Anti-herpes activity of the total alkaloid fraction from the branches of Fusaea longifolia (Annonaceae) / Atividade anti-herpes da fração total de alcaloides dos ramos da Fusaea longifolia (Annonaceae)

The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) occur worldwide. Infections caused by these viruses have great public health importance due to the growing resistance to the first-choice drug, acyclovir, especially in immunosuppressed patients. Alkaloids derived from species of Annonaceae have been reported as antiviral agents against HSV and others viruses. Within this context, we evaluated the antiviral activity of the total alkaloid fraction (TAF) extracted from the branches of Fusaea longifolia (Aubl.) Saff. (Annonaceae), a species native to the Amazon region, against the HSV-1 and HSV-2 viruses. The antiviral activity was evaluated through the plate reduction assay and the mode of action was investigated by a set of other assays. The TAF was active against the HSV-2 strain 333 and against the HSV-1 strains KOS and 29R (acyclovir resistant), with selectivity index values (SI = 50% cytotoxic concentration/50% effective concentration) of 5, 4 and 3, respectively. In the preliminary study of the anti-HSV-2 mode of action, TAF showed viral inhibitory effects if added up to 12 h post-infection, had virucidal activity and did not present viral inhibition in pre-treatment. Our results showed that the TAF exhibited anti-HSV activity. Regarding HSV-2, TAF acted after the viral infection and had virucidal activity. A mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of nine alkaloids in the TAF that had previously been reported for Annonaceae, including liriodenine, lysicamine and isoboldine, which have been described as potential anti-HSV-1 agents.(AU)

Os vírus herpes simplex tipo 1 (HSV-1) e tipo 2 (HSV-2) têm ampla ocorrência global. As infecções causadas por esses vírus têm grande importância em saúde pública devido à crescente resistência ao fármaco de primeira linha, aciclovir, principalmente em pacientes imunossuprimidos. Alcaloides derivados de espécies de Annonaceae têm sido relatados como agentes antivirais contra o HSV e outros vírus. Neste contexto, nós avaliamos a atividade antiviral da fração alcaloide total (TAF) dos ramos de Fusaea longifolia (Aubl.) Saff. (Annonaceae), uma espécie nativa da região amazônica, contra os vírus HSV-1 e HSV-2. A atividade antiviral foi avaliada através do ensaio de redução em placa e o modo de ação foi investigado por um conjunto de ensaios. O TAF foi ativo contra a cepa HSV-2 333 e contra as cepas HSV-1 KOS e 29R (resistente ao aciclovir), com valores de índice de seletividade (IS = 50% concentração citotóxica/50% concentração efetiva) de 5, 4 e 3, respectivamente. No estudo preliminar do modo de ação da atividade anti-HSV-2, o TAF inibiu a replicação viral quando adicionados até 12 h pós-infecção, apresentou atividade virucida e não apresentou inibição viral no pré-tratamento. Nossos resultados mostraram que o TAF exibiu atividade anti-HSV. Em relação ao HSV-2, o TAF atuou após a infecção viral e apresentou atividade virucida. Uma análise do TAF por espectrometria de massas identificou a presença de nove alcaloides, incluindo liriodenina, lisicamina e isoboldina, que já foram descritos como potenciais agentes anti-HSV-1.(AU)

Genotypic values and genetic correlations for components and oil content of bunch of hybrids between caiaué and dendê / Valores genotípicos e correlações genéticas para componentes e teor de óleo do cacho de híbridos entre caiaué e dendê

Interspecific hybridization between Elaeis oleifera and Elaeis guineensis (HIE OxG) is explored in plant breeding programs to meet the demand for resistant cultivars to fatal yellowing, which is the biggest phytosanitary problem in E. guineensis plants in South America, including Brazil. In addition to resistance to fatal yellowing, cultivars should have high oil yield, which depends directly on bunch production and oil content in the bunches (O/FFB). The obtaining of genetic gains in O/FFBfor OxG requires information on the genotypic values of the breeding population and the understanding of how the components of the bunch are related to this characteristic in this type of material. Thus, the objective of this work was to estimate genotypic values and genetic correlations for bunch components and analyze the potential of using these components in the selection of gains for O/FFB. The physical composition and oil content in mesocarp of 840 bunches from 39 HIE OxG F1 progenies were analyzed. Genotypic values for bunch components were estimated using the procedure REML/BLUP and were obtained from genetic correlations between them. All evaluated components presented genetic variation with possibility of gains through selection, especially the oil content in the bunch (O/FFB), which presented variability above 23%. The selection for O/FFBwill mainly result in bunches with a higher fruit proportion over the weight of the bunch (TF/FFB), greater oil contents in mesocarp of normal and parthenocarpic fruits, and lower proportion of empty spikelets. Considering the high and positive correlations between O/FFBand the evaluated characteristics and the practicality of evaluation, the characteristics with higher potential for indirect selection to increase O/FFBare TF/FFBand proportion of mesocarp in normal fruits.(AU)

A hibridação interespecífica entre caiaué e dendê (HIE OxG) é explorada no melhoramento genético para atender a demanda de cultivares resistentes ao amarelecimento fatal (AF), maior problema fitossanitário do dendê na América do Sul, incluindo o Brasil. Além da resistência ao AF, as cultivares devem apresentar alta produtividade em óleo, que depende diretamente da produção de cachos e do teor de óleo nos cachos (O/CFF). Para obter ganhos genéticos em O/CFF de HIE OxG é necessário conhecer os valores genotípicos da população de melhoramento e como os componentes docacho estão relacionados a esta característica neste tipo de material. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar valores genotípicos e correlações genéticas para componentes de cacho e analisar o potencial de uso desses componentes na seleção para ganho em O/CFF. Análises de composição física e do teor de óleo no mesocarpo foram realizadas em 840 cachos de 39 progênies HIE OxG F1. Valores genotípicos para os componentes de cacho foram estimados por procedimento REML/BLUPe obtidas às correlações genéticas entre eles. Todos os componentes avaliados apresentaram variação genética com possibilidade de ganhos por seleção, com destaque para valores do teor de óleo no cacho (O/CFF) superiores a 23%. A seleção para O/CFF resultará, principalmente, em cachos com maior proporção de frutos sobre o peso do cacho (F/CFF) e maiores teores de óleo no mesocarpo de frutos normais e partenocárpicos, bem como, com menor proporção de espiguetas vazias. Devido as correlações altas e positivas com O/CFF e pela praticidade de avaliação, as características com maior potencial para seleção indireta para aumento de O/CFF são F/CFF e proporção de mesocarpo nos frutos normais.(AU)

Genotypic values and genetic correlations for components and oil content of bunch of hybrids between caiaué and dendê / Valores genotípicos e correlações genéticas para componentes e teor de óleo do cacho de híbridos entre caiaué e dendê

Interspecific hybridization between Elaeis oleifera and Elaeis guineensis (HIE OxG) is explored in plant breeding programs to meet the demand for resistant cultivars to fatal yellowing, which is the biggest phytosanitary problem in E. guineensis plants in South America, including Brazil. In addition to resistance to fatal yellowing, cultivars should have high oil yield, which depends directly on bunch production and oil content in the bunches (O/FFB). The obtaining of genetic gains in O/FFBfor OxG requires information on the genotypic values of the breeding population and the understanding of how the components of the bunch are related to this characteristic in this type of material. Thus, the objective of this work was to estimate genotypic values and genetic correlations for bunch components and analyze the potential of using these components in the selection of gains for O/FFB. The physical composition and oil content in mesocarp of 840 bunches from 39 HIE OxG F1 progenies were analyzed. Genotypic values for bunch components were estimated using the procedure REML/BLUP and were obtained from genetic correlations between them. All evaluated components presented genetic variation with possibility of gains through selection, especially the oil content in the bunch (O/FFB), which presented variability above 23%. The selection for O/FFBwill mainly result in bunches with a higher fruit proportion over the weight of the bunch (TF/FFB), greater oil contents in mesocarp of normal and parthenocarpic fruits, and lower proportion of empty spikelets. Considering the high and positive correlations between O/FFBand the evaluated characteristics and the practicality of evaluation, the characteristics with higher potential for indirect selection to increase O/FFBare TF/FFBand proportion of mesocarp in normal fruits.

A hibridação interespecífica entre caiaué e dendê (HIE OxG) é explorada no melhoramento genético para atender a demanda de cultivares resistentes ao amarelecimento fatal (AF), maior problema fitossanitário do dendê na América do Sul, incluindo o Brasil. Além da resistência ao AF, as cultivares devem apresentar alta produtividade em óleo, que depende diretamente da produção de cachos e do teor de óleo nos cachos (O/CFF). Para obter ganhos genéticos em O/CFF de HIE OxG é necessário conhecer os valores genotípicos da população de melhoramento e como os componentes docacho estão relacionados a esta característica neste tipo de material. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar valores genotípicos e correlações genéticas para componentes de cacho e analisar o potencial de uso desses componentes na seleção para ganho em O/CFF. Análises de composição física e do teor de óleo no mesocarpo foram realizadas em 840 cachos de 39 progênies HIE OxG F1. Valores genotípicos para os componentes de cacho foram estimados por procedimento REML/BLUPe obtidas às correlações genéticas entre eles. Todos os componentes avaliados apresentaram variação genética com possibilidade de ganhos por seleção, com destaque para valores do teor de óleo no cacho (O/CFF) superiores a 23%. A seleção para O/CFF resultará, principalmente, em cachos com maior proporção de frutos sobre o peso do cacho (F/CFF) e maiores teores de óleo no mesocarpo de frutos normais e partenocárpicos, bem como, com menor proporção de espiguetas vazias. Devido as correlações altas e positivas com O/CFF e pela praticidade de avaliação, as características com maior potencial para seleção indireta para aumento de O/CFF são F/CFF e proporção de mesocarpo nos frutos normais.

Techniques for prevention and control of poisoning by sodium monofluoroacetate (MFA)-containing plants in ruminants / Técnicas para prevenção e controle da intoxicação em ruminantes por plantas que contém monofluoroacetato de sódio

Monofluoroacetate (MFA)-containing plants cause sudden death associated with exercise in ruminants, and are responsible for significant losses in Brazilian livestock, estimated at 500,000 bovine deaths annually. Most of the times, the control and treatment of this type of poisoning are not efficient, because disease evolution is superacute, usually causing the death of the animal. Due to the difficulty in controlling this intoxication, several studies have suggested alternatives to prevent it, mainly by making animals resistant to the MFA present in these plants or by avoiding their consumption. This literature review addresses the techniques used experimentally to control the poisoning of ruminants by plants containing MFA. The first studies carried out in Brazil demonstrated that goats and sheep that continuously receive non-toxic doses of plant containing MFA show greater resistance to poisoning than untreated animals, and that this resistance can be transmitted by ruminal fluid transfaunation, suggesting that poisoning occurs due to the presence of bacteria that hydrolyze MFA in the rumen. Based on this hypothesis, several MFA-hydrolyzing bacteria were isolated (Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus sp., Paenibacillus sp., Burkholderia sp., Cupriavidus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Ancylobacter sp., Ralstonia sp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Pigmentiphaga kullae, and Ancylobacter dichloromethanicus). When some of these bacteria were administered intraruminally, they provided the animal with a different level of protection against poisoning. However, it was observed that protection is gradually lost when the bacterium administration is interrupted. Consequently, to obtain more efficient protection, these bacteria should be administered continuously, probably in the form of probiotics. In another assay, MFA was administered to sheep at non-toxic doses to test the hypothesis that this substance could induce the multiplication of bacteria that hydrolyze it in the rumen...(AU)

As plantas que contém monofluoroacetato (MFA) causam morte súbita associada ao exercício em ruminantes, e são responsáveis por grandes perdas na pecuária brasileira, estimadas em 500.000 mortes de bovinos anualmente. O controle e tratamento desse tipo de intoxicação, na maioria das vezes, não apresenta eficiência, visto que a evolução da doença é superaguda, e geralmente ocasiona a morte do animal. Devido à dificuldade no controle dessa intoxicação, diversos estudos sugerem alternativas para preveni-la, principalmente tornando os animais resistentes ao MFA presente nessas plantas ou evitando seu consumo. O objetivo do presente trabalho é fazer uma revisão bibliográfica das técnicas utilizadas experimentalmente para controlar a intoxicação de ruminantes por plantas que contém MFA. Nos primeiros trabalhos realizados no Brasil, foi determinado que caprinos e ovinos que recebem continuadamente doses não tóxicas de planta que contém MFA apresentam maior resistência a intoxicação que animais não tratados e que essa resistência pode ser transmitida por transfaunação de fluído ruminal, sugerindo que a mesma ocorre devido a presença de bactérias que hidrolisam MFA no rúmen. Com base nessa hipótese foram isoladas diversas bactérias que hidrolisam MFA (Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus sp., Paenibacillus sp., Burkholderia sp., Cupriavidus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Ancylobactersp., Ralstoniasp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Pigmentiphaga kullae e Ancylobacter dichloromethanicus). Quando algumas dessas bactérias foram administradas intraruminalmente conferiram diferentes graus de proteção contra a intoxicação. No entanto foi observado que a proteção se perde gradualmente quando se deixa de administrar a(s) bactéria(s). Em consequência, para obter uma proteção mais eficiente essas bactérias deveriam ser administradas continuadamente, provavelmente na forma de probiótico...(AU)

Techniques for prevention and control of poisoning by sodium monofluoroacetate (MFA)-containing plants in ruminants

ABSTRACT: Monofluoroacetate (MFA)-containing plants cause sudden death associated with exercise in ruminants, and are responsible for significant losses in Brazilian livestock, estimated at 500,000 bovine deaths annually. Most of the times, the control and treatment of this type of poisoning are not efficient, because disease evolution is superacute, usually causing the death of the animal. Due to the difficulty in controlling this intoxication, several studies have suggested alternatives to prevent it, mainly by making animals resistant to the MFA present in these plants or by avoiding their consumption. This literature review addresses the techniques used experimentally to control the poisoning of ruminants by plants containing MFA. The first studies carried out in Brazil demonstrated that goats and sheep that continuously receive non-toxic doses of plant containing MFA show greater resistance to poisoning than untreated animals, and that this resistance can be transmitted by ruminal fluid transfaunation, suggesting that poisoning occurs due to the presence of bacteria that hydrolyze MFA in the rumen. Based on this hypothesis, several MFA-hydrolyzing bacteria were isolated (Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus sp., Paenibacillus sp., Burkholderia sp., Cupriavidus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Ancylobacter sp., Ralstonia sp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Pigmentiphaga kullae, and Ancylobacter dichloromethanicus). When some of these bacteria were administered intraruminally, they provided the animal with a different level of protection against poisoning. However, it was observed that protection is gradually lost when the bacterium administration is interrupted. Consequently, to obtain more efficient protection, these bacteria should be administered continuously, probably in the form of probiotics. In another assay, MFA was administered to sheep at non-toxic doses to test the hypothesis that this substance could induce the multiplication of bacteria that hydrolyze it in the rumen. There was no increase in resistance to poisoning after administration of MFA; however, no signs of poisoning were observed when animals received trifluoroacetate and no clinical signs were verified when they were challenged with toxic doses of MFA; in contrast, all control animals presented clinical signs. These results suggest that trifluoroacetate induces the proliferation of MFA-degrading bacteria, and can be used in intoxication prophylaxis. The conditioned food aversion technique, using lithium chloride, has been successfully used experimentally to prevent ruminants from ingesting plants that contain MFA. Another alternative tested was the spraying of Amorimia septentrionalis with the endophytic bacterium Herbaspirillum seropedicae, which degrades MFA, resulting in decreased concentration of this compound in the plants. In conclusion, several experimental techniques have been proved efficient in the control and prophylaxis of MFA-containing plant poisoning; however, none of these techniques are available commercially. Further experiments, mainly in the field, should be carried out to adapt some of these techniques to the conditions of extensive breeding in the numerous areas where MFA-containing plants occur.

RESUMO: As plantas que contém monofluoroacetato (MFA) causam morte súbita associada ao exercício em ruminantes, e são responsáveis por grandes perdas na pecuária brasileira, estimadas em 500.000 mortes de bovinos anualmente. O controle e tratamento desse tipo de intoxicação, na maioria das vezes, não apresenta eficiência, visto que a evolução da doença é superaguda, e geralmente ocasiona a morte do animal. Devido à dificuldade no controle dessa intoxicação, diversos estudos sugerem alternativas para preveni-la, principalmente tornando os animais resistentes ao MFA presente nessas plantas ou evitando seu consumo. O objetivo do presente trabalho é fazer uma revisão bibliográfica das técnicas utilizadas experimentalmente para controlar a intoxicação de ruminantes por plantas que contém MFA. Nos primeiros trabalhos realizados no Brasil, foi determinado que caprinos e ovinos que recebem continuadamente doses não tóxicas de planta que contém MFA apresentam maior resistência a intoxicação que animais não tratados e que essa resistência pode ser transmitida por transfaunação de fluído ruminal, sugerindo que a mesma ocorre devido a presença de bactérias que hidrolisam MFA no rúmen. Com base nessa hipótese foram isoladas diversas bactérias que hidrolisam MFA (Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus sp., Paenibacillus sp., Burkholderia sp., Cupriavidus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Ancylobactersp., Ralstoniasp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Pigmentiphaga kullae e Ancylobacter dichloromethanicus). Quando algumas dessas bactérias foram administradas intraruminalmente conferiram diferentes graus de proteção contra a intoxicação. No entanto foi observado que a proteção se perde gradualmente quando se deixa de administrar a(s) bactéria(s). Em consequência, para obter uma proteção mais eficiente essas bactérias deveriam ser administradas continuadamente, provavelmente na forma de probiótico. Em outro ensaio administrou-se MFA a ovinos em doses não tóxicas para testar a hipótese de que esta substância poderia induzir a multiplicação de bactérias que hidrolisam o mesmo no rúmen. Não houve um aumento da resistência a intoxicação após a administração de MFA; no entanto quando foi administrado trifluoroacetato, os animais não desenvolveram nenhum sinal de intoxicação e quando desafiados com doses tóxicas de MFA não apresentaram sinais clínicos, pelo contrário todos os animais controles apresentaram sinais clínicos. Esses resultados sugerem que o trifluoroacetato induz a proliferação de bactérias que degradam MFA e pode ser utilizado para a profilaxia da intoxicação. A técnica da aversão alimentar condicionada, utilizando cloreto de lítio, tem sido empregada experimentalmente, com sucesso, para evitar que ruminantes ingiram plantas que contém MFA. Outra alternativa testada foi a pulverização de Amorimia septentrionalis com a bactéria endofítica Herbaspirullum seropedicae, que degrada MFA, resultando na diminuição da concentração deste composto na planta. Conclui-se que há diversas técnicas que experimentalmente tem demonstrado eficiência no controle e profilaxia das intoxicações por plantas que contém MFA; no entanto, nenhuma dessas técnicas está disponível comercialmente. Futuros experimentos, principalmente, a campo, deverão ser realizados para adaptar alguma(s) dessas técnicas as condições de criação extensiva nas numerosas áreas onde ocorrem plantas que contém MFA.

Techniques for prevention and control of poisoning by sodium monofluoroacetate (MFA)-containing plants in ruminants / Técnicas para prevenção e controle da intoxicação em ruminantes por plantas que contém monofluoroacetato de sódio

Monofluoroacetate (MFA)-containing plants cause sudden death associated with exercise in ruminants, and are responsible for significant losses in Brazilian livestock, estimated at 500,000 bovine deaths annually. Most of the times, the control and treatment of this type of poisoning are not efficient, because disease evolution is superacute, usually causing the death of the animal. Due to the difficulty in controlling this intoxication, several studies have suggested alternatives to prevent it, mainly by making animals resistant to the MFA present in these plants or by avoiding their consumption. This literature review addresses the techniques used experimentally to control the poisoning of ruminants by plants containing MFA. The first studies carried out in Brazil demonstrated that goats and sheep that continuously receive non-toxic doses of plant containing MFA show greater resistance to poisoning than untreated animals, and that this resistance can be transmitted by ruminal fluid transfaunation, suggesting that poisoning occurs due to the presence of bacteria that hydrolyze MFA in the rumen. Based on this hypothesis, several MFA-hydrolyzing bacteria were isolated (Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus sp., Paenibacillus sp., Burkholderia sp., Cupriavidus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Ancylobacter sp., Ralstonia sp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Pigmentiphaga kullae, and Ancylobacter dichloromethanicus). When some of these bacteria were administered intraruminally, they provided the animal with a different level of protection against poisoning. However, it was observed that protection is gradually lost when the bacterium administration is interrupted. Consequently, to obtain more efficient protection, these bacteria should be administered continuously, probably in the form of probiotics. In another assay, MFA was administered to sheep at non-toxic doses to test the hypothesis that this substance could induce the multiplication of bacteria that hydrolyze it in the rumen. There was no increase in resistance to poisoning after administration of MFA; however, no signs of poisoning were observed when animals received trifluoroacetate and no clinical signs were verified when they were challenged with toxic doses of MFA; in contrast, all control animals presented clinical signs. These results suggest that trifluoroacetate induces the proliferation of MFA-degrading bacteria, and can be used in intoxication prophylaxis. The conditioned food aversion technique, using lithium chloride, has been successfully used experimentally to prevent ruminants from ingesting plants that contain MFA. Another alternative tested was the spraying of Amorimia septentrionalis with the endophytic bacterium Herbaspirillum seropedicae, which degrades MFA, resulting in decreased concentration of this compound in the plants. In conclusion, several experimental techniques have been proved efficient in the control and prophylaxis of MFA-containing plant poisoning; however, none of these techniques are available commercially. Further experiments, mainly in the field, should be carried out to adapt some of these techniques to the conditions of extensive breeding in the numerous areas where MFA-containing plants occur.(AU)

As plantas que contém monofluoroacetato (MFA) causam morte súbita associada ao exercício em ruminantes, e são responsáveis por grandes perdas na pecuária brasileira, estimadas em 500.000 mortes de bovinos anualmente. O controle e tratamento desse tipo de intoxicação, na maioria das vezes, não apresenta eficiência, visto que a evolução da doença é superaguda, e geralmente ocasiona a morte do animal. Devido à dificuldade no controle dessa intoxicação, diversos estudos sugerem alternativas para preveni-la, principalmente tornando os animais resistentes ao MFA presente nessas plantas ou evitando seu consumo. O objetivo do presente trabalho é fazer uma revisão bibliográfica das técnicas utilizadas experimentalmente para controlar a intoxicação de ruminantes por plantas que contém MFA. Nos primeiros trabalhos realizados no Brasil, foi determinado que caprinos e ovinos que recebem continuadamente doses não tóxicas de planta que contém MFA apresentam maior resistência a intoxicação que animais não tratados e que essa resistência pode ser transmitida por transfaunação de fluído ruminal, sugerindo que a mesma ocorre devido a presença de bactérias que hidrolisam MFA no rúmen. Com base nessa hipótese foram isoladas diversas bactérias que hidrolisam MFA (Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus sp., Paenibacillus sp., Burkholderia sp., Cupriavidus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Ancylobactersp., Ralstoniasp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Pigmentiphaga kullae e Ancylobacter dichloromethanicus). Quando algumas dessas bactérias foram administradas intraruminalmente conferiram diferentes graus de proteção contra a intoxicação. No entanto foi observado que a proteção se perde gradualmente quando se deixa de administrar a(s) bactéria(s). Em consequência, para obter uma proteção mais eficiente essas bactérias deveriam ser administradas continuadamente, provavelmente na forma de probiótico. Em outro ensaio administrou-se MFA a ovinos em doses não tóxicas para testar a hipótese de que esta substância poderia induzir a multiplicação de bactérias que hidrolisam o mesmo no rúmen. Não houve um aumento da resistência a intoxicação após a administração de MFA; no entanto quando foi administrado trifluoroacetato, os animais não desenvolveram nenhum sinal de intoxicação e quando desafiados com doses tóxicas de MFA não apresentaram sinais clínicos, pelo contrário todos os animais controles apresentaram sinais clínicos. Esses resultados sugerem que o trifluoroacetato induz a proliferação de bactérias que degradam MFA e pode ser utilizado para a profilaxia da intoxicação. A técnica da aversão alimentar condicionada, utilizando cloreto de lítio, tem sido empregada experimentalmente, com sucesso, para evitar que ruminantes ingiram plantas que contém MFA. Outra alternativa testada foi a pulverização de Amorimia septentrionalis com a bactéria endofítica Herbaspirullum seropedicae, que degrada MFA, resultando na diminuição da concentração deste composto na planta. Conclui-se que há diversas técnicas que experimentalmente tem demonstrado eficiência no controle e profilaxia das intoxicações por plantas que contém MFA; no entanto, nenhuma dessas técnicas está disponível comercialmente. Futuros experimentos, principalmente, a campo, deverão ser realizados para adaptar alguma(s) dessas técnicas as condições de criação extensiva nas numerosas áreas onde ocorrem plantas que contém MFA.(AU)

Mobility of Pratylenchus coffeae in segmented soil columns submitted to water flows and plant stimuli / Mobilidade de Pratylenchus coffeae no solo em colunas segmentadas submetidas a fluxos de água e estímulos vegetais

The root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus spp. causes a high-severity disease, promoting high economic losses in various crops of agricultural importance. The nematode control is difficult, especially after introduction into the area. Studies on the migration of this parasite in the soil are scarce. However, understanding nematode behavior in the soil is fundamental to increase the efficiency of management practices, especially in irrigated agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of water flow and plant stimulus on Pratylenchus coffeae mobility in segmented soil columns. The columns were segmented into 11 rings of 1 cm long filled with washed sand, one of the ends exposed to a bait, and submitted to flows of 0, 3, 7 cm3/min of water. Baits for nematode attraction and repelling consisted of sectioned tubers of yam (Dioscorea cayennensis) and cut leaves of neem (Azadirachta indica), respectively, and the absence of baits as the control. Nematodes were injected into the central segment of the column, and migration and presence in water leaching were determined five days after soil infestation. Mobility of P. coffeae varied with water flow and bait type. In the absence of water flow, nematodes migrated in the opposite direction to the neem baits, but migration was well distributed in the presence of yam baits, with specimens present in all column segments. The nematode had significantly higher resistance to water flow of 3 cm3/min in the presence of yam baits. No nematodes were found in the water leached at flows of 3 and 7 cm3/min in the absence of bait.

O nematoide das lesões radiculares Pratylenchus spp. causa doença de alta severidade promovendo elevadas perdas econômicas em inúmeras culturas de importância agrícola. O controle é difícil, principalmente depois de sua introdução na área. Estudos sobre a migração desse parasito no solo são escassos. No entanto, entender o comportamento do nematoide no solo é fundamental para aumentar a eficiência das práticas de manejo, especialmente em agricultura irrigada. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência do fluxo de água e do estímulo vegetal na mobilidade de Pratylenchus coffeae em colunas de solo. As colunas foram segmentadas em 11 anéis de 1 cm de comprimento, preenchidas com areia lavada, tendo uma das extremidades exposta à isca e submetida a fluxos de 0, 3, 7 cm3/min de água. As iscas para atração e afastamento do nematoide consistiram de túberas seccionadas de inhame (Dioscorea cayennensis) e folhas picotadas de nim (Azadirachta indica), respectivamente, e a ausência de iscas como testemunha. Os nematoides foram injetados no segmento central da coluna e a migração e lixiviação determinadas cinco dias após infestação do solo. A mobilidade de P. coffeae variou com fluxo de água e tipo de isca. Na ausência de fluxo de água os nematoides migraram em sentido contrário às iscas de nim, mas a migração foi bem distribuída na presença de iscas de inhame, com espécimes presentes em todos os segmentos da coluna. Quando aplicado fluxo de 3 cm3/min de água, P.coffeae ofereceu significativamente maior resistência ao fluxo na presença de iscas de inhame. Os nematoides não foram lixiviados nos fluxos de 3 e 7 cm3/min de água na ausência de isca.

Mobility of Pratylenchus coffeae in segmented soil columns submitted to water flows and plant stimuli / Mobilidade de Pratylenchus coffeae no solo em colunas segmentadas submetidas a fluxos de água e estímulos vegetais

The root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus spp. causes a high-severity disease, promoting high economic losses in various crops of agricultural importance. The nematode control is difficult, especially after introduction into the area. Studies on the migration of this parasite in the soil are scarce. However, understanding nematode behavior in the soil is fundamental to increase the efficiency of management practices, especially in irrigated agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of water flow and plant stimulus on Pratylenchus coffeae mobility in segmented soil columns. The columns were segmented into 11 rings of 1 cm long filled with washed sand, one of the ends exposed to a bait, and submitted to flows of 0, 3, 7 cm3/min of water. Baits for nematode attraction and repelling consisted of sectioned tubers of yam (Dioscorea cayennensis) and cut leaves of neem (Azadirachta indica), respectively, and the absence of baits as the control. Nematodes were injected into the central segment of the column, and migration and presence in water leaching were determined five days after soil infestation. Mobility of P. coffeae varied with water flow and bait type. In the absence of water flow, nematodes migrated in the opposite direction to the neem baits, but migration was well distributed in the presence of yam baits, with specimens present in all column segments. The nematode had significantly higher resistance to water flow of 3 cm3/min in the presence of yam baits. No nematodes were found in the water leached at flows of 3 and 7 cm3/min in the absence of bait. (AU)

O nematoide das lesões radiculares Pratylenchus spp. causa doença de alta severidade promovendo elevadas perdas econômicas em inúmeras culturas de importância agrícola. O controle é difícil, principalmente depois de sua introdução na área. Estudos sobre a migração desse parasito no solo são escassos. No entanto, entender o comportamento do nematoide no solo é fundamental para aumentar a eficiência das práticas de manejo, especialmente em agricultura irrigada. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência do fluxo de água e do estímulo vegetal na mobilidade de Pratylenchus coffeae em colunas de solo. As colunas foram segmentadas em 11 anéis de 1 cm de comprimento, preenchidas com areia lavada, tendo uma das extremidades exposta à isca e submetida a fluxos de 0, 3, 7 cm3/min de água. As iscas para atração e afastamento do nematoide consistiram de túberas seccionadas de inhame (Dioscorea cayennensis) e folhas picotadas de nim (Azadirachta indica), respectivamente, e a ausência de iscas como testemunha. Os nematoides foram injetados no segmento central da coluna e a migração e lixiviação determinadas cinco dias após infestação do solo. A mobilidade de P. coffeae variou com fluxo de água e tipo de isca. Na ausência de fluxo de água os nematoides migraram em sentido contrário às iscas de nim, mas a migração foi bem distribuída na presença de iscas de inhame, com espécimes presentes em todos os segmentos da coluna. Quando aplicado fluxo de 3 cm3/min de água, P.coffeae ofereceu significativamente maior resistência ao fluxo na presença de iscas de inhame. Os nematoides não foram lixiviados nos fluxos de 3 e 7 cm3/min de água na ausência de isca.(AU)

Draft genome sequence of Chryseobacterium limigenitum SUR2T (LMG 28734T) isolated from dehydrated sludge

The type strain SUR2 of the novel species Chryseobacterium limigenitum was isolated from a dehydrated sludge of the municipal sewage treatment plant in Dogoše near Maribor in Slovenia. The draft genome, with 60 contigs, 4,697,725 bp, 34.4% of G+C content, was obtained using the Illumina HiSeq 2500-1 platform. Joint Genome Institute Microbial Genome Annotation Pipeline (MGAP v.4) has identified 4322 protein-coding sequences including resistance genes against arsenic and other heavy metals. In addition, a subclass B3 metallo-β-lactamase, which confers resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems, was also present in the genome. The genome sequence provides important information regarding bioremediation potential and pathogenic properties of this newly identified species.(AU)

Increasing the resistance of common bean to white mold through recurrent selection

White mold, caused by Sclerotinea sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is one of the most important diseases of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) worldwide. Physiological resistance and traits related to disease avoidance such as architecture contribute to field resistance. The aim of this study was to verify the efficiency of recurrent selection in physiological resistance to white mold, Carioca grain type and upright habit in common bean. Thirteen common bean lines with partial resistance to white mold were intercrossed by means of a circulant diallel table, and seven recurrent selection cycles were obtained. Of these cycles, progenies of the S0:1, S0:2 and S0:3 generations of cycles III, IV, V and VI were evaluated. The best (8 to 10) progenies of the seven cycles were also evaluated, in two experiments, one in the greenhouse and one in the field. Lattice and/or randomized block experimental designs were used. The traits evaluated were: resistance to white mold by the straw test method, growth habit and grain type. The most resistant progenies were selected based on the average score of resistance to white mold. Subsequently, they were evaluated with regard to grain type and growth habit. Recurrent selection allowed for genetic progress of about 11 % per year for white mold resistance and about 15 % per year for the plant architecture. There was no gain among cycles for grain type. Progeny selection and recurrent selection were efficient for obtaining progenies with a high level of resistance to white mold with Carioca grain type and upright habit.

Increasing the resistance of common bean to white mold through recurrent selection

White mold, caused by Sclerotinea sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is one of the most important diseases of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) worldwide. Physiological resistance and traits related to disease avoidance such as architecture contribute to field resistance. The aim of this study was to verify the efficiency of recurrent selection in physiological resistance to white mold, Carioca grain type and upright habit in common bean. Thirteen common bean lines with partial resistance to white mold were intercrossed by means of a circulant diallel table, and seven recurrent selection cycles were obtained. Of these cycles, progenies of the S0:1, S0:2 and S0:3 generations of cycles III, IV, V and VI were evaluated. The best (8 to 10) progenies of the seven cycles were also evaluated, in two experiments, one in the greenhouse and one in the field. Lattice and/or randomized block experimental designs were used. The traits evaluated were: resistance to white mold by the straw test method, growth habit and grain type. The most resistant progenies were selected based on the average score of resistance to white mold. Subsequently, they were evaluated with regard to grain type and growth habit. Recurrent selection allowed for genetic progress of about 11 % per year for white mold resistance and about 15 % per year for the plant architecture. There was no gain among cycles for grain type. Progeny selection and recurrent selection were efficient for obtaining progenies with a high level of resistance to white mold with Carioca grain type and upright habit.(AU)

Não preferência para alimentação e antibiose em cultivares de amendoim a Stegasta bosquella (Chambers) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) / Non-preference for feeding and antibiosis in peanut cultivars to Stegasta bosquella (Chambers) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a atratividade, não preferência para alimentação e antibiose em cultivares de amendoim de hábitos de crescimento ereto e rasteiro a Stegasta bosquella (Chambers). Avaliaram-se oito cultivares, sendo quatro de hábito de crescimento ereto (IAC Tatu, IAC 22, IAC 8112 e IAC 5) e quatro de hábito rasteiro (IAC Runner 886, IAC 147, IAC 125 e IAC 503). Foram realizados testes de não preferência para alimentação com e sem chance de escolha, utilizando-separes de discos foliares sobrepostos de 1,0 cm de diâmetro, os quais foram dispostos em placas de Petri onde foram liberadas lagartas de terceiro instar de S. bosquella. Avaliou-se a atratividade das lagartas em tempos pré-estabelecidos, além da massa seca consumida. No teste de antibiose, foram avaliados os parâmetros biológicos: período e viabilidade larval, de pré-pupa, pupal e total, pesos de lagartas e pupas, razão sexual e longevidade. Nenhuma das cultivares de amendoim de hábito de crescimento rasteiro apresentaram resistência do tipo não preferência para alimentação. Dentre as cultivares de hábito de crescimento ereto, IAC 5 e IAC 22 foram as menos atrativas e consumidas no teste de não preferência para alimentação com chance de escolha, e IAC 5 e IAC 8112 foram as menos atrativas no teste sem chance de escolha. As cultivares de hábito rasteiro IAC 147 e IAC Runner 886 afetaram a...(AU)

This work aimed to evaluate the attractiveness, non-preference for feeding and antibiosis in straight and runner growth habit peanut cultivars to Stegasta bosquella (Chambers). Eight cultivars were evaluated, four of straight growth habit (IAC Tatu, IAC 22, IAC 8112 and IAC 5) and four of runner growth habit (IAC Runner 886, IAC 147, IAC 125 and IAC 503). Free-choice and no-choice feeding tests were performed, using pairs of overlapped leaf discs with 1.0 cm diameter, which were placed in Petri dishes where third instar larvae of S. bosquella were released. The attractiveness to the larvae was assessed in predetermined times, in addition to the dry mass consumed. In the antibiosis assay, the biological parameters were evaluated: period and viability of larvae, pre-pupae, pupae, and total, weight of larvae and pupae, sex ratio and longevity. None of the runner growth habit cultivars exhibited non-preference for feeding-type resistance. Among the straight growth habit cultivars, IAC 5 and IAC 22 were the least attractive and consumed in the free-choice feeding test, and IAC 5 and IAC 8112 were the least attractive in the no-choice test. The runner growth habit cultivars IAC 147 and IAC Runner 886 affected the larval survival of S. bosquella, exhibiting antibiosis-type resistance. For the straight growth habit cultivars, IAC 22 and IAC 8112 affected the larval viability...(AU)

 

Chemical products induce resistance to Xanthomonas perforans in tomato

The bacterial spot of tomato, caused by Xanthomonas spp., is a very important disease, especially in the hot and humid periods of the year. The chemical control of the disease has not been very effective for a number of reasons. This study aimed to evaluate, under greenhouse conditions, the efficacy of leaf-spraying chemicals (acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) (0.025 g.L⁻¹), fluazinam (0.25 g.L⁻¹), pyraclostrobin (0.08 g.L⁻¹), pyraclostrobin + methiran (0.02 g.L⁻¹ + 2.2 g.L⁻¹), copper oxychloride (1.50 g.L⁻¹), mancozeb + copper oxychloride (0.88 g.L⁻¹ + 0.60 g.L⁻¹), and oxytetracycline (0.40 g.L⁻¹)) on control of bacterial spot. Tomatoes Santa Clara and Gisele cultivars were pulverized 3 days before inoculation with Xanthomonas perforans. The production of enzymes associated with resistance induction (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, β-1,3-glucanase, and protease) was quantified from leaf samples collected 24 hours before and 24 hours after chemical spraying and at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days after bacterial inoculation. All products tested controlled bacterial spot, but only ASM, pyraclostrobin, and pyraclostrobin + metiram increased the production of peroxidase in the leaves of the two tomato cultivars, and increased the production of polyphenol oxidase and β-1,3-glucanase in the Santa Clara cultivar..(AU)

Isolation of Dickeya dadantii strains from potato disease and biocontrol by their bacteriophages

One of the most economically important bacterial pathogens of plants and plant products is Dickeya dadantii. This bacterium causes soft rot disease in tubers and other parts of the potato and other plants of the Solanaceae family. The application of restricted host range bacteriophages as biocontrol agents has recently gained widespread interest. This study purposed to isolate the infectious agent of the potato and evaluate its biocontrol by bacteriophages. Two phytopathogenic strains were isolated from infected potatoes, identified based on biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and submitted to GenBank as D. dadantii strain pis3 (accession no. HQ423668) and D. dadantii strain sip4 (accession no. HQ423669). Their bacteriophages were isolated from Caspian Sea water by enriching the water filtrate with D. dadantii strains as hosts using spot or overlay methods. On the basis of morphotypes, the isolated bacteriophages were identified as members of the Myoviridae and Siphoviridae families and could inhibit the growth of antibiotic resistant D. dadantii strains in culture medium. Moreover, in Dickeya infected plants treated with bacteriophage, no disease progression was detected. No significant difference was seen between phage-treated and control plants. Thus, isolated bacteriophages can be suggested for the biocontrol of plant disease caused by Dickeya strains..(AU)

Reaction of common bean progenies to white mold derived from recurrent selection / Reação de progênies de feijão ao mofo branco derivadas de seleção recorrente

This study was realized with the objective of verifying the resistance to white mold of common bean progenies derived from recurrent selection for resistance to angular leaf spot. The plant material used was obtained from a program of recurrent selection, which was started by crossing seven lines with carioca grain type with ten sources of resistance to angular leaf spot according to the partial diallel scheme. To evaluate the resistance to white mold, it was verified the reaction of 17 parents plus 35 selected progenies, to oxalic acid. Huge heterogeneity among the parents was observed, showing that some of them have resistance alleles to white mold, and thus, there is a possibility of recombine these alleles through the recurrent selection and obtaining progenies with high levels of resistance. Even in initial cycles, some progenies exhibited resistance to white mold similar to the one of cultivar 'G-122', which presents good level of resistance to this disease. This leads to infer that the original population already had some level of physiological resistance for the reaction to absorption of oxalic acid, and also for resistance to angular leaf spot. Thus, among the selected progenies for resistance to angular leaf spot, grain type and high yield, at least four progenies have resistance to white mold similar to the source of resistance 'G-122'.(AU)

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar a resistência ao mofo branco de progênies de feijão, provenientes de seleção recorrente para resistência à mancha angular. O material vegetal utilizado foi obtido de um programa de seleção recorrente, iniciado com o intercruzamento entre sete linhagens com grãos tipo carioca e dez fontes de resistência à mancha angular no esquema dialelo parcial. Para avaliação da resistência ao mofo branco, foi verificada a reação desses 17 genitores mais as 35 progênies obtidas, ao ácido oxálico. Foi observada uma ampla variabilidade nos genitores, indicando que alguns possuem alelos de resistência ao mofo branco e, assim, há possibilidade de associação desses alelos no programa de seleção recorrente e obtenção de progênies com níveis superiores de resistência. As progênies que se apresentaram como mais resistentes foram MAV-1.7, MAV-3.36, MAVI-21 e MAVI-60. Mesmo em ciclos iniciais, algumas progênies apresentaram nota média de reação ao mofo branco semelhante à da cultivar 'G-122', que apresenta bom nível de resistência a essa doença. Isso leva a inferir que a população original utilizada já possuía algum nível de resistência fisiológica para a reação à absorção ao ácido oxálico e também para a resistência à mancha angular. Assim, entre as progênies selecionadas para a resistência à mancha angular, tipo de grão e produtividade, pelo menos quatro apresentam nível de resistência ao mofo branco semelhante à fonte de resistência 'G-122'.(AU)

Reação e resistência de porta-enxertos de tomateiro à murcha de fusário / Reaction and resistance of tomato rootstock to fusarium wilt

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a reação de resistência de porta-enxertos e cultivares de tomateiro à raça 3 de F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici e a comprovação de sua resistência às raças 1 e 2. Os porta-enxertos testados foram: Guardião, Helper-M, Anchor-T, Dr. K, Kagemuscha, Block, Magnet e He-Man, e, como testemunhas, as cultivares 'Kada', 'Santa Clara', 'Gisele', 'BHRS 2,3'. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas e 5 repetições, sendo os porta-enxertos e as cultivares, alocados na parcela principal e as 3 raças de F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, nas subparcelas. As plantas foram inoculadas e mantidas em casa de vegetação com temperatura e umidade controladas. Os porta-enxertos foram avaliados pela severidade de infecção do fungo no xilema. Todos os porta-enxertos foram resistentes às raças 1 e 2 de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici e apenas Guardião e Block foram resistentes à raça 3.

The aim of this research was to verify the reaction of tomato rootstocks to race 3 of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and his resistance to races 1 and 2. It was tested the rootstocks: Guardião, Helper-M, Anchor-T, Dr K, Kagemusha, Block, Magnet and He-man and, as a control, the cultivars 'Kada', 'Santa Clara', 'Gisele', 'BHRS 2,3'. The experimental design was a completely randomized type, with split-plots and 5 replicates. The rootstocks and cultivars were allocated in principal plot, and the 3 races of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, in the sub-plots. The plants were inoculated and maintained in vegetation house with temperature and humidity controlled. The rootstock was assessed by the severity of disease infection in the xylem. All rootstock were resistant to races 1 and 2 of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and only Guardian and Block were resistant to race 3.

Reação e resistência de porta-enxertos de tomateiro à murcha de fusário / Reaction and resistance of tomato rootstock to fusarium wilt

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a reação de resistência de porta-enxertos e cultivares de tomateiro à raça 3 de F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici e a comprovação de sua resistência às raças 1 e 2. Os porta-enxertos testados foram: Guardião, Helper-M, Anchor-T, Dr. K, Kagemuscha, Block, Magnet e He-Man, e, como testemunhas, as cultivares 'Kada', 'Santa Clara', 'Gisele', 'BHRS 2,3'. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas e 5 repetições, sendo os porta-enxertos e as cultivares, alocados na parcela principal e as 3 raças de F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, nas subparcelas. As plantas foram inoculadas e mantidas em casa de vegetação com temperatura e umidade controladas. Os porta-enxertos foram avaliados pela severidade de infecção do fungo no xilema. Todos os porta-enxertos foram resistentes às raças 1 e 2 de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici e apenas Guardião e Block foram resistentes à raça 3.(AU)

The aim of this research was to verify the reaction of tomato rootstocks to race 3 of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and his resistance to races 1 and 2. It was tested the rootstocks: Guardião, Helper-M, Anchor-T, Dr K, Kagemusha, Block, Magnet and He-man and, as a control, the cultivars 'Kada', 'Santa Clara', 'Gisele', 'BHRS 2,3'. The experimental design was a completely randomized type, with split-plots and 5 replicates. The rootstocks and cultivars were allocated in principal plot, and the 3 races of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, in the sub-plots. The plants were inoculated and maintained in vegetation house with temperature and humidity controlled. The rootstock was assessed by the severity of disease infection in the xylem. All rootstock were resistant to races 1 and 2 of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and only Guardian and Block were resistant to race 3.(AU)

Biological aspects of the beetle Delphastus davidsoni fed with whitefly eggs laid on tomato genotypes

Many plant breeding programs have incorporated plant resistance characteristics without considering how this resistance may affect the natural enemies of plant pests. We evaluated the biological aspects of Delphastus davidsoni (Gordon) fed with Bemisia tabaci B biotype eggs laid on tomato genotypes with different trichome densities and types. On LA1335 and NAV1062, the development periods were 21 days, and the larval mortality rates were 46.7 % and 28.9 %, respectively; on IAC294, the development period was 26 days, and the mortality rate 88.9 %. None of the larvae completed development when fed with whitefly eggs laid on PI134418. Most of the deaths took place in the second instar stage because the larvae became trapped in the glandular trichomes; similar results were also observed on IAC294. The adult longevity and female fecundity on LA1335 and NAV1062 were 32 and 34 days, and 61 and 78 eggs, respectively. The type IV and VI glandular trichomes present on PI134418 and IAC294 adversely affected the larval development of D. davidsoni, resulting in high mortality rates. Nevertheless, type V non-glandular trichomes, in high (NAV1062) or low (LA1335) densities, did not affect the development of the insect.

Biological aspects of the beetle Delphastus davidsoni fed with whitefly eggs laid on tomato genotypes

Many plant breeding programs have incorporated plant resistance characteristics without considering how this resistance may affect the natural enemies of plant pests. We evaluated the biological aspects of Delphastus davidsoni (Gordon) fed with Bemisia tabaci B biotype eggs laid on tomato genotypes with different trichome densities and types. On LA1335 and NAV1062, the development periods were 21 days, and the larval mortality rates were 46.7 % and 28.9 %, respectively; on IAC294, the development period was 26 days, and the mortality rate 88.9 %. None of the larvae completed development when fed with whitefly eggs laid on PI134418. Most of the deaths took place in the second instar stage because the larvae became trapped in the glandular trichomes; similar results were also observed on IAC294. The adult longevity and female fecundity on LA1335 and NAV1062 were 32 and 34 days, and 61 and 78 eggs, respectively. The type IV and VI glandular trichomes present on PI134418 and IAC294 adversely affected the larval development of D. davidsoni, resulting in high mortality rates. Nevertheless, type V non-glandular trichomes, in high (NAV1062) or low (LA1335) densities, did not affect the development of the insect.(AU)

Antibiose e não preferência para oviposição de Bemisia tabaci (Genn) biótipo B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em genótipos de feijoeiro comum / Antibiosis and non preference for the oviposition of Bemisia tabaci (Genn) biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in common bean genotypes

O feijoeiro comum, Phaseolus vulgaris L., constitui importante fonte de proteína e renda para muitos países, entre eles, o Brasil. Diferentes fatores contribuem para a redução da produção, como os insetos pragas, destacando-se Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biótipo B. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo identificar genótipos de feijoeiro comum resistentes à B. tabaci biótipo B e os tipos de resistência envolvidos. Para isso, foram realizados dois experimentos desenvolvidos em laboratório e em casa-de-vegetação, avaliando-se 11 genótipos de feijoeiro comum. Para o teste com chance de escolha, o delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, e para os testes sem chance de escolha e antibiose, a escolha foi pelo inteiramente casualizado, totalizando seis repetições para cada teste. As variáveis avaliadas foram: período de incubação dos ovos; período ninfal; período de ovo a adulto; viabilidade de ovo a adulto e longevidade de adultos. O genótipo IAC-Harmonia prolongou os períodos ninfal e de ovo a adulto de B. tabaci biótipo B. Os genótipos testados foram igualmente ovipositados pela mosca-branca, em testes com e sem chance de escolha.(AU)

The common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. constitutes an important source of protein and income for many countries, including Brazil. Different factors contribute with the reduction in production, including pest insects, especially Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B. This study aimed to identify common bean genotypes resistant to B. tabaci biotype B and the types of resistance involved. Therefore, two experiments were developed in a greenhouse and laboratory, evaluating 11 common bean genotypes. To test the free-choice experimental design, the randomized block design was adopted, and the completely randomized one was selected for the no-choice tests and antibiosis, with six replications for each test. The following variables were evaluated: incubation period of eggs; nymphal; egg to adult; viability of egg to adult and adult longevity. The IAC-Harmony prolonged the nymphal and egg to adult periods of B. tabaci biotype B. The genotypes were also tested by the whitefly oviposition in free and no choice tests.(AU)