Acoustic analysis of vocalization and the behavioral response associated to sound production of the nine banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus (Mammalia, Cingulata, Dasypodidae) in an agonistic context

Although communication capabilities are displayed by many vertebrate groups, some repertoires are poorly known, such as the case of xenarthrans, particularly armadillos, for which vocalization as a source of communicating to others remains poorly understood and relies on punctual reports of sounds. Here we provide the first description of a behavioral response associated with sound emission of two subjects of Dasypus novemcinctus. Both audio and visual registration was performed to subsequent analyses of expressed behaviors and emitted calls, which accounted for 76 vocalizations from a total of eight video recordings randomly collected from 2017 to 2019. Sound is acoustically characterized by both inhale and exhale phases composed of two vocal units, and no harmonic structure was observed. Once the subjects have always produced these vocalizations while cornered and exhibiting defensive behavior against another subject/human disturbance, these vocalizations were termed as distress. Subjects produced a hiss-purr-like sound while trying to avoid contact with another by bowing or lowering their bodies, humping, or even moving elsewhere when sound production ceased. This shows that the sound repertoire of armadillos is still to be unveiled and seems to be much more complex than previously thought.(AU)

Histopathology and microscopic morphology of protozoan and metazoan parasites of free ranging armadillos in Brazil

ABSTRACT: This study assessed microscopic morphology of protozoan and metazoan parasites, as well as parasite-associated histopathologic changes in five Brazilian free-ranging armadillos. Three armadillos had intra sarcolemmal cysts of Sarcocystis sp. in skeletal muscles without microscopic changes. One Dasypus novemcinctus was found parasitized with a nematode morphologically compatible with an oxyurid in the small intestine. One Dasypus sp. had neutrophilic enteritis associated with adult and larval stages of Strongyloides sp. and one D. novemcinctus had multiple embryonated eggs free in the lumen of the small intestine with mild neutrophilic enteritis. These findings represent a contribution for expanding our knowledge on parasitic diseases of armadillos.

RESUMO: Este estudo avaliou a morfologia microscópica de parasitos protozoários e metazoários, bem como lesões associadas ao parasitismo em cinco tatus de vida livre no Brasil. Três tatus tinham cistos de Sarcocystis sp. Intra-sarcolemal em músculos esqueléticos sem alterações microscópicas. Um Dasypus novemcinctus estava parasitado com um nematodo morfologicamente compatível com oxiurideo no intestino delgado. Um Dasypus sp. apresentou enterite neutrofílica associada com estágios larvais de Strongyloides sp. e um D. novemcinctus apresentou múltiplos ovos embrionados livres no lúmen do intestino delgado, associado a enterite neutrofílica discreta. Estes achados representam uma contribuição para a expansão do conhecimento sobre doenças parasitárias de tatus.

Histopathology and microscopic morphology of protozoan and metazoan parasites of free ranging armadillos in Brazil / Histopatologia e morfologia microscópica de parasitos protozoários e metazoários de tatus de vida livre no Brasil

This study assessed microscopic morphology of protozoan and metazoan parasites, as well as parasite-associated histopathologic changes in five Brazilian free-ranging armadillos. Three armadillos had intra sarcolemmal cysts of Sarcocystis sp. in skeletal muscles without microscopic changes. One Dasypus novemcinctus was found parasitized with a nematode morphologically compatible with an oxyurid in the small intestine. One Dasypus sp. had neutrophilic enteritis associated with adult and larval stages of Strongyloides sp. and one D. novemcinctus had multiple embryonated eggs free in the lumen of the small intestine with mild neutrophilic enteritis. These findings represent a contribution for expanding our knowledge on parasitic diseases of armadillos.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou a morfologia microscópica de parasitos protozoários e metazoários, bem como lesões associadas ao parasitismo em cinco tatus de vida livre no Brasil. Três tatus tinham cistos de Sarcocystis sp. Intra-sarcolemal em músculos esqueléticos sem alterações microscópicas. Um Dasypus novemcinctus estava parasitado com um nematodo morfologicamente compatível com oxiurideo no intestino delgado. Um Dasypus sp. apresentou enterite neutrofílica associada com estágios larvais de Strongyloides sp. e um D. novemcinctus apresentou múltiplos ovos embrionados livres no lúmen do intestino delgado, associado a enterite neutrofílica discreta. Estes achados representam uma contribuição para a expansão do conhecimento sobre doenças parasitárias de tatus.(AU)

Histopathology and microscopic morphology of protozoan and metazoan parasites of free ranging armadillos in Brazil / Histopatologia e morfologia microscópica de parasitos protozoários e metazoários de tatus de vida livre no Brasil

This study assessed microscopic morphology of protozoan and metazoan parasites, as well as parasite-associated histopathologic changes in five Brazilian free-ranging armadillos. Three armadillos had intra sarcolemmal cysts of Sarcocystis sp. in skeletal muscles without microscopic changes. One Dasypus novemcinctus was found parasitized with a nematode morphologically compatible with an oxyurid in the small intestine. One Dasypus sp. had neutrophilic enteritis associated with adult and larval stages of Strongyloides sp. and one D. novemcinctus had multiple embryonated eggs free in the lumen of the small intestine with mild neutrophilic enteritis. These findings represent a contribution for expanding our knowledge on parasitic diseases of armadillos.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou a morfologia microscópica de parasitos protozoários e metazoários, bem como lesões associadas ao parasitismo em cinco tatus de vida livre no Brasil. Três tatus tinham cistos de Sarcocystis sp. Intra-sarcolemal em músculos esqueléticos sem alterações microscópicas. Um Dasypus novemcinctus estava parasitado com um nematodo morfologicamente compatível com oxiurideo no intestino delgado. Um Dasypus sp. apresentou enterite neutrofílica associada com estágios larvais de Strongyloides sp. e um D. novemcinctus apresentou múltiplos ovos embrionados livres no lúmen do intestino delgado, associado a enterite neutrofílica discreta. Estes achados representam uma contribuição para a expansão do conhecimento sobre doenças parasitárias de tatus.(AU)

Desenvolvimento corporal de um filhote de tatu verdadeiro Dasypus novemcinctus(Linnaeus, 1758) nascido sob cuidados humanos / Body development of a young armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) born under human care / Desarrollo corporal de una cría de armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) nacido bajo cuidados humanos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar o crescimento de um filhote macho de Dasypus novemcinctus nascido em 10 de outubro de 2017 no Instituto “Lauro de Souza Lima”. Entre 15 dias e 200 dias de vida, foram realizadas pesagens e medições do animal a cada 15 dias. Entre 230 e 390 dias de vida, foram realizadas mais três pesagens e medições. Avaliou-se o ganho de peso e o crescimento do filhote. O filhote apresentou um desenvolvimento corporal linear e um ganho de peso adequado, em todo o período avaliado, exceto pelo período mais frio do ano, considerando os cuidados básicos e alimentação oferecidos, correspondendo às expectativas de crescimento da espécie.(AU)

This work aimed to follow the growth of a male Dasypus novemcinctus born October 10, 2017 at the "Lauro de Souza Lima" Institute. Between 15 days and 200 days of life, the animal was weighed and measured fortnightly. Between 230 and 390 days of life, three more weighing and measurements were performed. The pup presented a linear body development and an adequate weight gain, throughout the evaluated period, except for the coldest period of the year, considering the basic care and feeding offered, corresponding to the growth expectations of the species.(AU)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue acompañar el desarrollo corporal de una cría macho de Dasypus novencinctus nacido el 10 de octubre de 2017 en el Instituto "Lauro de Souza Lima". Entre 15 días y 200 días de vida, se realizaron pesajes y mediciones del animal cada 15 días. Entre 230 y 390 días de vida, se realizaron otros tres pesajes y mediciones. Se evaluaron ganancia de peso y crecimiento del armadillo. La cría del armadillo presentó un desarrollo corporal lineal y una ganancia de peso adecuada, en todo el período evaluado, excepto por el período más frío del año, considerando los cuidados básicos y alimentación ofrecidos, correspondiendo a las expectativas de crecimiento de la especie.(AU)

Desenvolvimento corporal de um filhote de tatu verdadeiro Dasypus novemcinctus(Linnaeus, 1758) nascido sob cuidados humanos / Body development of a young armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) born under human care / Desarrollo corporal de una cría de armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) nacido bajo cuidados humanos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar o crescimento de um filhote macho de Dasypus novemcinctus nascido em 10 de outubro de 2017 no Instituto “Lauro de Souza Lima”. Entre 15 dias e 200 dias de vida, foram realizadas pesagens e medições do animal a cada 15 dias. Entre 230 e 390 dias de vida, foram realizadas mais três pesagens e medições. Avaliou-se o ganho de peso e o crescimento do filhote. O filhote apresentou um desenvolvimento corporal linear e um ganho de peso adequado, em todo o período avaliado, exceto pelo período mais frio do ano, considerando os cuidados básicos e alimentação oferecidos, correspondendo às expectativas de crescimento da espécie.

This work aimed to follow the growth of a male Dasypus novemcinctus born October 10, 2017 at the "Lauro de Souza Lima" Institute. Between 15 days and 200 days of life, the animal was weighed and measured fortnightly. Between 230 and 390 days of life, three more weighing and measurements were performed. The pup presented a linear body development and an adequate weight gain, throughout the evaluated period, except for the coldest period of the year, considering the basic care and feeding offered, corresponding to the growth expectations of the species.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue acompañar el desarrollo corporal de una cría macho de Dasypus novencinctus nacido el 10 de octubre de 2017 en el Instituto "Lauro de Souza Lima". Entre 15 días y 200 días de vida, se realizaron pesajes y mediciones del animal cada 15 días. Entre 230 y 390 días de vida, se realizaron otros tres pesajes y mediciones. Se evaluaron ganancia de peso y crecimiento del armadillo. La cría del armadillo presentó un desarrollo corporal lineal y una ganancia de peso adecuada, en todo el período evaluado, excepto por el período más frío del año, considerando los cuidados básicos y alimentación ofrecidos, correspondiendo a las expectativas de crecimiento de la especie.

Primeira descrição de pseudoparasitismo por esporocistos de Monocystis sp. em tatu-galinha, Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) - relato de caso / First description of pseudoparasitism by sporocysts of Monocystis sp. in nine banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) - case report

O presente artigo é um relato sobre uma fêmea de D. novemcinctus que foi capturada de forma imprevista, durante um projeto de avaliação sanitária de animais silvestres sinantrópicos do município de Toledo/PR (autorização Sisbio/Ibama n. 55109-1). Durante a avaliação física, amostras de fezes foram coletadas após defecação espontânea e encaminhadas para análise. O material foi submetido aos métodos de flutuação simples em solução hipersaturada de cloreto de sódio e centrífugo-flutuação em sacarose. Na leitura das lâminas obtidas pelo método de centrífugo-flutuação em sacarose, foram observadas estruturas com comprimento de aproximadamente 10µm, forma bicônica e um tampão em cada extremidade, compatíveis com esporocistos de Monocystis sp. Protozoários do filo Apicomplexa, os Monocystis sp., são geralmente parasitas de anelídeos, como as minhocas. Esse organismo é comumente correlato a pseudoparasitismo em vários animais, porém não foram encontrados relatos de pseudoparasitismo desse agente em tatus-galinhas, logo essa é a primeira descrição de Monocystis sp. em espécime de D. novemcinctus.(AU)

The present article is an account of a female of D. novemcinctus which was captured during a sanitary evaluation project of synanthropic wild animals of the municipality of Toledo/PR (license SISBIO/ICMBIO n°. 55109-1). During a physical evaluation, samples of feces were collected, after spontaneous defecation, and sent for analysis. The material was subjected to simple flotation methods in hypersaturated sodium chloride solution and centrifugal-flotation solutions in sucrose. In a test reading by the centrifugal-flotation method in sucrose, structures with approximately 10µm, biconical shape and one plate at each end were observed, compatible with sporocysts of Monocystis sp. Protozoa of the phylum Apicomplexa, like Monocystis sp., it is common parasitic annelids, such as worms. This organism is a correlate of pseudoparasitism in several animals but was not found to describe this product as an agent in nine banded armadillos, so this is a first description of Monocystis sp. in specimen of D. novemcinctus.(AU)

Primeira descrição de pseudoparasitismo por esporocistos de Monocystis sp. em tatu-galinha, Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) - relato de caso / First description of pseudoparasitism by sporocysts of Monocystis sp. in nine banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) - case report

O presente artigo é um relato sobre uma fêmea de D. novemcinctus que foi capturada de forma imprevista, durante um projeto de avaliação sanitária de animais silvestres sinantrópicos do município de Toledo/PR (autorização Sisbio/Ibama n. 55109-1). Durante a avaliação física, amostras de fezes foram coletadas após defecação espontânea e encaminhadas para análise. O material foi submetido aos métodos de flutuação simples em solução hipersaturada de cloreto de sódio e centrífugo-flutuação em sacarose. Na leitura das lâminas obtidas pelo método de centrífugo-flutuação em sacarose, foram observadas estruturas com comprimento de aproximadamente 10µm, forma bicônica e um tampão em cada extremidade, compatíveis com esporocistos de Monocystis sp. Protozoários do filo Apicomplexa, os Monocystis sp., são geralmente parasitas de anelídeos, como as minhocas. Esse organismo é comumente correlato a pseudoparasitismo em vários animais, porém não foram encontrados relatos de pseudoparasitismo desse agente em tatus-galinhas, logo essa é a primeira descrição de Monocystis sp. em espécime de D. novemcinctus.(AU)

The present article is an account of a female of D. novemcinctus which was captured during a sanitary evaluation project of synanthropic wild animals of the municipality of Toledo/PR (license SISBIO/ICMBIO n°. 55109-1). During a physical evaluation, samples of feces were collected, after spontaneous defecation, and sent for analysis. The material was subjected to simple flotation methods in hypersaturated sodium chloride solution and centrifugal-flotation solutions in sucrose. In a test reading by the centrifugal-flotation method in sucrose, structures with approximately 10µm, biconical shape and one plate at each end were observed, compatible with sporocysts of Monocystis sp. Protozoa of the phylum Apicomplexa, like Monocystis sp., it is common parasitic annelids, such as worms. This organism is a correlate of pseudoparasitism in several animals but was not found to describe this product as an agent in nine banded armadillos, so this is a first description of Monocystis sp. in specimen of D. novemcinctus.(AU)

Carcinoma mamário com metástase pulmonar em tatu-peba (Eupharactus sexcinctus) / Breast carcinoma with pulmonary metastasis in armadillo (Eupharactus sexcinctus)

Background: Breast neoplasms are among the most common neoplastic conditions affecting domestic animals and are considered the most common type of cancer affecting women, bitches, and cats. However, there are few reports on breast neoplasms in wild animals, and there is no record of their occurrence in armadillos worldwide. Breast neoplasms are hormone-dependent neoplasms that often cause lymph node and pulmonary metastases. The diagnosis is based on the patients history, complete physical examination, and complementary tests. Here we report a case of mammary neoplasia with pulmonary metastasis in an armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus).Case: A senile female armadillo was referred to us for treatment with a history of hyporexia and nodules in both breasts. Ultrasonographic examination revealed a hypoechogenic nodular lesion with a cross-section of approximately 1.3 × 1.4 cm and well-defined borders. The lesion had a circumscribed aspect in the left mammary gland. In the right mammary gland, there was a heterogeneous lesion with cystic formations and anechoic content. Cytopathological examination of the nodules was performed by fine needle aspiration cytology and revealed the presence of epithelial cells with ovoid and aberrant nuclei, anisocariasis, binucleation, coarse chromatin, and a high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio suggestive of carcinoma. The animal had a lean body score due to hyporexia that had evolved to anorexia and was undergoing supportive treatment. Nevertheless, the animal died two months after the cytologic diagnosis. A necropsy was performed. Cutting of the breast nodules revealed a hardened pale yellow material. The animal had pronounced pleural effusion, hemorrhage, and numerous pale yellow nodules of various sizes with firm consistency throughout the lung parenchyma. It also had hepatomegaly and splenomegaly.[...](AU)

Carcinoma mamário com metástase pulmonar em tatu-peba (Eupharactus sexcinctus) / Breast carcinoma with pulmonary metastasis in armadillo (Eupharactus sexcinctus)

Background: Breast neoplasms are among the most common neoplastic conditions affecting domestic animals and are considered the most common type of cancer affecting women, bitches, and cats. However, there are few reports on breast neoplasms in wild animals, and there is no record of their occurrence in armadillos worldwide. Breast neoplasms are hormone-dependent neoplasms that often cause lymph node and pulmonary metastases. The diagnosis is based on the patient’s history, complete physical examination, and complementary tests. Here we report a case of mammary neoplasia with pulmonary metastasis in an armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus).Case: A senile female armadillo was referred to us for treatment with a history of hyporexia and nodules in both breasts. Ultrasonographic examination revealed a hypoechogenic nodular lesion with a cross-section of approximately 1.3 × 1.4 cm and well-defined borders. The lesion had a circumscribed aspect in the left mammary gland. In the right mammary gland, there was a heterogeneous lesion with cystic formations and anechoic content. Cytopathological examination of the nodules was performed by fine needle aspiration cytology and revealed the presence of epithelial cells with ovoid and aberrant nuclei, anisocariasis, binucleation, coarse chromatin, and a high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio suggestive of carcinoma. The animal had a lean body score due to hyporexia that had evolved to anorexia and was undergoing supportive treatment. Nevertheless, the animal died two months after the cytologic diagnosis. A necropsy was performed. Cutting of the breast nodules revealed a hardened pale yellow material. The animal had pronounced pleural effusion, hemorrhage, and numerous pale yellow nodules of various sizes with firm consistency throughout the lung parenchyma. It also had hepatomegaly and splenomegaly.[...]

Padrões de uso de tocas por mamíferos em área de floresta estacional semidecidual no sul do Brasil / Patterns in use of burrows by mammals in a semi-deciduous season forest area in south Brazil

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar e caracterizar tocas de tatu encontradas em remanescente de floresta semidecidual empregando os métodos de caminhamento, análise de micro-habitat e armadilhas fotográficas. A maioria das tocas foi escavada sob rochas ou raízes de árvores e estão associadas a diferentes níveis de cobertura vegetal. Foram registradas ao menos quatro espécies de mamíferos, indicando que tatus podem ser engenheiros de ecossistemas.

The aim of this study was to identify and characterize armadillo burrows found in a semideciduous forest remnant employing methods of random-walks, micro-habitat analysis and camera-traps. Most burrows (60,6%) were excavated under rocks or tree roots and are associated to different levels of vegetation cover. Three medium and large sized mammals were registered besides small wild rodents, indicating that armadillos may be ecosystem engineers.

Padrões de uso de tocas por mamíferos em área de floresta estacional semidecidual no sul do Brasil / Patterns in use of burrows by mammals in a semi-deciduous season forest area in south Brazil

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar e caracterizar tocas de tatu encontradas em remanescente de floresta semidecidual empregando os métodos de caminhamento, análise de micro-habitat e armadilhas fotográficas. A maioria das tocas foi escavada sob rochas ou raízes de árvores e estão associadas a diferentes níveis de cobertura vegetal. Foram registradas ao menos quatro espécies de mamíferos, indicando que tatus podem ser engenheiros de ecossistemas.(AU)

The aim of this study was to identify and characterize armadillo burrows found in a semideciduous forest remnant employing methods of random-walks, micro-habitat analysis and camera-traps. Most burrows (60,6%) were excavated under rocks or tree roots and are associated to different levels of vegetation cover. Three medium and large sized mammals were registered besides small wild rodents, indicating that armadillos may be ecosystem engineers.(AU)

Anesthesia In A Giant Armadillo (Priodontes Maximus) For Femoral Fracture Fixation

An adult female armadillo (Priodontes maximus) weighing 32.4 kg was admitted to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso (HOVET-UFMT) - Campus Cuiabá. Results of clinical and complementary examinations revealed a complete oblique fracture of the middle third of the femur. As a pre-anesthetic regimen, a combination of ketamine (10 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) was administered, and analgesic support with morphine (0.5 mg/kg) and dipyrone (25 mg/kg) was provided. This was followed by induction of anesthesia through a facial mask and its maintenance with sevoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen by means of a calibrated vaporizer. The anesthetic system used was suitable for the weight of the animal; the animal breathed spontaneously. During the procedure, the animal had stable cardiovascular and respiratory parameters, and had a fast and satisfactory recovery.

New records of Rickettsia bellii-infected ticks in Brazil / Novos relatos de carrapatos infectados por Rickettsia bellii no Brasil

This study investigated the occurrence of rickettsial infection in ticks collected from wild animals in two areas of Brazil. Amblyomma dubitatum ticks were collected from a capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in Guarda-Mor municipality, state of Minas Gerais, and Amblyomma pseudoconcolor ticks were collected from a six-banded armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus) in Corumbá municipality, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Attempts to isolate rickettsia in Vero cell culture were performed with one A. dubitatum tick and one A. pseudoconcolor tick, which were previously shown by the hemolymph test to contain Rickettsia-like structures within their hemocytes. Rickettsiae were successfully isolated in Vero cell culture from the two tick species. The two isolates were identified as Rickettsia bellii, since gltA partial sequences were 99.9%-100% identical to corresponding sequences of R. bellii in GenBank. While there have been several previous reports of R. bellii infecting A. dubitatum ticks, we provide the first report for A. pseudoconcolor, which increases to 25 the number of R. bellii-infected tick species in the American continent.(AU)

O presente trabalho investigou a ocorrência de infecção por Rickettsia em carrapatos coletados em animais selvagens de duas áreas do Brasil. Carrapatos da espécie Amblyomma dubitatum foram coletados de uma capivara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) no município de Guarda-Mor, Minas Gerais, enquanto exemplares da espécie Amblyomma pseudoconcolor foram coletados de um tatu-peba (Euphractus sexcinctus) do município de Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul. Tentativas para isolar Rickettsia em cultura de células Vero foram realizadas com um exemplar de A. dubitatum e um de A. pseudoconcolor, que foram previamente positivos no teste de hemolinfa com estruturas semelhantes a Rickettsia visualizadas em seus hemócitos. Rickettsia foram isoladas com sucesso em culturas de células Vero a partir das duas espécies de carrapatos. Os dois isolados foram identificados como Rickettsia bellii, uma vez que suas sequências parciais do gene gltA foram 99,9-100%, idênticas a sequências de R. bellii do GenBank. Embora haja vários relatos anteriores de R. bellii infectando A. dubitatum, este é o primeiro relato em A. pseudoconcolor, aumentando para 25 o número de espécies de carrapatos infectadas por R. bellii no continente americano.(AU)

Anesthesia In A Giant Armadillo (Priodontes Maximus) For Femoral Fracture Fixation

An adult female armadillo (Priodontes maximus) weighing 32.4 kg was admitted to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso (HOVET-UFMT) - Campus Cuiabá. Results of clinical and complementary examinations revealed a complete oblique fracture of the middle third of the femur. As a pre-anesthetic regimen, a combination of ketamine (10 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) was administered, and analgesic support with morphine (0.5 mg/kg) and dipyrone (25 mg/kg) was provided. This was followed by induction of anesthesia through a facial mask and its maintenance with sevoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen by means of a calibrated vaporizer. The anesthetic system used was suitable for the weight of the animal; the animal breathed spontaneously. During the procedure, the animal had stable cardiovascular and respiratory parameters, and had a fast and satisfactory recovery.(AU)

New records of Rickettsia bellii-infected ticks in Brazil / Novos relatos de carrapatos infectados por Rickettsia bellii no Brasil

This study investigated the occurrence of rickettsial infection in ticks collected from wild animals in two areas of Brazil. Amblyomma dubitatum ticks were collected from a capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in Guarda-Mor municipality, state of Minas Gerais, and Amblyomma pseudoconcolor ticks were collected from a six-banded armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus) in Corumbá municipality, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Attempts to isolate rickettsia in Vero cell culture were performed with one A. dubitatum tick and one A. pseudoconcolor tick, which were previously shown by the hemolymph test to contain Rickettsia-like structures within their hemocytes. Rickettsiae were successfully isolated in Vero cell culture from the two tick species. The two isolates were identified as Rickettsia bellii, since gltA partial sequences were 99.9%-100% identical to corresponding sequences of R. bellii in GenBank. While there have been several previous reports of R. bellii infecting A. dubitatum ticks, we provide the first report for A. pseudoconcolor, which increases to 25 the number of R. bellii-infected tick species in the American continent.(AU)

O presente trabalho investigou a ocorrência de infecção por Rickettsia em carrapatos coletados em animais selvagens de duas áreas do Brasil. Carrapatos da espécie Amblyomma dubitatum foram coletados de uma capivara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) no município de Guarda-Mor, Minas Gerais, enquanto exemplares da espécie Amblyomma pseudoconcolor foram coletados de um tatu-peba (Euphractus sexcinctus) do município de Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul. Tentativas para isolar Rickettsia em cultura de células Vero foram realizadas com um exemplar de A. dubitatum e um de A. pseudoconcolor, que foram previamente positivos no teste de hemolinfa com estruturas semelhantes a Rickettsia visualizadas em seus hemócitos. Rickettsia foram isoladas com sucesso em culturas de células Vero a partir das duas espécies de carrapatos. Os dois isolados foram identificados como Rickettsia bellii, uma vez que suas sequências parciais do gene gltA foram 99,9-100%, idênticas a sequências de R. bellii do GenBank. Embora haja vários relatos anteriores de R. bellii infectando A. dubitatum, este é o primeiro relato em A. pseudoconcolor, aumentando para 25 o número de espécies de carrapatos infectadas por R. bellii no continente americano.(AU)

A geometric morphometric study of sex differences in the scapula, humerus and ulna of Chaetophractus villosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) / Estudio del dimorfismo sexual en la escápula, húmero y ulna de Chaetophractus villosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) mediante técnicas de morfometría geométrica

Se investigaron las diferencias sexuales en algunos de los elementos de la cintura escapular y del miembro anterior de Chaetophractus villosus (Desmarest, 1804) utilizando técnicas de morfometría geométrica. La muestra estuvo constituida por 15 escápulas (7 machos, 8 hembras) y 50 complejos húmero-ulna (24 machos, 26 hembras). No se detectaron diferencias de tamaño entre sexos para ninguno de los tres huesos. Sin embargo, se observaron diferencias de forma para el húmero y la ulna, con mayor desarrollo en las hembras de estructuras que favorecen el incremento de fuerzas internas o de las palancas internas relacionadas. En ellas, el húmero se caracterizó por una morfología general más robusta, con mayor desarrollo de la tuberosidad deltoidea, cabeza más esférica, mayores anchos intertubercular y epicondilar, y mayor desarrollo de las crestas supracondilares. Para la ulna se observó una curvatura más pronunciada a lo largo de su eje mayor, desplazamiento de la fosa lateral hacia caudal, olecranon de mayor desarrollo, e incisura troclear más profunda. Para ambos huesos, el análisis discriminante clasificó correctamente al total de los ejemplares de acuerdo al sexo. Un pequeño porcentaje de la varianza (5,2% para el húmero; 6,8% para la ulna) se debió a efectos alométricos. Las características morfológicas del húmero y la ulna de las hembras sugieren una ventaja fosorial sobre los machos, debido a una mayor fuerza estructural durante los movimientos involucrados en el cavado, al tiempo que se mantiene una gran estabilidad en las articulaciones del hombro y del codo.(AU)

Sexual differences in some of the components of the pectoral girdle and forelimb of Chaetophractus villosus (Desmarest, 1804) were investigated by means of geometric morphometrics. A total of 15 scapulae (7 males, 8 females) and 50 humeri-ulnae complexes (24 males, 26 females) were examined. No size differences were detected between sexes for any of the bones, but shape differences were found for the humerus and the ulna that enhance the in-forces or the related in-levers. Females had a more robust humerus, with an enlarged deltoid tuberosity, a more spherical head, higher tubercular and epicondylar widths, and more developed supracondylar crests. The ulna of the females was characterised by a more pronounced curvature along its main axis, a caudal displacement of the lateral fossa, a longer olecranon, and a deeper trochlear notch. For both bones, the discriminant analysis classified correctly all the specimens according to their sex. A small percentage of the variance (5.2% for the humerus; 6.8% for the ulna) was explained by allometry. The morphological traits found for the humerus and ulna of the females suggest an increased structural strength that could result in powerful digging strokes while keeping shoulder and elbow stabilisation, suggesting a fossorial advantage over males.(AU)

A geometric morphometric study of sex differences in the scapula, humerus and ulna of Chaetophractus villosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) / Estudio del dimorfismo sexual en la escápula, húmero y ulna de Chaetophractus villosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) mediante técnicas de morfometría geométrica

Se investigaron las diferencias sexuales en algunos de los elementos de la cintura escapular y del miembro anterior de Chaetophractus villosus (Desmarest, 1804) utilizando técnicas de morfometría geométrica. La muestra estuvo constituida por 15 escápulas (7 machos, 8 hembras) y 50 complejos húmero-ulna (24 machos, 26 hembras). No se detectaron diferencias de tamaño entre sexos para ninguno de los tres huesos. Sin embargo, se observaron diferencias de forma para el húmero y la ulna, con mayor desarrollo en las hembras de estructuras que favorecen el incremento de fuerzas internas o de las palancas internas relacionadas. En ellas, el húmero se caracterizó por una morfología general más robusta, con mayor desarrollo de la tuberosidad deltoidea, cabeza más esférica, mayores anchos intertubercular y epicondilar, y mayor desarrollo de las crestas supracondilares. Para la ulna se observó una curvatura más pronunciada a lo largo de su eje mayor, desplazamiento de la fosa lateral hacia caudal, olecranon de mayor desarrollo, e incisura troclear más profunda. Para ambos huesos, el análisis discriminante clasificó correctamente al total de los ejemplares de acuerdo al sexo. Un pequeño porcentaje de la varianza (5,2% para el húmero; 6,8% para la ulna) se debió a efectos alométricos. Las características morfológicas del húmero y la ulna de las hembras sugieren una ventaja fosorial sobre los machos, debido a una mayor fuerza estructural durante los movimientos involucrados en el cavado, al tiempo que se mantiene una gran estabilidad en las articulaciones del hombro y del codo.

Sexual differences in some of the components of the pectoral girdle and forelimb of Chaetophractus villosus (Desmarest, 1804) were investigated by means of geometric morphometrics. A total of 15 scapulae (7 males, 8 females) and 50 humeri-ulnae complexes (24 males, 26 females) were examined. No size differences were detected between sexes for any of the bones, but shape differences were found for the humerus and the ulna that enhance the in-forces or the related in-levers. Females had a more robust humerus, with an enlarged deltoid tuberosity, a more spherical head, higher tubercular and epicondylar widths, and more developed supracondylar crests. The ulna of the females was characterised by a more pronounced curvature along its main axis, a caudal displacement of the lateral fossa, a longer olecranon, and a deeper trochlear notch. For both bones, the discriminant analysis classified correctly all the specimens according to their sex. A small percentage of the variance (5.2% for the humerus; 6.8% for the ulna) was explained by allometry. The morphological traits found for the humerus and ulna of the females suggest an increased structural strength that could result in powerful digging strokes while keeping shoulder and elbow stabilisation, suggesting a fossorial advantage over males.

Hábitos alimenticios de poblaciones periféricas de Zaedyus pichiy y Chaetophractus villosus (Cingulata, Chlamyphoridae) en la Patagonia chilena / Food habits in peripheral populations of Zaedyus pichiy and Chaetophractus villosus (Cingulata, Chlamyphoridae) in the Chilean Patagonia

En Chile los armadillos Zaedyus pichiy (Desmarest, 1804) y Chaetophractus villosus (Desmarest, 1804) tienen poblaciones periféricas restringidas a planicies de altura y estepa patagónica en la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera de los Andes, donde además han sido escasamente estudiadas. En este trabajo entregamos información sobre los hábitos alimenticios de ambas especies de armadillos, obtenida mediante el análisis de heces colectadas en dos áreas de la región de Aysén, Patagonia chilena. En 38 heces de Z. pichiy identificamos dos taxones de plantas, seis de invertebrados y cuatro de vertebrados, mientras que en 72 heces C. villosus identificamos tres, nueve y cuatro taxones de las mismas categorías. En ambas especies de armadillos los invertebrados fueron la categoría más diversa y con mayor frecuencia de ocurrencia, siendo Coleoptera, Orthoptera y Hemiptera los grupos mejor representados en términos de abundancia. Entre los vertebrados se observó mayor frecuencia de restos del camélido Lama guanicoe (Müller, 1776) y el lagomorfo Lepus europaeus (Pallas, 1778). El análisis de rarefacción muestra que la riqueza de taxones fue mayor en C. villosus que en Z. pichiy, y el índice de Pianka indica que no existió un solapamiento trófico significativo entre especies de armadillos. Nuestras observaciones indican que poblaciones periféricas de ambas especies de armadillos muestran dietas omnívoras oportunistas, con un mayor consumo de invertebrados y plantas; además, sugieren que C. villosus se desarrolla en un rango ambiental más amplio, con una dieta más diversa y mayor presencia de esta especie en ambas áreas de estudio.(AU)

In Chile the armadillos Zaedyus pichiy (Desmarest, 1804) and Chaetophractus villosus (Desmarest, 1804) have peripheral populations restricted to steppes and plains near western slopes of the Andes, being also inadequately studied. We present information on feeding habits of both species by analysis of feces obtained in two study areas of Aysén district, Chilean Patagonia. In 38 feces of Z. pichiy we identified two plant taxa, six invertebrate and four vertebrate; in 72 feces of C. villosus we identified three plant taxa, nine invertebrate and four vertebrate. In both armadillos species the invertebrates were the category more frequent and diverse. Coleoptera, Orthoptera and Hemiptera were the most abundant insects, and remains of ungulate Lama guanicoe (Müller, 1776) and lagomorph Lepus europaeus (Pallas, 1778) were the most frequent vertebrates. The rarefaction analysis indicates higher taxa richness in C. villosus than in Z pichiy and Pianka index indicates there is no significant trophic overlap between these two species of armadillos. Our results indicate omnivores/opportunistic foods habits in peripheral populations of both species, with higher consumption of invertebrates and plants; also they suggest that C. villosus lives in a broader environmental range, with a more diverse food habits and higher abundance in both study areas.(AU)

Hábitos alimenticios de poblaciones periféricas de Zaedyus pichiy y Chaetophractus villosus (Cingulata, Chlamyphoridae) en la Patagonia chilena / Food habits in peripheral populations of Zaedyus pichiy and Chaetophractus villosus (Cingulata, Chlamyphoridae) in the Chilean Patagonia

En Chile los armadillos Zaedyus pichiy (Desmarest, 1804) y Chaetophractus villosus (Desmarest, 1804) tienen poblaciones periféricas restringidas a planicies de altura y estepa patagónica en la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera de los Andes, donde además han sido escasamente estudiadas. En este trabajo entregamos información sobre los hábitos alimenticios de ambas especies de armadillos, obtenida mediante el análisis de heces colectadas en dos áreas de la región de Aysén, Patagonia chilena. En 38 heces de Z. pichiy identificamos dos taxones de plantas, seis de invertebrados y cuatro de vertebrados, mientras que en 72 heces C. villosus identificamos tres, nueve y cuatro taxones de las mismas categorías. En ambas especies de armadillos los invertebrados fueron la categoría más diversa y con mayor frecuencia de ocurrencia, siendo Coleoptera, Orthoptera y Hemiptera los grupos mejor representados en términos de abundancia. Entre los vertebrados se observó mayor frecuencia de restos del camélido Lama guanicoe (Müller, 1776) y el lagomorfo Lepus europaeus (Pallas, 1778). El análisis de rarefacción muestra que la riqueza de taxones fue mayor en C. villosus que en Z. pichiy, y el índice de Pianka indica que no existió un solapamiento trófico significativo entre especies de armadillos. Nuestras observaciones indican que poblaciones periféricas de ambas especies de armadillos muestran dietas omnívoras oportunistas, con un mayor consumo de invertebrados y plantas; además, sugieren que C. villosus se desarrolla en un rango ambiental más amplio, con una dieta más diversa y mayor presencia de esta especie en ambas áreas de estudio.

In Chile the armadillos Zaedyus pichiy (Desmarest, 1804) and Chaetophractus villosus (Desmarest, 1804) have peripheral populations restricted to steppes and plains near western slopes of the Andes, being also inadequately studied. We present information on feeding habits of both species by analysis of feces obtained in two study areas of Aysén district, Chilean Patagonia. In 38 feces of Z. pichiy we identified two plant taxa, six invertebrate and four vertebrate; in 72 feces of C. villosus we identified three plant taxa, nine invertebrate and four vertebrate. In both armadillos species the invertebrates were the category more frequent and diverse. Coleoptera, Orthoptera and Hemiptera were the most abundant insects, and remains of ungulate Lama guanicoe (Müller, 1776) and lagomorph Lepus europaeus (Pallas, 1778) were the most frequent vertebrates. The rarefaction analysis indicates higher taxa richness in C. villosus than in Z pichiy and Pianka index indicates there is no significant trophic overlap between these two species of armadillos. Our results indicate omnivores/opportunistic foods habits in peripheral populations of both species, with higher consumption of invertebrates and plants; also they suggest that C. villosus lives in a broader environmental range, with a more diverse food habits and higher abundance in both study areas.