one year reduced the odds of pregnancy in the cows by 23 %. During the lactation period, an extra seven days' lactation reduced the odds of pregnancy by 12 %. For every seven days that weaning was brought forward, the cows' pregnancy odds increased by 14 %. An increase of 0.1 kg in average daily gain represented an increase of 17 % and 15 % in the odds of pregnancy during the first 60 days post-partum and 60 days to the end of the reproductive period. On the other hand, the loss of 0.1 kg in average daily gain resulted in a 14 % and 13 % reduction in the cows' pregnancy odds, respectively. Factors such as age, the precocity of calving in the calving season, the time the calf remains with the cow and better performance in cows between calving and the end of the mating are strategies that increase the chances of pregnancy in beef cows.(AU)

Characterization and antibacterial activity of raw cotton fabrics treated with date seed extract and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) / Caracterização e atividade antibacteriana de tecidos de algodão cru tratados com extrato de semente de tâmara e nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs)

Because of their immense economic, wellness, and remedial value, the seeds of palm (Phoenix dactylifera) were selected with synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) based on their properties for increasing the antibacterial efficacy of medical cotton. This study aimed to be contingent upon the characterisation of raw cotton fabrics treated by AgNPs with date seed extract (DSE) of P. dactylifera both individually and in combination and to investigate their antibacterial activity against various human pathogens. The prepared cotton materials with the synthesized AgNPs and/or DSE were described by both X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). At the same time, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were employed to determine the bioactive components in the aqueous date seed extract. The greater antibacterial activity was recorded by cotton treated with DSE and AgNPs mix, in which inhibition zones of all treatments were against Escherichia coli (8 cm), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (2.33-5.87cm) and Bacillus subtilis (2.17-4.63 cm), respectively. Overall, these findings indicate that treated cotton fabrics with synthesised AgNPs and DSE may be widely applied in various potential biological and medical applications, which could enhance environmental sustainability in closed production and consumption.

Devido ao imenso valor econômico, propriedades curativas e de bem-estar, as sementes de palmeira (Phoenix dactylifera) foram selecionadas com nanopartículas de prata sintetizadas (AgNPs), com base em suas propriedades, visando aumentar a eficácia antibacteriana do algodão medicinal. Este estudo teve como objetivo a caracterização de tecidos de algodão cru tratados por AgNPs com extrato de semente de tâmara (DSE) de P. dactylifera tanto individualmente quanto em combinação e investigar sua atividade antibacteriana contra vários patógenos humanos. Os materiais de algodão preparados com os AgNPs sintetizados e/ou DSE foram descritos por difração de raios-X (XRD) e microscópio eletrônico de varredura (SEM). Ao mesmo tempo, cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massa (GC-MS) e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) foram empregadas para determinar os componentes bioativos no extrato aquoso de sementes de tâmaras. A maior atividade antibacteriana foi registrada pelo algodão tratado com mistura de DSE e AgNPs, em que os halos de inibição de todos os tratamentos foram contra Escherichia coli (8 cm), seguido por Staphylococcus aureus (2,33-5,87 cm) e Bacillus subtilis (2,17-4,63 cm), respectivamente. De modo geral, essas descobertas indicam que os tecidos de algodão tratados com AgNPs sintetizados e DSE podem ser amplamente aplicados em várias aplicações biológicas e médicas potenciais, o que pode aumentar a sustentabilidade ambiental na produção e consumo fechados.

Dynamic organization of two agroforestry systems in the semi-arid region of Paraíba and their contribution to improving the socio-economic conditions of farming families / Caracterização e organização dinâmica de dois sistemas agroflorestais no semiárido paraibano e sua contribuição para melhoria das condições socioeconômicas de famílias agricultoras

The socio-economic vulnerability of family farmers in Brazilian semi-arid regions, combined with the intense degradation of the Caatinga biome, entails the use of alternatives that allow people to remain in the countryside while recovering the environment. Are agroforestry systems (AFS), which are based on the ecological, economic, and social interactions existing in a production system, an alternative? The present study described the structure, organization, and floristic composition of two AFS and analyzed the soil fertility of the two AFSimplanted in the semi-arid region of Paraíba. This study revealed that the farmers consider the AFS to be less harmful to the environment as it provides greater protection to the soil and better-qualityfood. Thegreatest challenges wereobtaining water during drought season and the need foran extra workforce. Nevertheless, the produce from these systemswas sufficient to provide for the families. Several varieties of fruit species were found in both the AFS studied, and Malpighia emarginata (acerola) was the most predominant. The soils of the two AFS presented a practically neutral pH the and high percentage of base saturation,thereby falling under the category of eutrophic soil with high fertility, and are ideal for growingany type of crop.

A vulnerabilidade socioeconômica dos agricultores familiares no semiárido brasileiro aliado à intensa degradação do bioma caatinga requer o emprego de alternativas que propiciem a permanência do homem no campo, ao mesmo tempo em que recupere o meio ambiente. Os Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAFs) que estão fundamentados nas interações ecológicas, econômicas e sociais existentes em um sistema de produção, são alternativas? O presente estudo tem como objetivos descrever a estrutura, a composição florística e a organização de dois SAFs implantados no sertão paraibano, bem como analisar a fertilidade dos solos das propriedades sob estes sistemas. Este trabalho verificou que os agricultores consideram que os SAFs proporcionam menos agressão ao meio ambiente, maior proteção ao solo e alimentação de qualidade, além da manutenção das famílias com a produção. As duas maiores dificuldades são a obtenção de água nos períodos de estiagem e mão de obra auxiliar. Nos dois SAFs estudados, há uma maior quantidade de espécies frutíferas, sendo a Malpighia emarginata (acerola) a de maior predominância. Os solos dos dois SAFs apresentam pH praticamente neutro e elevado percentual de saturação por base, sendo considerados eutróficos, com alto nível de fertilidade e ideal para o estabelecimento de agricultura.

Initial development of upland rice inoculated and co-inoculated with multifunctional rhizobacteria / Desenvolvimento inicial de arroz de terras altas inoculado e coinoculado com rizobactérias multifuncionais

Inoculation and co-inoculation of upland rice with multifunctional rhizobacteria can promote plant growth, especially the root system. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of inoculation and co-inoculation with Azospirillum sp. and Bacillus sp. in the early development of upland rice. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 10 replications, totaling 40 plots. The treatments were: 1) Ab-V5 (Azospirillum brasilense), 2) BRM 63573 (Bacillus sp.), 3) co-inoculation of Ab-V5 + BRM 63573, and 4) control (without rhizobacteria). Inoculation and co-inoculation with the multifunctional rhizobacteria Ab-V5 and BRM 63573 provided positive effects on the initial development of upland rice. Inoculation with isolate BRM 63573 had significant effects on root length, shoot, and total biomass, while inoculation with isolate Ab-V5 had significant effects on root length and production of root and total biomass. Co-inoculation treatment had significant effects on variables such as diameter, volume, total surface, root biomass, and total biomass. The control treatment (without multifunctional rhizobacteria) had the worst results for most of the analyzed variables.

A inoculação e coinoculação do arroz de terras altas com rizobactérias multifuncionais pode promover o crescimento das plantas, especialmente do sistema radicular. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da inoculação e coinoculação com Azospirillum sp. e Bacillus sp. no desenvolvimento inicial do arroz de terras altas. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos e 10 repetições, totalizando 40 parcelas. Os tratamentos foram: 1) Ab-V5 (Azospirillum brasilense), 2) BRM 63573 (Bacillus sp.), 3) coinoculação de Ab-V5 + BRM 63573 e 4) controle (sem rizobactérias). A inoculação e coinoculação com as rizobactérias multifuncionais Ab-V5 e BRM 63573 proporcionaram efeitos positivos no desenvolvimento inicial do arroz de terras altas. A inoculação com o isolado BRM 63573 teve efeitos significativos no comprimento da raiz, parte aérea e biomassa total, enquanto a inoculação com o isolado Ab-V5 teve efeitos significativos no comprimento da raiz e produção de raiz e biomassa total. O tratamento com coinoculação teve efeitos significativos em variáveis como diâmetro, volume e superfície total de raiz e biomassa de raiz e total. O tratamento controle (sem rizobactérias multifuncionais) apresentou os piores resultados para a maioria das variáveis analisadas.

Morfofisiologia de plantas de pimentão com uso de cobertura vegetalno solo / Morphophysiologyof sweet pepper plants using ground cover plants

Mundialmente, a produção de hortaliças, incluindo os pimentões, está relacionada ao manejo intensivo do solo e, consequentemente, à degradação do mesmo. A implantação de manejos conservacionistas têm se intensificado para a redução dos danos resultantes da produção de manejo convencional. Neste sentido, objetivodo estudo foi de avaliar o desenvolvimento e produtividade do pimentão cultivado em sistema de plantio direto sobre diferentes coberturas vegetais, indicando as espécies com maior potencial pera essa utilização. Para tanto, os tratamentos utilizados foram: Controle (manejo convencional); milheto; crotalária; combinação de coberturas (milheto e crotalária) e plantas espontâneas. As variáveis avaliadas foram: fotossíntese líquida, condutância estomática, concentração de CO2, transpiração, eficiência do uso da água, eficiência instantânea de carboxilação e produtividade. Verificou-se que todas coberturas, melhoraram as características de comprimento e massa de fruto. No quesito de número de frutos por planta e produtividade a cobertura mix superou o restante. A cobertura com plantas espontâneas resultou em maiores concentração intracelular, condutância estomática e transpiração, enquanto que o tratamento mix possibilitou a obtenção de maior valor de fotossíntese líquida, eficiência do uso da água e eficiência instantânea de carboxilação. O maior incremento na produção e capacidade fotossintética ocorreu na utilização de milheto e crotalária.(AU)

Worldwide, the production of vegetables, including peppers, is related to intensive soil management and, consequently, to soil degradation. The implementation of conservationist managements has been intensified to reduce the damage resulting from the production of conventional management. In this sense, the objective of the study was to evaluate the development and productivity of sweet pepper grown in a no-tillage system under different vegetation cover, indicating the species with the greatest potential for this use. Therefore, the treatments used were: Control (conventional management); millet; sunn hemp; combination of cover crops (millet and sunn hemp) and spontaneous plants. The variables evaluated were: net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, CO2 concentration, transpiration, water use efficiency, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency and productivity. It was found that all coverages improved the characteristics of length and fruit mass. In terms of number of fruits per plant and productivity, the mix coverage surpassed the rest. Coverage with weeds resulted in higher intracellular concentration, stomatal conductance and transpiration, while the mix treatment made it possible to obtain higher net photosynthesis value, water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency. The greatest increase in production and photosynthetic capacity occurred in the use of millet and sunn hemp.(AU)

Effects of mixed feeding strategies with different dietary energy: protein ratios on juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) / Efeitos de estratégias de alimentação mista com diferentes relações de energia: proteína para juvenis de tilápia-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)

The evaluation of feeding strategies is necessary to ensure the sustainability of aquaculture. This study assessed the effect of two diets with different E:P ratios (9.6 and 10.3 kcal of digestible energy per gram of crude protein) on Nile tilapia juveniles. The growth, feed and nutrient use, economic parameters, whole-body composition, and liver steatosis of fish were evaluated. There was no significant effect of treatments on the growth, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, uniformity, and survival of the fish. The lower feed cost (P>0.05) per biomass or 1000 units produced was registered in Nile tilapia juveniles fed with 10.3 kcal DE/g CP diet for seven days. The contribution of ether extract in fish weight gain was reduced (P=0.055) by the increased use of the 10.3 kcal DE/g CP diet in the feeding strategies. The same trend was observed in fish whole-body lipid levels. Body indexes were similar (P>0.05) among fish from the different treatments. Mixing diets with different E:P ratios in a weekly feeding protocol does not impair productive performance of Nile tilapia juveniles. However, considering the cost of feeding, the recommendation is to supply a diet with 33%CPand 3.4 kcal/DE for seven days per week.(AU)

A avaliação das estratégias de alimentação é necessária para garantir a sustentabilidade da aquicultura. Este estudo avaliou o efeito de duas dietas com diferentes proporções de E:P (9,6 e 10,3 kcal de energia digestível por grama de proteína bruta) para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo. Foram avaliados o crescimento, uso da dieta e nutrientes, parâmetros econômicos, composição corporal e esteatose hepática de peixes. Não houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos sobre o crescimento, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, uniformidade e sobrevivência dos peixes. O menor custo de ração (P>0,05) por biomassa ou 1000 unidades produzidas foi registrado nos juvenis de tilápia do Nilo alimentados com a dieta 10,3 kcal DE/g PB por sete dias. A contribuição do extrato etéreo no ganho de peso dos peixes foi reduzida (P=0,055) pela maior utilização da dieta 10,3 kcal DE/g PB nas estratégias de alimentação utilizadas. A mesma tendência foi observada nos níveis de lipídios corporais em peixes. Os índices corporais foram semelhantes (P>0,05) entre os peixes dos diferentes tratamentos. A mistura de dietas com diferentes relações E:P em um protocolo de alimentação semanal não prejudica o desempenho produtivo de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo. No entanto, considerando os custos de alimentação, a recomendação é fornecer uma dieta com 33% PB e 3,4 kcal/DE por sete dias por semana.(AU)

Recuperação, caracterização e criopreservação de espermatozoides epididimários de animais silvestres do bioma Caatinga / Recovery, characterization and cryopreservation of epididymal sperm from wild animals of the Caatinga biome

A Caatinga, bioma exclusivamente brasileiro, abriga grande diversidade biológica, porém sofre com graves ameaças ambientais. Por isso, é iminente a necessidade de desenvolvimento de técnicas voltadas para a conservação dos animais que nela habitam, bem como se seu germoplasma. Quando do súbito óbito de um animal biologicamente valioso, a recuperação de espermatozoides epididimários pode se apresentar como a única possibilidade para salvaguardar gametas. Ainda, esta biotécnicas configura-se em uma ferramenta possível de ser utilizada quando não há outra forma de se coletar o sêmen em determinada espécie. Os espermatozoides coletados podem ser armazenados por meio da criopreservação, e posteriormente utilizados em outras biotecnologias. Neste sentido, esta revisão tem como objetivo apresentar os aspectos da recuperação, caracterização e criopreservação de espermatozoides epididimários em animais silvestres com principal foco em espécies do bioma Caatinga, como os preás, cutias, catetos e emas.(AU)

The Caatinga, an exclusively Brazilian biome, is home to great biological diversity, but suffers from serious environmental threats. Therefore, there is an imminent need to develop techniques aimed at the conservation of the animals that inhabit it, as well as their germplasm. When the sudden death of a biologically valuable animal, the recovery of epididymal spermatozoa may present itself as the only possibility to safeguard gametes. Still, this biotechnique is a tool that can be used when there is no other way to collect semen in each species. Collected spermatozoa can be stored through cryopreservation, and later used in other biotechnologies. In this sense, this review aims to present aspects of recovery, characterization, and cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa in wild animals with a focus on species from the Caatinga biome, such as cavies, agoutis, collared peccary, and rheas.(AU)

Ética e condicionamento de animais selvagens para a aplicação de técnicas de reprodução assistida / Ethics and conditioning of wild animals for the application of assisted reproduction techniques

A relação humano-animal é conhecida desde o período Mesolítico e vem evoluindo ao longo dos anos pela busca de interações cada vez mais positivas. A forma como os animais e os ambientes são tratados abre muitas discussões éticas e morais em várias correntes filosóficas. O fato é que a biodiversidade vem apresentando uma redução expressiva dentro de um contexto de sexta extinção em massa do planeta e, para muitas espécies, trabalhar manejo populacional envolvendo coleções ex situ, seria a única alternativa de sobrevivência. As informações sobre a biologia das espécies selvagens ainda são muito insipientes e, portanto, faz-se necessário desenvolver pesquisas básicas que colaborem com as Técnicas de Reprodução Assistida (ARTs). A possibilidade de se trabalhar dentro do conceito de Conservação Única possibilita uma interconexão entre os planos de ação in situ e ex situ, as ações antrópicas no meio ambiente (sustentabilidade) e as pesquisas que englobam a conservação. Para tanto, utilizar as técnicas de condicionamento, que são prática voltada ao manejo de bem-estar, associadas às biotecnologias reprodutivas tem sido um manejo cada vez mais utilizado, com sucesso para muitas espécies ameaçadas. Animais manejados dentro dos protocolos de boas práticas são grandes candidatos a fazer parte dos programas de conservação integrada.(AU)

The human-animal relationship has been known since the Mesolithic period and has evolved over the years in search of increasingly positive interactions. How animals and environments are treated opens up many ethical and moral discussions in various philosophical currents. The fact is that biodiversity has been showing a significant reduction within the context of the sixth mass extinction on the planet, and, for many species, working on population management involving ex situ collections would be the only alternative for survival. Information on the biology of wild species is still very incipient; therefore, it is necessary to develop basic research that collaborates with Assisted Reproduction Techniques (ARTs). Working within the One Conservation concept enables an interconnection between in situ and ex situ action plans, anthropic environmental actions (sustainability), and research that encompasses conservation. Therefore, using conditioning techniques­a practice aimed at welfare management­associated with reproductive biotechnologies has been increasingly used, with success for many endangered species. Animals handled within suitable practice protocols are great candidates to be part of integrated conservation programs.(AU)

'Alecrim Pimenta' nanoformulated essential oil (Lippia sidoides) as additive in consortium silages / Óleo essencial nanoformulado de alecrim pimenta (Lippia sidoides) como aditivo em silagens consorciadas

The presence of spoilage microorganisms in forage interferes with the fermentation process of silage, due to competition with lactic acid bacteria for substrate, generating losses and influencing the nutritional value of the ensiled material. Thus, the objective is to evaluate the effect of "Alecrim Pimenta" essential oil (Lippia sidoides) and nanoformulated thymol on microbiological, fermentative and aerobic stability profile of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. BRS Ponta Negra) silage intercropped with Paiaguás grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Paiaguás). A 4 x 3 factorial design was adopted, with four additives applied to the silages (control treatment; nanoformulated "Alecrim Pimenta" essential oil (OEN); 62% nanoformulated thymol; and 100% pure nanoformulated thymol), associated with three silo period times (15, 30 and 45 days), with five replications per treatment, totaling 60 mini silos. The Clostridium population was higher in the control treatment and in the OEN. The Lactobacillus population decreased with the increase in silo opening time. Higher aerobic stabilities were recorded in silages with 100% nanoformulated thymol with opening at 15 days; and silages with 62% nanoformulated Thymol (opening period at 30 and 45 days). Silages with 100% thymol provided higher losses of dry matter, gases and effluents, while the use of OEN provided lower losses of dry matter and gases. Silos opened at 45 days showed higher losses of dry matter, gases and effluents. Sorghum and Paiaguás grass silages that received nanoformulated thymol were more efficient in controlling Clostridium and Lactobacillus populations, and this additive improved the aerobic stability of the silage.

A presença de microrganismos deterioradores na forragem interfere no processo fermentativo da silagem, devido a competição com as bactérias ácido láticas por substrato, gerando perdas e influenciando o valor nutritivo do material ensilado. Assim, objetiva-se avaliar o efeito do óleo essencial de Alecrim pimenta (Lippia sidoides) e do timol nanoformulado sobre perfil microbiológico, fermentativo e estabilidade aeróbia de silagem do consórcio de Sorgo (Sorghum bicolor var. Ponta Negra) com capim Paiaguás (Urochloa brizantha cv. Paiaguás). Foi adotado esquema fatorial 4 x 3, quatro aditivos aplicados nas silagens (tratamento controle; óleo essencial de Alecrim pimenta nanoformulado (OEN); timol nanoformulado 62%; e timol nanoformulado 100% de pureza), associados a três tempos de abertura do silo (15, 30 e 45 dias), com cinco repetições por tratamento, totalizando 60 mini silos. A população de Clostridium foi maior no tratamento controle e no OEN. A população de Lactobacillus reduziu com o aumento no tempo de abertura do silo. Maiores estabilidades aeróbica foram registradas em silagens com timol nanoformulado 100% com abertura aos 15 dias; e silagens com Timol nanoformulado 62% (tempos de abertura aos 30 e 45 dias). Silagens com timol 100% proporcionaram maiores perdas de matéria seca, gases e efluentes, enquanto que o uso de OEN proporcionou menores perdas de matéria seca e gases. Silos com abertura aos 45 dias apresentaram maiores perdas de matéria seca, gases e efluentes. Silagens de Sorgo e capim Paiaguás que recebram timol nanoformulado foram mais eficientes em controlar as populações de Clostridium e Lactobacillus, bem como este aditivo melhorou a estabilidade aeróbica da silagem.

Carcass characteristics and meat quality of lambs fed diets with different roughage: concentrate ratios supplemented with liquid residue of cassava

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lambs fed two roughage: concentrate (R:C) ratios, with or without the liquid residue of cassava (LRC) on carcass traits and meat quantity. Forty lambs (19.5 ± 1.45 kg body weight), non-castrated, crossbred Santa Inês were distributed in a completely randomized 2 × 2 factorial design. There was no effect (p > 0.05) of the inclusion of LRC on the variables. The roughage:concentrate ratio of 40:60 promoted higher values for empty body weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, subcutaneous thickness fat, cooling loss, Longissimus muscle area, carcass morphometric measurements, and commercial cuts. Higher weight of leg, muscles, fat, bone and other tissues, as well as for the ratio muscle:fat, and muscle:bone was observed in lambs fed 40R:60C. For the meat chemical composition, there was the effect (p < 0.05) only for ether extract (EE) for lambs fed 40R:60C ratio. The redness (a*) of meat was greater (p < 0.05) for lambs fed 80R:20C. The other physicochemical characteristics were not influenced. The roughage:concentrate ratio of 40:60 improves the carcass traits and commercial cuts, but does not promote changes in meat quality, independent of supplementation with liquid residue of cassava.(AU)

Irrigation management of common bean cultivars with contrasting growth habits

A study was undertaken comparing the water requirements of two common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars to generate specific recommendations aimed at optimizing water use. To accomplish this work, the agronomic performance, responsiveness to water and water productivity of these two common bean cultivars of determinate and indeterminate growth habits were identified. The 2-year experiment was carried out during the winter growing season in the southeast of Brazil. Cultivars IAC Imperador, with an early season of determinate growth habit, and IPR Campos Gerais, having a mid-season of indeterminate growth habit, were subjected to five irrigation levels (54, 70, 77, 100, and 132 % of the crop evapotranspiration). Water deficit affected agronomic performance, reducing plant height (by up to 29 %), leaf area index (by up to 40 %), soil cover fraction (by up to 28 %), and grain yield (GY - by up to 31 %), in both cultivars. In contrast, excess water was more detrimental to cultivar IAC Imperador. Cultivar IPR Campos Gerais produced 18 % more than GY, showing superior water productivity and response to irrigation depth than IAC Imperador. Out of all the variables evaluated, the soil cover fraction correlated the most with grain yield in both common bean cultivars during the 2-year study. In other words, cover fraction evaluation in common bean allows for estimating crop production potential, which helps producers and technicians in their decision making regarding management practices. Thus, a cultivar directly affects water use in common bean production, thereby suggesting the need for a or water conservation strategy and sustainability of irrigated common bean production.(AU)

Maternal contributions to pregnancy success: from gamete quality to uterine environment

The establishment and maintenance of a pregnancy that goes to term is sine qua non for the long-term sustainability of dairy and beef cattle operations. The oocyte plays a critical role in providing the factors necessary for preimplantation embryonic development. Furthermore, the female, or maternal, environment where oocytes and embryos develop is crucial for the establishment and maintenance of a pregnancy to term. During folliculogenesis, the oocyte must sequentially acquire meiotic and developmental competence, which are the results of a series of molecular events preparing the highly specialized gamete to return to totipotency after fertilization. Given that folliculogenesis is a lengthy process in the cow, the occurrence of disease, metabolic imbalances, heat stress, or other adverse events can make it challenging to maintain oocyte quality. Following fertilization, the newly formed embryo must execute a tightly planned program that includes global DNA remodeling, activation of the embryonic genome, and cell fate decisions to form a blastocyst within a few days and cell divisions. The increasing use of assisted reproductive technologies creates an additional layer of complexity to ensure the highest oocyte and embryo quality given that in vitro systems do not faithfully recreate the physiological maternal environment. In this review, we discuss cellular and molecular factors and events known to be crucial for proper oocyte development and maturation, as well as adverse events that may negatively affect the oocyte; and the importance of the uterine environment, including signaling proteins in the maternal-embryonic interactions that ensure proper embryo development. We also discuss the impact of assisted reproductive technologies in oocyte and embryo quality and developmental potential, and considerations when looking into the prospects for developing systems that allow for in vitro gametogenesis as a tool for assisted reproduction in cattle.(AU)