Can mulch be effective in controlling exotic grasses and promoting natural regeneration in ecological restoration?

Mulching use in agriculture has been known since 1802 as the practice of spreading dry leaves and straw on the soil to prevent erosion and water loss. Our study evaluated the mulch effectiveness in the establishment of regenerating seedlings and its contribution to the control of exotic grasses. The studies were carried out in an ecological restoration area in the municipality of Itapira-SP. The treatment with mulching consisted in chemical desiccation with glyphosate herbicide application, keeping the dry grass on the ground. In the control treatment, after chemical weeding, the grass was removed with manual mowing, exposing the soil. Eight months after implantation, we sampled all regenerating seedlings in 100 plots of 50 x 50 cm in each treatment. We considered as seedlings all individuals of tree species less than 100 cm tall. We calculated richness, abundance, similarity, and the relationship of the frequency of seedlings to the height of the mulch. We sampled eight species with 42 seedlings, with only one not identified. The highest abundance and species richness were found in the treatment with mulch (n = 34 individuals; eight species), the most abundant being Schinus terebinthifoliaRaddi (14 individuals) followed by Solanum mauritianumScop. (11 individuals), and Platypodium elegansVog. (three individuals). The presence of exoticgrasses was lower in the plots of the mulching (13%) compared to the control treatment (67%). The highest frequency of seedlings was obtained with mulch height from 21 to 37 cm. We suggest that adaptive management practices, such as the use of the mulching technique, can be implemented in ecological restoration areas, because they favor the natural regeneration of native seedlings and can contribute to the control of exotic grasses, but the height of the layer must be controlled.(AU)

Linear and spatial variability of eucalyptus dendrometric attributes correlated with the properties of a Typic Haplustox soil (Oxisol) in the Brazilian savannah / Variabilidade linear e espacial dos atributos dendométricos do eucalipto correlacionados com atributos de um latossolo no cerrado brasileiro

Effects of soil attributes using the geostatistical tool improves the interpretation of specific soil management. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the physical, chemical, and microbiological properties of a Typical Haplustox (Oxisol), identifying those with the best linear and spatial correlation with eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) vegetative growth. The experiment was conducted at the Teaching, Research, and Extension Farm (FEPE) of the Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus of Ilha Solteira. Thirty-five points spaced 13 meters apart were demarcated for analysis, which were distributed in 5 rows of 7 points each. From each point, 2 soil samples were collected from the 0-10 cm depth layer. The physical, chemical, and microbiological soil properties evaluated were: sand, silt, and clay contents; penetration resistance (PR), gravimetric moisture (GM), real density (RD), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), respirometry (CO2-C), metabolic quotient (qCO2), organic matter content (OM), and hydrogenionic potential (pH). The eucalyptus attributes assessed were: plant height (PH) and circumference at breast height (CBH). Each attribute was analyzed by descriptive statistics using the SAS software. Data frequency distribution was verified by the Shapiro Wilk method, and geospatial changes were analyzed by the GS+ software. The soil property that best explained the variability in eucalyptus dendrometric attributes was real density (RD). Except for RD, all properties did not show spatial dependence (i.e., pure nugget effect), which significantly represents eucalyptus vegetative performance.(AU)

Efeitos dos atributos do solo utilizando a ferramenta geoestatística melhora a interpretação do manejo específico do solo. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as propriedades físicas, químicas e microbiológicas de um Latossolo Vermelho Típico, identificando aqueles com melhor correlação linear e espacial com o crescimento vegetativo do eucalipto (Eucalyptus spp). O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão (FEPE) da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Ilha Solteira. Foram demarcados para análise 35 pontos espaçados de 13 metros entre si, os quais foram distribuídos em 5 fileiras de 7 pontos cada. De cada ponto, 2 amostras de solo foram coletadas da camada de 0-10 cm de profundidade. As propriedades físicas, químicas e microbiológicas do solo avaliadas foram: teores de areia, silte e argila; resistência à penetração (PR), umidade gravimétrica (GM), densidade real (RD), carbono da biomassa microbiana (MBC), respirometria (CO2-C), quociente metabólico (qCO2), conteúdo de matéria orgânica (OM) e potencial hidrogeniônico (pH). Os atributos do eucalipto avaliados foram: altura da planta (AP) e circunferência à altura do peito (CAP). Cada atributo foi analisado por estatística descritiva usando o software SAS. A distribuição da frequência dos dados foi verificada pelo método Shapiro Wilk, e as mudanças geoespaciais foram analisadas pelo software GS +. A propriedade do solo que melhor explicou a variabilidade nos atributos dendrométricos do eucalipto foi a densidade real (RD). Exceto para RD, todas as propriedades não apresentaram dependência espacial (ou seja, efeito pepita pura), o que representa significativamente o desempenho vegetativo do eucalipto.(AU)

Effects of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) and rooting media on rooting and survival of air layered wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) CV Jambu Madu / Efeitos do Ácido Indol-3-Butírico (AIB) e meio de enraizamento no enraizamento e sobrevivência de maçã de cera em camada de ar (Syzygium samarangense) CV Jambu Madu

The wax apple or jambu madu, is a non-climacteric tropical fruit from Myrtaceae family and widely cultivated in South East Asia. The limited availability of good quality seedlings of wax apple is the main problem to development of flourish it's market share in the current fruit industry. Therefore, in order to produce good quality planting materials, a study aimed at optimizing propagation and adventitious rooting technique and survivability of wax apple air layer was conducted. In this study, four different levels of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) concentration (0, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg L-1) and three rooting media (sphagnum moss, vermicompost and garden soil) were applied after removal of bark (phloem) on the shoot to determine the effect on rooting and survivability of the wax apple air layer under field conditions. The results showed that the wax apple shoots treated with 2000 mg L-1 IBA produced the significantly higher number of roots, increased length of root, diameter of branch, length of branch, number of leaf and leaf area of air layers. In addition, the highest chlorophyll content and stomatal aperture were recorded in 2000 mg L-1 IBA treatment compared to other treatments including control. Vermicompost medium was better than garden soil and sphagnum moss in respect of rooting and survivability of air layers. The results showed that the combination of 2000 mg L-1 IBA and vermicompost as rooting media give the best combination to root initiation, root number, root length and survival rate (100%) of wax apple air layers. From this study, it can be concluded that 2000 mg L-1 IBA and vermicompost treatment enhance the root initiation, early establishment and survivability of wax apple air layered under field conditions.

A maçã de cera, ou jambu madu, é uma fruta tropical não climatérica da família Myrtaceae e amplamente cultivada no Sudeste Asiático. A disponibilidade limitada de mudas de macieira de boa qualidade é o principal problema para o desenvolvimento de sua participação de mercado na fruticultura atual. Portanto, com o objetivo de produzir materiais de plantio de boa qualidade, foi realizado um estudo visando otimizar a técnica de propagação e enraizamento adventício e a sobrevivência da camada aérea da cera de macieira. Neste estudo, quatro diferentes níveis de concentração de ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) (0, 1000, 1500 e 2000 mg L-1) e três meios de enraizamento (musgo esfagno, vermicomposto e solo de jardim) foram aplicados após a remoção da casca (floema) na parte aérea para determinar o efeito no enraizamento e capacidade de sobrevivência da camada de ar da macieira em condições de campo. Os resultados mostraram que os brotos de macieira tratados com 2000 mg L-1 de AIB produziram significativamente maior número de raízes, maior comprimento de raiz, diâmetro de galho, comprimento de galho, número de folhas e área foliar das camadas aéreas. Além disso, o maior teor de clorofila e abertura estomática foram registrados no tratamento 2000 mg L-1 IBA em comparação com outros tratamentos, incluindo o controle. O meio de vermicomposto foi melhor do que o solo de jardim e o musgo esfagno em relação ao enraizamento e capacidade de sobrevivência das camadas aéreas. Os resultados mostraram que a combinação de 2000 mg L-1 de AIB e vermicomposto como meio de enraizamento proporciona a melhor combinação para iniciação radicular, número de raízes, comprimento radicular e taxa de sobrevivência (100%) das camadas aéreas de macieira. A partir deste estudo, pode-se concluir que 2.000 mg L-1 de AIB e tratamento com vermicomposto melhoram a iniciação radicular, o estabelecimento precoce e a capacidade de sobrevivência de macieiras em camadas de ar em condições de campo.

A new species of aphid of the genus Nipponaphis (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Hormaphidinae) from China, inducing galls on the trunk of a witch-hazel (Hamamelidaceae)

Plants and insects have co-existed for millions of years. Although research has been conducted on various insect species that induce galls on various plant tissues, information is particularly scarce when it comes to insects that form galls on the tough trunk of their host plants. This contribution describes the gall-inducing aphid Nipponaphis hubeiensis sp. nov. from the Zhushan County, Shiyan City, Hubei Province of China. This aphid induces enclosed galls with woody external layer on the trunk of Sycopsis sinensis (Saxifragales: Hamamelidaceae), an uncommon ecological niche in the aphid-plant interaction system. Morphological features for the identification of new species are provided. In addition, a partial sequence of the nuclear gene EF1α was amplified and sequenced to construct a cluster graph. Based on the clustering graph combined with morphology traits, the gall-forming aphid was classified into Nipponaphis. The unique ecological habits of this new aphid will bring innovative perspectives to the study of the evolution and diversity in aphid-host interaction.(AU)

A new species of aphid of the genus Nipponaphis (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Hormaphidinae) from China, inducing galls on the trunk of a witch-hazel (Hamamelidaceae)

Plants and insects have co-existed for millions of years. Although research has been conducted on various insect species that induce galls on various plant tissues, information is particularly scarce when it comes to insects that form galls on the tough trunk of their host plants. This contribution describes the gall-inducing aphid Nipponaphis hubeiensis sp. nov. from the Zhushan County, Shiyan City, Hubei Province of China. This aphid induces enclosed galls with woody external layer on the trunk of Sycopsis sinensis (Saxifragales: Hamamelidaceae), an uncommon ecological niche in the aphid-plant interaction system. Morphological features for the identification of new species are provided. In addition, a partial sequence of the nuclear gene EF1α was amplified and sequenced to construct a cluster graph. Based on the clustering graph combined with morphology traits, the gall-forming aphid was classified into Nipponaphis. The unique ecological habits of this new aphid will bring innovative perspectives to the study of the evolution and diversity in aphid-host interaction.(AU)

Umidade e água disponível no solo em monocultivo de pastagem e sistema silvipastoril com fileiras duplas de eucalipto / Moisture and water available in soil in forage grass monoculture and silvipastoral system with doubles rows of eucalyptus

A expansão de sistema silvipastoril poderia ser realizada por meio da reforma do sistema monocultivo de pastagem em solo com a camada superficial arenosa, mas os agropecuaristas receiam que possa haver competição pela água no solo entre a pastagem e o eucalipto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a umidade e a água disponível em sistema silvipastoril e monocultivo de pastagem em diferentes estações do ano, distância dos troncos de eucaliptos ou dos terraços a 1 m de profundidade em um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico. A reforma de pastagem foi realizada em 12 ha com o cultivo de mandioca (2008-2010), tendo sido as mudas de eucalipto plantadas simultaneamente ao plantio das manivas de mandioca em agosto de 2008. Avaliaram-se dois sistemas entre terraços espaçados em 20 m: a) sistema de monocultivo de pastagem grama-estrela roxa (Cynodon nlemfuensis) e b) sistema silvipastoril (2x3)+20 com grama-estrela roxa e eucalipto (Eucalyptus grandis). A umidade gravimétrica no solo () foi determinada nas quatro estações do ano para eucaliptos com 2 a 3 anos de idade, entre julho/2010 a março/2011. Utilizaram-se as seguintes posições de amostragem: 2,5, 5 e 10 m do tronco do eucalipto a jusante dos terraços. Amostras deformadas de solo foram coletadas a 0-0,2 m (horizonte A areia-franca), 0,2-0,4 (horizonte Bw1 franco-arenosa), e 0,4-0,6, 0,6-0,8 e 0,8-1,0 m (horizonte Bw2...

The expansion of silvopastoral system could be achieved through reform of forage grass monoculture system in soil with a sandy surface layer, but ranchers are concerned that there may be competition for soil water between the pasture and eucalyptus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the moisture and water available in silvopastoral system and forage grass monoculture in different seasons, distance of eucalyptus trunks or terraces at 1 m depth in a Hapludox soil. Reclamation forage grass monoculture was held with cassava (2008-2010), being the eucalyptus seedlings planted simultaneously to the planting of cassava in August 2008. Two systems of terraces spaced 20 m were evaluated: a) forage grass monoculture stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) system and b) silvopastoral system (2x3) +20 with stargrass forage and eucalypt tree (Eucalyptus grandis). Gravimetric moisture in the soil () was determined in four seasons for eucalyptus tree had 2-3-year-old, from July/2010 to March/2011. Use the following sampling positions: 2.5, 5 and 10 m away from the stem of eucalyptus trees downstream of the terraces. Disturbed soil samples were collected at 0-0.2 m (A horizon sandy texture), 0.2-0.4 (Bw1 sandy loam texture), and 0.4-0.6, 0.6-0.8 and 0.8-1.0 m (Bw2 sandy clay cloam). Field capacity and permanent wilting point waters contents was determined. The silvopastoral system...

Umidade e água disponível no solo em monocultivo de pastagem e sistema silvipastoril com fileiras duplas de eucalipto / Moisture and water available in soil in forage grass monoculture and silvipastoral system with doubles rows of eucalyptus

A expansão de sistema silvipastoril poderia ser realizada por meio da reforma do sistema monocultivo de pastagem em solo com a camada superficial arenosa, mas os agropecuaristas receiam que possa haver competição pela água no solo entre a pastagem e o eucalipto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a umidade e a água disponível em sistema silvipastoril e monocultivo de pastagem em diferentes estações do ano, distância dos troncos de eucaliptos ou dos terraços a 1 m de profundidade em um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico. A reforma de pastagem foi realizada em 12 ha com o cultivo de mandioca (2008-2010), tendo sido as mudas de eucalipto plantadas simultaneamente ao plantio das manivas de mandioca em agosto de 2008. Avaliaram-se dois sistemas entre terraços espaçados em 20 m: a) sistema de monocultivo de pastagem grama-estrela roxa (Cynodon nlemfuensis) e b) sistema silvipastoril (2x3)+20 com grama-estrela roxa e eucalipto (Eucalyptus grandis). A umidade gravimétrica no solo () foi determinada nas quatro estações do ano para eucaliptos com 2 a 3 anos de idade, entre julho/2010 a março/2011. Utilizaram-se as seguintes posições de amostragem: 2,5, 5 e 10 m do tronco do eucalipto a jusante dos terraços. Amostras deformadas de solo foram coletadas a 0-0,2 m (horizonte A areia-franca), 0,2-0,4 (horizonte Bw1 franco-arenosa), e 0,4-0,6, 0,6-0,8 e 0,8-1,0 m (horizonte Bw2...(AU)

The expansion of silvopastoral system could be achieved through reform of forage grass monoculture system in soil with a sandy surface layer, but ranchers are concerned that there may be competition for soil water between the pasture and eucalyptus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the moisture and water available in silvopastoral system and forage grass monoculture in different seasons, distance of eucalyptus trunks or terraces at 1 m depth in a Hapludox soil. Reclamation forage grass monoculture was held with cassava (2008-2010), being the eucalyptus seedlings planted simultaneously to the planting of cassava in August 2008. Two systems of terraces spaced 20 m were evaluated: a) forage grass monoculture stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) system and b) silvopastoral system (2x3) +20 with stargrass forage and eucalypt tree (Eucalyptus grandis). Gravimetric moisture in the soil () was determined in four seasons for eucalyptus tree had 2-3-year-old, from July/2010 to March/2011. Use the following sampling positions: 2.5, 5 and 10 m away from the stem of eucalyptus trees downstream of the terraces. Disturbed soil samples were collected at 0-0.2 m (A horizon sandy texture), 0.2-0.4 (Bw1 sandy loam texture), and 0.4-0.6, 0.6-0.8 and 0.8-1.0 m (Bw2 sandy clay cloam). Field capacity and permanent wilting point waters contents was determined. The silvopastoral system...(AU)

Oncicola venezuelensis (Marteau, 1977) (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) in Puma concolor in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Oncicola venezuelensis (Marteau, 1977) (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) em Puma concolor no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Specimens of Oncicola venezuelensis (Marteau, 1977) were recovered from fragments of intestinal tissue of a female Puma concolar (Linn, 1771) found dead in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro in 2017. A total of 140 helminths were recovered. Five males and 5 females of the helminths were analyzed morphologically as well as 50 parasite eggs recovered in intestinal contents. Morphologically, these helminths were compatible with the genus Oncicola, because of the size and shape of the proboscis, the size and disposition of the lemnisci and the morphometry of the eggs, in which the external membrane of the shell was delicate and clear. From histopathology, the helminths were deeply embeded in the mucosa reaching up to the muscle layer. One specimen was also identified molecularly with universal primers that amplified the eukaryote region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2. The helminth showed 99% identity with the gene sequence of O. venezuelensis deposited in GenBank. It is important to emphasize, this parasite has been very little reported in the literature, which reinforces the importance of this report.(AU)

Espécimes de Oncicola venezuelensis (Marteau, 1997) foram recuperados de fragmentos do tecido intestinal de uma fêmea de Puma concolor (Linn, 1771) encontrada morta em Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, em 2017. Um total de 140 helmintos foram recuperados. Cinco machos e 5 cinco fêmeas dos helmintos foram analisados morfologicamente, bem como 50 ovos dos parasitos recuperados no conteúdo intestinal. Morfologicamente, esses helmintos eram compatíveis com o gênero Oncicola, devido ao tamanho e formato da probóscide, o tamanho e disposição do leminisco e a morfometria dos ovos, que apresentaram membrana externa da casca delicada e clara. A partir da histopatologia, pode-se verificar que os helmintos estavam profundamente inseridos na mucosa, atingindo até a camada muscular. Um espécime também foi identificado molecularmente com primers universais que amplificam a região ITS-1.5.8S.ITS-2. Após as análises moleculares, foi verificado que os helmintos apresentavam 99% de identidade com sequência gênica de O. venezuelensis que está depositada no Genbank. É importante enfatizar, que esse parasito foi muito pouco relatado na literatura, demonstrando a importância deste relato.(AU)

Tolerance of Eucalyptus and Pinus seedlings to exchangeable Aluminium

Tolerance to acid soil is an important trait of Eucalyptus and Pinus species introduced into commercial forestry plantations in tropical ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the exchangeable Al on growth of the seedlings of two species and one hybrid of Eucalyptus and two species of Pinus. We also wanted to identify the role of the root cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) on Al tolerance. The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. The soil used was collected from the top layer of a red yellow Oxisol, from the Brazilian savanna region. The treatments consisted of different rates of P and the presence or absence of liming with CaCO3 and MgCO3. The species of Eucalyptus and Pinus showed no growth differences between the treatments. For all species, a higher density of fine roots was found in treatments with lower levels of bases and a higher Al exchangeable concentration. The Pinus species had a higher root CEC than the Eucalyptus species, which had a lower leaf Al concentration. Al concentration in the fine roots was 50 fold greater than in the leaves of all species. Similar to Al, concentrations of Fe, Cu and Zn in the roots were significantly higher than in the leaves in all species. In contrast, higher Mn concentration was found in the leaf tissue. This may lead species of Eucalyptus and Pinus to be more susceptible to Mn than to Al toxicity.

Tolerance of Eucalyptus and Pinus seedlings to exchangeable Aluminium

Tolerance to acid soil is an important trait of Eucalyptus and Pinus species introduced into commercial forestry plantations in tropical ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the exchangeable Al on growth of the seedlings of two species and one hybrid of Eucalyptus and two species of Pinus. We also wanted to identify the role of the root cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) on Al tolerance. The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. The soil used was collected from the top layer of a red yellow Oxisol, from the Brazilian savanna region. The treatments consisted of different rates of P and the presence or absence of liming with CaCO3 and MgCO3. The species of Eucalyptus and Pinus showed no growth differences between the treatments. For all species, a higher density of fine roots was found in treatments with lower levels of bases and a higher Al exchangeable concentration. The Pinus species had a higher root CEC than the Eucalyptus species, which had a lower leaf Al concentration. Al concentration in the fine roots was 50 fold greater than in the leaves of all species. Similar to Al, concentrations of Fe, Cu and Zn in the roots were significantly higher than in the leaves in all species. In contrast, higher Mn concentration was found in the leaf tissue. This may lead species of Eucalyptus and Pinus to be more susceptible to Mn than to Al toxicity.(AU)

Isotopic abundance of 13 C and contribution of eucalyptus biomass to soil organic matter conversion

ABSTRACT: It has become possible to evaluate the conversion of soil organic matter (SOM) in pastures and arboreal crops due to the difference between the photosynthetic cycles of Eucalyptus (C3) and most grasses (C4). The auto analyzer method coupled to the IRMS (Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer) in the present study evaluated the 13C content in soil profiles of Eucalyptus plantations of different ages (2, 10 and 21 years), in natural regeneration areas and natural grazing fields, and estimated the SOM conversion of each crop type of. The initial management of all sampled areas was natural pasture. The following profile layers were evaluated: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-70 and 70-90cm, and the contribution of Eucalyptus biomass over the years of farming was estimated in the SOM conversion process. After 2 years of planting Eucalyptus, the beginning of pasture carbon conversion process occurred in the surface layer (0-5cm). Ten years after planting, the process of converting organic matter by arboreal crops reached the layers up to 20cm. After 21 years of planting and in natural regeneration areas, the entire profile has already been changed by planting Eucalyptus and native tree species.

RESUMO: A avaliação da conversão da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) entre pastagens e cultivos arbóreos, tornou-se possível graças a diferença entre os ciclos fotossintéticos do eucalipto (C3) e da maioria das gramíneas (C4). Com o autoanalisador acoplado ao IRMS (isotope ratio mass spectrometer) e a avaliação da abundância isotópica de 13C, o presente estudo estimou a conversão da MOS em perfis do solo sob plantio de eucaliptos de diferentes idades (2, 10 e 21 anos), em área de regeneração natural e em campo de pastagem natural. O manejo inicial de todas as áreas amostradas era de pastagem natural. Foram avaliadas as seguintes camadas do perfil: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-70 e 70-90cm. Assim como estimada a contribuição proveniente da biomassa de eucaliptos ao longo dos anos de cultivo no processo de conversão da MOS. Após 10 anos de plantio, o processo de conversão da matéria orgânica nos cultivos arbóreos atingiu as camadas até 20cm. Após 21 anos de plantio e na área de regeneração natural, todo o perfil já sofreu alteração pelo plantio de eucaliptos e espécies arbóreas nativas.

Isotopic abundance of 13C and contribution of eucalyptus biomass to soil organic matter conversion / Abundância isotópica do 13C e contribuição da biomassa de eucalipto na conversão da matéria orgânica do solo

It has become possible to evaluate the conversion of soil organic matter (SOM) in pastures and arboreal crops due to the difference between the photosynthetic cycles of Eucalyptus (C3) and most grasses (C4). The auto analyzer method coupled to the IRMS (Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer) in the present study evaluated the 13C content in soil profiles of Eucalyptus plantations of different ages (2, 10 and 21 years), in natural regeneration areas and natural grazing fields, and estimated the SOM conversion of each crop type of. The initial management of all sampled areas was natural pasture. The following profile layers were evaluated: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-70 and 70-90cm, and the contribution of Eucalyptus biomass over the years of farming was estimated in the SOM conversion process. After 2 years of planting Eucalyptus, the beginning of pasture carbon conversion process occurred in the surface layer (0-5cm). Ten years after planting, the process of converting organic matter by arboreal crops reached the layers up to 20cm. After 21 years of planting and in natural regeneration areas, the entire profile has already been changed by planting Eucalyptus and native tree species.

A avaliação da conversão da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) entre pastagens e cultivos arbóreos, tornou-se possível graças a diferença entre os ciclos fotossintéticos do eucalipto (C3) e da maioria das gramíneas (C4). Com o autoanalisador acoplado ao IRMS (isotope ratio mass spectrometer) e a avaliação da abundância isotópica de 13C, o presente estudo estimou a conversão da MOS em perfis do solo sob plantio de eucaliptos de diferentes idades (2, 10 e 21 anos), em área de regeneração natural e em campo de pastagem natural. O manejo inicial de todas as áreas amostradas era de pastagem natural. Foram avaliadas as seguintes camadas do perfil: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-70 e 70-90cm. Assim como estimada a contribuição proveniente da biomassa de eucaliptos ao longo dos anos de cultivo no processo de conversão da MOS. Após 10 anos de plantio, o processo de conversão da matéria orgânica nos cultivos arbóreos atingiu as camadas até 20cm. Após 21 anos de plantio e na área de regeneração natural, todo o perfil já sofreu alteração pelo plantio de eucaliptos e espécies arbóreas nativas.

Isotopic abundance of 13C and contribution of eucalyptus biomass to soil organic matter conversion / Abundância isotópica do 13C e contribuição da biomassa de eucalipto na conversão da matéria orgânica do solo

It has become possible to evaluate the conversion of soil organic matter (SOM) in pastures and arboreal crops due to the difference between the photosynthetic cycles of Eucalyptus (C3) and most grasses (C4). The auto analyzer method coupled to the IRMS (Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer) in the present study evaluated the 13C content in soil profiles of Eucalyptus plantations of different ages (2, 10 and 21 years), in natural regeneration areas and natural grazing fields, and estimated the SOM conversion of each crop type of. The initial management of all sampled areas was natural pasture. The following profile layers were evaluated: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-70 and 70-90cm, and the contribution of Eucalyptus biomass over the years of farming was estimated in the SOM conversion process. After 2 years of planting Eucalyptus, the beginning of pasture carbon conversion process occurred in the surface layer (0-5cm). Ten years after planting, the process of converting organic matter by arboreal crops reached the layers up to 20cm. After 21 years of planting and in natural regeneration areas, the entire profile has already been changed by planting Eucalyptus and native tree species.(AU)

A avaliação da conversão da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) entre pastagens e cultivos arbóreos, tornou-se possível graças a diferença entre os ciclos fotossintéticos do eucalipto (C3) e da maioria das gramíneas (C4). Com o autoanalisador acoplado ao IRMS (isotope ratio mass spectrometer) e a avaliação da abundância isotópica de 13C, o presente estudo estimou a conversão da MOS em perfis do solo sob plantio de eucaliptos de diferentes idades (2, 10 e 21 anos), em área de regeneração natural e em campo de pastagem natural. O manejo inicial de todas as áreas amostradas era de pastagem natural. Foram avaliadas as seguintes camadas do perfil: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-70 e 70-90cm. Assim como estimada a contribuição proveniente da biomassa de eucaliptos ao longo dos anos de cultivo no processo de conversão da MOS. Após 10 anos de plantio, o processo de conversão da matéria orgânica nos cultivos arbóreos atingiu as camadas até 20cm. Após 21 anos de plantio e na área de regeneração natural, todo o perfil já sofreu alteração pelo plantio de eucaliptos e espécies arbóreas nativas.(AU)

Distribution and morphology of root system of Eucalyptus dunnii in response to phosphorus fertilization / Distribuição e morfologia do sistema radicular de Eucalyptus dunnii em resposta à aplicação de fósforo

A utilização de fosfatos solúveis e fosfatos naturais é prática usual na adubação de eucalipto. Como a adubação fosfatada é localizada próximo às plantas, o fósforo (P) pode interferir no crescimento e na morfologia do sistema radicular. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento e as características morfológicas do sistema radicular de Eucalyptus dunnii com o uso de fosfato solúvel e natural. As amostras foram coletadas no ano de 2013 de um experimento instalado em 2010 no município de Otacílio Costa (SC).  Foram coletadas amostras de quatro tratamentos: 1) testemunha sem P, 2) adubação com 60 kg ha-1 de P2O5, na forma de fosfato natural; 3) 75 kg ha-1 de P2O5, na forma de superfosfato triplo e; 4) 60 kg ha-1 de P2O5 de fosfato natural mais 75 kg ha-1 de P2O5 de fosfato solúvel (doses escolhidas por representar o usual nos reflorestamentos da região). A coleta de raízes ocorreu 28 meses após o plantio das mudas e aplicação dos tratamentos com o auxílio de uma sonda de 40 mm de diâmetro. As amostras de solo e raízes foram coletas em três distâncias a partir do fuste (10, 60 e 120 cm) e em duas profundidades (0-10 e 10-20 cm). As raízes foram separadas em duas classes de diâmetro: 0 a 2 mm e 2 a 5 mm. Foram caracterizadas a massa seca de raízes, raio radicular, comprimento, volume e área radicular. No solo foi determinado o teor de P disponível. O fosfato natural não estimulou o crescimento radicular e o fosfato solúvel foi a fonte que proporcionou melhor crescimento e desenvolvimento de raízes finas no Eucalyptus dunnii, sendo que a maior concentração dessas raízes está localizada próximo ao fuste e na camada mais superficial do solo.(AU)

The use of soluble phosphates and rock phosphates is a normal practice in Eucalyptus fertilization. As the phosphorus fertilizer is located near the plant, phosphorus (P) may interfere with the growth and morphology of the root system. The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and morphological characteristics of root system of Eucalyptus dunnii using soluble and rock phosphate. Samples were collected in 2013 from an experiment established in 2010 in the city of Otacílio Costa, SC. Samples were collected from four treatments: 1) control without P; 2) fertilization with 60 kg ha-1 of P2O5 in the form of phosphate rock; 3) 75 kg ha-1 of P2O5 in the form of triple superphosphate and; 4) 60 kg ha-1 rock phosphate P2O5 plus 75 kg ha-1 P2O5 soluble phosphate (these doses being chosen because it represents the usual practice in the reforestation of the region). The collection of roots occurred 28 months after planting of the seedlings and application of treatment with a 40 mm in diameter and 100 mm high probe. The soil and root samples were collected at three distances from the shaft (10, 60 and 120 cm) and two layers (0-10 and 10-20 cm). The roots were separated in two diameter classes: 0 to 2 mm and 2 to 5 mm. Dry matter of roots were characterized, root radius, length, volume and root area. Rock phosphate did not stimulate root growth and the soluble phosphate was the source that improved growth and development of fine roots in Eucalyptus dunnii, with the highest concentration of these roots being located near the shaft and in the most superficial layer of soil.(AU)

Comparative analysis of the integument of different tree frog species from Ololygon and Scinax genera (Anura: Hylidae)

The integuments of ten treefrog species of two genera from Scinaxnae - O. angrensis (Lutz, 1973), O. flavoguttata (Lutz & Lutz, 1939), O. humilis (Lutz & Lutz, 1954), O. perpusilla (Lutz & Lutz, 1939), O. v-signata (Lutz, 1968), Scinax hayii (Barbour, 1909), S. similis(Cochran, 1952), O. trapicheroi (Lutz & Lutz, 1954) and S. x-signatus (Spix, 1824) - were investigated using conventional and histochemical techniques of light microscopy, and polarized light microscopy. All integuments showed the basic structure of the anuran integument. Moreover, the secretory portions of exocrine glands, such as serous merocrine and apocrine glands, were found to be restricted to the spongious dermis. Lipid content occurred together with the heterogeneous secretory material of the glands with an apocrine secretion mechanism. In addition, clusters of these apocrine glands were present in the ventrolateral integument of some species. Melanophores were also visualized in all examined hylids. However, the occurrence of iridophores, detected through polarized light microscopy, varied according to the species. The Eberth-Katschenko layer occurred in the dorsal integument from both genera, but it was only present in the ventral integument of O. albicans, O. angrensis, O. flavoguttata, O. perpusilla and O. v-signata. Although the integument of all treefrogs showed the same basic structure, some characteristics were genus-specific; however, these features alone may not be used to distinguish both genera.

Comparative analysis of the integument of different tree frog species from Ololygon and Scinax genera (Anura: Hylidae)

The integuments of ten treefrog species of two genera from Scinaxnae - O. angrensis (Lutz, 1973), O. flavoguttata (Lutz & Lutz, 1939), O. humilis (Lutz & Lutz, 1954), O. perpusilla (Lutz & Lutz, 1939), O. v-signata (Lutz, 1968), Scinax hayii (Barbour, 1909), S. similis(Cochran, 1952), O. trapicheroi (Lutz & Lutz, 1954) and S. x-signatus (Spix, 1824) - were investigated using conventional and histochemical techniques of light microscopy, and polarized light microscopy. All integuments showed the basic structure of the anuran integument. Moreover, the secretory portions of exocrine glands, such as serous merocrine and apocrine glands, were found to be restricted to the spongious dermis. Lipid content occurred together with the heterogeneous secretory material of the glands with an apocrine secretion mechanism. In addition, clusters of these apocrine glands were present in the ventrolateral integument of some species. Melanophores were also visualized in all examined hylids. However, the occurrence of iridophores, detected through polarized light microscopy, varied according to the species. The Eberth-Katschenko layer occurred in the dorsal integument from both genera, but it was only present in the ventral integument of O. albicans, O. angrensis, O. flavoguttata, O. perpusilla and O. v-signata. Although the integument of all treefrogs showed the same basic structure, some characteristics were genus-specific; however, these features alone may not be used to distinguish both genera.(AU)

Occurrence of fungi and aflatoxins B in nuts and products marketed the Brazilian northeastern regions / Ocorrência de fungos e aflatoxinas do tipo B em castanhas e produtos comercializados no Nordeste brasileiro

Aflatoxin contamination has been considered as a public health problem, especially in tropical countries, including Brazil. In order to investigate the presence of type B aflatoxins in products marketed in the city of Fortaleza, 23 samples were analyzed by thin layer chromatography. Visible fungal contamination in food was identified according to their macroscopic and microscopic features. The contamination by aflatoxins was detected in 8.7 % of 23 analyzed samples, and 12.5 % of Brazilian nuts samples were positive for AFB1 (<8 µg/kg) and for AFB2 in a contamination rate above the allowed value (16 µg/kg). Among the peanut samples, 33.3 % were positive to AFB1 and AFB2, also in a contamination rate (317.1 µg/kg) which was higher than that recommended by ANVISA. The isolation and morphological characteristics of fungi detected mainly in Brazilian nuts with peel showed the occurrence of the following species: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Mucor sp, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Cladosporium cladosporoides, Fusarium sp, Aspergillus terreus and bacteria of Actinomycetes phylum. These findings indicate that it is needed to apply the mostly effective quality monitoring of food available to consumers.

A contaminação por aflatoxinas tem sido considerada um problema de saúde pública principalmente em países tropicais, incluindo o Brasil. Com o intuito de investigar a presença de aflatoxinas do tipo B em produtos comercializados na cidade de Fortaleza, 23 amostras foram analisadas por meio de cromatografia em camada delgada. Os fungos visivelmente presentes em alimentos foram identificados de acordo com suas características macroscópicas e microscópicas. A contaminação por aflatoxina foi detectada em 8,7 % das 23 amostras analisadas; e 12,5 % das amostras de castanha-do-Brasil apresentaram positividade para AFB1 (<8 µg/kg) e para AFB2 com taxa de contaminação acima do valor permitido (16 µg/kg). Quanto às amostras de amendoim, 33,3 % apresentaram positividade para AFB1 e AFB2, também com nível de contaminação (317,1 µg/kg) acima do preconizado pela ANVISA. O isolamento e a caracterização morfológica dos fungos encontrados principalmente nas castanhas-do-Brasil com casca revelaram a presença das espécies: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Mucor sp, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Cladosporium cladosporoides, Fusarium sp, Aspergillus terreus e bactérias do filo Actinomicetos. Estes resultados demonstram que há necessidade de fiscalização mais efetiva da qualidade dos alimentos oferecidos aos consumidores.

Occurrence of fungi and aflatoxins B in nuts and products marketed the Brazilian northeastern regions / Ocorrência de fungos e aflatoxinas do tipo B em castanhas e produtos comercializados no Nordeste brasileiro

Aflatoxin contamination has been considered as a public health problem, especially in tropical countries, including Brazil. In order to investigate the presence of type B aflatoxins in products marketed in the city of Fortaleza, 23 samples were analyzed by thin layer chromatography. Visible fungal contamination in food was identified according to their macroscopic and microscopic features. The contamination by aflatoxins was detected in 8.7 % of 23 analyzed samples, and 12.5 % of Brazilian nuts samples were positive for AFB1 (<8 µg/kg) and for AFB2 in a contamination rate above the allowed value (16 µg/kg). Among the peanut samples, 33.3 % were positive to AFB1 and AFB2, also in a contamination rate (317.1 µg/kg) which was higher than that recommended by ANVISA. The isolation and morphological characteristics of fungi detected mainly in Brazilian nuts with peel showed the occurrence of the following species: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Mucor sp, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Cladosporium cladosporoides, Fusarium sp, Aspergillus terreus and bacteria of Actinomycetes phylum. These findings indicate that it is needed to apply the mostly effective quality monitoring of food available to consumers.(AU)

A contaminação por aflatoxinas tem sido considerada um problema de saúde pública principalmente em países tropicais, incluindo o Brasil. Com o intuito de investigar a presença de aflatoxinas do tipo B em produtos comercializados na cidade de Fortaleza, 23 amostras foram analisadas por meio de cromatografia em camada delgada. Os fungos visivelmente presentes em alimentos foram identificados de acordo com suas características macroscópicas e microscópicas. A contaminação por aflatoxina foi detectada em 8,7 % das 23 amostras analisadas; e 12,5 % das amostras de castanha-do-Brasil apresentaram positividade para AFB1 (<8 µg/kg) e para AFB2 com taxa de contaminação acima do valor permitido (16 µg/kg). Quanto às amostras de amendoim, 33,3 % apresentaram positividade para AFB1 e AFB2, também com nível de contaminação (317,1 µg/kg) acima do preconizado pela ANVISA. O isolamento e a caracterização morfológica dos fungos encontrados principalmente nas castanhas-do-Brasil com casca revelaram a presença das espécies: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Mucor sp, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Cladosporium cladosporoides, Fusarium sp, Aspergillus terreus e bactérias do filo Actinomicetos. Estes resultados demonstram que há necessidade de fiscalização mais efetiva da qualidade dos alimentos oferecidos aos consumidores.(AU)

Parâmetros genéticos e efeitos de sexo e cruzamento recíproco sobre características de interesse econômico em aves F2 / Genetic parameters and effects of sex and reciprocal cross on economic traits in F2 broilers

Este estudo teve por objetivo estimar os parâmetros genéticos de características de interesse econômico, mensuradas em populações F2 desenvolvidas pela Embrapa Suínos e Aves utilizando cruzamento recíproco entre linhagens de corte e de postura. Ainda, foram avaliados os efeitos de sexo e de cruzamento recíproco sobre as características em estudo. Os pesos com um, 35 e 42 dias de idade; ganho de peso; consumo de ração e conversão alimentar entre 35 e 41 dias de idade; pesos dos pulmões, fígado, coração, moela, peito, pernas, carcaça, dorso, asas, cabeça, pés e gordura abdominal, além do comprimento do intestino, foram os fenótipos estudados. Foram estimados os componentes de variâncias genética aditiva e residual, além dos coeficientes de herdabilidade e das correlações genética e fenotípica. Os machos apresentaram maior peso para todas as características estudadas, nos dois cruzamentos recíprocos, exceto para gordura abdominal na população oriunda do cruzamento de machos de postura com fêmeas de corte. Os animais oriundos do cruzamento de machos de postura com fêmeas de corte foram mais pesados que os recíprocos, para todas as idades, além de apresentarem maior comprimento de intestino e maiores pesos de moela, carcaça, dorso, peito e cabeça. Os coeficientes de herdabilidade foram altos para consumo de ração e para os pesos ao nascimento, da moela e da gordura abdominal. As correlações fenotípicas estimadas foram, em sua maioria, baixas ou moderadas, contudo muitas correlações genéticas altas foram observadas. Ressalta-se que houve expressiva diferença nos coeficientes de herdabilidade de algumas características em função do cruzamento recíproco estudado, o que pode ser devido a efeitos materno, citoplasmático, ligados ao sexo ou imprinting.(AU)

This study aimed to estimate genetic parameters for several economic traits in F2 populations developed by Embrapa Swine and Poultry National Research Center, through reciprocal crosses of broilers and layer lines. Furthermore, sex and reciprocal cross effects were evaluated. Weights at 1, 35 and 42 days of age; weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion between 35 and 41 days of age; weights of the lungs, heart, liver, gizzard, breast, thighs, carcass, back, wings, head, legs and abdominal fat; and intestine length were studied. Residual and genetic additive variance components, heritability coefficients, and genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated. Males were heavier than females for all studied traits in both reciprocal crosses, except for abdominal fat weight in chickens from the male layer x female broiler cross. Chickens from male layer x female broiler cross were heavier than those from its reciprocal cross, also having larger intestine length and gizzard, carcass, back, breast and head weights. The heritability coefficients were high for feed intake and body weight at birth, gizzard, and abdominal fat. The estimated phenotypic correlations were mostly lower or moderate, however, most high genetic correlations were observed. We found significant differences in heritability coefficients for some traits due to the reciprocal cross, which may be due maternal, cytoplasmic, sex-linked or imprinting effects.(AU)

Parâmetros genéticos e efeitos de sexo e cruzamento recíproco sobre características de interesse econômico em aves F2 / Genetic parameters and effects of sex and reciprocal cross on economic traits in F2 broilers

Este estudo teve por objetivo estimar os parâmetros genéticos de características de interesse econômico, mensuradas em populações F2 desenvolvidas pela Embrapa Suínos e Aves utilizando cruzamento recíproco entre linhagens de corte e de postura. Ainda, foram avaliados os efeitos de sexo e de cruzamento recíproco sobre as características em estudo. Os pesos com um, 35 e 42 dias de idade; ganho de peso; consumo de ração e conversão alimentar entre 35 e 41 dias de idade; pesos dos pulmões, fígado, coração, moela, peito, pernas, carcaça, dorso, asas, cabeça, pés e gordura abdominal, além do comprimento do intestino, foram os fenótipos estudados. Foram estimados os componentes de variâncias genética aditiva e residual, além dos coeficientes de herdabilidade e das correlações genética e fenotípica. Os machos apresentaram maior peso para todas as características estudadas, nos dois cruzamentos recíprocos, exceto para gordura abdominal na população oriunda do cruzamento de machos de postura com fêmeas de corte. Os animais oriundos do cruzamento de machos de postura com fêmeas de corte foram mais pesados que os recíprocos, para todas as idades, além de apresentarem maior comprimento de intestino e maiores pesos de moela, carcaça, dorso, peito e cabeça. Os coeficientes de herdabilidade foram altos para consumo de ração e para os pesos ao nascimento, da moela e da gordura abdominal. As correlações fenotípicas estimadas foram, em sua maioria, baixas ou moderadas, contudo muitas correlações genéticas altas foram observadas. Ressalta-se que houve expressiva diferença nos coeficientes de herdabilidade de algumas características em função do cruzamento recíproco estudado, o que pode ser devido a efeitos materno, citoplasmático, ligados ao sexo ou imprinting.(AU)

This study aimed to estimate genetic parameters for several economic traits in F2 populations developed by Embrapa Swine and Poultry National Research Center, through reciprocal crosses of broilers and layer lines. Furthermore, sex and reciprocal cross effects were evaluated. Weights at 1, 35 and 42 days of age; weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion between 35 and 41 days of age; weights of the lungs, heart, liver, gizzard, breast, thighs, carcass, back, wings, head, legs and abdominal fat; and intestine length were studied. Residual and genetic additive variance components, heritability coefficients, and genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated. Males were heavier than females for all studied traits in both reciprocal crosses, except for abdominal fat weight in chickens from the male layer x female broiler cross. Chickens from male layer x female broiler cross were heavier than those from its reciprocal cross, also having larger intestine length and gizzard, carcass, back, breast and head weights. The heritability coefficients were high for feed intake and body weight at birth, gizzard, and abdominal fat. The estimated phenotypic correlations were mostly lower or moderate, however, most high genetic correlations were observed. We found significant differences in heritability coefficients for some traits due to the reciprocal cross, which may be due maternal, cytoplasmic, sex-linked or imprinting effects.(AU)