The evaluation of clinicopathological and immunohistochemical findings of cervical clear cell carcinoma in a bitch

Background: Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the cervix is a rarely seen malignant tumor which is classified in adenocarcinomas of the endometrium. It is responsible for 2.15-3.0% of endometrial tumors. The diagnosis is difficult and is still controversial in uterine carcinomas. Macroscopically, masses were protruding to endometrial surface. However, the definitive diagnosis was carried by microscopical evaluation. The cells contain clear cytoplasm. The cells are seen in this pattern because there is either glycogenation or secretoric activity in the cells.Case: In the present case, clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical findings of clear cell carcinoma of the cervix were defined in a 3 year-old spayed Golden retriever bitch. Previously spayed bitch, which had vaginal discharge for the last month-long, was submitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. In the general clinical examination, vaginoscopy was performed and vaginal cytology was obtained from smear. The source of discharge was detected as cervix uteri. In vaginal cytologic examination, erythrocyte, neutrophile and superficial cells were observed. In abdominal ultrasonography, a hypoechoic mass was detected at cranial part of the urinary bladder. To evaluate the general health condition of the dog, total blood counting and serum biochemistry were analyzed in addition to assessing its hormone prophlye. Estrogen and progesterone levels were evaluated. Estradiol (E2) level was measured as 23 pg/mL and progesterone level was measured as 1.96 ng/mL from collected serum. The cervical mass in diameters of 3x4x2.5 cm was removed in operation. In macroscopical examination, it had spherical and regularly shape. After the macroscopical examination, tissue samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Then, the samples stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin (H&E), Masson’s trichrome and PAS stainings, respectively.[...]

The evaluation of clinicopathological and immunohistochemical findings of cervical clear cell carcinoma in a bitch

Background: Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the cervix is a rarely seen malignant tumor which is classified in adenocarcinomas of the endometrium. It is responsible for 2.15-3.0% of endometrial tumors. The diagnosis is difficult and is still controversial in uterine carcinomas. Macroscopically, masses were protruding to endometrial surface. However, the definitive diagnosis was carried by microscopical evaluation. The cells contain clear cytoplasm. The cells are seen in this pattern because there is either glycogenation or secretoric activity in the cells.Case: In the present case, clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical findings of clear cell carcinoma of the cervix were defined in a 3 year-old spayed Golden retriever bitch. Previously spayed bitch, which had vaginal discharge for the last month-long, was submitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. In the general clinical examination, vaginoscopy was performed and vaginal cytology was obtained from smear. The source of discharge was detected as cervix uteri. In vaginal cytologic examination, erythrocyte, neutrophile and superficial cells were observed. In abdominal ultrasonography, a hypoechoic mass was detected at cranial part of the urinary bladder. To evaluate the general health condition of the dog, total blood counting and serum biochemistry were analyzed in addition to assessing its hormone prophlye. Estrogen and progesterone levels were evaluated. Estradiol (E2) level was measured as 23 pg/mL and progesterone level was measured as 1.96 ng/mL from collected serum. The cervical mass in diameters of 3x4x2.5 cm was removed in operation. In macroscopical examination, it had spherical and regularly shape. After the macroscopical examination, tissue samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Then, the samples stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin (H&E), Massons trichrome and PAS stainings, respectively.[...](AU)

Avaliação dos indicadores de qualidade de laboratórios de citopatologia cervical

Neste trabalho foi avaliado o desempenho dos 13 laboratórios que realizaram o exame citopatológico para o SUS no Paraná, por meio de seis indicadores do monitoramento interno da qualidade (MIQ). Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo, baseado nos dados obtidos no programa do Ministério da Saúde, SISCOLO/CNES, dos laboratórios que efetuaram acima de 1.500 exames de Papanicolaou/ano, de janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2012. A avaliação da qualidade dos laboratórios foi feita pela análise do índice de positividade (IP), percentuais de exames compatíveis com ASC entre os exames satisfatórios, ASC entre os exames alterados, exames compatíveis com HSIL, exames insatisfatórios e razão ASC/SIL. Dos laboratórios avaliados, apenas um apresentou produtividade maior que 15 mil exames/ano conforme recomendação da QualiCito, e correspondeu a 82,9 % dos exames realizados no estado. O IP mostrou que 46,1 % dos laboratórios apresentaram resultado muito baixo, 38,5 % baixo, apenas 18,1 % dentro da faixa esperada. Com relação ao percentual de HSIL, 23,1 % dos laboratórios apresentaram percentual igual ou superior a 0,4 %. Portanto, os resultados deste estudo mostraram que os indicadores de qualidade do MIQ, dos laboratórios que realizaram exame citopatológico para o SUS, estão abaixo dos parâmetros recomendado pelo Ministério da Saúde.(AU)

This study aimed at evaluating the profile of 13 laboratories that perform the Pap smear for the Public Healthcare System in Paraná State, Brazil, through six internal quality monitoring indicators (MIQ). This retrospective study was based on the data obtained from the Ministry of Health Program, SISCOLO/ CNES, including laboratories performing over 1500 Pap tests/year, from January 2008 to April 2013. The quality assessment of laboratories was performed by analyzing the positivity rate (PR), the percentage of tests compatible with ASC among satisfactory examinations, the ASC among abnormal tests, the tests compatible with HSIL, the unsatisfactory rate and the ASC/SIL ratio. Of analyzed laboratories, only one demonstrated productivity higher than 15.000 tests/year as recommended by QualiCito, and these corresponded to 82.9 % of tests performed in the State. The PR was very low in 46.1 % of laboratories and low in 38.5 %; 18.1 % of laboratories only were within the expected range. The percentage of HSIL was equal to or greater than 0.4 % in 23.1 % of laboratories. Therefore, this study showed that the quality indicators of MIQ of the laboratories performing the cervical cancer screening are below the parameters recommended by the Ministry of Health.(AU)

Progressive loss of E-cadherin immunoexpression during cervical carcinogenesis

PURPOSE: To investigate E-cadherin immunoexpression during cervical carcinogenesis. METHODS: We assessed the immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin in squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL - 52 cases), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the uterine cervix (23 cases) and also in eight cases of cervicitis. RESULTS: The results show very different E-cadherin membrane expression levels when cervicitis (88%), SILs (73%) and SCC (17%) were compared. In SILs, higher E-cadherin loss was seen in less differentiated cells in the basal third of the epithelium. This study suggests that the absence of E-cadherin expression in the membrane is a molecular event that is observed more often in SCC of the uterine cervix than in SILs or cervicitis. CONCLUSIONS: E-cadherin is an essential molecule during the process of cervical carcinogenesis and in this context exhibits a different expression pattern according to the epithelial thickness layer. .(AU)

High incidence of oncogenic HPV genotypes found in women from Southern Brazil

Oncogenic HPV genotypes are strongly associated with premalignant and malignant cervical lesion. The purpose was to determine human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and genotypes, and to estimate cervical cancer risk factor associations. Cervical samples were obtained from 251 women seeking gynecological care at the Pelotas School of Medicine Clinic. This is a cross-sectional study. HPV-DNA was amplified by nested-PCR using MY09/11 and GP5/6 primers, and the sequencing was used for genotyping. Sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors were obtained by closed questionnaire, and its relationship to HPV infection prevalence were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 16.0 software, and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. As results, the prevalence of HPV infection was 29.9%. The most frequent genotype was HPV-16 (41.3%), followed by HPV-18 (17.3%), and HPV-33 (9.3%). Others nine HPV genotypes were also found. On this population, prevalence of oncogenic HPV genotypes was high, but does not seem to confer relationship with the risk factors investigated. Future investigations in larger populations are necessary, for the proposition of more appropriated monitoring strategies and treatment according to the Brazilian health service reality, as well as patients.

Resistance of cervical adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa) to venom from the scorpion Centruroides limpidus limpidus

Background : The venom of Centruroides limpidus limpidus (Cll) is a mixture of pharmacologically active principles. The most important of these are toxic proteins that interact both selectively and specifically with different cellular targets such as ion channels. Recently, anticancer properties of the venom from other scorpion species have been described. Studies in vitro have shown that scorpion venom induces cell death, inhibits proliferation and triggers the apoptotic pathway in different cancer cell lines. Herein, after treating human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells with Cll crude venom, their cytotoxic activity and apoptosis induction were assessed. Results : Cll crude venom induced cell death in normal macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. However, through viability assays, HeLa cells showed high survival rates after exposure to Cll venom. Also, Cll venom did not induce apoptosis after performing ethidium bromide/acridine orange assays, nor was there any evidence of chromatin condensation or DNA fragmentation. Conclusions : Crude Cll venom exposure was not detrimental to HeLa cell cultures. This may be partially attributable to the absence of specific HeLa cell membrane targets for molecules present in the venom of Centruroides limpidus limpidus. Although these results might discourage additional studies exploring the potential of Cll venom to treat human papilloma cervical cancer, further research is required to explore positive effects of crude Cll venom on other cancer cell lines.(AU)

Immunohistochemistry of the uterine cervix of rats bearing the Walker 256 tumor treated with copaiba balsam

PURPOSE: To investigate the immunohistochemistry of the uterine cervix of 20 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) bearing the Walker 256 tumor, treated with copaiba oil (Copaifera officinalis). METHODS: The animals were grouped into four subgroups, with five rats each: the GCT and GCopT received distilled water and topically copaiba, respectively, while the GCG and GCopG received distilled water and copaiba by gavage, respectively. The substances were administered for nine days. On the 12th day, after euthanasia, the tumor pieces were sent to the identification of T CD4+, T CD8+ and Natural Killer cells. RESULTS: It was found that the pattern of expression for specific markers of phenotypes of cells involved in tumor immune response was similar in all groups, regardless the administration way of copaiba oil (topical or gavage). CONCLUSION: Copaiba balsam, administered either topically or by gavage, did not alter the pattern of tumor immune response in rats bearing Walker 256 Tumor.(AU)

Ocorrência de papilomavírus humano na cérvice uterina de mulheres da região ocidental da Amazônia Brasileira / Occurrence of human papillomavirus in uterine cervix of women in the western Brazilian Amazon

The occurrence of human papillomavirus (HPV) is a public health problem, because it has been linked to cancer. The aim of this research was to identify the occurrence of human papillomavirus in uterine cervix of women in the western Brazilian Amazon. The study was conducted in the capital of Rondonia, Porto Velho. We identified the types of HPV, also we correlated molecular results with those of colpocytologic tests coming from 334 women who underwent preventive examinations at the Brazilian Unified Health System. From samples, we obtained genetic material of the human papillomavirus (HPV ADN) and amplified the 450-bp fragment from the conserved region of the L1 gene, which was submitted to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Of the 334 samples analyzed, 31% were confirmed to have the presence of viral material (HPV ADN). We detected the existence of the following HPV types: 16, 18, 33, 53 and 58, which identifies the group of high oncogenic risk, with 72% (74/103) of occurrence. Also we found HPV types 11, 42 and 44, which belong to the group of low oncogenic risk, with 28% of occurrence. The recurrent profiles in the development of the analysis were HPV-16 and -18, with 17% and 16% respectively. We found that more than 80% of the samples that contained viral material did not show any abnormal cell in the cytology test. This finding reinforces the need to disseminate the use of molecular techniques in conventional diagnostics.

A ocorrência do papiloma vírus humano (HPV) é um problema de saúde pública, pois tem sido associado ao câncer. O objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar a ocorrência de papilomavírus humano na cérvice uterina de mulheres da região ocidental da Amazônia Brasileira. O estudo foi realizado na capital de Rondônia, Porto Velho. Foram identificados os tipos de HPV e resultados moleculares foram correlacionados com aqueles os testes colpocitológicos de amostras provenientes de 334 mulheres que realizaram exames preventivos no Sistema Único de Saúde. Obteve-se o material genético viral do papilomavírus humano (DNA-HPV) e o fragmento de 450 pb da região conservada do gene L1 amplificado e submetido à análise do polimorfismo dos fragmentos de restrição (RFLP). Das 334 amostras analisadas, 31% foram confirmados com a presença de material viral (DNA-HPV). Confirmou-se a existência dos tipos: HPVS-16, 18, 33, 53 e 58, que identificam o grupo de alto risco oncogênico com 72% (74/103) de ocorrência, bem como os HPVS-11, 42 e 44 pertencentes ao grupo de baixo risco oncogênico com 28% de ocorrência. Os perfis recorrentes durante o desenvolvimento da análise foram do HPV-16 e -18 com 17% e 16%, respectivamente. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que mais de 80% das amostras analisadas e que continham material viral não apresentavam nenhuma alteração celular no teste citológico, o que reforça a necessidade de se difundir o uso das técnicas moleculares em diagnósticos convencionais.

Ocorrência de papilomavírus humano na cérvice uterina de mulheres da região ocidental da Amazônia Brasileira / Occurrence of human papillomavirus in uterine cervix of women in the western Brazilian Amazon

The occurrence of human papillomavirus (HPV) is a public health problem, because it has been linked to cancer. The aim of this research was to identify the occurrence of human papillomavirus in uterine cervix of women in the western Brazilian Amazon. The study was conducted in the capital of Rondonia, Porto Velho. We identified the types of HPV, also we correlated molecular results with those of colpocytologic tests coming from 334 women who underwent preventive examinations at the Brazilian Unified Health System. From samples, we obtained genetic material of the human papillomavirus (HPV ADN) and amplified the 450-bp fragment from the conserved region of the L1 gene, which was submitted to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Of the 334 samples analyzed, 31% were confirmed to have the presence of viral material (HPV ADN). We detected the existence of the following HPV types: 16, 18, 33, 53 and 58, which identifies the group of high oncogenic risk, with 72% (74/103) of occurrence. Also we found HPV types 11, 42 and 44, which belong to the group of low oncogenic risk, with 28% of occurrence. The recurrent profiles in the development of the analysis were HPV-16 and -18, with 17% and 16% respectively. We found that more than 80% of the samples that contained viral material did not show any abnormal cell in the cytology test. This finding reinforces the need to disseminate the use of molecular techniques in conventional diagnostics.(AU)

A ocorrência do papiloma vírus humano (HPV) é um problema de saúde pública, pois tem sido associado ao câncer. O objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar a ocorrência de papilomavírus humano na cérvice uterina de mulheres da região ocidental da Amazônia Brasileira. O estudo foi realizado na capital de Rondônia, Porto Velho. Foram identificados os tipos de HPV e resultados moleculares foram correlacionados com aqueles os testes colpocitológicos de amostras provenientes de 334 mulheres que realizaram exames preventivos no Sistema Único de Saúde. Obteve-se o material genético viral do papilomavírus humano (DNA-HPV) e o fragmento de 450 pb da região conservada do gene L1 amplificado e submetido à análise do polimorfismo dos fragmentos de restrição (RFLP). Das 334 amostras analisadas, 31% foram confirmados com a presença de material viral (DNA-HPV). Confirmou-se a existência dos tipos: HPVS-16, 18, 33, 53 e 58, que identificam o grupo de alto risco oncogênico com 72% (74/103) de ocorrência, bem como os HPVS-11, 42 e 44 pertencentes ao grupo de baixo risco oncogênico com 28% de ocorrência. Os perfis recorrentes durante o desenvolvimento da análise foram do HPV-16 e -18 com 17% e 16%, respectivamente. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que mais de 80% das amostras analisadas e que continham material viral não apresentavam nenhuma alteração celular no teste citológico, o que reforça a necessidade de se difundir o uso das técnicas moleculares em diagnósticos convencionais.(AU)

The effect of copaiba balsam on Walker 256 carcinoma inoculated into the vagina and uterine cervix of female rats / Efeito do óleo de copaíba no tumor de Walker 256 inoculado em vagina e colo de útero de ratas fêmeas

Purpose: To verify the copaiba balsam (Copaifera officinalis) effect on Walker 256 carcinoma inoculated into vagina and uterine cervix of rats. Methods: Eighteen female Wistar rats weighing between 180-250g were used, distributed into 2 groups (GCop, GC). On the 1st day of the experiment, 0.3 ml of Walker 256 carcinoma (2x10(6) concentration) was inoculated in both groups; on the 3rd day of the experiment, it was given 4.8 ml/kg of distilled water to the GC group, and 4.8 ml/kg of copaiba balsam to the GCop group. On the 12th day, euthanasia was performed and the tumor was grafted, being weighted and verified its volume. The data were submitted to statistical analysis with ANOVA test. Results: It was observed that copaiba balsam presented a negative inhibitory potential of 70 percent. Conclusion: The copaiba balsam stimulated the tumor growth.(AU)

Objetivo: Verificar o efeito do óleo de copaíba da espécie Copaifera officinalis no carcinoma de Walker 256 inoculado em vagina e colo de útero de ratas. Métodos: Foram utilizadas 18 ratas da linhagem Wistar, pesando entre 180-250g, distribuídas em dois grupos (CCop, GC). No 1º dia de experimento, em ambos os grupos foi inoculado 0,3ml de tumor de Walker 256 na concentração de 2x10(6); no 3º dia após essa inoculação, foi iniciada a administração de água destilada na dose de 4,8 ml/kg ao GC, e copaíba na dose de 4,8 ml/kg ao GCop. No 12º dia foi realizada a eutanásia das ratas e ressecado o tumor, sendo este pesado e averiguado seu volume. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística pelo método ANOVA. Resultados: Observou-se que o óleo de copaíba apresentou um potencial inibitório negativo de 70 por cento. Conclusão: O óleo de copaíba estimulou o crescimento tumoral.(AU)

Tumor das células da granulosa em uma cadela esterilizada: relato de caso / Granulosa cell tumor in a sterilized female dog: case report / Tumor de células de la granulosa enem guna perra esterilizada: caso clínico

Uma cadela da raça Pastor Alemão, esterilizada de 17anos, foi encaminhada ao Hospital Veterinário Metodista, com histórico de corrimento vaginal sanguinolento e alopecia em flanco e abdômen. O animal apresentava anemia, massa em abdômen de grandes proporções e áreas de aspecto anecogênico, sem possibilidade de suposição de origem, e região de coto uterino hipoecogênica no ultrassom, e formações limiliares em pulmão compatíveis com metástase no raio-x. Em celiotomia exploratória, um tumor de grandes proporções na região onde se localizaria o ovário direito foi encontrado, sendo diagnosticado histologicamente como um tumor das células da granulosa. Cérvix e dois linfonodos estavam alterados. O animal apresentou no período pós-operatório cessação do corrimento vaginal sanguinolento, melhora do quadro geral e boa cicatrização.O animal não retomou para consulta e terapia paliativa com quimioterápicos não pôde ser realizada.Unitermos: neoplasias, ovário, tumor das células da granulosa, cadela, esterelização.(AU)

A sterilized German Shepherd bitch, 17years old, was referred to the Metodista Veterinary Hospital,with a history of blood vaginal discharge and alopecia in flank and abdomen. The animal showed anemia, a mass in the abdomen of large proportions and anechogenic aspect areas interspersed without possibility the origen supposition, and the uterine stump predominantly hypoechoic in ultrassound, and miliary formations inlung, compatible with metástasis in x-ray. In exploratory celiotomy, a tumor of large proportions in the área where would be located the rigth ovary was found, it was histologically diagnosed as a granulosa cells tumor.Cervix and two Iymphnodes are altered. The animal had in the days of post-operative cessation of blood vaginal discharge, improves the overall framework and good healing. The animal did not return for consultation and palliative therapy and chemotherapy can not be performed.(AU)

Una perra esterilizada de la raza Pastor Alemán, 17 anos de edad, fue llevada ai Hospital Veterinario Metodista, con antecedentes de secreción vaginal sangrienta y alopecia en el flanco y abdomen. El animal mostraba anemia, una gran masa en el abdomen y áreas de aspecto anecogénica en el medio, sinposibilidad de suposición de origen, y la región de cuello uterino predominantemente hipoecoica en la ecografía, formaciones miliares compatibles con metástasis pulmonar en la radiografía. En celiotomia exploratoria un tumor de grandes proporciones en Ia región donde se localizaría el ovario derecho fue encontrado, sendo diagnosticado histológicamente como un tumor de las células de la granulosa. Cuello uterino y dos ganglios linfáticos estaban cambiados. El animal presentó en los días de pós-operatório cese dei flujo vaginal con sangre, mejora general y una buena curación. El animal no regresó para la consulta y no se puede realizar el tratamiento paliativo con quimioterapia.(AU)

Tumor das células da granulosa em uma cadela esterilizada: relato de caso / Granulosa cell tumor in a sterilized female dog: case report / Tumor de células de la granulosa enem guna perra esterilizada: caso clínico

Uma cadela da raça Pastor Alemão, esterilizada de 17anos, foi encaminhada ao Hospital Veterinário Metodista, com histórico de corrimento vaginal sanguinolento e alopecia em flanco e abdômen. O animal apresentava anemia, massa em abdômen de grandes proporções e áreas de aspecto anecogênico, sem possibilidade de suposição de origem, e região de coto uterino hipoecogênica no ultrassom, e formações limiliares em pulmão compatíveis com metástase no raio-x. Em celiotomia exploratória, um tumor de grandes proporções na região onde se localizaria o ovário direito foi encontrado, sendo diagnosticado histologicamente como um tumor das células da granulosa. Cérvix e dois linfonodos estavam alterados. O animal apresentou no período pós-operatório cessação do corrimento vaginal sanguinolento, melhora do quadro geral e boa cicatrização.O animal não retomou para consulta e terapia paliativa com quimioterápicos não pôde ser realizada.Unitermos: neoplasias, ovário, tumor das células da granulosa, cadela, esterelização.

A sterilized German Shepherd bitch, 17years old, was referred to the Metodista Veterinary Hospital,with a history of blood vaginal discharge and alopecia in flank and abdomen. The animal showed anemia, a mass in the abdomen of large proportions and anechogenic aspect areas interspersed without possibility the origen supposition, and the uterine stump predominantly hypoechoic in ultrassound, and miliary formations inlung, compatible with metástasis in x-ray. In exploratory celiotomy, a tumor of large proportions in the área where would be located the rigth ovary was found, it was histologically diagnosed as a granulosa cells tumor.Cervix and two Iymphnodes are altered. The animal had in the days of post-operative cessation of blood vaginal discharge, improves the overall framework and good healing. The animal did not return for consultation and palliative therapy and chemotherapy can not be performed.

Una perra esterilizada de la raza Pastor Alemán, 17 anos de edad, fue llevada ai Hospital Veterinario Metodista, con antecedentes de secreción vaginal sangrienta y alopecia en el flanco y abdomen. El animal mostraba anemia, una gran masa en el abdomen y áreas de aspecto anecogénica en el medio, sinposibilidad de suposición de origen, y la región de cuello uterino predominantemente hipoecoica en la ecografía, formaciones miliares compatibles con metástasis pulmonar en la radiografía. En celiotomia exploratoria un tumor de grandes proporciones en Ia región donde se localizaría el ovario derecho fue encontrado, sendo diagnosticado histológicamente como un tumor de las células de la granulosa. Cuello uterino y dos ganglios linfáticos estaban cambiados. El animal presentó en los días de pós-operatório cese dei flujo vaginal con sangre, mejora general y una buena curación. El animal no regresó para la consulta y no se puede realizar el tratamiento paliativo con quimioterapia.

Experimental inoculation model of Walker 256 carcinoma into vagina and cervix uteri of female rats / Modelo experimental de Tumor de Walker 256 em vagina e colo de útero de ratas

PURPOSE: To establish an inoculation model of Walker 256 carcinoma on cervix uteri and vagina of rats. METHODS: Fifteen female rats were used, and assigned to three groups each one with five rats: group A - rats with 4x10(6) cells of Walker 256 carcinoma without acid acetic inoculation; group B - rats with 2x10(6) cells of Walker 256 carcinoma with acid acetic inoculation and group C: rats with 4x10(6) cells of Walker 256 carcinoma with acid acetic inoculation. The day before tumor cells inoculation the rats from groups B and C were anaesthetized with diethylether and 0,3 ml of acetic acid was inoculated into their vaginas. Tumor cell inoculation into the vagina and cervix was done under general anesthesia with diethylether. Then a endocervical brush was used to scrape the vaginal wall and after that 0,3 ml of the liquid containing tumor cells was inoculated on the vagina and cervix. For the tumor analysis, animals were euthanized at day 12 following tumor cell implantation by an excessive inhalation of diethylether. Tumor was resected entirely and weighed and the tumors were then sectioned and counter stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathologic evaluation. It was also calculated the percentage of tumor equivalent to the body weight by the formula: P= tumor weight / body weight x 100. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance - ANOVA. P values < 0.05 were taken to indicate statistical significance. RESULTS: Implantation and growth on GB and GC was 100 percent and on GA 20 percent. There was no statistical difference between GB and GC averages. CONCLUSION: According to the methods used, the Walker 256 carcinoma inoculation model into vagina and cervix have an implantation and growth rate of 100 percent when associated with previous acid acetic inoculation and there is no behavioral difference between using 2x10(6) or 4x10(6) cells on its inoculation(AU)

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer um modelo de inoculação de Tumor de Walker 256 em vagina e colo de útero de ratas. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas 15 ratas fêmeas, virgens, adultas, pesando entre 200-250g, distribuídas em três grupos de estudo com cinco animais cada: grupo A (GA): ratas com tumor de Walker 256 em concentração de 4x10(6) sem ácido acético; grupo B (GB): ratas com tumor de Walker 256 em concentração de 2x10(6) células com ácido acético; grupo C (GC): ratas com tumor de Walker 256 em concentração de 4x10(6) células com ácido acético. No dia anterior à inoculação do tumor, foi realizada a inoculação de 0,3 ml de ácido acético a 10 por cento na vagina das ratas de GB e GC; no dia seguinte, tanto estas como as ratas do grupo GA foram anestesiadas, feita a escarificação da parede vaginal com uma escova de endocérvice e inoculado 0,3ml de tumor na concentração de 4x10(6) células nos grupos GA e GC e 2x10(6) células no grupo GB. Após 12 dias, foi realizada a eutanásia e removido o tumor em bloco com vagina e cornos uterinos para análise, sendo pesado e averiguado seu volume e calculado as relações entre o seu peso e o peso final da rata e o seu volume e o peso final da rata. Os dados foram colhidos e submetidos à análise estatística pelo método ANOVA (um critério). RESULTADOS: A pega em GB e GC foi 100 por cento e em GA 20 por cento. Não houve diferença estatística entre as médias obtidas entre GB e GC. CONCLUSÃO: De acordo com a metodologia utilizada, o modelo de tumor de Walker 256 na vagina apresenta pega de 100 por cento quando associado a ácido acético e não há diferença de comportamento com a inoculação de 4x10(6)ou 2x10(6) células(AU)

Performance of quality control strategies in cytopathological diagnosis in a reference laboratory / Desempenho das estratégias de controle de qualidade em diagnóstico citopatológico em laboratório de referência

Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women in Brazil, after breast and skin cancer. The exam of Papanicolaou is well-recognized method to safety and efficiently option to recognize pre-malignant alterations of the uterine cervix. This study focused the comparison of three methodologies of internal quality control (QC) of cytologic diagnoses: 1) morphological guide-list to be revised (MGLR); 2) the rapid-rescreening (RR); 3) the revision of 10%. The objective was to evaluate the performance and the viability of the internal QC strategies in a Health Public Laboratory of the State of São Paulo. The uterine-cervix samples were examined at the Adolfo Lutz Institute during the period from 2002 to 2004. Of the 4184 samples, 1117 were submitted to MGLR revision, and with the lasting ones, were held revised by 10% method and RR. The RR was made by two trained professionals, who had adopted the turret method to the rescreening, for 60 seconds. The histopathology was used as gold standard. The final diagnosis of the cases without biopsy, were evaluated by diagnostic consensus of two pathologists. MGLR samples, 20.7% of cases showed alterations; the revision of 10% found 6.0% and RR, 2.5%. The kappa index between both observes in the RR was kw= 0.98. Cases prepared with liquid based cytology method presented better performance than conventional smear. The diagnosis concor

Apresenta resumo em inglês.

Citopatologia uterina em laboratório de saúde pública: impacto dos dados de 20 anos (1984-2003) / Citopatologia uterina em laboratório de saúde pública: impacto dos dados de 20 anos (1984-2003)

The objective of this study was to identify the distribution of cytological diagnosis by means of Pap test on pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions from women at different age group in the period of 20 years. Retrospective survey of cytological cervicovaginal diagnoses was done to achieve this goal. Diagnoses results from 1,020,853 cytological samplings on Pap test, were studied according to age groups. In the period of 20 years from 1984 to 2003 the distribution of cervicovaginal cytological diagnoses according to age was analyzed four intervals of 5 year - (four quinquennia). Of analyzed cytological samples 27,314 (2.68%) were unsatisfactory, 980,985 (96.09%) were negative, and 12,554 (1.23%) resulted in squamous intraepithelial lesions and cancer. LSIL peak was observed within the four quinquennia and in the 20-24 age group, HSIL was most frequent in the 30-34 year age group, and SCC/ADENO Ca were present in women above 50 years old. In women of 15-19 years of age, a clear-increase in LSIL frequency was observed in four quinquennia, of 66 (9.19%) in the first quinquennium, 109 (9.83%) in the second, 441 (17.46%) in the third, and 467 (15.97%) in the last one. The outcome of the uterine cervix cancer prevention programs can be measured by the high frequency of LSIL type lesions in the past five years, and the data disclosed in the present study are in accordance with the data

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a distribuição dos diagnósticos citológicos pelo método de Papanicolaou das lesões pré neoplásicas e neoplásicas nos diferentes grupos etários no período de 20 anos. Foram utilizados dados retrospectivos dos diagnósticos citológicos cérvico-vaginais realizados no período de 1984 a 2003 no Setor de Citologia Oncótica. A distribuição dos diagnósticos de 1.020.853 amostras citológicas foi analisada por faixa etária em quatro intervalos de 5 anos (4 quinqüênios). Das amostras analisadas, 27.314 (2,68%) casos foram inadequados, 980.985 (96,09%) foram negativos e 12.554 (1,23%) lesões intraepiteliais e câncer. Neste período, o pico de LSIL foi observado entre a faixa etária dos 20-24 de idade, HSIL foi mais freqüente no intervalo entre 30-34 anos de idade, e SCC/ADENO Ca foram acima dos 50 anos de idade. Nas mulheres entre 15-19 anos de idade foi observado acentuado aumento na freqüência de LSIL nos quatro qüinqüênios, de 66 (9,19%) no primeiro, 109 (9,83%) no segundo, 441 (17,46%) no terceiro e 467 (15,97%) no último. A qualidade dos programas de prevenção de câncer de colo uterino pode ser medido pela freqüência das lesões do tipo LSIL. Os resultados do presente estudo são concordantes com os de outros programas contínuos e importantes para evitar a mortalidade em virtude dessas lesões.

Phytochemical profile and biological activities of Bromelia antiacantha extracts / Perfil fitoquímico e atividades biológicas de extratos de Bromelia antiacantha

Reports from popular medicine usually act as a basis for the development of new drugs from natural compounds with therapeutic actions for serious diseases and prevalence such as cancer. Bromelia antiacantha Bertol. is a species of the Bromeliaceae family, considered an unconventional food plant, found in the south and midwest regions of Brazil. Despite the high nutritional content and pharmacological potential of its fruits, few scientific studies report its biological actions. Thus, this study evaluates the phytochemical profile of aqueous and ethanol extracts obtained from B. antiacantha fruits, as well as their possible antioxidant, antitumor, and cytotoxic activities. The aqueous extract exhibited phenolic compounds and flavonoids, while ethanol extracts indicated the presence of flavonoids and coumarin in their composition, regardless of the region of collection. The ethanolic extract demonstrated a more promising antioxidant effect than the aqueous extract and also induced a significant inhibition in the viability of human cervical cancer cells of the SiHa strain. In addition, treatment with both extracts did not alter the viability of non-tumor cells of the immortalized human keratinocyte lineage (HaCaT). These results bring new data about extracts obtained from a native plant, edible and traditionally used in popular medicine, opening new perspectives for its possible therapeutic application.

Relatos da medicina popular costumam atuar como referencial para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos a partir de moléculas naturais com ações terapêuticas para doenças de alta gravidade e prevalência como o câncer. Bromelia antiacantha Bertol. é uma espécie da família Bromeliaceae, considerada uma planta alimentícia não convencional (PANC), encontrada nas regiões sul e centro-oeste do Brasil. Apesar do alto teor nutritivo e potencial farmacológico de seus frutos, poucos estudos científicos relatam suas ações biológicas. Desta forma, este estudo avalia o perfil fitoquímico de extratos aquoso e etanólico obtidos de frutos de B. antiacantha, bem como a sua possível ação antioxidante, antitumoral e citotóxica. O extrato aquoso apresentou compostos fenólicos e flavonoides, enquanto os extratos etanólicos apontam a presença de flavonóides e cumarina em sua composição, independente da região de coleta. O extrato etanólico demonstrou efeito antioxidante mais promissor do que o extrato aquoso e também induziu uma inibição significativa na viabilidade de células humanas de câncer cervical da linhagem SiHa. Além disso, o tratamento com ambos extratos não alterou a viabilidade de células não tumorais da linhagem de queratinócitos humanos imortalizados (HaCaT). Estes dados trazem novas informações sobre extratos obtidos de uma espécie vegetal nativa, comestível e já utilizada tradicionalmente, mas abrindo novas perspectivas quanto a possíveis aplicações terapêuticas.

Performance of quality control strategies in cytopathological diagnosis in a reference laboratory / Desempenho das estratégias de controle de qualidade em diagnóstico citopatológico em laboratório de referência

Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women in Brazil, after breast and skin cancer. The exam of Papanicolaou is well-recognized method to safety and efficiently option to recognize pre-malignant alterations of the uterine cervix. This study focused the comparison of three methodologies of internal quality control (QC) of cytologic diagnoses: 1) morphological guide-list to be revised (MGLR); 2) the rapid-rescreening (RR); 3) the revision of 10%. The objective was to evaluate the performance and the viability of the internal QC strategies in a Health Public Laboratory of the State of São Paulo. The uterine-cervix samples were examined at the Adolfo Lutz Institute during the period from 2002 to 2004. Of the 4184 samples, 1117 were submitted to MGLR revision, and with the lasting ones, were held revised by 10% method and RR. The RR was made by two trained professionals, who had adopted the turret method to the rescreening, for 60 seconds. The histopathology was used as gold standard. The final diagnosis of the cases without biopsy, were evaluated by diagnostic consensus of two pathologists. MGLR samples, 20.7% of cases showed alterations; the revision of 10% found 6.0% and RR, 2.5%. The kappa index between both observes in the RR was kw= 0.98. Cases prepared with liquid based cytology method presented better performance than conventional smear. The diagnosis concor

Apresenta resumo em inglês.

Comparative study of the results found in preventive examinations and in uterine cervix cancer screening procedures performed with Brazilian women / Comparação dos resultados de exames preventivos e de rastreamento de câncer de colo do útero em mulheres brasileiras

This study assesses the results from preventives examinations and cervical cancer screenings carried out, between January 2005 and July 2008, at a private gynecological clinic and at an agreed health service located in Florianópolis-SC, whose data were recorded in a reference file. These data were analyzed in parallel with those results from preventive exams performed by the Public Health System of Florianópolis in the same period, available at the DATASUS site. The majority of diagnosis results considered normal were found in patients examined at the private and at the agreed service clinic. Nonetheless, the samples analyzed by SUS (Brazilian public health system) showed a lower frequency of atypical squamous cells of unknown significance, such as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1, 2 and 3, Human papilomavirus (HPV) and Candida spp. than those reported by the private clinic. It was evidenced that the examinations carried out at the private and agreed gynecological clinic showed less severe cytopathogenic changes as compared to the results recorded by SUS examinations. This variation on cytopathogenicity findings might occurr due to socio-economic differences and periodicity of examinations.

Foram avaliados os resultados dos exames preventivos e realizado o rastreamento de câncer de colo de útero, registrados em uma clínica ginecológica de atendimento particular e conveniado, comparando-os com os dados do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Os exames preventivos de colo de útero realizados no período de janeiro de 2005 a julho de 2008, em clínica ginecológica de atendimento particular e conveniado de Florianópolis SC, foram analisados, por meio de preenchimento de cadastro. Esses dados foram comparados com os resultados dos exames preventivos realizados pelo SUS na cidade de Florianópolis no mesmo período, disponíveis no site do DATASUS. A maioria dos exames realizados na clínica particular e conveniado ao SUS de Florianópolis apresentou resultados dentro da normalidade. Contudo, as amostras registradas no SUS demonstraram menor frequência de alterações escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado, possivelmente não neoplásico, neoplasia intraepitelial cervical grau 1, 2 e 3, Papilomavírus humano (HPV) e Candida spp., quando comparados com os dados obtidos em clínica de atendimento particular. Os exames citopatológicos realizados pela clínica particular registraram resultados de menor gravidade do que as análises realizadas pelo SUS. A variação nas características observadas pode ter ocorrido em função das diferenças socioeconômicas e da periodicidade do exame.

Citopatologia uterina em laboratório de saúde pública: impacto dos dados de 20 anos (1984-2003) / Citopatologia uterina em laboratório de saúde pública: impacto dos dados de 20 anos (1984-2003)

The objective of this study was to identify the distribution of cytological diagnosis by means of Pap test on pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions from women at different age group in the period of 20 years. Retrospective survey of cytological cervicovaginal diagnoses was done to achieve this goal. Diagnoses results from 1,020,853 cytological samplings on Pap test, were studied according to age groups. In the period of 20 years from 1984 to 2003 the distribution of cervicovaginal cytological diagnoses according to age was analyzed four intervals of 5 year - (four quinquennia). Of analyzed cytological samples 27,314 (2.68%) were unsatisfactory, 980,985 (96.09%) were negative, and 12,554 (1.23%) resulted in squamous intraepithelial lesions and cancer. LSIL peak was observed within the four quinquennia and in the 20-24 age group, HSIL was most frequent in the 30-34 year age group, and SCC/ADENO Ca were present in women above 50 years old. In women of 15-19 years of age, a clear-increase in LSIL frequency was observed in four quinquennia, of 66 (9.19%) in the first quinquennium, 109 (9.83%) in the second, 441 (17.46%) in the third, and 467 (15.97%) in the last one. The outcome of the uterine cervix cancer prevention programs can be measured by the high frequency of LSIL type lesions in the past five years, and the data disclosed in the present study are in accordance with the data

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a distribuição dos diagnósticos citológicos pelo método de Papanicolaou das lesões pré neoplásicas e neoplásicas nos diferentes grupos etários no período de 20 anos. Foram utilizados dados retrospectivos dos diagnósticos citológicos cérvico-vaginais realizados no período de 1984 a 2003 no Setor de Citologia Oncótica. A distribuição dos diagnósticos de 1.020.853 amostras citológicas foi analisada por faixa etária em quatro intervalos de 5 anos (4 quinqüênios). Das amostras analisadas, 27.314 (2,68%) casos foram inadequados, 980.985 (96,09%) foram negativos e 12.554 (1,23%) lesões intraepiteliais e câncer. Neste período, o pico de LSIL foi observado entre a faixa etária dos 20-24 de idade, HSIL foi mais freqüente no intervalo entre 30-34 anos de idade, e SCC/ADENO Ca foram acima dos 50 anos de idade. Nas mulheres entre 15-19 anos de idade foi observado acentuado aumento na freqüência de LSIL nos quatro qüinqüênios, de 66 (9,19%) no primeiro, 109 (9,83%) no segundo, 441 (17,46%) no terceiro e 467 (15,97%) no último. A qualidade dos programas de prevenção de câncer de colo uterino pode ser medido pela freqüência das lesões do tipo LSIL. Os resultados do presente estudo são concordantes com os de outros programas contínuos e importantes para evitar a mortalidade em virtude dessas lesões.