Key points for the thermal comfort of water buffaloes in Eastern Amazon / Pontos-chave do conforto térmico de bubalinos na Amazônia Oriental

ABSTRACT: This study presented relevant aspects about the Amazonian environment and how it impacts the thermal comfort of domestic buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) raised in the Eastern Amazon. Furthermore, strategies for monitoring and mitigating animal heat stress are presented, based on research results with the species. Although domestic buffaloes are considered adaptable animals, exposure to intense solar radiation causes thermal discomfort. This condition is expressed in biophysical indicators, in metabolic, endocrine, behavioral responses, and in body thermographic patterns. Therefore, the biometeorological monitoring of production is crucial to support decision-making regarding environmental management strategies, genetic selection of thermotolerant individuals, and increase in animal welfare. Lastly, the use of silvopastoral systems can help to provide higher thermal comfort, which is a condition that directly impacts the productivity of milk and meat buffaloes when they are raised in tropical regions, such as in the Eastern Amazon.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se apresentar aspectos relevantes sobre o ambiente amazônico e como este impacta no conforto térmico de búfalos domésticos (Bubalus bubalis) criados na Amazônia Oriental. Adicionalmente, são apresentadas estratégias para monitoramento e mitigação do estresse térmico animal, a partir de resultados de pesquisa com a espécie. Apesar dos búfalos domésticos serem considerados animais adaptáveis, a exposição à intensa radiação solar provoca desconforto térmico. Essa condição é expressa em indicadores biofísicos, nas respostas metabólicas, endócrinas, comportamentais e nos padrões termográficos corporais. Assim, o monitoramento biometeorológico da produção é crucial para subsidiar tomadas de decisão em relação a estratégias de manejo ambiental, seleção genética de indivíduos termotolerantes e incremento do bem-estar animal. Por fim, o uso de sistemas silvipastoris pode auxiliar na oferta de maior conforto térmico, que é uma condição que impacta diretamente na produtividade de bubalinos de leite e carne, quando estes são criados em regiões tropicais, como na Amazônia Oriental.

Key points for the thermal comfort of water buffaloes in Eastern Amazon / Pontos-chave do conforto térmico de bubalinos na Amazônia Oriental

This study presented relevant aspects about the Amazonian environment and how it impacts the thermal comfort of domestic buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) raised in the Eastern Amazon. Furthermore, strategies for monitoring and mitigating animal heat stress are presented, based on research results with the species. Although domestic buffaloes are considered adaptable animals, exposure to intense solar radiation causes thermal discomfort. This condition is expressed in biophysical indicators, in metabolic, endocrine, behavioral responses, and in body thermographic patterns. Therefore, the biometeorological monitoring of production is crucial to support decision-making regarding environmental management strategies, genetic selection of thermotolerant individuals, and increase in animal welfare. Lastly, the use of silvopastoral systems can help to provide higher thermal comfort, which is a condition that directly impacts the productivity of milk and meat buffaloes when they are raised in tropical regions, such as in the Eastern Amazon.

Objetivou-se apresentar aspectos relevantes sobre o ambiente amazônico e como este impacta no conforto térmico de búfalos domésticos (Bubalus bubalis) criados na Amazônia Oriental. Adicionalmente, são apresentadas estratégias para monitoramento e mitigação do estresse térmico animal, a partir de resultados de pesquisa com a espécie. Apesar dos búfalos domésticos serem considerados animais adaptáveis, a exposição à intensa radiação solar provoca desconforto térmico. Essa condição é expressa em indicadores biofísicos, nas respostas metabólicas, endócrinas, comportamentais e nos padrões termográficos corporais. Assim, o monitoramento biometeorológico da produção é crucial para subsidiar tomadas de decisão em relação a estratégias de manejo ambiental, seleção genética de indivíduos termotolerantes e incremento do bem-estar animal. Por fim, o uso de sistemas silvipastoris pode auxiliar na oferta de maior conforto térmico, que é uma condição que impacta diretamente na produtividade de bubalinos de leite e carne, quando estes são criados em regiões tropicais, como na Amazônia Oriental.

Effects of thermal environment on dairy cattle under a grazing system in the Western Amazon, Brazil / Efeitos do ambiente térmico em bovinos leiteiros em sistema de pastejo na Amazônia Ocidental, Brasil

This study aimed to evaluate the thermal conditions to which animals are exposed and their effect on the comfort/discomfort of dairy herds in a grazing system in the municipality of Sena Madureira, Acre State, Brazil. Eight farms and a total of 113 lactating crossbred cows were evaluated. Dry-bulb temperature (DBT, °C), relative humidity (RH, %), black globe temperature (BGT, °C), and wind speed (v, km h¹) were measured in January, February, and March (rainy season) to calculate temperature-humidity index (THI), black globe-humidity index (GTWBI), and radiant heat load (RHL). Moreover, the animals were measured for the physiological variables: rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (RR). Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed for THI, GTWBI, and RHL. THI reached a mean value of 80 on farm G in January. Farm F had a GTWBI value of 79 in February. RHL reached the highest value (510 W m²). RT and HR showed no differences among the analyzed months. Thus, the environmental conditions in which dairy cows are housed at milking time rarely promoted thermal discomfort, with farm G being the most affected by THI.

Objetivou-se avaliar as condições térmicas a que os animais estão submetidos, seu efeito no conforto/desconforto de rebanhos leiteiros em sistema de pastejo, no município de Sena Madureira-Acre. Foram avaliadas oito propriedades e o total de 113 vacas mestiças em lactação. As medições ocorreram nos meses: janeiro, fevereiro e março (inverno amazônico), mensurando-se: temperatura do bulbo seco (TBS, °C), umidade relativa do ar (UR, %) e temperatura de globo negro (TGN, °C), velocidade do vento (v, km/h) para cálculos dos índices da temperatura e umidade (ITU), índice da temperatura de globo e umidade (ITGU) e carga térmica radiante (CTR), além da temperatura retal (TR), frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR). Entre as propriedades analisadas, houve diferenças significativas (P<0,05) para ITU, ITGU e CTR. Destaca-se que o ITU na propriedade G, em janeiro, atingiu o valor médio de 80. A propriedade F, em fevereiro, teve valor de 79 para o ITGU. A CTR apresentou carga elevada (510 W.m³). A TR e a FC não apresentaram diferença entre os meses analisados. Concluiu-se que o ambiente ao qual as vacas leiteiras estão alojadas na hora da ordenha encontraram-se poucas vezes em situação de desconforto térmico, sendo a propriedade, a mais afetada pelo ITU.

Simple physiological indicators of ½ Santa Inês × ½ Dorper crossbred sheep raised in the municipality of Mirador, Maranhão, Brazil / Indicadores fisiológicos simples de ovinos mestiços 1/2 Santa Inês X 1/2 Dorper criados no município de Mirador, Maranhão, Brasil

In this study we aimed to evaluate the influence of environmental differences caused by day shifts on the physiological indicators of crossbred ½ Santa Inês × ½ Dorper sheep raised in a semi-intensive system. For this, 12 animals with an average weight of 35.00 ± 5.00 kg were allocated in a completely randomized design, with two treatments (morning shift and afternoon shift) and six replicates per treatment. The environmental variables (temperature (ºC) and relative humidity (%)) were collected using a digital thermo-hygrometer. The black globe temperature and humidity index was calculated using temperature values of the black globe thermometer and dew point. The following physiological indicators were measured in the animals: respiratory rate (mov/min); heart rate (beats/min); rectal temperature (ºC); and surface temperature (ºC). In the morning shift, the average values of air temperature and relative humidity were 31.71ºC and 88.66%, respectively. In the afternoon, the average air temperature was 33.91ºC, while the relative humidity was 62.66%. The highest mean globe temperature and humidity index was observed in the afternoon shift (87.75). The physiological indicators showed the highest mean values in the afternoon shift: respiratory rate 73.72 mov/min; heart rate 81.27 beats/min; rectal temperature 39.98ºC; surface temperature 34.76ºC. The crossbred ½ Santa Inês × ½ Dorper sheep reared in a semi-intensive system showed signs of thermal discomfort.

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a influência das diferenças ambientais proporcionadas pelos turnos do dia sobre os indicadores fisiológicos de ovinos mestiços ½Santa Inês × ½Dorper criados em sistema semi-intensivo. Para isso, foram utilizados 12 animais, com peso médio de 35,00 ± 5,00 Kg, alocados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos (turno manhã e turno tarde) e seis repetições por tratamento. As variáveis ambientais, temperatura (ºC) e umidade relativa do ar (%), foram coletadas com o uso de um termo-higrômetro digital. O índice de temperatura de globo negro e umidade foi calculado usando os valores da temperatura do termômetro de globo negro e do ponto de orvalho. Os indicadores fisiológicos mensurados nos animais foram às frequências, respiratória (mov./min.) e cardíaca (bat./min.), a temperatura retal (ºC) e a temperatura superficial (ºC). As médias para temperatura do ar foram, respectivamente, 31,71ºC e 33,91ºC para os turnos manhã e tarde, enquanto que a umidade relativa do ar foi de 88,66% e 62,66%, nessa mesma ordem. A média para o índice de temperatura de globo e umidade foi superior no turno tarde, com valor igual a 87,75. Os indicadores fisiológicos apresentaram maiores médias para o turno tarde, apresentando valores de 73,72 mov./min., 81,27 bat./min., 39,98ºC e 34,76ºC para frequência respiratória, frequência cardíaca, temperatura retal e temperatura superficial, respectivamente. Os ovinos mestiços ½Santa Inês x ½Dorper criados em sistema semi-intensivo apresentaram sinais de desconforto término.

Behavior of horses kept in different types of stalls in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding and agonistic behavior of Quarter Horses kept in different types of stalls in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais. A completely randomized design with two treatments (two types of stalls) and seven replicates (seven days of evaluation) was used. Four Quarter Horse mares and four stallions were used per treatment. Behavioral observations were made at 10-minute intervals for 24 hours. The stall environment was characterized by the following variables: air temperature, relative humidity, and black globe temperature for subsequent estimation of the wet-bulb globe temperature. Feeding behavior variables included: time spent eating concentrate and time spent eating roughage (hours), bite rate (bites/min), and the number of daily bites (bites/day). Zinc-roofed stalls had higher air temperatures than clay-roofed stalls and the external environment, averaging 28.2, 27.0, and 27.4 ºC, respectively, while relative humidity was significantly lower in the external environment (65.80%). Horses housed in zinc-roofed stalls had longer feeding times (8.32 h) than animals kept in clay-roofed stalls (7.22 h). Approximately 94% of the total feeding time was spent eating roughage and 73% of the time was spent resting and walking, regardless of the covering type. Although environmental variables showed thermal discomfort, the roofing material did not alter the feeding behavior of stabled horses in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, suggesting an adaptation to the studied conditions. The feeding frequency should be increased to avoid a long resting time.(AU)

Behavior of horses kept in different types of stalls in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding and agonistic behavior of Quarter Horses kept in different types of stalls in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais. A completely randomized design with two treatments (two types of stalls) and seven replicates (seven days of evaluation) was used. Four Quarter Horse mares and four stallions were used per treatment. Behavioral observations were made at 10-minute intervals for 24 hours. The stall environment was characterized by the following variables: air temperature, relative humidity, and black globe temperature for subsequent estimation of the wet-bulb globe temperature. Feeding behavior variables included: time spent eating concentrate and time spent eating roughage (hours), bite rate (bites/min), and the number of daily bites (bites/day). Zinc-roofed stalls had higher air temperatures than clay-roofed stalls and the external environment, averaging 28.2, 27.0, and 27.4 ºC, respectively, while relative humidity was significantly lower in the external environment (65.80%). Horses housed in zinc-roofed stalls had longer feeding times (8.32 h) than animals kept in clay-roofed stalls (7.22 h). Approximately 94% of the total feeding time was spent eating roughage and 73% of the time was spent resting and walking, regardless of the covering type. Although environmental variables showed thermal discomfort, the roofing material did not alter the feeding behavior of stabled horses in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, suggesting an adaptation to the studied conditions. The feeding frequency should be increased to avoid a long resting time.

The challenges of animal welfare in modern Brazilian poultry farming

The Brazilian poultry industry is undergoing a process of increasing rigor regarding production practices related to breeding and pre-slaughter operations since animal welfare is an extremely important subject that has received great attention in the developed countries. Brazil is one of the greatest producers of chicken meat, concerns have existed in the sense of adequacy to continue attending to the demand of export and maintenance of the position of leadership, in front of the other market players. One of the key points is the necessity to improve the intensive farming, which currently has many obstacles that prejudice the basic principles of animal welfare assurance. Relatively simple problems in handling animals, litter and equipment, as well as the lack of preventive maintenance in the facilities are the main ones responsible for the thermal discomfort and quality of life of these animals. Despite all the considerations raised, a large part of the Brazilian consumers is still unaware of intensive farming and the way animals are raising on the farm until their plates, being surrounded by myths and false beliefs. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to address the main critical issues affecting the welfare of broiler chickens in intensive commercial production.(AU)

The challenges of animal welfare in modern Brazilian poultry farming

The Brazilian poultry industry is undergoing a process of increasing rigor regarding production practices related to breeding and pre-slaughter operations since animal welfare is an extremely important subject that has received great attention in the developed countries. Brazil is one of the greatest producers of chicken meat, concerns have existed in the sense of adequacy to continue attending to the demand of export and maintenance of the position of leadership, in front of the other market players. One of the key points is the necessity to improve the intensive farming, which currently has many obstacles that prejudice the basic principles of animal welfare assurance. Relatively simple problems in handling animals, litter and equipment, as well as the lack of preventive maintenance in the facilities are the main ones responsible for the thermal discomfort and quality of life of these animals. Despite all the considerations raised, a large part of the Brazilian consumers is still unaware of intensive farming and the way animals are raising on the farm until their plates, being surrounded by myths and false beliefs. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to address the main critical issues affecting the welfare of broiler chickens in intensive commercial production.

Análise termográfica aplicada na produção de calor corporal de vacas F1 HxZ manejadas em diferentes microclimas / Thermographic analysis applied to body heat production of F1 HxZ cows managed in different microclimates

Avaliou-se a produção de calor corporal de vacas F1 HxZ manejadas em diferentes microclimas. Foram avaliadas 48 vacas, divididas em três grupos, manejadas em pastos e microclimas diferentes. Cada grupo foi subdividido em três grupos de suplementação fornecida durante a ordenha. Os registros termográficos dos flancos direito e esquerdo ocorreram com os animais a pasto. As temperaturas do olho e retal foram mensuradas após a ordenha. O ITGU caracterizou sinal de perigo para o microclima 1 no período da tarde (81,7) e para o microclima 2 nos turnos da manhã e da tarde (81,6 e 83,8, respectivamente). No microclima 2, houve diferença da temperatura do flanco direito para animais do grupo 2 em relação aos animais do grupo 3. A temperatura do flanco esquerdo foi superior para os animais do grupo 1. O microclima 1 foi caracterizado de conforto térmico, e o 2 de desconforto nos períodos da manhã e da tarde. A suplementação não influenciou na produção de calor dos animais. As médias da temperatura retal e do olho não diferiram entre os grupos, e a correlação apresentou valores baixos e moderados para os microclimas 1 e 2, respectivamente. A oferta de diferentes fontes de suplementação não interfere na produção de calor corporal de vacas F1 HxZ, mesmo quando fornecido em ambiente climático em que o ITGU é próximo a 84.(AU)

Body heat production of F1 HxZ cows managed in different microclimates was evaluated. We evaluated 48 cows, divided into two groups, managed in different pastures and microclimates. Each group was subdivided into three groups of supplementation provided during milking. The thermographic records of the right and left flanks occurred with the animals on the grass. Eye and rectal temperatures were measured after milking. The BGT had a danger signal for microclimate 1 in the afternoon (81.7) and microclimate 2 in the morning and afternoon shifts (81.6 and 83.8, respectively). In microclimate 2, there was difference in the temperature of the right flank for animals in group 2 in relation to the animals in group 3. The temperature of the left flank was higher for the animals in the group 1. Microclimate 1 was characterized by thermal comfort and 2 was discomfort in the morning and afternoon. Supplementation did not influence the heat production of the animals. Rectal and eye mean averages did not differ between groups and the correlation presented low and moderate values for microclimate 1 and 2, respectively. The supply of different sources of supplementation does not interfere with the production and body heat of F1 HxZ cows even when supplied in a climatic environment in which the BGT is close to 84.(AU)

Análise termográfica aplicada na produção de calor corporal de vacas F1 HxZ manejadas em diferentes microclimas / Thermographic analysis applied to body heat production of F1 HxZ cows managed in different microclimates

Avaliou-se a produção de calor corporal de vacas F1 HxZ manejadas em diferentes microclimas. Foram avaliadas 48 vacas, divididas em três grupos, manejadas em pastos e microclimas diferentes. Cada grupo foi subdividido em três grupos de suplementação fornecida durante a ordenha. Os registros termográficos dos flancos direito e esquerdo ocorreram com os animais a pasto. As temperaturas do olho e retal foram mensuradas após a ordenha. O ITGU caracterizou sinal de perigo para o microclima 1 no período da tarde (81,7) e para o microclima 2 nos turnos da manhã e da tarde (81,6 e 83,8, respectivamente). No microclima 2, houve diferença da temperatura do flanco direito para animais do grupo 2 em relação aos animais do grupo 3. A temperatura do flanco esquerdo foi superior para os animais do grupo 1. O microclima 1 foi caracterizado de conforto térmico, e o 2 de desconforto nos períodos da manhã e da tarde. A suplementação não influenciou na produção de calor dos animais. As médias da temperatura retal e do olho não diferiram entre os grupos, e a correlação apresentou valores baixos e moderados para os microclimas 1 e 2, respectivamente. A oferta de diferentes fontes de suplementação não interfere na produção de calor corporal de vacas F1 HxZ, mesmo quando fornecido em ambiente climático em que o ITGU é próximo a 84.(AU)

Body heat production of F1 HxZ cows managed in different microclimates was evaluated. We evaluated 48 cows, divided into two groups, managed in different pastures and microclimates. Each group was subdivided into three groups of supplementation provided during milking. The thermographic records of the right and left flanks occurred with the animals on the grass. Eye and rectal temperatures were measured after milking. The BGT had a danger signal for microclimate 1 in the afternoon (81.7) and microclimate 2 in the morning and afternoon shifts (81.6 and 83.8, respectively). In microclimate 2, there was difference in the temperature of the right flank for animals in group 2 in relation to the animals in group 3. The temperature of the left flank was higher for the animals in the group 1. Microclimate 1 was characterized by thermal comfort and 2 was discomfort in the morning and afternoon. Supplementation did not influence the heat production of the animals. Rectal and eye mean averages did not differ between groups and the correlation presented low and moderate values for microclimate 1 and 2, respectively. The supply of different sources of supplementation does not interfere with the production and body heat of F1 HxZ cows even when supplied in a climatic environment in which the BGT is close to 84.(AU)

Uso da L-glutamina e do zinco em dietas de frangos de corte para reduzir os efeitos do estresse por calor / Use of L-glutamine and zinc in chicken diets to reduce the effects of heat stress / Uso de L-glutamina y zinc en dietas de pollo para reducir los efectos del estrés por calor

Em consequência dos efeitos do estresse por calor sobre a produção de frangos de corte e visando contribuir para que o país continue em posição de destaque na produção e exportação de carne de frango, pesquisas vêm sendo realizadas em busca de novos meios, principalmente relacionados à nutrição, que possibilitem a redução dos efeitos deletérios de condições ambientais adversas, e dentre esses se destaca a utilização de minerais, vitaminas e aminoácidos. Objetivou-se com essa revisão de literatura apresentar a utilização da L-glutamina e do zinco em dietas para frangos de corte visando reduzir os efeitos do estresse por calor.

As a result of the effects of heat stress on the production of broiler chickens and aiming to contribute to the country remaining in a prominent position in the production and export of chicken meat, researches have been carried out in search of new means, mainly related to nutrition, which make it possible to reduce the deleterious effects of adverse environmental conditions, among which the use of minerals, vitamins and amino acids stands out. The aim of this literature review was to present the use of L-glutamine and zinc in diets for broilers in order to reduce the effects of heat stress.

Como resultado de los efectos del estrés por calor en la producción de pollos de engorde y con el objetivo de contribuir a que el país permanezca en una posición destacada en la producción y exportación de carne de pollo, se han llevado a cabo investigaciones en busca de nuevos medios, principalmente relacionados con la nutrición, que permiten reducir los efectos nocivos de las condiciones ambientales adversas, entre las que destaca el uso de minerales, vitaminas y aminoácidos. El objetivo de esta revisión de la literatura fue presentar el uso de L-glutamina y zinc en las dietas para pollos de engorde para reducir los efectos del estrés por calor.

Uso da L-glutamina e do zinco em dietas de frangos de corte para reduzir os efeitos do estresse por calor / Use of L-glutamine and zinc in chicken diets to reduce the effects of heat stress / Uso de L-glutamina y zinc en dietas de pollo para reducir los efectos del estrés por calor

Em consequência dos efeitos do estresse por calor sobre a produção de frangos de corte e visando contribuir para que o país continue em posição de destaque na produção e exportação de carne de frango, pesquisas vêm sendo realizadas em busca de novos meios, principalmente relacionados à nutrição, que possibilitem a redução dos efeitos deletérios de condições ambientais adversas, e dentre esses se destaca a utilização de minerais, vitaminas e aminoácidos. Objetivou-se com essa revisão de literatura apresentar a utilização da L-glutamina e do zinco em dietas para frangos de corte visando reduzir os efeitos do estresse por calor.(AU)

As a result of the effects of heat stress on the production of broiler chickens and aiming to contribute to the country remaining in a prominent position in the production and export of chicken meat, researches have been carried out in search of new means, mainly related to nutrition, which make it possible to reduce the deleterious effects of adverse environmental conditions, among which the use of minerals, vitamins and amino acids stands out. The aim of this literature review was to present the use of L-glutamine and zinc in diets for broilers in order to reduce the effects of heat stress.(AU)

Como resultado de los efectos del estrés por calor en la producción de pollos de engorde y con el objetivo de contribuir a que el país permanezca en una posición destacada en la producción y exportación de carne de pollo, se han llevado a cabo investigaciones en busca de nuevos medios, principalmente relacionados con la nutrición, que permiten reducir los efectos nocivos de las condiciones ambientales adversas, entre las que destaca el uso de minerales, vitaminas y aminoácidos. El objetivo de esta revisión de la literatura fue presentar el uso de L-glutamina y zinc en las dietas para pollos de engorde para reducir los efectos del estrés por calor.(AU)

Temperature, thermal comfort, and animal ingestion behavior in a silvopastoral system / Temperatura, conforto térmico e comportamento ingestivo animal em sistema silvipastoril

Thermal discomfort is one of the main causes of production losses in animals fully exposed to solar radiation under extensive livestock farming. The inclusion of trees in this farming system is the most efficient strategy to decrease the temperature and increase animal productivity without the need to explore new areas. In this context, the objective of this study was to characterize the microclimate in a silvopastoral system (SPS), a refuge area, and an open pasture, and evaluate thermal comfort and the ingestive behavior of animals under shade. The study was conducted at the Agronomic Institute of Paraná (IAPAR), located in Ibiporã, Paraná state, Brazil, in three areas with distinct management systems: a SPS of Eucalyptus grandis with Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.), a woodland of Leucena leucocephala that provided shade to cattle, and a pasture in full sun (PFS). Automatic meteorological stations were installed in the SPS (one station beside the tree lines and the other in an average distance perpendicular to the rows), one in the refuge area, and one in the PFS. The measured variables were air temperature and relative humidity. The mean temperatures of the shaded treatments were compared to those of the PFS using a t-test. The mean values of the temperature and humidity index (THI) were calculated for each season of the year. The animal ingestion behavior in the SPS was analyzed in three typical days in different seasons of the year. Significant differences were observed between shade treatments and full-sun pasture, with a temperature decrease ranging from 0.4 to 1.6 °C in the shaded systems. The comparison of animal thermal comfort between the study areas in different seasons of the year indicated that there were no significant differences in thermal comfort between the SPS and refuge area relative to the PFS, suggesting a need to monitor the animals body temperature to better estimate thermal comfort. The evaluation of the ingestive behavior evidenced the...(AU)

O desconforto térmico é uma das principais causas da queda produtiva da pecuária extensiva a pleno sol, sendo a inserção de árvores no sistema a alternativa mais eficiente para atenuar a temperatura e aumentar a produtividade sem a necessidade de explorar novas áreas. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se caracterizar o microclima em um sistema silvipastoril, uma área de refúgio e a pleno sol, além de estimar o conforto térmico e avaliar o comportamento ingestivo dos animais sob sombra. O estudo foi realizado na estação experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), localizada em Ibiporã-PR, em três áreas com manejos distintos: um sistema silvipastoril, um bosque que serve como refúgio dos animais e uma pastagem a pleno sol. Foram instaladas estações meteorológicas automáticas no sistema silvipastoril, uma sob a sombra e outra na distância média perpendicular aos renques, na área de refúgio e no pasto a pleno sol. As variáveis medidas foram temperatura do ar e umidade relativa do ar. As temperaturas médias dos tratamentos arborizados foram comparadas com as do pasto a pleno sol por meio do test t. Valores médios de Temperatura e Índice de Umidade (ITU) foram calculados para cada estação do ano. Analisou-se o comportamento ingestivo animal no sistema silvipastoril em três dias representativos de diferentes estações do ano. Constatou-se diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos sombreados e a pastagem a pleno sol, com redução de temperatura variando entre 0,4 a 1,6 °C nos sistemas sombreados. Ao comparar o conforto térmico animal para as estações do ano, não verificou-se diferenças entre o sistema silvipastoril e refúgio em relação ao pleno sol, sendo indicado monitorar a temperatura corporal animal para melhor estimar sua condição de conforto térmico. Entretanto, ao avaliar o comportamento ingestivo animal evidenciou-se a preferência dos animais por realizar suas atividades sob a sombra das árvores; o sistema silvipastoril propiciou mudanças no seu...(AU)

Bioclimatic diagnosis for dairy cattle breeding in João Pessoa, Brazil

One of the environmental elements that have a more pronounced effect on animal welfare is the climate, and as a result, negatively impacts productive performance and is considered a regulating or even restrictive element of animal exploitation for economic purposes. The ambient temperature range within which the animal maintains body temperature without the need for activation of thermoregulatory mechanisms is called the thermal comfort zone (TCZ), where the thermal equilibrium occurs naturally. The TCZ varies among the different species of domestic animals, where the minimum and maximum values of this range are influenced by the climate elements. Thus, within the animal bioclimatology, the environmental diagnosis can be highlighted that allows support regarding the information of variation and ideal environmental conditions for animal exploration, as well as, help in management measures that minimize the effect of the thermal challenge and enable the maximization of productivity animal. This research aimed to carry out the environmental diagnosis for dairy cattle in the municipality of João Pessoa, Brazil, based on average, maximum and minimum temperatures, BGHI and relative humidity. According to the results, both dairy cows and calves have thermal discomfort caused by high temperatures. As away to reduce heat stress, it is necessary for some environmental modifications that aim to mitigate the stressors actions on the animals. According to our analysis, the bioclimatic diagnosis for João Pessoa presents a need for improvement of the facilities to provide the animals with thermal comfort, thus making it possible for these animals to present a higher production yield.(AU)

Bioclimatic diagnosis for dairy cattle breeding in João Pessoa, Brazil

One of the environmental elements that have a more pronounced effect on animal welfare is the climate, and as a result, negatively impacts productive performance and is considered a regulating or even restrictive element of animal exploitation for economic purposes. The ambient temperature range within which the animal maintains body temperature without the need for activation of thermoregulatory mechanisms is called the thermal comfort zone (TCZ), where the thermal equilibrium occurs naturally. The TCZ varies among the different species of domestic animals, where the minimum and maximum values of this range are influenced by the climate elements. Thus, within the animal bioclimatology, the environmental diagnosis can be highlighted that allows support regarding the information of variation and ideal environmental conditions for animal exploration, as well as, help in management measures that minimize the effect of the thermal challenge and enable the maximization of productivity animal. This research aimed to carry out the environmental diagnosis for dairy cattle in the municipality of João Pessoa, Brazil, based on average, maximum and minimum temperatures, BGHI and relative humidity. According to the results, both dairy cows and calves have thermal discomfort caused by high temperatures. As away to reduce heat stress, it is necessary for some environmental modifications that aim to mitigate the stressors actions on the animals. According to our analysis, the bioclimatic diagnosis for João Pessoa presents a need for improvement of the facilities to provide the animals with thermal comfort, thus making it possible for these animals to present a higher production yield.

Estresse térmico na reprodução equina / Thermal stress in equine reproduction

Estudos sobre estresse térmico em equinos, geralmente envolvem condições induzidas pelo exercício físico intenso, assim como as alterações fisiológicas que comtemplam o efeito do ambiente em geral são relacionadas ao fotoperíodo e não ao efeito da temperatura como acontece com maior frequência em outras espécies. Verifica-se uma necessidade de maior compreensão dos efeitos deletérios do estresse térmico no desempenho reprodutivo desta espécie, visto que a produção de potros saudáveis é o objetivo de um programa reprodutivo e em geral a principal fonte de retorno econômico da atividade. Esse fato ganha ainda mais relevância diante das condições climáticas e de criação presentes nos trópicos, além da atividade reprodutiva da espécie equina depender de períodos de alta luminosidade ambiental, que coincidem com as maiores temperaturas. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar como o estresse térmico ambiental pode promover a redução da fertilidade em fêmeas equinas e alertar para a necessidade de estudos completos envolvendo o tema.(AU)

Studies on thermal stress in equines usually involve conditions induced by intense physical exercise, as well as the physiological changes that contemplate the effect of the environment in general are related to the photoperiod and not to the effect of temperature as it in other species. We need a better understanding of the deleterious effects of thermal stress on the reproductive performance of this species, since the production of healthy foals is generally the objective of a reproductive program and the main source of economic return of the activity. This fact is even more relevant given the climatic and breeding conditions in the tropics, and the reproductive activity of the equine species take place on periods of high luminosity, which coincide with higher temperatures. The present review aims to demonstrate how the environmental thermal stress can promote the reduction of the fertility in equine females and to alert to the necessity of complete studies involving the theme.(AU)

Estresse térmico na reprodução equina / Thermal stress in equine reproduction

Estudos sobre estresse térmico em equinos, geralmente envolvem condições induzidas pelo exercício físico intenso, assim como as alterações fisiológicas que comtemplam o efeito do ambiente em geral são relacionadas ao fotoperíodo e não ao efeito da temperatura como acontece com maior frequência em outras espécies. Verifica-se uma necessidade de maior compreensão dos efeitos deletérios do estresse térmico no desempenho reprodutivo desta espécie, visto que a produção de potros saudáveis é o objetivo de um programa reprodutivo e em geral a principal fonte de retorno econômico da atividade. Esse fato ganha ainda mais relevância diante das condições climáticas e de criação presentes nos trópicos, além da atividade reprodutiva da espécie equina depender de períodos de alta luminosidade ambiental, que coincidem com as maiores temperaturas. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar como o estresse térmico ambiental pode promover a redução da fertilidade em fêmeas equinas e alertar para a necessidade de estudos completos envolvendo o tema.

Studies on thermal stress in equines usually involve conditions induced by intense physical exercise, as well as the physiological changes that contemplate the effect of the environment in general are related to the photoperiod and not to the effect of temperature as it in other species. We need a better understanding of the deleterious effects of thermal stress on the reproductive performance of this species, since the production of healthy foals is generally the objective of a reproductive program and the main source of economic return of the activity. This fact is even more relevant given the climatic and breeding conditions in the tropics, and the reproductive activity of the equine species take place on periods of high luminosity, which coincide with higher temperatures. The present review aims to demonstrate how the environmental thermal stress can promote the reduction of the fertility in equine females and to alert to the necessity of complete studies involving the theme.

Thermal comfort of horses housed in different types of stalls / Conforto térmico de equinos alojados em diferentes tipos de baias

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of climatic conditions provided by two types of stalls on the physiological and behavioral responses of horses during agricultural exposure. The study was developed during 2014 and 2015 in an Agricultural Fair located in the semiarid region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Climatic environment, place of accommodation, physiological and behavioral variables of 114 Mangalarga Marchador horses, housed in individual metal and masonry stalls, were observed. Meteorological variables inside the metal and masonry stalls were monitored. Physiological variables were characterized by respiratory rate and body temperature. For behavioral analysis, the frequency of occurrence of defecation, urination, neigh, agitation, food and water intake were observed at 8 am, 10 am, 12 pm, 14 pm, 16 pm and 18 pm. The thermal environment was classified as thermal discomfort from 10 am. Respiratory rate and body temperature were outside ideal values. The metal stall caused greater thermal discomfort for horses.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito das condições climáticas proporcionado por dois tipos de baias sobre as respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais de equinos por ocasião de exposição agropecuária. O trabalho foi desenvolvido durante os anos de 2014 e 2015 em Feira Agropecuária localizada na região do semiárido mineiro. Foi observado o ambiente climático, local de acomodação, variáveis fisiológicas e comportamentais de 114 equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador, alojados em baias individuais de metal e alvenaria. Foram monitoradas as variáveis meteorológicas no interior das baias de metal e de alvenaria. As variáveis fisiológicas foram caracterizadas por meio da frequência respiratória e temperatura corporal. Para análise comportamental, observou-se a frequência de ocorrência de ações de defecação, micção, relinchar, agitação, ingestão de alimentos e água, às 8 h, 10 h, 12 h, 14 h, 16 h e 18 h. O ambiente térmico foi classificado como de desconforto térmico a partir das 10 h. A frequência respiratória e a temperatura corporal estiveram fora dos valores considerados ideais. A baia de metal proporcionou maior desconforto térmico para os equinos.

Thermal comfort of horses housed in different types of stalls / Conforto térmico de equinos alojados em diferentes tipos de baias

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of climatic conditions provided by two types of stalls on the physiological and behavioral responses of horses during agricultural exposure. The study was developed during 2014 and 2015 in an Agricultural Fair located in the semiarid region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Climatic environment, place of accommodation, physiological and behavioral variables of 114 Mangalarga Marchador horses, housed in individual metal and masonry stalls, were observed. Meteorological variables inside the metal and masonry stalls were monitored. Physiological variables were characterized by respiratory rate and body temperature. For behavioral analysis, the frequency of occurrence of defecation, urination, neigh, agitation, food and water intake were observed at 8 am, 10 am, 12 pm, 14 pm, 16 pm and 18 pm. The thermal environment was classified as thermal discomfort from 10 am. Respiratory rate and body temperature were outside ideal values. The metal stall caused greater thermal discomfort for horses.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito das condições climáticas proporcionado por dois tipos de baias sobre as respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais de equinos por ocasião de exposição agropecuária. O trabalho foi desenvolvido durante os anos de 2014 e 2015 em Feira Agropecuária localizada na região do semiárido mineiro. Foi observado o ambiente climático, local de acomodação, variáveis fisiológicas e comportamentais de 114 equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador, alojados em baias individuais de metal e alvenaria. Foram monitoradas as variáveis meteorológicas no interior das baias de metal e de alvenaria. As variáveis fisiológicas foram caracterizadas por meio da frequência respiratória e temperatura corporal. Para análise comportamental, observou-se a frequência de ocorrência de ações de defecação, micção, relinchar, agitação, ingestão de alimentos e água, às 8 h, 10 h, 12 h, 14 h, 16 h e 18 h. O ambiente térmico foi classificado como de desconforto térmico a partir das 10 h. A frequência respiratória e a temperatura corporal estiveram fora dos valores considerados ideais. A baia de metal proporcionou maior desconforto térmico para os equinos.(AU)

Thermographic images to measure health risks of workers exposed to artificially refrigerated environments

Thermography generates high-resolution imagery in real time and is a non-invasive and painless technique devoid of physical contact or exposure to any type of radiation. This technique has been successfully applied to different areas, such as health- and safety-related applications, to control cold risk in workers exposed to low-temperature environments. Thus, this study aims to analyze skin temperature variations in three body parts of the upper limbs (fingers, the center of the hands and wrists on both the left and right sides of the body) caused by exposure to low temperatures in air-conditioned and artificially controlled work environments. The objective is to assess thermographys adequacy in controlling workers health risks. This study used environmental monitoring equipment and infrared radiation detection cameras to capture images of the body parts that were evaluated. The research was conducted on 20 workers from two sectors of a poultry slaughterhouse. Among the three body parts evaluated, the lowest temperatures occurred in the workers fingertips, which averaged 16.86ºC. This fact may relate to discomfort, pain, decreased performance, functional imbalance and cold-related diseases caused by faulty conditions and/or the equipment used to ensure the workers thermal comfort. It was concluded that the thermographic evaluation of activities that involve exposure to the cold is efficient, as well as feasible, when quantifying the potential threats of environmental cold to workers health.(AU)