Comportamento territorial, vocalização e biologia reprodutiva de Allobates olfersioides (Anura: Aromobatidae)

ABSTRACT For the amphibians the territoriality, the elaborate courtship and other forms of behaviors, seem to be more associated with species that exhibit the pattern of prolonged reproduction. Vocalization is an important biological aspect related to the reproduction and social behavior of the anurans. This is the first study with behavior and calls for the rocket frog, Allobates olfersioides (Lutz, 1925) and we record the territorial and courtship behavior in ethogram, describe and analyze its vocal repertoire and evaluate the climatic influence on the acoustic activity of the species. We observed 18 males of A. olfersioides by animal focal method, recording all individual activities for ten minutes to calculate the frequency of each action exhibited. Additionally, we played a previously recorded advertisement call to individual male frogs for analyze the territorial responses displayed by individual males during the work. For this anuran, we recorded 11 distinct behaviors and analyzed 14 advertisement calls that demonstrated that the call of A. olfersioides is a simple call composed of a single non-pulsed note, the call duration had a mean of 0.02s, the mean of intercall interval was of 0.35s and the dominant frequency presented a mean of 5.67 kHz. The period of vocal activity was recorded during almost all months of the study (November 2015 to October 2016), except November and December, where the individuals presented acoustic inactivity. We believe that A. olfersioides presents a continuous reproduction (approximately 10 months), due to the absence of vocalizations during the driest months in November and December. Concerning the behavioral activities, A. olfersioides presents territorialist behavior patterns similar to other species of Aromobatidae, demonstrating the importance of the acoustic and visual signals exhibited by this anuran species of the Atlantic Forest.

RESUMO Em anfíbios a territorialidade, o cortejo elaborado e outras formas de comportamento, parecem estar mais associados a espécies que exibem o padrão de reprodução prolongado. A vocalização é um importante aspecto biológico relacionado à reprodução e ao comportamento social dos anuros. Este é o primeiro estudo com comportamento e vocalização da rã-foguete Allobates olfersioides (Lutz, 1925) e nós registramos em etograma o comportamento de territorialidade e corte, descrevemos e analisamos o seu repertório vocal e avaliamos a influência climática na atividade acústica da espécie. Ao todo 18 machos de A. olfersioides foram observados pelo método de animal focal, registrando todas as atividades individuais durante dez minutos. Adicionalmente, nós utilizamos o playback de um canto de advertência de macho adulto para analisar as respostas territoriais exibidas por indivíduos machos durante o trabalho. Para este anuro, registramos 11 comportamentos distintos e analisamos 14 cantos de anúncio que demonstraram que o canto de A. olfersioides é um canto simples e composto por uma única nota não pulsionada com duração média de 0,02s, intervalo médio entre cantos de 0,35s e frequência dominante média de 5,67kHz. O período de atividade vocal foi registrado durante quase todos os meses do estudo (novembro de 2015 a outubro de 2016), exceto novembro e dezembro, onde os indivíduos ficaram inativos quanto às atividades acústicas. Acreditamos que A. olfersioides apresente uma reprodução contínua (com duração de aproximadamente dez meses), devido à ausência de vocalizações durante os meses mais secos em novembro e dezembro. No que se refere às atividades comportamentais, A. olfersioides apresenta padrões de comportamento semelhantes a outras espécies de Aromobatidae, como também, o padrão territorialista já visto para o grupo, demonstrando a importância dos sinais acústicos e visuais.

Comportamento territorial, vocalização e biologia reprodutiva de Allobates olfersioides (Anura: Aromobatidae)

For the amphibians the territoriality, the elaborate courtship and other forms of behaviors, seem to be more associated with species that exhibit the pattern of prolonged reproduction. Vocalization is an important biological aspect related to the reproduction and social behavior of the anurans. This is the first study with behavior and calls for the rocket frog, Allobates olfersioides (Lutz, 1925) and we record the territorial and courtship behavior in ethogram, describe and analyze its vocal repertoire and evaluate the climatic influence on the acoustic activity of the species. We observed 18 males of A. olfersioides by animal focal method, recording all individual activities for ten minutes to calculate the frequency of each action exhibited. Additionally, we played a previously recorded advertisement call to individual male frogs for analyze the territorial responses displayed by individual males during the work. For this anuran, we recorded 11 distinct behaviors and analyzed 14 advertisement calls that demonstrated that the call of A. olfersioides is a simple call composed of a single non-pulsed note, the call duration had a mean of 0.02s, the mean of intercall interval was of 0.35s and the dominant frequency presented a mean of 5.67 kHz. The period of vocal activity was recorded during almost all months of the study (November 2015 to October 2016), except November and December, where the individuals presented acoustic inactivity. We believe that A. olfersioides presents a continuous reproduction (approximately 10 months), due to the absence of vocalizations during the driest months in November and December. Concerning the behavioral activities, A. olfersioides presents territorialist behavior patterns similar to other species of Aromobatidae, demonstrating the importance of the acoustic and visual signals exhibited by this anuran species of the Atlantic Forest.(AU)

Em anfíbios a territorialidade, o cortejo elaborado e outras formas de comportamento, parecem estar mais associados a espécies que exibem o padrão de reprodução prolongado. A vocalização é um importante aspecto biológico relacionado à reprodução e ao comportamento social dos anuros. Este é o primeiro estudo com comportamento e vocalização da rã-foguete Allobates olfersioides (Lutz, 1925) e nós registramos em etograma o comportamento de territorialidade e corte, descrevemos e analisamos o seu repertório vocal e avaliamos a influência climática na atividade acústica da espécie. Ao todo 18 machos de A. olfersioides foram observados pelo método de animal focal, registrando todas as atividades individuais durante dez minutos. Adicionalmente, nós utilizamos o playback de um canto de advertência de macho adulto para analisar as respostas territoriais exibidas por indivíduos machos durante o trabalho. Para este anuro, registramos 11 comportamentos distintos e analisamos 14 cantos de anúncio que demonstraram que o canto de A. olfersioides é um canto simples e composto por uma única nota não pulsionada com duração média de 0,02s, intervalo médio entre cantos de 0,35s e frequência dominante média de 5,67kHz. O período de atividade vocal foi registrado durante quase todos os meses do estudo (novembro de 2015 a outubro de 2016), exceto novembro e dezembro, onde os indivíduos ficaram inativos quanto às atividades acústicas. Acreditamos que A. olfersioides apresente uma reprodução contínua (com duração de aproximadamente dez meses), devido à ausência de vocalizações durante os meses mais secos em novembro e dezembro. No que se refere às atividades comportamentais, A. olfersioides apresenta padrões de comportamento semelhantes a outras espécies de Aromobatidae, como também, o padrão territorialista já visto para o grupo, demonstrando a importância dos sinais acústicos e visuais.(AU)

Comportamento territorial, vocalização e biologia reprodutiva de Allobates olfersioides (Anura: Aromobatidae)

For the amphibians the territoriality, the elaborate courtship and other forms of behaviors, seem to be more associated with species that exhibit the pattern of prolonged reproduction. Vocalization is an important biological aspect related to the reproduction and social behavior of the anurans. This is the first study with behavior and calls for the rocket frog, Allobates olfersioides (Lutz, 1925) and we record the territorial and courtship behavior in ethogram, describe and analyze its vocal repertoire and evaluate the climatic influence on the acoustic activity of the species. We observed 18 males of A. olfersioides by animal focal method, recording all individual activities for ten minutes to calculate the frequency of each action exhibited. Additionally, we played a previously recorded advertisement call to individual male frogs for analyze the territorial responses displayed by individual males during the work. For this anuran, we recorded 11 distinct behaviors and analyzed 14 advertisement calls that demonstrated that the call of A. olfersioides is a simple call composed of a single non-pulsed note, the call duration had a mean of 0.02s, the mean of intercall interval was of 0.35s and the dominant frequency presented a mean of 5.67 kHz. The period of vocal activity was recorded during almost all months of the study (November 2015 to October 2016), except November and December, where the individuals presented acoustic inactivity. We believe that A. olfersioides presents a continuous reproduction (approximately 10 months), due to the absence of vocalizations during the driest months in November and December. Concerning the behavioral activities, A. olfersioides presents territorialist behavior patterns similar to other species of Aromobatidae, demonstrating the importance of the acoustic and visual signals exhibited by this anuran species of the Atlantic Forest.

Em anfíbios a territorialidade, o cortejo elaborado e outras formas de comportamento, parecem estar mais associados a espécies que exibem o padrão de reprodução prolongado. A vocalização é um importante aspecto biológico relacionado à reprodução e ao comportamento social dos anuros. Este é o primeiro estudo com comportamento e vocalização da rã-foguete Allobates olfersioides (Lutz, 1925) e nós registramos em etograma o comportamento de territorialidade e corte, descrevemos e analisamos o seu repertório vocal e avaliamos a influência climática na atividade acústica da espécie. Ao todo 18 machos de A. olfersioides foram observados pelo método de animal focal, registrando todas as atividades individuais durante dez minutos. Adicionalmente, nós utilizamos o playback de um canto de advertência de macho adulto para analisar as respostas territoriais exibidas por indivíduos machos durante o trabalho. Para este anuro, registramos 11 comportamentos distintos e analisamos 14 cantos de anúncio que demonstraram que o canto de A. olfersioides é um canto simples e composto por uma única nota não pulsionada com duração média de 0,02s, intervalo médio entre cantos de 0,35s e frequência dominante média de 5,67kHz. O período de atividade vocal foi registrado durante quase todos os meses do estudo (novembro de 2015 a outubro de 2016), exceto novembro e dezembro, onde os indivíduos ficaram inativos quanto às atividades acústicas. Acreditamos que A. olfersioides apresente uma reprodução contínua (com duração de aproximadamente dez meses), devido à ausência de vocalizações durante os meses mais secos em novembro e dezembro. No que se refere às atividades comportamentais, A. olfersioides apresenta padrões de comportamento semelhantes a outras espécies de Aromobatidae, como também, o padrão territorialista já visto para o grupo, demonstrando a importância dos sinais acústicos e visuais.

On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males

ABSTRACT The brilliant-thighed frog [Allobates femoralis (Boulenger, 1884)]; is distributed across the Amazon basin and aggregates several allopatric evolutionary lineages, some of which present variation in their advertisement calls. In 2009, an unregistered call phenotype was discovered in the region of Altamira and Vitória do Xingu, State of Pará, Brazil, where males emit advertisement calls formed by six notes, differing from the typical four-note calls described for other A. femoralis populations. In this study, we describe in detail these untypical calls. Additionally, we test whether the aggressive responses of males of a 4-note reference population (Reserva Ducke - RFAD, in Manaus, State of Amazonas) is differential towards the 6-note calls of males recorded in Altamira (Pará State), and towards 4-note calls recorded in one location at the Tapajós-Xingu interfluve (Belterra, Pará State), and in RFAD. Playback experiments were conducted between 2011-2012, and used standardized stimuli produced from natural call recordings. A total of 30 independent experiments were conducted, 10 for each stimuli class. We measured the phonotaxis of focal males in relation to the loudspeaker, considering the time to orientation and the time to approach the loudspeaker. We found that not all A. femoralis males at RFAD promptly recognize calls from males recorded in Altamira. However, when considering only males who approached the loudspeaker, differences in aggressive reactions were not seen between stimuli classes. Our findings show that the ability to recognize calls from Altamira as belonging to co-specific males is not universal among males at RFAD. The new A. femoralis phenotype occurs in areas potentially impacted by the Belo Monte hydroelectric complex and complementary studies indicate that no gene flow exists between this group and A. femoralis from adjacent regions. Hence, developments in Altamira may put this incipient speciation process at risk.

On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males

The brilliant-thighed frog [Allobates femoralis (Boulenger, 1884)]; is distributed across the Amazon basin and aggregates several allopatric evolutionary lineages, some of which present variation in their advertisement calls. In 2009, an unregistered call phenotype was discovered in the region of Altamira and Vitória do Xingu, State of Pará, Brazil, where males emit advertisement calls formed by six notes, differing from the typical four-note calls described for other A. femoralis populations. In this study, we describe in detail these untypical calls. Additionally, we test whether the aggressive responses of males of a 4-note reference population (Reserva Ducke - RFAD, in Manaus, State of Amazonas) is differential towards the 6-note calls of males recorded in Altamira (Pará State), and towards 4-note calls recorded in one location at the Tapajós-Xingu interfluve (Belterra, Pará State), and in RFAD. Playback experiments were conducted between 2011-2012, and used standardized stimuli produced from natural call recordings. A total of 30 independent experiments were conducted, 10 for each stimuli class. We measured the phonotaxis of focal males in relation to the loudspeaker, considering the time to orientation and the time to approach the loudspeaker. We found that not all A. femoralis males at RFAD promptly recognize calls from males recorded in Altamira. However, when considering only males who approached the loudspeaker, differences in aggressive reactions were not seen between stimuli classes. Our findings show that the ability to recognize calls from Altamira as belonging to co-specific males is not universal among males at RFAD. The new A. femoralis phenotype occurs in areas potentially impacted by the Belo Monte hydroelectric complex and complementary studies indicate that no gene flow exists between this group and A. femoralis from adjacent regions. Hence, developments in Altamira may put this incipient speciation process at risk.(AU)

On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males

The brilliant-thighed frog [Allobates femoralis (Boulenger, 1884)]; is distributed across the Amazon basin and aggregates several allopatric evolutionary lineages, some of which present variation in their advertisement calls. In 2009, an unregistered call phenotype was discovered in the region of Altamira and Vitória do Xingu, State of Pará, Brazil, where males emit advertisement calls formed by six notes, differing from the typical four-note calls described for other A. femoralis populations. In this study, we describe in detail these untypical calls. Additionally, we test whether the aggressive responses of males of a 4-note reference population (Reserva Ducke - RFAD, in Manaus, State of Amazonas) is differential towards the 6-note calls of males recorded in Altamira (Pará State), and towards 4-note calls recorded in one location at the Tapajós-Xingu interfluve (Belterra, Pará State), and in RFAD. Playback experiments were conducted between 2011-2012, and used standardized stimuli produced from natural call recordings. A total of 30 independent experiments were conducted, 10 for each stimuli class. We measured the phonotaxis of focal males in relation to the loudspeaker, considering the time to orientation and the time to approach the loudspeaker. We found that not all A. femoralis males at RFAD promptly recognize calls from males recorded in Altamira. However, when considering only males who approached the loudspeaker, differences in aggressive reactions were not seen between stimuli classes. Our findings show that the ability to recognize calls from Altamira as belonging to co-specific males is not universal among males at RFAD. The new A. femoralis phenotype occurs in areas potentially impacted by the Belo Monte hydroelectric complex and complementary studies indicate that no gene flow exists between this group and A. femoralis from adjacent regions. Hence, developments in Altamira may put this incipient speciation process at risk.

Vocal repertory of Scinax littoreus (Anura: Hylidae) with comments on the advertisement call of the Scinax perpusillus species group

The Scinax perpusillus species group consists of thirteen bromeligenous treefrogs, of which only six have had their acoustic parameters appropriately described. In this work, we present the vocal repertory of Scinax littoreus (Peixoto, 1988) based on recordings obtained from three different populations in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Based on our observations we suggest that the vocal repertory of S. littoreus is composed of two distinct types of calls. The call named type A, which corresponds to a long series of multipulsed notes, is likely to have a mating function. This type of call is similar to that reported for Scinax arduous Peixoto, 2002, Scinax peixotoi Brasileiro, Haddad, Sawaya & Martins, 2007, and Scinax perpusillus (Lutz & Lutz, 1939). However, the type A call of S. littoreus is nonetheless readily distinguishable from the comparable call observed in other congeneric species. The call named type B, which exhibits a multipulsed structure, presumably has an aggressive function. We observed that different types of calls could be emitted alone or combined according to the social context. Additionally, we discuss problems involving comparisons of call parameters among species belonging to the S. perpusillus species group, provide an updated geographic distribution map, discuss the conservation status of the included species, and emphasize the importance of acoustic data for the recognition of species groups within Scinax.

Vocal repertory of Scinax littoreus (Anura: Hylidae) with comments on the advertisement call of the Scinax perpusillus species group

The Scinax perpusillus species group consists of thirteen bromeligenous treefrogs, of which only six have had their acoustic parameters appropriately described. In this work, we present the vocal repertory of Scinax littoreus (Peixoto, 1988) based on recordings obtained from three different populations in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Based on our observations we suggest that the vocal repertory of S. littoreus is composed of two distinct types of calls. The call named type A, which corresponds to a long series of multipulsed notes, is likely to have a mating function. This type of call is similar to that reported for Scinax arduous Peixoto, 2002, Scinax peixotoi Brasileiro, Haddad, Sawaya & Martins, 2007, and Scinax perpusillus (Lutz & Lutz, 1939). However, the type A call of S. littoreus is nonetheless readily distinguishable from the comparable call observed in other congeneric species. The call named type B, which exhibits a multipulsed structure, presumably has an aggressive function. We observed that different types of calls could be emitted alone or combined according to the social context. Additionally, we discuss problems involving comparisons of call parameters among species belonging to the S. perpusillus species group, provide an updated geographic distribution map, discuss the conservation status of the included species, and emphasize the importance of acoustic data for the recognition of species groups within Scinax.

Vocal repertory of Scinax littoreus (Anura: Hylidae) with comments on the advertisement call of the Scinax perpusillus species group

The Scinax perpusillus species group consists of thirteen bromeligenous treefrogs, of which only six have had their acoustic parameters appropriately described. In this work, we present the vocal repertory of Scinax littoreus (Peixoto, 1988) based on recordings obtained from three different populations in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Based on our observations we suggest that the vocal repertory of S. littoreus is composed of two distinct types of calls. The call named type A, which corresponds to a long series of multipulsed notes, is likely to have a mating function. This type of call is similar to that reported for Scinax arduous Peixoto, 2002, Scinax peixotoi Brasileiro, Haddad, Sawaya & Martins, 2007, and Scinax perpusillus (Lutz & Lutz, 1939). However, the type A call of S. littoreus is nonetheless readily distinguishable from the comparable call observed in other congeneric species. The call named type B, which exhibits a multipulsed structure, presumably has an aggressive function. We observed that different types of calls could be emitted alone or combined according to the social context. Additionally, we discuss problems involving comparisons of call parameters among species belonging to the S. perpusillus species group, provide an updated geographic distribution map, discuss the conservation status of the included species, and emphasize the importance of acoustic data for the recognition of species groups within Scinax.

Estudo da hierarquia de camundongos swiss webster através do úso de sistemas com gaiolas interligadas / Study of hierarchy swiss webter mice through the use of interconnected systems cages (ISC)

O camundongo em biotério é um animal social, agressivo e extremamente territorialista. As relações entre o indivíduo e o grupo assim como sua busca em acesso a reprodu- ção e alimento promove a estruturação de uma ordem hierárquica. Esta hierarquia é classicamente associada a quem agride (dominante) e quem é agredido (subordinado). Através do uso do sistema de gaiolas interligadas (SGI), buscamos esclarecer a dinâmica desta estrutura e a posição do indivíduo dependendo do momento. Além disso, também podemos verificar as relações de afinidade entre os indivíduos e a caracterização do indi- víduo em relação ao perfil de dominância/subordinação. Nossos resultados demonstram que os camundongos da linhagem Swiss Webster em biotério são capazes de formar relações de afinidade (fraternais) quando agrupados jovens e preferindo ficar entre seus semelhantes quando reagrupados na idade adulta. A dominância é realizada por apenas um indivíduo e sugerimos que o objetivo desta atitude seja o acesso exclusivo a uma determinada área e possivelmente ao alimento e acasalamento. Quando dividimos em duas categorias, o dominante protege seus semelhantes e agride prevalentemente os indivíduos da categoria contrária. Os subordinados podem variar entre os que buscam a dominância (disputantes) e os indivíduos que buscam não se envolver nos episódios agressivos (neutros). Há um indivíduo que sofre até 90% das atitudes agressivas do dominante, chamamos esta categoria como “subordinado alvo”.

The mice in animal facilities are a social animal, aggressive and extremely territorial. The relationship between the individual and the group as well as their search access to feed, reproduction and promotes structuring a hierarchical order. This hierarchy is classically associated with aggressors (dominant) and who is attacked (subordinate). Through the use of Interconnected Systems Cages (ISC), we find to clarify the dy- namics of this structure and the social position (depending on the period observed). Our results show that the lineage Swiss Webster mice are capable of forming affinity relations (fraternal) when grouped young. These animals prefer to remain among their fellows after the regrouping. The dominance is performed by only one individual and suggest that the goal of this attitude is the exclusive access to a particular area and encouraging to food and mating. When divided into two categories, the dominant protects his fellow of opposite category to attacks. Subordinates may vary between those who find dominance (disputants) and individuals who find not to engage in aggressive episodes (neutral). There is an individual who suffers up to 90% of the aggressive actions of the dominant call this category as “subordinate target”.

Estudo da hierarquia de camundongos swiss webster através do úso de sistemas com gaiolas interligadas / Study of hierarchy swiss webter mice through the use of interconnected systems cages (ISC)

O camundongo em biotério é um animal social, agressivo e extremamente territorialista. As relações entre o indivíduo e o grupo assim como sua busca em acesso a reprodu- ção e alimento promove a estruturação de uma ordem hierárquica. Esta hierarquia é classicamente associada a quem agride (dominante) e quem é agredido (subordinado). Através do uso do sistema de gaiolas interligadas (SGI), buscamos esclarecer a dinâmica desta estrutura e a posição do indivíduo dependendo do momento. Além disso, também podemos verificar as relações de afinidade entre os indivíduos e a caracterização do indi- víduo em relação ao perfil de dominância/subordinação. Nossos resultados demonstram que os camundongos da linhagem Swiss Webster em biotério são capazes de formar relações de afinidade (fraternais) quando agrupados jovens e preferindo ficar entre seus semelhantes quando reagrupados na idade adulta. A dominância é realizada por apenas um indivíduo e sugerimos que o objetivo desta atitude seja o acesso exclusivo a uma determinada área e possivelmente ao alimento e acasalamento. Quando dividimos em duas categorias, o dominante protege seus semelhantes e agride prevalentemente os indivíduos da categoria contrária. Os subordinados podem variar entre os que buscam a dominância (disputantes) e os indivíduos que buscam não se envolver nos episódios agressivos (neutros). Há um indivíduo que sofre até 90% das atitudes agressivas do dominante, chamamos esta categoria como “subordinado alvo”.(AU)

The mice in animal facilities are a social animal, aggressive and extremely territorial. The relationship between the individual and the group as well as their search access to feed, reproduction and promotes structuring a hierarchical order. This hierarchy is classically associated with aggressors (dominant) and who is attacked (subordinate). Through the use of Interconnected Systems Cages (ISC), we find to clarify the dy- namics of this structure and the social position (depending on the period observed). Our results show that the lineage Swiss Webster mice are capable of forming affinity relations (fraternal) when grouped young. These animals prefer to remain among their fellows after the regrouping. The dominance is performed by only one individual and suggest that the goal of this attitude is the exclusive access to a particular area and encouraging to food and mating. When divided into two categories, the dominant protects his fellow of opposite category to attacks. Subordinates may vary between those who find dominance (disputants) and individuals who find not to engage in aggressive episodes (neutral). There is an individual who suffers up to 90% of the aggressive actions of the dominant call this category as “subordinate target”.(AU)

Acoustic communication and vocalization microhabitat in Ameerega braccata (Steindachner, 1864) (Anura, Dendrobatidae) from Midwestern Brazil / Comunicação acústica e microhabitat de vocalização em Ameerega braccata (Steindachner, 1864) (Anura, Dendrobatidae) do centro-oeste do Brasil

Ameerega braccata is an aposematic, small dendrobatid anuran known from its type-locality, Chapada dos Guimarães, in the State of Mato Grosso, and from a few additional localities in Mato Grosso do Sul and Goiás States, Brazil. The advertisement call of A. braccata is composed of a single unpulsed note, with a frequency range from 3.5 to 4.2 KHz (N = 110), and average duration of 65.8 ms (N = 110, SD = 11.6). The territorial call is composed of five or six repeated notes, structurally similar to advertisement call notes. The courtship call is emitted in close-range interactions between male-female during the courtship event and may reach frequencies of 2.2 to 5.3 KHz (N = 10), with shorter notes (average duration 43 ms; N = 10; SD = 4.9). Call duration, note duration and call rate of the advertisement call showed high variation (>15 percent of coefficient of variation), and dominant frequency showed low variation (<4 percent). The properties with higher variation possibly respond to climatic features and male social position. When producing advertisement calls, males were usually found at an average height of 31.4 cm (N = 19, SD = 12.2 cm), mainly on leaves of shrubs and herbaceous plants (59 percent). Individuals of A. braccata were found in open physiognomies in the Cerrado ("campo sujo" and "cerrado stricto sensu"), as opposed to that found by previous researchers, who reported an association of the species with gallery forests in the Cerrado.(AU)

Ameerega braccata é um pequeno anuro aposemático da família Dendrobatidae, conhecido de sua localidade-tipo, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso e outras localidades adicionais em Mato Grosso do Sul e Goiás, Brasil. A vocalização de anúncio de A. braccata é composta de uma única nota, não pulsionada, com amplitude de frequência entre 3,5 e 4,2 KHz (N = 110) e duração média de 65,8 ms (N = 110, DP = 11,6). A vocalização territorial é composta por cinco ou seis notas repetidas, estruturalmente similares às notas da vocalização de anúncio. Vocalização de corte é emitida em interações de proximidade entre machos e fêmeas durante o processo de corte, podendo alcançar frequências entre 2,2 e 5,3 KHz (N = 10), com notas curtas (duração média 43 ms; N = 10; DP = 4,9). A duração do canto, a duração da nota e a taxa de repetição de canto de anúncio apresentam alta variação (>15 por cento de coeficiente de variação), ao passo que a frequência dominante apresenta baixa variação (<4 por cento). As propriedades com variação alta podem variar de acordo com características climáticas e possivelmente em função do contexto social do macho emissor. Quando em exibição de anúncio, os machos foram usualmente encontrados a uma altura média de 31,4 cm (N = 19, DP = 12,2 cm), principalmente sobre folhas de arbustos e plantas herbáceas (59 por cento). Indivíduos de A. braccata foram encontrados em fisionomias abertas no cerrado ("campo sujo" e "cerrado stricto sensu"), em oposição aos relatos prévios, os quais registraram uma associação da espécie com floresta de galeria no cerrado.(AU)

Deforestation and threats to the biodiversity of Amazonia

This is a review of the main factors currently perceived as threats to the biodiversity of Amazonia. Deforestation and the expansion of the agricultural frontier go hand in hand within the context of occupation and land use in the region, followed by a hasty process of industrialization since the 1950s and, more recently, by a nation-wide attempt to adapt Brazil to economic globalization. Intensive agriculture and cattle-raising, lack of territorial planning, the monoculture of certain crops often promoted by official agencies, and the introduction of exotic species by cultivation are some of the factors affecting Amazonian biodiversity. There are still large gaps in knowledge that need to be dealt with for a better understanding of the local ecosystems so as to allow their preservation, but such investigation is subjected to manifold hindrances by misinformation, disinformation and sheer ignorance from the legal authorities and influential media. Data available for select groups of organisms indicate that the magnitude of the loss and waste of natural resources associated with deforestation is staggering, with estimated numbers of lost birds and primates being over ten times that of such animals illegally commercialized around the world in one year. The challenges to be met for an eventual reversal of this situation demand more systematic and concerted studies, the consolidation of new and existing research groups, and a call for a halt to activities depleting the Amazonian rainforest.

Este trabalho mostra um panorama dos principais fatores hoje percebidos como ameaças à biodiversidade na Amazônia. O desmatamento e a expansão da fronteira agrícola caminham lado a lado dentro do contexto da ocupação e do uso da terra na região, seguidos de um processo acelerado de industrialização desde a década de 1950 e, mas recentemente, de tentativas em escala nacional para adaptar o Brasil à globalização econômica. Agricultura e pecuária intensiva, a falta de ordenamento territorial, a monocultura de certas espécies e a introdução de espécies exóticas para cultivo são alguns dos fatores que afetam a biodiversidade da Amazônia. Ainda há grandes lacunas de conhecimento que precisam ser resolvidas para o melhor conhecimento dos ecossistemas locais de modo a possibilitar sua preservação, mas essa investigação anda sujeita a inúmeros empecilhos devido à desinformação, contra-informação e pura ignorância das autoridades legais e da mídia influente. Dados disponíveis para alguns grupos de organismos indicam que a magnitude da perda e desperdício de recursos naturais devida ao desmatamento é imensa, com estimativas de números de aves e primatas perdidos da ordem de mais de dez vezes maior que as desses animais comercializados ilegalmente em um ano em todo o mundo. Os desafios necessários a uma eventual reversão desse quadro exigem estudos mais sistemáticos e coordenados, a consolidação de grupos de pesquisa novos e já existentes, e um apelo para a cessação das atividades que exaurem a Floresta Amazônica.

Deforestation and threats to the biodiversity of Amazonia

This is a review of the main factors currently perceived as threats to the biodiversity of Amazonia. Deforestation and the expansion of the agricultural frontier go hand in hand within the context of occupation and land use in the region, followed by a hasty process of industrialization since the 1950s and, more recently, by a nation-wide attempt to adapt Brazil to economic globalization. Intensive agriculture and cattle-raising, lack of territorial planning, the monoculture of certain crops often promoted by official agencies, and the introduction of exotic species by cultivation are some of the factors affecting Amazonian biodiversity. There are still large gaps in knowledge that need to be dealt with for a better understanding of the local ecosystems so as to allow their preservation, but such investigation is subjected to manifold hindrances by misinformation, disinformation and sheer ignorance from the legal authorities and influential media. Data available for select groups of organisms indicate that the magnitude of the loss and waste of natural resources associated with deforestation is staggering, with estimated numbers of lost birds and primates being over ten times that of such animals illegally commercialized around the world in one year. The challenges to be met for an eventual reversal of this situation demand more systematic and concerted studies, the consolidation of new and existing research groups, and a call for a halt to activities depleting the Amazonian rainforest.

Este trabalho mostra um panorama dos principais fatores hoje percebidos como ameaças à biodiversidade na Amazônia. O desmatamento e a expansão da fronteira agrícola caminham lado a lado dentro do contexto da ocupação e do uso da terra na região, seguidos de um processo acelerado de industrialização desde a década de 1950 e, mas recentemente, de tentativas em escala nacional para adaptar o Brasil à globalização econômica. Agricultura e pecuária intensiva, a falta de ordenamento territorial, a monocultura de certas espécies e a introdução de espécies exóticas para cultivo são alguns dos fatores que afetam a biodiversidade da Amazônia. Ainda há grandes lacunas de conhecimento que precisam ser resolvidas para o melhor conhecimento dos ecossistemas locais de modo a possibilitar sua preservação, mas essa investigação anda sujeita a inúmeros empecilhos devido à desinformação, contra-informação e pura ignorância das autoridades legais e da mídia influente. Dados disponíveis para alguns grupos de organismos indicam que a magnitude da perda e desperdício de recursos naturais devida ao desmatamento é imensa, com estimativas de números de aves e primatas perdidos da ordem de mais de dez vezes maior que as desses animais comercializados ilegalmente em um ano em todo o mundo. Os desafios necessários a uma eventual reversão desse quadro exigem estudos mais sistemáticos e coordenados, a consolidação de grupos de pesquisa novos e já existentes, e um apelo para a cessação das atividades que exaurem a Floresta Amazônica.

Repertório vocal de Hylodes phyllodes (Amphibia, Anura, Hylodidae)

Hyllodes phyllodes is a diurnal frog, found in mountain streams in the Atlantic forest. Five vocalization types of H. phyllodes are described here, along with the social behavior with which they are associated. These five vocalizations include two types of advertisement calls, a courtship call, a territorial call, and a call emitted during the intervals between male-male conflicts. Frogs were studied from January 2001 to November 2002, in riverine creeks of the Atlantic forest, at Núcleo Picinguaba, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Municipality of Ubatuba, state of São Paulo. Frogs were observed throughout the day, for a total of 80 hours of observations and recordings of 22 individuals. The advertisement call in this study is slightly different than that originally described, and may be due to environmental conditions, or behavioral variations, at the time of recording. Vocal adaptations of diurnal species that live in a noisy aquatic environment permit aural communication in a range of sounds outside those of the water noises. Thus, the calls of H. phyllodes have a dominant frequency much higher than that of the noise of the water current - that is, greater than 3.5 kHz. We show here that H. phyllodes has the richest known vocal repertoire within the genus Hylodes.

Hyllodes phyllodes é um anfíbio diurno, que ocorre em córregos de montanha associados à Floresta Atlântica. Neste estudo, são caracterizados cinco tipos de vocalizações de Hylodes phyllodes relacionadas com o comportamento social desta espécie: dois tipos de canto de anúncio, canto de corte, canto territorial e canto de intervalo de briga. O estudo foi realizado entre janeiro de 2001 e novembro de 2002 em córregos na Mata Atlântica, dentro da área do Núcleo Picinguaba, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, no Município de Ubatuba, Estado de São Paulo. As observações foram realizadas em vários horários do dia, totalizando 80 horas de observações e gravação de 22 espécimes. O canto de anúncio descrito neste estudo apresentou pequenas diferenças em relação ao canto descrito originalmente, mas estas diferenças provavelmente são resultado de condições ambientais e/ou características comportamentais dos indivíduos gravados em Picinguaba e Boracéia. Adaptações na vocalização de espécies diurnas que vivem em riachos de correnteza permitem a comunicação sonora em um canal livre do barulho d'água, deste modo, os cantos de H. phyllodes têm freqüência dominante acima do barulho da correnteza, ou seja, maior que 3,5 kHz. Este estudo identifica H. phyllodes como a espécie com o repertório vocal mais rico do gênero.

Repertório vocal de Hylodes phyllodes (Amphibia, Anura, Hylodidae)

Hyllodes phyllodes is a diurnal frog, found in mountain streams in the Atlantic forest. Five vocalization types of H. phyllodes are described here, along with the social behavior with which they are associated. These five vocalizations include two types of advertisement calls, a courtship call, a territorial call, and a call emitted during the intervals between male-male conflicts. Frogs were studied from January 2001 to November 2002, in riverine creeks of the Atlantic forest, at Núcleo Picinguaba, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Municipality of Ubatuba, state of São Paulo. Frogs were observed throughout the day, for a total of 80 hours of observations and recordings of 22 individuals. The advertisement call in this study is slightly different than that originally described, and may be due to environmental conditions, or behavioral variations, at the time of recording. Vocal adaptations of diurnal species that live in a noisy aquatic environment permit aural communication in a range of sounds outside those of the water noises. Thus, the calls of H. phyllodes have a dominant frequency much higher than that of the noise of the water current - that is, greater than 3.5 kHz. We show here that H. phyllodes has the richest known vocal repertoire within the genus Hylodes.

Hyllodes phyllodes é um anfíbio diurno, que ocorre em córregos de montanha associados à Floresta Atlântica. Neste estudo, são caracterizados cinco tipos de vocalizações de Hylodes phyllodes relacionadas com o comportamento social desta espécie: dois tipos de canto de anúncio, canto de corte, canto territorial e canto de intervalo de briga. O estudo foi realizado entre janeiro de 2001 e novembro de 2002 em córregos na Mata Atlântica, dentro da área do Núcleo Picinguaba, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, no Município de Ubatuba, Estado de São Paulo. As observações foram realizadas em vários horários do dia, totalizando 80 horas de observações e gravação de 22 espécimes. O canto de anúncio descrito neste estudo apresentou pequenas diferenças em relação ao canto descrito originalmente, mas estas diferenças provavelmente são resultado de condições ambientais e/ou características comportamentais dos indivíduos gravados em Picinguaba e Boracéia. Adaptações na vocalização de espécies diurnas que vivem em riachos de correnteza permitem a comunicação sonora em um canal livre do barulho d'água, deste modo, os cantos de H. phyllodes têm freqüência dominante acima do barulho da correnteza, ou seja, maior que 3,5 kHz. Este estudo identifica H. phyllodes como a espécie com o repertório vocal mais rico do gênero.

Vocalizações e interações acústicas em Hyla raniceps (Anura, Hylidae) durante a atividade reprodutiva

The vocalizations of H. raniceps (Cope, 1826) and their functions are described, including an analysis of the influence of temperature, weight, or SVL (snout-vent length) of males on the acoustic parameters. The vocalizations were recorded in three areas in Fazenda Lagoa Grande, Municipality of Pontalina, State of Goiás, central Brazil. Males began their vocalizations just before sunset, extending them, in some cases, to dawn of the following day. The peak of activities happened between 21h and 23h. The height of calling sites varied plenty, being the position horizontal in about 50% of them. Males defended sites in different areas during consecutive nights. Rain and strong winds interrupted the calling activities. Males emitted three vocalizations: advertisement, territorial and distress calls. The advertisement call has pulsionated structures and it is the most common, being emitted in the presence/absence of females. Significant correlation was found between number of notes and air temperature, notes duration and both male weight and air temperature, calling rate and both male SVL or weight, and frequency and male weight.

Vocalizações e interações acústicas em Hyla raniceps (Anura, Hylidae) durante a atividade reprodutiva

The vocalizations of H. raniceps (Cope, 1826) and their functions are described, including an analysis of the influence of temperature, weight, or SVL (snout-vent length) of males on the acoustic parameters. The vocalizations were recorded in three areas in Fazenda Lagoa Grande, Municipality of Pontalina, State of Goiás, central Brazil. Males began their vocalizations just before sunset, extending them, in some cases, to dawn of the following day. The peak of activities happened between 21h and 23h. The height of calling sites varied plenty, being the position horizontal in about 50% of them. Males defended sites in different areas during consecutive nights. Rain and strong winds interrupted the calling activities. Males emitted three vocalizations: advertisement, territorial and distress calls. The advertisement call has pulsionated structures and it is the most common, being emitted in the presence/absence of females. Significant correlation was found between number of notes and air temperature, notes duration and both male weight and air temperature, calling rate and both male SVL or weight, and frequency and male weight.

Vocalizações e interações acústicas em Hyla raniceps (Anura, Hylidae) durante a atividade reprodutiva

The vocalizations of H. raniceps (Cope, 1826) and their functions are described, including an analysis of the influence of temperature, weight, or SVL (snout-vent length) of males on the acoustic parameters. The vocalizations were recorded in three areas in Fazenda Lagoa Grande, Municipality of Pontalina, State of Goiás, central Brazil. Males began their vocalizations just before sunset, extending them, in some cases, to dawn of the following day. The peak of activities happened between 21h and 23h. The height of calling sites varied plenty, being the position horizontal in about 50% of them. Males defended sites in different areas during consecutive nights. Rain and strong winds interrupted the calling activities. Males emitted three vocalizations: advertisement, territorial and distress calls. The advertisement call has pulsionated structures and it is the most common, being emitted in the presence/absence of females. Significant correlation was found between number of notes and air temperature, notes duration and both male weight and air temperature, calling rate and both male SVL or weight, and frequency and male weight.