Colapso traqueal em cães: emprego da radiografia compressiva como método diagnóstico / Tracheal collapse in dogs: use of compression radiography as a diagnostic method / Colapso traqueal en perros: uso de la radiografía de compresión como método de diagnóstico

O colapso traqueal é uma doença degenerativa e progressiva caracterizada por alterações anatômicas e histológicas na traqueia, sendo considerada uma causa comum de obstrução das vias aéreas superiores em pequenos animais. O diagnóstico é efetuado com base no histórico do animal, mas só é definitivo por meio da realização de exames complementares, em que a radiografia é o mais utilizado. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, determinar a ocorrência do colapso traqueal em cães por exame radiográfico com compressão traqueal cervical externa, avaliando o grau de severidade em animais sintomáticos e assintomáticos, bem como determinar as raças, portes e idades mais acometidas. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo no qual foram analisadas as fichas clínicas e exames de 332 cães que foram submetidos à radiografia aplicando-se compressão traqueal no hospital veterinário da instituição de ensino, no período de 1º de janeiro de 2010 a 31 de dezembro de 2020. Coletaram-se dados referentes a idade, raça, porte, sexo e presença de sintomas clínicos característicos, além de se verificar a redução do lúmen traqueal e o grau de colapso correspondente. Estes dados foram tabulados e analisados estatisticamente empregando-se o teste de Tukey, teste Qui-quadrado de independência e estatística. Após a interpretação dos resultados, verificou-se uma maior casuística de animais sintomáticos, estes relacionados a graus mais severos de colapso traqueal. Cães de pequeno porte foram os mais acometidos, em especial as raças Poodle, Yorkshire terrier e Pinscher. Além disso, notou-se uma maior incidência desta afecção em cães adultos a idosos. Pela análise dos resultados obtidos com a realização da radiografia compressiva, observou-se tratar de um método diagnóstico simples, seguro e com alta acurácia para o diagnóstico de colapso traqueal. Ademais, os achados quanto às predisposições e tendências clínicas dos pacientes identificadas nesse trabalho auxiliam o clínico em um melhor direcionamento quanto às suas suspeitas, culminando com um diagnóstico mais precoce do colapso traqueal.

Tracheal collapse is a degenerative and progressive disease characterized by anatomical and histological changes in the trachea, and is considered a common cause of upper airway obstruction in small animals. The diagnosis is made based on the animal's history, but it is only definitive through complementary exams, in which radiography is the most used. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of tracheal collapse in dogs by radiographic examination with external cervical tracheal compression, evaluating the degree of severity in symptomatic and asymptomatic animals, as well as determining the most affected breeds. sizes and ages. For this purpose, a retrospective study was conducted in which clinical records and exams of 332 dogs that underwent radiography applying tracheal compression in the veterinary hospital of the institution were analyzed, in the period from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2020. Data were collected regarding age, breed, size, sex and presence of characteristic clinical symptoms, in addition to checking the reduction of the tracheal lumen and the corresponding degree of collapse. These data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using Tukey's test, Chi-square test for independence and statistics. After the interpretation of the results, there was a higher number of symptomatic animals, which were related to more severe degrees of tracheal collapse. Small dogs were the most affected, especially the breeds Poodle, Yorkshire terrier and Pinscher. Moreover, it was noted a higher incidence of this disease in adult to elderly dogs. By analyzing the results obtained with the compressive radiography, it was observed that it is a simple, safe and highly accurate diagnostic method for the diagnosis of tracheal collapse. Furthermore, the findings regarding predispositions and clinical tendencies of the patients identified in this study also help the clinicians to better direct their suspicions, culminating in an earlier diagnosis of tracheal collapse.

El colapso traqueal es una enfermedad degenerativa y progresiva caracterizada por alteraciones anatómicas e histológicas en la traquea, considerándose una causa común de obstrucción de las vías respiratorias superiores en pequeños animales. El diagnóstico se realiza a partir de los antecedentes del animal, pero sólo es definitivo mediante exámenes complementarios, en los que la radiografia es la más utilizada. El presente estudio tenía como objetivo determinar la aparición del colapso traqueal en perros mediante un examen radiográfico con compresión traqueal cervical externa, evaluando el grado de gravedad en animales sintomáticos y asintomáticos, así como determinar las razas, tamaños y edades más afectadas. Para ello, se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en el que se analizaron las historias clínicas y los exámenes de 332 perros a los que se les realizó una radiografia aplicando compresión traqueal en el hospital veterinario de la institución, en el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de enero de 2010 y el 31 de diciembre de 2020. Se recogieron datos sobre la edad, la raza, el tamaño, el sexo y la presencia de síntomas clínicos característicos, además de comprobar la reducción de la luz traqueal y el correspondiente grado de colapso. Estos datos se tabularon y se analizaron estadisticamente mediante la prueba de Tukey, la prueba de Chi- cuadrado para la independencia y la estadística. Tras la interpretación de los resultados, se observó un mayor número de animales sintomáticos, que estaban relacionados con grados más graves de colapso traqueal. Los perros de pequeño tamaño fueron los más afectados, especialmente las razas Caniche, Yorkshire terrier y Pinscher. Además, se observó una mayor incidencia de esta enfermedad en perros adultos y de edad avanzada. Al analizar los resultados obtenidos con la realización de la radiografia de compresión, se observó que es un método de diagnóstico sencillo, seguro y muy preciso para el diagnóstico del colapso traqueal. Además, los hallazgos relativos a las tendencias predisponentes y clínicas de los pacientes identificados en el presente estudio también ayudan a los clínicos a orientar mejor sus sospechas, culminando en un diagnóstico más temprano del colapso traqueal.

Tracheal post-vaccinal reaction to different strains of Newcastle disease vírus / Reação traqueal pós-vacinal à diferentes cepas do vírus da doença de Newcastle

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the post-vaccinal reaction to two lentogenic vaccine strains of Newcatle disease virus (NDV) and a recombinant turkey herpesvirus (rHVT) vaccine expressing the fusion glycoprotein of NDV in broiler chickens through histomorphometric and histopathologic analyses of the trachea. The experiment involved 245 chicks housed in randomized blocks with three different enclosures under controlled conditions of temperature, light and ventilation. Each enclosure represented a vaccine strain and was divided into groups according to the administration route. Each block also had its own control group composed of unvaccinated birds. The vaccine strains PHY.LMV.42 (PL42) and La Sota (LS) were selected according to the Intracerebral Pathogenicity Index (ICPI) and the rHVT-NDV Serotype 3 strain (ST3) was selected for representing non-NDV infection. At two, four, seven, 14 and 21 days post vaccination, fragments from the middle third of the trachea were collected and submitted to routine histological processing. For the histomorphometric analysis, the slides were photographed, and the thickness of the tracheal mucosa was measured. Statistical analysis involved two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test with a 5% significance level. For the histopathological evaluation, lesions were described as to the degree of intensity and distribution. At four and 14 days post vaccination with the LS strain administered by the ocular route, the means of thickening of the tracheal mucosa (20.85±7.31µm and 26.97±5.50µm, respectively) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than for all other strains, which was related to the severe histopathological lesions found in this group, characterized by hyperemia, hyperplasia of the mucous glands, moderate deciliation and multifocal lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltrate. At 21 days, broiler chickens vaccinated with the ST3 strain showed more discrete lesions and less thickening of the tracheal mucosa (23.23±7.62µm; p<0.05) in comparison with other studied strains. The lesions found in this group were only hemorrhage, deciliation and mild focal lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate. The results of the histomorphometry and histopathology of the trachea indicated that vaccination with rHVT-NDV Serotype 3 strain induced lower degree post-vaccine tracheal lesions compared to other vaccine strains analyzed in this study.

Objetivou-se avaliar a reação pós-vacinal de duas estirpes lentogênicas do vírus da doença de Newcastle (VDN) e uma vacina recombinante de herpesvirus de perus (rHVT) que expressa a glicoproteína de fusão de VDN em frangos de corte por meio da histomorfometria e histopatologia da traqueia. Foram utilizados 245 pintos alojados em blocos ao acaso, sendo três galpões distintos em condições controladas de temperatura, luz e ventilação. Cada galpão representou uma cepa vacinal, onde foram divididos por grupos de acordo com a via de administração. Todos os blocos possuíam um grupo controle composto por aves não vacinadas. As cepas vacinais PHY.LMV.42 (PL42) e La Sota (LS) utilizadas foram selecionadas de acordo com o Índice de Patogenicidade Intracerebral (IPIC) e a cepa Sorotipo 3 (ST3), da vacina rHVT-VDN foi selecionada por não representar infecção do VDN. Aos dois, quarto, sete, 14 e 21 dias pós-vacinação, fragmentos do terço médio da traqueia foram coletados e posteriormente processados conforme rotina histológica. Para análise histomorfométrica da mucosa traqueal, as lâminas foram fotografadas e realizadas as mensurações da espessura da mucosa traqueal sendo aplicado teste de análise de variância a dois critérios (ANOVA) e utilizando o post-hoc de Tukey com nível de significância de 5%. Para a avaliação histopatológica foram observadas a presença de lesões microscópicas e estas foram descritas quanto ao grau de intensidade e distribuição. Aos quatro e quatorze dias pós-vacinação com a cepa LS administrada por via ocular, as médias do espessamento da mucosa traqueal (20,85±7,31µm e 26,97±5,50µm, respectivamente) foram significativamente maiores (p<0,05) quando comparada a todas as demais cepas utilizadas, isto se deve às severas lesões histopatológicas encontrados neste grupo, caracterizadas por hiperemia, hiperplasia das glândulas mucosas, deciliação moderada e infiltrado inflamatório linfohistiocitário multifocal moderado. Já aos 21 dias as aves vacinadas com a cepa ST3 apresentaram lesões mais discretas e menor espessamento da mucosa da traqueia (23,23±7,62µm; p<0,05) em comparação às demais cepas estudadas. As lesões encontradas neste grupo foram apenas hemorragia, deciliação e infiltrado inflamatório linfocitário focal discreto. Os resultados da histomorfometria e da histopatologia da traqueia indicou que a vacinação com a rHVT-NDV, cepa Sorotipo 3 induziu menor grau de lesões pós-vacinais na traqueia comparada a outras cepas vacinais analisadas nesse estudo.

Comparison of three different self-expanding metal stents using rabbit models for the treatment of tracheal collapse

Purpose: To identify an optimal self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) and verify whether a mechanically superior SEMS would result in better clinical outcomes in the treatment of tracheal collapse. Methods: We selected three SEMS (n = 8 each), including an S-type stent with a wire diameter of 0.006 inches (S6) and two D-type stents with wire diameters of 0.006 (D6) and 0.007 inches (D7). Twenty-four New Zealand White rabbits were divided into three equal groups. After the stents were deployed, the clinical signs were recorded daily, and radiographic examinations were performed monthly. All rabbits were euthanized after three months. Results: Two rabbits with S6 stents and one rabbit with a D7 stent died within three months because of stent migration or pneumonia. All rabbits with D6 stents survived for three months. On histological examination, the D6 group had the lowest inflammation score. Conclusions: Both clinically and histopathologically, the results with D-type stents with a wire diameter of 0.006 inches were superior to those of the other groups (p = 0.001). The use of an optimal intraluminal stent may improve the long-term clinical outcomes in the treatment of tracheal collapse in dogs.

Extraluminal nitinol prosthesis in the treatment of intrathoracic tracheal collapse in a dog / Uso de prótese extraluminal de nitinol no tratamento de colapso traqueal intratorácico em um cão

A six-month-old male Brazilian Terrier with persistent cough and dyspnea was diagnosed with intrathoracic tracheal collapse and pneumonia after chest radiographics. The medical treatment was performed, and an extraluminal nitinol prosthesis was placed through thoracic access. The dog did not presented recurrence of dyspnea or pneumonia for four years after the surgical procedure. Placement of the extraluminal prosthesis with the thoracic approach effectively stabilized intrathoracic tracheal collapse without causing any structural damage in the thoracic region. Therefore, this is the first report of a successful use of this prosthesis with an intercostal approach in dogs for intrathoracic trachea collapse.

Um cão macho, da raça Terrier Brasileiro de seis meses de idade, com dispnéia e tosse persistente foi diagnosticado com colapso traqueal intratorácico e pneumonia após estudo radiográfico de tórax. Foi instituído tratamento médico e realizada toracotomia para a implantação de prótese traqueal extraluminal de nitinol. O animal não manifestou dispneia ou pneumonia durante os quatro anos posteriores ao procedimento. A implantação da prótese extraluminal através da toracotomia foi eficaz para o tratamento do colapso traqueal intratorácico, sem provocar danos estruturais na região torácica. Desta forma, este é primeiro relato da utilização bem-sucedida deste tipo de prótese, a partir da abordagem intercostal, no tratamento de cães com colapso traqueal intratorácico.

Primary Tracheal Squamous Cells Carcinoma in a Dog

Primary tracheal neoplasms are uncommon and poorly documented in veterinary medicine, being most frequently reported in domestic cats. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant neoplasm that originates from the stratified squamous epithelium, considered one of the most common skin neoplasms in dogs and cats. This paper aims to report the anatomopathological and immunohistochemical findings of a clinical case of primary SCC in the trachea of ​​a female Schnauzer canine, attended at the Veterinary Hospital Luiz Quintiliano de Oliveira of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA ­ UNESP), complaining of choking, coughing and dyspnea for 1 month. The tracheal portion affected by the neoplasm was sent to the Veterinary Pathology department of the FMVA after surgical excision. Fragments of the neoplasm were collected and fixed in 10% formaldehyde for further histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. Microscopically, the neoplasm was well differentiated, being characterized by the presence of keratin pearls, low degree of pleomorphism and rare mitotic figures. In the immunohistochemical analysis, there was immunoexpression of anti-cytokeratin antibodies AE1AE3, 34BE12, CK14 and CK5/6, confirming the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. In about 30% of the cells there was immunostaining for Ki67 antibodies, justifying the low mitotic index of tumor cells and the few images of mitosis seen. Due to the rare occurrence of primary tracheal SCC in dogs, the use of diversified diagnostic techniques is important in order to better understand the biological behavior of this neoplasm in unusual anatomical locations.(AU)

Colapso traqueal em cães: o uso da radiografia compressiva como método diagnóstico

El colapso traqueal es una enfermedad degenerativa y progresiva caracterizada por alteraciones anatómicas e histológicas en la tráquea, siendo considerada una causa común de obstrucción de las vías aéreas superiores en pequeños animales. El diagnóstico se realiza a partir de los antecedentes del animal, pero sólo es definitivo mediante exámenes complementarios, en los que la radiografía es la más utilizada. El presente estudio tenía como objetivo determinar la aparición del colapso traqueal en perros mediante el examen radiográfico con compresión traqueal cervical externa, evaluando el grado de gravedad en animales sintomáticos y asintomáticos, así como determinar las razas, tamaños y edades más afectadas. Para ello, se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en el que se analizaron las historias clínicas y los exámenes de 332 perros a los que se les aplicó el método radiográfico de compresión traqueal en el hospital veterinario de la institución, en el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de enero de 2010 y el 31 de diciembre de 2020. Se recogieron datos relativos a la edad, la raza, el tamaño, el sexo y la presencia de la sintomatología clínica característica, además de comprobar la reducción de la luz traqueal y el correspondiente grado de colapso. Estos datos se tabularon y se analizaron estadísticamente mediante la prueba de Tukey, la prueba de Chi-cuadrado para la independencia y la e

Tracheal collapse is a degenerative and progressive disease characterized by anatomical and histological changes in the trachea, and is considered a common cause of upper airway obstruction in small animals. The diagnosis is made based on the animal's history, but it is only definitive through complementary exams, in which radiography is the most used. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of tracheal collapse in dogs through radiographic examination with external cervical tracheal compression, evaluating the degree of severity in symptomatic and asymptomatic animals, as well as determining the most affected breeds, sizes and ages. For this, a retrospective study was conducted in which clinical records and exams of 332 dogs that underwent radiographic method of tracheal compression in the veterinary hospital of the institution were analyzed in the period from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2020. Data were collected regarding age, breed, size, gender and presence of characteristic clinical symptoms, in addition to verifying the reduction of the tracheal lumen and the corresponding degree of collapse. These data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using Tukey's test, Chi-square test for independence, and descriptive statistics. Through the interpretation of the results, there was a higher number of symptomatic animals, which were related to more severe degrees of tr

O colapso traqueal é uma doença degenerativa e progressiva caracterizada por alterações anatômicas e histológicas na traqueia, sendo considerada uma causa comum de obstrução das vias aéreas superiores em pequenos animais. O diagnóstico é efetuado com base no histórico do animal, mas só é definitivo por meio da realização de exames complementares, em que a radiografia é o mais utilizado. Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar a ocorrência do colapso traqueal em cães por meio do exame radiográfico com compressão traqueal cervical externa, avaliando o grau de severidade em animais sintomáticos e assintomáticos, bem como determinar as raças, portes e idades mais acometidas. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo no qual foram analisadas as fichas clínicas e exames de 332 cães que realizaram o método radiográfico de compressão traqueal no hospital veterinário da instituição de ensino, no período de 1º de janeiro de 2010 à 31 de dezembro de 2020. Coletou-se dados referentes a idade, raça, porte, sexo e presença de sintomatologia clínica característica, além de verificar a redução do lúmen traqueal e o grau de colapso correspondente. Estes dados foram tabulados e analisados estatisticamente por meio do teste de Tukey, teste Qui-quadrado de independência e estatística descritiva. Por meio da interpretação dos resultados, verificou-se uma maior casuística de animais sintomático

New technique for intrathoracic implantation of extraluminal spiral prostheses in the trachea

Background: Extraluminal surgical procedures for intrathoracic tracheal collapse in dogs are not routinely performed. The patients are normally treated with different drugs or by intraluminal stents. However, in more severe cases, drug treatment does not always have good outcomes, and intraluminal prostheses can be correlated to several postoperative problems. In order to obtain better results, we aimed to develop a surgical technique for implantation of a new extraluminal helical prosthesis in the thoracic segment of the trachea through cervical access, associated with pneumatic mediastinoscopy for certification of the technique and minimization of possible complications. Materials, Methods & Results: Seven canine corpses (CCs) from non-traumatic death, weighing between 2 and 7 kg, were used. A ventral cervical approach to the trachea was associated with blunt mediastinal dissection. Trans cervical pneumatic mediastinoscopy was used for evaluation of the dissection and location of the implant. These were compared with the necropsy findings by the exact Wilcoxon two-sample test, with P < 0.05. The results of necropsy and mediastinoscopy did not present significant differences at P < 0.05. During the examinations, the presence of some mediastinal visceral le-sions caused by the prosthesis, the integrity of the mediastinum and possible lesions to RLN and blood vessels (BV) were analyzed. We also investigated the location of the distal part of the prosthesis in the thoracic segment of the trachea and its dissection. To evaluate the technique, statistical comparison was made between mediastinoscopy and necropsy find-ings. The data were compared by the Wilcoxon test at 5% probability. The tracheas of all CCs were efficiently dissected, but in some cases problems that can happen during the procedure were noticed. This was checked by mediastinoscopy and confirmed by necropsy. The median of the scores was...

New technique for intrathoracic implantation of extraluminal spiral prostheses in the trachea

Background: Extraluminal surgical procedures for intrathoracic tracheal collapse in dogs are not routinely performed. The patients are normally treated with different drugs or by intraluminal stents. However, in more severe cases, drug treatment does not always have good outcomes, and intraluminal prostheses can be correlated to several postoperative problems. In order to obtain better results, we aimed to develop a surgical technique for implantation of a new extraluminal helical prosthesis in the thoracic segment of the trachea through cervical access, associated with pneumatic mediastinoscopy for certification of the technique and minimization of possible complications. Materials, Methods & Results: Seven canine corpses (CCs) from non-traumatic death, weighing between 2 and 7 kg, were used. A ventral cervical approach to the trachea was associated with blunt mediastinal dissection. Trans cervical pneumatic mediastinoscopy was used for evaluation of the dissection and location of the implant. These were compared with the necropsy findings by the exact Wilcoxon two-sample test, with P < 0.05. The results of necropsy and mediastinoscopy did not present significant differences at P < 0.05. During the examinations, the presence of some mediastinal visceral le-sions caused by the prosthesis, the integrity of the mediastinum and possible lesions to RLN and blood vessels (BV) were analyzed. We also investigated the location of the distal part of the prosthesis in the thoracic segment of the trachea and its dissection. To evaluate the technique, statistical comparison was made between mediastinoscopy and necropsy find-ings. The data were compared by the Wilcoxon test at 5% probability. The tracheas of all CCs were efficiently dissected, but in some cases problems that can happen during the procedure were noticed. This was checked by mediastinoscopy and confirmed by necropsy. The median of the scores was...(AU)

Avaliação por câmera termográfica de implante de co-poliamida associado a elastômero termoplástico em traqueia de coelho / Evaluation of co-polyamide implant comprising a thermoplastic elastomer in rabbit trachea using thermographic camera / Evaluación con cámara termográfica de un implante de copoliamida asociado a un elastómero termoplástico en la tráquea de un conejo

La termografía es eficaz para detectar la temperatura de la superficie corporal y puede utilizarse como método auxiliar para diagnosticar procesos inflamatorios y para evaluar patrones de cicatrización, lo que permite su amplio uso en Medicina Veterinaria. El procedimiento ha ganado protagonismo por ser una técnica no invasiva, indolora, de bajo costo y segura, ya que elimina la necesidad del uso de contrastes, sedación y radiación. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la eficacia del uso de la termografía en la evaluación de la biocompatibilidad en la reparación del tejido traqueal, así como identificar procesos inflamatorios tras la implantación de la prótesis impresa en nailon con impresión 3D asociada al elastómero termoplástico - PCTPE. Se dividieron quince conejos blancos de Nueva Zelanda (Oryctolagus cuniculus) machos en tres grupos de diferentes períodos de evaluación (siete, 15 y 30 días). Se implantaron prótesis tridimensionales tras la resección completa de tres anillos traqueales. La evaluación de las imágenes termográficas se realizó en el lugar de implantación de la prótesis traqueal justo antes del procedimiento quirúrgico e inmediatamente antes de la eutanasia. Hubo una diferencia significativa entre los grupos, ya los 30 días la temperatura mínima (p = 0,0357), media (p = 0,0135) y máxima (p = 0,0058) fue menor en comparación con los otros grupos...

Thermography is efficient for detecting body surface temperature and can be used as an auxiliary method for the diagnosis of inflammatory processes and in the evaluation of scarring patterns, which allows its wide use in Veterinary Medicine. The procedure has gained prominence, as it is a non-invasive, painless, low-cost and safe technique, since it does not require the use of contrasts, sedation and radiation. The objective of this article is to analyze the efficiency of the use of thermography in the evaluation of biocompatibility in tracheal tissue repair, as well as to identify inflammatory processes after implantation of the 3D printed impression prosthesis of nylon associated with the thermoplastic elastomer - PCTPE. Fifteen male New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were divided into three groups of different evaluation periods (seven, 15 and 30 days). Three-dimensional prostheses were implanted after complete resection of three tracheal rings. The evaluation of the thermographic images was performed at the place of implantation of the tracheal prosthesis just before the surgical procedure and immediately before euthanasia. There was a significant difference between the groups, and at 30 days the minimum (p = 0,0357), average (p = 0,0135) and maximum (p = 0,0058) temperature was lower when compared with the other groups...

A termografia é eficiente para detecção da temperatura da superfície corporal e pode ser utilizada como método auxiliar de diagnóstico de processos inflamatórios e na avaliação de padrões cicatriciais, o que permite sua ampla utilização na Medicina Veterinária. O procedimento tem ganhado destaque, pois trata-se de técnica não invasiva, indolor, de baixo custo e segura, pois dispensa a necessidade do uso de contrastes, sedação e radiação.  O objetivo desse artigo é analisar a eficiência do uso da termografia na avaliação da biocompatibilidade em reparação tecidual traqueal, bem como identificar processos inflamatórios após a implantação da prótese impressa em impressão 3D de náilon associado ao elastômero termoplástico- PCTPE. Quinze coelhos machos, da linhagem Nova Zelândia Branco (Oryctolagus cuniculus), foram distribuídos em três grupos de períodos de avaliação diferentes (sete, 15 e 30 dias). As próteses tridimensionais foram implantadas após ressecção completa de três anéis traqueais. A avaliação das imagens termográficas foi efetuada no local de implantação da prótese traqueal no momento anterior ao procedimento cirúrgico e imediatamente antes da eutanásia. Houve diferença significativa entre os grupos, sendo que aos 30 dias a temperatura mínima (p=0,0357), média (p=0,0135) e máxima (p=0,0058) foi menor quando comparado com os demais grupos...

Avaliação por câmera termográfica de implante de co-poliamida associado a elastômero termoplástico em traqueia de coelho / Evaluation of co-polyamide implant comprising a thermoplastic elastomer in rabbit trachea using thermographic camera / Evaluación con cámara termográfica de un implante de copoliamida asociado a un elastómero termoplástico en la tráquea de un conejo

La termografía es eficaz para detectar la temperatura de la superficie corporal y puede utilizarse como método auxiliar para diagnosticar procesos inflamatorios y para evaluar patrones de cicatrización, lo que permite su amplio uso en Medicina Veterinaria. El procedimiento ha ganado protagonismo por ser una técnica no invasiva, indolora, de bajo costo y segura, ya que elimina la necesidad del uso de contrastes, sedación y radiación. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la eficacia del uso de la termografía en la evaluación de la biocompatibilidad en la reparación del tejido traqueal, así como identificar procesos inflamatorios tras la implantación de la prótesis impresa en nailon con impresión 3D asociada al elastómero termoplástico - PCTPE. Se dividieron quince conejos blancos de Nueva Zelanda (Oryctolagus cuniculus) machos en tres grupos de diferentes períodos de evaluación (siete, 15 y 30 días). Se implantaron prótesis tridimensionales tras la resección completa de tres anillos traqueales. La evaluación de las imágenes termográficas se realizó en el lugar de implantación de la prótesis traqueal justo antes del procedimiento quirúrgico e inmediatamente antes de la eutanasia. Hubo una diferencia significativa entre los grupos, ya los 30 días la temperatura mínima (p = 0,0357), media (p = 0,0135) y máxima (p = 0,0058) fue menor en comparación con los otros grupos...(AU)

Thermography is efficient for detecting body surface temperature and can be used as an auxiliary method for the diagnosis of inflammatory processes and in the evaluation of scarring patterns, which allows its wide use in Veterinary Medicine. The procedure has gained prominence, as it is a non-invasive, painless, low-cost and safe technique, since it does not require the use of contrasts, sedation and radiation. The objective of this article is to analyze the efficiency of the use of thermography in the evaluation of biocompatibility in tracheal tissue repair, as well as to identify inflammatory processes after implantation of the 3D printed impression prosthesis of nylon associated with the thermoplastic elastomer - PCTPE. Fifteen male New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were divided into three groups of different evaluation periods (seven, 15 and 30 days). Three-dimensional prostheses were implanted after complete resection of three tracheal rings. The evaluation of the thermographic images was performed at the place of implantation of the tracheal prosthesis just before the surgical procedure and immediately before euthanasia. There was a significant difference between the groups, and at 30 days the minimum (p = 0,0357), average (p = 0,0135) and maximum (p = 0,0058) temperature was lower when compared with the other groups...(AU)

A termografia é eficiente para detecção da temperatura da superfície corporal e pode ser utilizada como método auxiliar de diagnóstico de processos inflamatórios e na avaliação de padrões cicatriciais, o que permite sua ampla utilização na Medicina Veterinária. O procedimento tem ganhado destaque, pois trata-se de técnica não invasiva, indolor, de baixo custo e segura, pois dispensa a necessidade do uso de contrastes, sedação e radiação.  O objetivo desse artigo é analisar a eficiência do uso da termografia na avaliação da biocompatibilidade em reparação tecidual traqueal, bem como identificar processos inflamatórios após a implantação da prótese impressa em impressão 3D de náilon associado ao elastômero termoplástico- PCTPE. Quinze coelhos machos, da linhagem Nova Zelândia Branco (Oryctolagus cuniculus), foram distribuídos em três grupos de períodos de avaliação diferentes (sete, 15 e 30 dias). As próteses tridimensionais foram implantadas após ressecção completa de três anéis traqueais. A avaliação das imagens termográficas foi efetuada no local de implantação da prótese traqueal no momento anterior ao procedimento cirúrgico e imediatamente antes da eutanásia. Houve diferença significativa entre os grupos, sendo que aos 30 dias a temperatura mínima (p=0,0357), média (p=0,0135) e máxima (p=0,0058) foi menor quando comparado com os demais grupos...(AU)

Estrutura óssea exógena traqueal em um gato / Exogenous tracheal bone structure in a cat

Background: Acute dyspnea is a clinical emergency with a presentation similar to several etiologies. Cats are usually referred with complaints of anorexia, abdominal breathing, cyanosis, and open mouth breathing, and veterinarians should stabilize the animals as soon as possible. The incidence of aspiration of foreign bodies is low, particularly in this species. The diagnosis consists of observing the foreign structure in the lumen of the trachea, commonly performed using radiography or bronchoscopy. This report describes a case of a feline with a tracheal foreign body, with a detailed description of the clinical findings and successful treatment. Case: A 10-year-old female feline exhibited severe dyspnea and cyanosis. During the anamnesis, the owner stated that the clinical signs suddenly presented one day prior, after the animal ingested a piece of fish. Physical examination revealed changes in pulmonary auscultation, which was bilaterally muffled, and intense respiratory distress, as observed by the evident signs of exhaustion (sternal decubitus, reduced muscle tone), in addition to cyanotic mucous membranes. The animal was intubated and maintained under anesthesia with propofol infusion and respiratory support (ambu) for 1 h, during which complementary examinations were performed. Chest radiography showed the presence of a radiopaque structure (approximately 0.5 cm) in the tracheal region. Thus, we decided to remove the structure using bronchoscopy. The foreign body was located above the main bronchial bifurcation and was removed. There was an improvement in oxygenation after 20 min of maintenance of ventilatory support, followed by weaning of the animal's successful respiratory support. Antibiotic therapy and analgesia were prescribed at home, and the animal exhibited full recovery after 10 days. Discussion: Dyspnea is a clinical sign that should be treated as an emergency, as it is associated with high mortality. In these cases, positive pressure ventilation is indicated in three situations: persistent hypoventilation, severe hypoxemia unresponsive to oxygen therapy, and excessive respiratory effort or fatigue. Dyspnea may be due to impairment of the upper or lower airway or restrictive conditions. Clinically, felines with tracheal foreign bodies have a sudden onset of dyspnea, tachypnea, cough, and lethargy. In these patients, the reduction in lung sounds is a common finding, as observed in the present case. The occurrence of tracheal foreign bodies in cats is rare and, depending on the type of foreign body and its location in the airway, complete obstruction of the respiratory tract may occur. In the present case, it was possible to observe the foreign body in the trachea on radiographic images. Felines with tracheal foreign bodies generally present a structure located close to the carina, as observed in the present case. Bronchoscopy using a flexible or rigid tube is considered the gold-standard technique for removing foreign bodies from the respiratory tract, and the greatest difficulty during the removal procedure is ensuring that the airways are not obstructed by the instruments used. The use of these materials is not free of complications, as they may be responsible for the development of pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, dyspnea, and respiratory failure. In the present case, there were no complications during or after the procedure, and the patient recovered completely.(AU)

Radiographic evaluation of tracheal collapse in dogs by compressive technique / Avaliação radiográfica do colapso de traqueia em cães pela técnica compressiva

The purpose of this study was to verify the applicability of the compressive radiographic technique (pressures of 5, 10, 15 and 20mmHg) in the diagnosis of tracheal collapse in small breed dogs, in lateral cervicothoracic radiography. Out of the 50 dogs evaluated, 25 presented tracheal collapse (TG group), 23 did not present tracheal collapse (CG) and two were excluded because they did not tolerate a pressure of 20 mmHg. The TG group presented a smaller internal diameter of the trachea in the region of the fourth cervical vertebra (D4) and at the entrance of the thorax (TDE) compared to the CG group, in all the radiographic projections performed, as well as within the TG group where the compressive technique differed from conventional. Furthermore, there was a correlation between the clinical sign of coughing during cervical collar use and the presence of radiographic tracheal collapse at a pressure of 20 mmHg. It was concluded that the compressive radiographic technique was feasible and efficient in confirming the diagnosis of tracheal collapse in dogs, especially in the pressure of 20 mmHg, where it was associated with clinical signs, and can be used in isolation or complementary to the conventional technique.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a aplicabilidade da técnica radiográfica compressiva no diagnóstico do colapso de traqueia em cães de raças pequenas, por meio da comparação do diâmetro da traqueia durante a radiografia cervicotorácica lateral convencional e sobre influência da compressão externa com pressões de 5, 10, 15 e 20mmHg (técnica compressiva). Dos 50 cães avaliados, 25 apresentaram colapso de traqueia (grupo TG), 23 não apresentaram o colabamento traqueal (grupo controle - CG) e dois foram excluídos por não tolerarem a pressão de 20mmHg. Os diâmetros internos da traqueia na região da quarta vértebra cervical (D4) e na entrada do tórax (DET) foram menores no grupo TG em relação ao CG, em todas as projeções radiográficas realizadas, bem como dentro do grupo TG, no qual a técnica compressiva diferiu da convencional. Houve correlação entre o sinal clínico de tosse durante o uso de coleira cervical e a presença do colapso de traqueia radiográfico, na pressão de 20mmHg. Concluiu-se que a técnica radiográfica compressiva foi exequível e eficiente na confirmação do diagnóstico do colapso de traqueia em cães, especialmente na pressão de 20mmHg, em que houve associação com sinais clínicos, podendo ser utilizada de forma isolada ou complementar à técnica convencional.(AU)

Radiographic evaluation of tracheal collapse in dogs by compressive technique / Avaliação radiográfica do colapso de traqueia em cães pela técnica compressiva

The purpose of this study was to verify the applicability of the compressive radiographic technique (pressures of 5, 10, 15 and 20mmHg) in the diagnosis of tracheal collapse in small breed dogs, in lateral cervicothoracic radiography. Out of the 50 dogs evaluated, 25 presented tracheal collapse (TG group), 23 did not present tracheal collapse (CG) and two were excluded because they did not tolerate a pressure of 20 mmHg. The TG group presented a smaller internal diameter of the trachea in the region of the fourth cervical vertebra (D4) and at the entrance of the thorax (TDE) compared to the CG group, in all the radiographic projections performed, as well as within the TG group where the compressive technique differed from conventional. Furthermore, there was a correlation between the clinical sign of coughing during cervical collar use and the presence of radiographic tracheal collapse at a pressure of 20 mmHg. It was concluded that the compressive radiographic technique was feasible and efficient in confirming the diagnosis of tracheal collapse in dogs, especially in the pressure of 20 mmHg, where it was associated with clinical signs, and can be used in isolation or complementary to the conventional technique.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a aplicabilidade da técnica radiográfica compressiva no diagnóstico do colapso de traqueia em cães de raças pequenas, por meio da comparação do diâmetro da traqueia durante a radiografia cervicotorácica lateral convencional e sobre influência da compressão externa com pressões de 5, 10, 15 e 20mmHg (técnica compressiva). Dos 50 cães avaliados, 25 apresentaram colapso de traqueia (grupo TG), 23 não apresentaram o colabamento traqueal (grupo controle - CG) e dois foram excluídos por não tolerarem a pressão de 20mmHg. Os diâmetros internos da traqueia na região da quarta vértebra cervical (D4) e na entrada do tórax (DET) foram menores no grupo TG em relação ao CG, em todas as projeções radiográficas realizadas, bem como dentro do grupo TG, no qual a técnica compressiva diferiu da convencional. Houve correlação entre o sinal clínico de tosse durante o uso de coleira cervical e a presença do colapso de traqueia radiográfico, na pressão de 20mmHg. Concluiu-se que a técnica radiográfica compressiva foi exequível e eficiente na confirmação do diagnóstico do colapso de traqueia em cães, especialmente na pressão de 20mmHg, em que houve associação com sinais clínicos, podendo ser utilizada de forma isolada ou complementar à técnica convencional.(AU)

Adenocarcinoma traqueal em um gato / Tracheal adenocarcinoma in a cat

Background: Primary tracheal adenocarcinoma is a rare neoplasm in cats. The clinical signs often are indicative of upper airway obstruction accompanied with dyspnea, stridor, wheezing, exercise intolerance, and cough. The severity of the clinical signs is related to the size of the mass and consequently, the proportion of the tracheal lumen that is obstructed. The diagnosis is made using thoracic radiography and tracheobronchoscopy by collecting fragments for histopathological analysis and removing the mass. The present study aimed to report the case of a cat with tracheal adenocarcinoma. Case: A 17-year-old Persian female cat presented with clinical signs of dyspnea and progressive weight loss. Emergency therapy was started with bronchodilators, antibiotics, and corticosteroids, but there was no response to treatment. Complementary blood and imaging tests were performed. Thoracic radiography revealed soft tissue opacity overlying the dorsal trachea from the third to the fourth rib, bronchial pattern, and pulmonary hyperinflation. Tracheoscopy showed an irregular intraluminal thoracic trachea mass, occluded by approximately 95% of the airway lumen. The mass was biopsied multiple times with endoscopic cup biopsy forceps, followed by removal of approximately 50% of the mass lesion with an endoscopic wire snare. The patient was in intensive care, and since her clinical condition worsened 48 h after the endoscopic procedure, euthanasia was performed. Necropsy revealed a remanescent mass located in the trachea lumen 8 x 3 mm and a nodule in the right caudal pulmonary lobe with 8 mm of diameter . Histological examination showed epitelian cuboidal neoplastic cells with acinar patterns. Only a few mitosis and moderate anysocitosis were observed. The final diagnosis was primary tracheal adenocarcinoma with pulmonary metastasis...

Adenocarcinoma traqueal em um gato / Tracheal adenocarcinoma in a cat

Background: Primary tracheal adenocarcinoma is a rare neoplasm in cats. The clinical signs often are indicative of upper airway obstruction accompanied with dyspnea, stridor, wheezing, exercise intolerance, and cough. The severity of the clinical signs is related to the size of the mass and consequently, the proportion of the tracheal lumen that is obstructed. The diagnosis is made using thoracic radiography and tracheobronchoscopy by collecting fragments for histopathological analysis and removing the mass. The present study aimed to report the case of a cat with tracheal adenocarcinoma. Case: A 17-year-old Persian female cat presented with clinical signs of dyspnea and progressive weight loss. Emergency therapy was started with bronchodilators, antibiotics, and corticosteroids, but there was no response to treatment. Complementary blood and imaging tests were performed. Thoracic radiography revealed soft tissue opacity overlying the dorsal trachea from the third to the fourth rib, bronchial pattern, and pulmonary hyperinflation. Tracheoscopy showed an irregular intraluminal thoracic trachea mass, occluded by approximately 95% of the airway lumen. The mass was biopsied multiple times with endoscopic cup biopsy forceps, followed by removal of approximately 50% of the mass lesion with an endoscopic wire snare. The patient was in intensive care, and since her clinical condition worsened 48 h after the endoscopic procedure, euthanasia was performed. Necropsy revealed a remanescent mass located in the trachea lumen 8 x 3 mm and a nodule in the right caudal pulmonary lobe with 8 mm of diameter . Histological examination showed epitelian cuboidal neoplastic cells with acinar patterns. Only a few mitosis and moderate anysocitosis were observed. The final diagnosis was primary tracheal adenocarcinoma with pulmonary metastasis...(AU)

Tracheal stenosis in a Holstein cow / Estenose de traqueia em uma vaca Holandesa

Tracheal stenosis, also known as Honker syndrome, is characterized by tracheal edema and hemorrhage, leading to partial obstruction of the lumen; therefore, death. Its etiology is not yet well elucidated. A 3-year-old Holstein cow, with a history of dyspnea, and a large amount of reddish foam flowing from the mouth and nose, had died after 10 minutes of clinical signs. Macroscopic examination revealed focally extensive hemorrhage and clot organization in tracheal mucosa extending to the submucosa, surrounded by well-differentiated fibrous connective tissue. In adjacent mucosa was observed moderate multifocal inflammatory infiltrate composed by lymphocytes and plasma cells, as well as moderate squamous cell metaplasia. The bacterial culture showed growth of contaminant and environmental bacteria and the RT-PCR to detect Herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and 5 (BoHV-5) was negative. To the authors knowledge, this is the first report of tracheal stenosis in South America, as well as the first report of this condition described in a Holstein cow.(AU)

A estenose traqueal, também conhecida como síndrome de Honker, caracteriza-se pela formação edema e hemorragia na traqueia, causando obstrução parcial do lúmen e consequentemente morte dos animais. Sua etiologia ainda não está bem esclarecida. Descreve-se um caso de um bovino, fêmea de aptidão leiteira, três anos de idade com manifestação clínica de dispneia, e secreção de grande quantidade de espuma avermelhada pela boca e narina, e óbito após 10 minutos de evolução do quadro. No exame macroscópico, observou-se em traqueia área focalmente extensa de coágulo circundado por tecido conjuntivo na região dorsal, em áreas adjacentes havia espessamento da mucosa causado por edema e tecido conjuntivo. No exame microscópico observou-se em traqueia, hemorragia e coágulo em organização na submucosa estendendo-se para a mucosa, circundada por tecido conjuntivo fibroso bem diferenciado. Em mucosa adjacente, observou-se infiltrado inflamatório multifocal, moderado de linfócitos e plasmócitos e metaplasia escamosa do epitélio respiratório, multifocal moderada. Verificou-se no cultivo bacteriano que houve crescimento misto abundante somente de bactérias contaminantes e bactérias ambientais. Além disso, a técnica de RT-PCR para detecção Herpesvírus tipo 1 (BoHV-1) e 5 (BoHV-5) resultou negativa. Este foi o primeiro relato ao conhecimento dos autores, de estenose traqueal na América do Sul, bem como o primeiro descrito em bovino de aptidão leiteira.(AU)

Extranodal B cell lymphoma in the trachea of a domestic cat

Background: Primary tracheal tumors are considered uncommon in veterinary medicine and among them extranodal tracheal lymphoma, which is a neoplastic type, has rarely been described, especially with the use of immunophenotyping. Consequently, there is a lack of knowledge inherent to the characteristics of this tumor type in felines and as a result little information on how to deal with animals affected by this disease. Therefore, there is a need for more studies focusing on this matter. The objective of this work is to report a case of extranodal B cell lymphoma in the trachea of a domestic cat and point out the clinical and pathological characteristics of this neoplastic type. Case: A 5-year-old domestic cat, of an oriental breed, was taken to a veterinary clinic exclusively for cats in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The main complaint was difficulty in breathing and loss of appetite and historical data included intolerance to exercise. A clinical examination confirmed inspiratory dyspnea and upper respiratory sounds. Hematological and serum biochemical exams did not evidence any noteworthy changes and the cat was considered negative for feline viral leukemia and feline immunodeficiency viruses through serological and molecular testing. However, in the radiographic examination of the thoracic cervical region, an opacity was observed that occluded part of the tracheal lumen and this was suggestive of a mass in the initial third of the trachea, measuring 0.5 cm in diameter. The animal was stabilized and then 24 h after admission underwent inspection of the oral cavity and a biopsy of the tracheal mass was performed. Cytology of the specimen was suggestive of lymphoma. The treatment of choice was: lomustine with a single, oral dose of 10 mg; vincristine sulfate with a single intravenous dose of 0.75 mg/m²; and methylprednisolone acetate with a single...(AU)

Extranodal B cell lymphoma in the trachea of a domestic cat

Background: Primary tracheal tumors are considered uncommon in veterinary medicine and among them extranodal tracheal lymphoma, which is a neoplastic type, has rarely been described, especially with the use of immunophenotyping. Consequently, there is a lack of knowledge inherent to the characteristics of this tumor type in felines and as a result little information on how to deal with animals affected by this disease. Therefore, there is a need for more studies focusing on this matter. The objective of this work is to report a case of extranodal B cell lymphoma in the trachea of a domestic cat and point out the clinical and pathological characteristics of this neoplastic type. Case: A 5-year-old domestic cat, of an oriental breed, was taken to a veterinary clinic exclusively for cats in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The main complaint was difficulty in breathing and loss of appetite and historical data included intolerance to exercise. A clinical examination confirmed inspiratory dyspnea and upper respiratory sounds. Hematological and serum biochemical exams did not evidence any noteworthy changes and the cat was considered negative for feline viral leukemia and feline immunodeficiency viruses through serological and molecular testing. However, in the radiographic examination of the thoracic cervical region, an opacity was observed that occluded part of the tracheal lumen and this was suggestive of a mass in the initial third of the trachea, measuring 0.5 cm in diameter. The animal was stabilized and then 24 h after admission underwent inspection of the oral cavity and a biopsy of the tracheal mass was performed. Cytology of the specimen was suggestive of lymphoma. The treatment of choice was: lomustine with a single, oral dose of 10 mg; vincristine sulfate with a single intravenous dose of 0.75 mg/m²; and methylprednisolone acetate with a single...

Computed tomographic and radiologic anatomy of the lower respiratory tract in the red-foot tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria) / Anatomia radiológica e por tomografia computadorizada do trato respiratório inferior no jabuti-piranga (Chelonoidis carbonaria)

The diagnosis of several diseases in chelonians is a challenge in the veterinary clinic, because a detailed physical examination with auscultation and palpation is difficult due the presence of carapace and plastron. Imaging analysis such as radiography and computed tomography (CT) have been shown to be beneficial for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment in numerous animal species. Thus, this study aimed to identify and describe the structures of the lower respiratory tract in red-foot tortoises, by computed tomography, radiography and gross anatomy in twelve red-foot tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria), adults and of both sexes. The lower respiratory tract in these animals comprised the larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs. The presence of epiglottic cartilage was not observed in the animals studied. CT allowed the observation of the intrapulmonary part of the bronchi, which was accompanied by large intrapulmonary blood vessels. The lungs presented a reticulated parenchyma, without lobulations. Each lung had a small chamber located near the cranial and caudal poles. These structures were identified in CT and 3D CT reconstructions and these could suggest that these chambers could be non-respiratory structures, and could be comparable to the air sacs of birds. This study establishes normal CT anatomy of the lower respiratory tract of the red-foot tortoise; and may be used as a reference in the assessment of respiratory disorders in this tortoise.(AU)

O diagnóstico de diversas afecções em quelônios é um desafio para a clínica veterinária, já que um exame físico detalhado com auscultação e palpação é difícil devido à presença da carapaça e do plastrão. A radiografia e a tomografia computadorizada (TC) tem se mostrado benéficas para o diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento em muitas espécies animais. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivo identificar e descrever as estruturas do trato respiratório inferior no jabuti-piranga por meio da tomografia computadorizada, radiografia e anatomia em 12 jabutis-piranga (Chelonoidis carbonara), adultos e de ambos os sexos. Nos animais estudados, o trato respiratório inferior consistiu da laringe, traqueia, brônquios e os pulmões. A cartilagem epiglote não foi observada. A TC permitiu a observação da parte intrapulmonar dos brônquios, a qual estava acompanhada dos vasos sanguíneos intrapulmonares. Os pulmões possuíam um parênquima reticulado, sem lobações. Cada pulmão tinha uma pequena câmara localizada junto aos pólos cranial e caudal. Estas estruturas foram identificadas na TC e na reconstrução 3D a partir da TC e poderiam ser estruturas não-respiratórias, podendo ser comparadas aos sacos aéreos das aves. Este estudo identificou a anatomia normal por meio da TC do trato respiratório inferior do jabuti-piranga, o que pode ser usado como referência para diagnóstico de desordens respiratórias nesta espécie.(AU)

Computed tomographic and radiologic anatomy of the lower respiratory tract in the red-foot tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria) / Anatomia radiológica e por tomografia computadorizada do trato respiratório inferior no jabuti-piranga (Chelonoidis carbonaria)

The diagnosis of several diseases in chelonians is a challenge in the veterinary clinic, because a detailed physical examination with auscultation and palpation is difficult due the presence of carapace and plastron. Imaging analysis such as radiography and computed tomography (CT) have been shown to be beneficial for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment in numerous animal species. Thus, this study aimed to identify and describe the structures of the lower respiratory tract in red-foot tortoises, by computed tomography, radiography and gross anatomy in twelve red-foot tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria), adults and of both sexes. The lower respiratory tract in these animals comprised the larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs. The presence of epiglottic cartilage was not observed in the animals studied. CT allowed the observation of the intrapulmonary part of the bronchi, which was accompanied by large intrapulmonary blood vessels. The lungs presented a reticulated parenchyma, without lobulations. Each lung had a small chamber located near the cranial and caudal poles. These structures were identified in CT and 3D CT reconstructions and these could suggest that these chambers could be non-respiratory structures, and could be comparable to the air sacs of birds. This study establishes normal CT anatomy of the lower respiratory tract of the red-foot tortoise; and may be used as a reference in the assessment of respiratory disorders in this tortoise.(AU)

O diagnóstico de diversas afecções em quelônios é um desafio para a clínica veterinária, já que um exame físico detalhado com auscultação e palpação é difícil devido à presença da carapaça e do plastrão. A radiografia e a tomografia computadorizada (TC) tem se mostrado benéficas para o diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento em muitas espécies animais. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivo identificar e descrever as estruturas do trato respiratório inferior no jabuti-piranga por meio da tomografia computadorizada, radiografia e anatomia em 12 jabutis-piranga (Chelonoidis carbonara), adultos e de ambos os sexos. Nos animais estudados, o trato respiratório inferior consistiu da laringe, traqueia, brônquios e os pulmões. A cartilagem epiglote não foi observada. A TC permitiu a observação da parte intrapulmonar dos brônquios, a qual estava acompanhada dos vasos sanguíneos intrapulmonares. Os pulmões possuíam um parênquima reticulado, sem lobações. Cada pulmão tinha uma pequena câmara localizada junto aos pólos cranial e caudal. Estas estruturas foram identificadas na TC e na reconstrução 3D a partir da TC e poderiam ser estruturas não-respiratórias, podendo ser comparadas aos sacos aéreos das aves. Este estudo identificou a anatomia normal por meio da TC do trato respiratório inferior do jabuti-piranga, o que pode ser usado como referência para diagnóstico de desordens respiratórias nesta espécie.(AU)