Multiparasitism in crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) (Carnivora: Canidae), including new records, in the Brazilian Pampa: case report / Multiparasitismo em graxaim-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) (Carnivora: Canidae), incluindo novos registros, no Pampa brasileiro: relato de caso

Cerdocyon thous is considered the most common wild canid in Rio Grande do Sul, and can serve as a host for several parasites, playing an important role in maintaining the biological cycle. Despite being a widespread and abundant species, they have a relatively little-known fauna of endo and ectoparasites, mainly focusing on the different regions of their occurrence. With this work, the objective was to report the multiparasitism in a specimen of C. thous in the Brazilian Pampa. Using modified Centrifuge-Flotation and Spontaneous Sedimentation techniques, a high taxonomic diversity of parasites was observed, and the finding of eggs compatible with Lagochilascaris spp. in C. thous in Brazil, in addition to Uncinaria spp. eggs and Cystoisospora spp. oocysts in the same host in the south of the country. The presence of eggs of different helminths in the feces of C. thous is extremely important, mainly for public health, but also for the knowledge of the biodiversity of parasites present in wild populations of canids, until then little studied, thus allowing the implementation of control programs.

Cerdocyon thous é considerado o canídeo silvestre mais comum no Rio Grande do Sul e pode servir como hospedeiro de diversos parasitos, desempenhando papel importante na manutenção do ciclo biológico. Mesmo sendo uma espécie difundida e abundante, têm uma fauna de endo e ectoparasitos relativamente pouco conhecida, principalmente enfocando as diferentes regiões de sua ocorrência. Com este trabalho, objetivou-se relatar o multiparasitismo em um espécime de C. thous no Pampa brasileiro. Por meio das técnicas de centrifugo-flutuação modificada e sedimentação espontânea, observou-se uma alta diversidade taxonômica de parasitos, sendo relatado, pela primeira vez, o achado de ovos compatíveis com Lagochilascaris spp. em C. thous no Brasil, além de ovos de Uncinaria spp. e oocistos de Cystoisospora spp. no mesmo hospedeiro, no sul do país. A presença de ovos de diferentes helmintos nas fezes de C. thous é de extrema importância, principalmente na saúde pública, mas também para o conhecimento da biodiversidade de parasitos presentes em populações silvestres de canídeos, até então pouco estudados, permitindo, assim, a implementação de programas de controle.

Morphological and molecular diagnosis of diseases of free-ranging crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) / [Diagnóstico morfológico e molecular de doenças de cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) de vida livre]

The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of diseases in free-ranging wild canids that were roadkill on highways in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. PCR tests were performed for the detection of Brucella sp., Babesia sp., Rangelia sp., and Hepatozoon sp. in the spleen. Morphological evaluation and identification of parasites was performed in the liver and lung. Twenty specimens of C. thous were necropsied at the Animal Pathology Sector of the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. Tissue samples were processed for histopathological examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. There was no PCR amplification of genomic DNA sequences of Brucella sp., Babesia sp., Rangelia sp., and Hepatozoon sp. using DNA extracted from the spleen as template. Histologically, lesions associated with parasitism by Platynosomum sp. and Angiostrongylus sp. were observed in the liver and lung, respectively. This is the first report of Platynosomum sp. and Angiostrongylus sp. parasitism in C. thous in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Therefore, this study demonstrated parasitism of crab-eating foxes by Platynosomum sp. and Angiostrongylus sp. Importantly, no evidence of infection with Brucella sp., Babesia sp., Rangelia sp., and Hepatozoon sp. was obtained by PCR analysis.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ocorrência de doenças em canídeos silvestres de vida livre que foram atropelados em rodovias no estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Testes de PCR foram realizados para a detecção de Brucella sp., Babesia sp., Rangelia sp. e Hepatozoon sp. no baço. A avaliação morfológica e a identificação de parasitas foram realizadaa no fígado e no pulmão. Vinte espécimes de C. thous foram necropsiados no Setor de Patologia Animal do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. Amostras de tecido foram processadas para exame histopatológico e análise de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Não houve amplificação por PCR das sequências de DNA genômico de Brucella sp., Babesia sp., Rangelia sp. e Hepatozoon sp. usando-se DNA extraído do baço como modelo. Histologicamente, lesões associadas ao parasitismo por Platynosomum sp. e Angiostrongylus sp. foram observadas no fígado e no pulmão, respectivamente. Este é o primeiro relato de Platynosomum sp. e Angiostrongylus sp. parasitismo em C. thous no estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Portanto, este estudo demonstrou parasitismo de cachorro-do-mato por Platynosomum sp. e Angiostrongylus sp. É importante detacar que não há evidências de infecção por Brucella sp., Babesia sp., Rangelia sp. e Hepatozoon sp. por análise de PCR.(AU)

Dioctophymosis in a free-ranging maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus): clinical-therapeutic, ultrasonographic and pathological aspects - case report / [Dioctofimose em um lobo guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) de vida livre: aspectos clínico-terapêuticos, ultrassonográficos e patológicos - relato de caso]

Dioctophymosis is the disease caused by Dioctophyma renale, a large nematode, popularly known as giant kidney worm, and whose definitive hosts are the domestic dog and many wild mammal species. There are some reports of maned wolf parasitism by D. renale, however, in most cases the reports are restricted to the finding of the parasite during necropsy, without clinical assessment. The present report aimed to describe the clinical-therapeutic, ultrasonographic and pathological aspects of D. renale parasitism in a free-ranging maned wolf, emphasizing the treatment with an association of doramectin, praziquantel, pyrantel pamoate, and febantel that resulted in complete elimination of the parasite.(AU)

A dioctofimose é a doença causada pelo Dioctophyma renale, um nemátodo grande, popularmente chamado de verme gigante do rim e que tem como hospedeiro definitivo o cão doméstico e inúmeras espécies de mamíferos silvestres. Existem alguns relatos do parasitismo do lobo-guará por D. renale, contudo, na maioria das vezes, os relatos se restringem apenas ao achado do parasita durante a necropsia, sem a correlação clínica. O presente relato objetiva descrever os aspectos clínico-terapêuticos, ultrassonográficos e patológicos do parasitismo por D. renale em um lobo-guará de vida livre, enfatizando o tratamento com uma associação de doramectina, praziquantel, pamoato de pirantel e febantel, o que resultou na eliminação completa do parasita.(AU)

Diaphragmatic hernia and unilateral renal agenesis in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)

An approximately 3-month-old crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) was found by environmental authorities in the State of Paraiba, Northeastern Brazil and referred to a wildlife care center. The fox was presenting respiratory distress and it was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB) for ancillary testing. Abdominal and thoracic ultrasound and radiographies were performed. These imaging tests indicated the fox had a possible diaphragmatic hernia and ectopic kidney. The imageology results were confirmed on necropsy, which revealed a postero-lateral focal discontinuity of the dorsal aspect of the diaphragmatic muscle with protrusion of the gastrointestinal tract into the thoracic cavity. The stomach and intestinal loops were filled with gas and obliterated the visualization of the heart and lungs. Additionally, only the right kidney was found, and no vestigial left kidney was identified. Congenital diaphragmatic hernias are not commonly observed in wildlife but should be considered as a potential differential diagnosis for acute onset of respiratory distress in young carnivores.(AU)

Diaphragmatic hernia and unilateral renal agenesis in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)

An approximately 3-month-old crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) was found by environmental authorities in the State of Paraiba, Northeastern Brazil and referred to a wildlife care center. The fox was presenting respiratory distress and it was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB) for ancillary testing. Abdominal and thoracic ultrasound and radiographies were performed. These imaging tests indicated the fox had a possible diaphragmatic hernia and ectopic kidney. The imageology results were confirmed on necropsy, which revealed a postero-lateral focal discontinuity of the dorsal aspect of the diaphragmatic muscle with protrusion of the gastrointestinal tract into the thoracic cavity. The stomach and intestinal loops were filled with gas and obliterated the visualization of the heart and lungs. Additionally, only the right kidney was found, and no vestigial left kidney was identified. Congenital diaphragmatic hernias are not commonly observed in wildlife but should be considered as a potential differential diagnosis for acute onset of respiratory distress in young carnivores.

Dimensions and skeletopy of kidneys in two populations of Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766) / Dimensões e esqueletopia dos rins em duas populações de Cerdocyon thous(Linnaeus, 1766)

Cerdocyon thous is the South American canid with great geographic distribution. To the south of Ecuador, two isolated populations have been identified, living in different average temperatures and food availability. The objective was to measure the length, width, thickness and volume of the kidneys, length of renal vessels, and verify the renal skeletopy in two populations of C. thous. Kidneys and renal vessels were measured from 34 cadavers collected on highways in the Brazilian territory. From the Atlantic Forest biome (latitude 22º), 14 specimens (seven males and seven female) were analyzed, and from the Pampa biome (latitude 29º), 20 specimens (eight males and twelve female). On average, in the right antimere the kidneys measured 49.9 ´ 25.2 ´ 24.4 mm, had a volume of 16.5 cm3, the renal artery measured 21.3 mm and the renal vein 19.4 mm. In the left antimere, the kidneys measured 49.3 ´ 24.4 ´ 22.8 mm, with a  volume of 14.6 cm3 and the artery and vein measured 21.0 mm and 28.4 mm, respectively. The right kidney was always cranial and predominantly positioned ventrally to vertebrae L1L3, while the left one was positioned ventrally to vertebrae L2L4. There was no difference in the comparison between sexes or antimeres. Most renal dimensions were significantly higher in the specimens from the Pampa biome, possibly due to the body size and type of diet.

Cerdocyon thousé o canídeo sul americano com maior distribuição geográfica. Ao sul do Equador, duas populações distintas são reconhecidas, submetidas a diferentes temperaturas médias e disponibilidade de alimento. Objetivou-se mensurar o comprimento, largura, espessura e volume dos rins, comprimento dos vasos renais e esclarecer a esqueletopia renal em duas populações isoladas de C. thous.Para tal, foram estudados rins e vasos renais de 34 cadáveres coletados mortos em rodovias brasileiras. Catorze espécimes (sete machos e sete fêmeas) são provenientes do bioma Mata Atlântica (latitude 22º) e 20 espécimes (oito machos e doze fêmeas) do bioma Pampa (latitude 29º). Na média, os rins direitos mediram 49,9x25,2x24,4 mm, tinham um volume de 16,5 cm3e a artéria renal direita mediu 21,3 mm e a veia renal direita 19,4 mm. Os rins esquerdos mediram 49,3x24,4x22,8 mm tinham volume de 14,6 cm3e as artérias e veias renais direitas mediram 21,0 mm e 28,4 mm, respectivamente. Os rins direitos foram sempre craniais e predominantemente posicionados ventralmente às vertebras L1 a L3, enquanto os rins esquerdos estavam posicionados majoritariamente ao nível de L2 a L4. Não houve diferença na comparação das medidas entre os sexos ou antímeros. Praticamente todasas medidas renais foram significativamente maiores nos espécimes do bioma Pampa, possivelmente devido

Dimensions and skeletopy of kidneys in two populations of Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766) / Dimensões e esqueletopia dos rins em duas populações de Cerdocyon thous(Linnaeus, 1766)

Cerdocyon thous is the South American canid with great geographic distribution. To the south of Ecuador, two isolated populations have been identified, living in different average temperatures and food availability. The objective was to measure the length, width, thickness and volume of the kidneys, length of renal vessels, and verify the renal skeletopy in two populations of C. thous. Kidneys and renal vessels were measured from 34 cadavers collected on highways in the Brazilian territory. From the Atlantic Forest biome (latitude 22º), 14 specimens (seven males and seven female) were analyzed, and from the Pampa biome (latitude 29º), 20 specimens (eight males and twelve female). On average, in the right antimere the kidneys measured 49.9 ´ 25.2 ´ 24.4 mm, had a volume of 16.5 cm3, the renal artery measured 21.3 mm and the renal vein 19.4 mm. In the left antimere, the kidneys measured 49.3 ´ 24.4 ´ 22.8 mm, with a  volume of 14.6 cm3 and the artery and vein measured 21.0 mm and 28.4 mm, respectively. The right kidney was always cranial and predominantly positioned ventrally to vertebrae L1L3, while the left one was positioned ventrally to vertebrae L2L4. There was no difference in the comparison between sexes or antimeres. Most renal dimensions were significantly higher in the specimens from the Pampa biome, possibly due to the body size and type of diet.(AU)

Cerdocyon thousé o canídeo sul americano com maior distribuição geográfica. Ao sul do Equador, duas populações distintas são reconhecidas, submetidas a diferentes temperaturas médias e disponibilidade de alimento. Objetivou-se mensurar o comprimento, largura, espessura e volume dos rins, comprimento dos vasos renais e esclarecer a esqueletopia renal em duas populações isoladas de C. thous.Para tal, foram estudados rins e vasos renais de 34 cadáveres coletados mortos em rodovias brasileiras. Catorze espécimes (sete machos e sete fêmeas) são provenientes do bioma Mata Atlântica (latitude 22º) e 20 espécimes (oito machos e doze fêmeas) do bioma Pampa (latitude 29º). Na média, os rins direitos mediram 49,9x25,2x24,4 mm, tinham um volume de 16,5 cm3e a artéria renal direita mediu 21,3 mm e a veia renal direita 19,4 mm. Os rins esquerdos mediram 49,3x24,4x22,8 mm tinham volume de 14,6 cm3e as artérias e veias renais direitas mediram 21,0 mm e 28,4 mm, respectivamente. Os rins direitos foram sempre craniais e predominantemente posicionados ventralmente às vertebras L1 a L3, enquanto os rins esquerdos estavam posicionados majoritariamente ao nível de L2 a L4. Não houve diferença na comparação das medidas entre os sexos ou antímeros. Praticamente todasas medidas renais foram significativamente maiores nos espécimes do bioma Pampa, possivelmente devido(AU)

Anatomy of facial nerve in maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus - Illiger, 1815) / Anatomia do nervo facial em lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus - Illiger, 1815)

Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is considered one of the largest and most beautiful canids in South America, inhabits the Cerrado biome, and presents nocturnal habits, especially during the twilight period. It is in danger of extinction, mainly due to anthropic activity in its habitat. What certainly raises the importance of studying and better understanding its biology. The mammalian Facial Nerve is the seventh cranial pair and controls the functions of facial expression muscles and others. Once the anatomical descriptions of this canid are scarce, this paper aimed to describe the anatomy of Facial n. in Maned Wolf and correlate it with that of domestic canids, a phylogenetically close species whose anatomy is well known. For this research, four adult specimens were used, whose carcasses were collected along highways in southeastern Goiás State - Brazil (SISBIO 37072-2), or donated by the Wildlife Screening Center (CETAS) in Catalão - Goiás State. The specimens were fixed in a 10% aqueous formalin solution and stored in the same solution. Dissection was performed by macroscopic anatomical methods. The research was carried out with a favorable opinion of the Animal Use Ethics Committee (CEUA) of the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU) (under n° 067/12). Anatomical preparations of post-mortem Maned Wolf did not reveal the presence of Caudal Auricular, Internal Auricular, nor Stylohyoid n.. Small ramifications of Facial n. can be considered as collateral branches. The Facial n. emerged as a single trunk, Facial n. Trunk, which branches into Auriculopalpebral, Dorsal Buccal, and Ventral Buccal n.

O Lobo-Guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) é considerado um dos maiores e mais belos canídeos da América do Sul, habita o cerrado e apresenta hábitos notívagos, com preferência crepuscular. Motivado, principalmente, pela atividade antrópica em seu habitat, encontra-se em risco de extinção, o que, certamente, eleva a importância de se estudar e compreender melhor a sua Biologia. Nesse contexto, sabe-se que o Nervo Facial de mamíferos é o sétimo par craniano e se envolve com o comando da função dos músculos da expressão facial e outros, porém como as descrições anatômicas desse canídeo são escassas, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever e correlacionar a Anatomia do N. Facial de Lobo-Guará com canídeos domésticos, espécie esta filogeneticamente próxima. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foram utilizados quatro exemplares de Lobo-Guará adultos, cujas carcaças foram recolhidas às margens de rodovias do sudeste goiano (SISBIO 37072-2) ou doadas pelo CETAS-Catalão. Os espécimes foram fixados em solução aquosa de formol a 10% e conservados em igual solução. A dissecação foi realizada sob a luz de técnicas usuais em Anatomia Macroscópica. Ressalta-se que a pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o parecer favorável do CEUA/UFU nº 067/12. As preparações anatômicas envolvendo o Lobo-Guará não revelaram a presença dos nervos: Auricular caudal, Auricular interno e Estilohioideo, apenas pequenos ramos, considerados como ramos colaterais. O n. Facial emergia como um tronco único, o Tronco do N. Facial, o qual se dividia em n. Auriculopalpebral, Bucal dorsal e Bucal ventral.

Anatomy of facial nerve in maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus - Illiger, 1815) / Anatomia do nervo facial em lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus - Illiger, 1815)

Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is considered one of the largest and most beautiful canids in South America, inhabits the Cerrado biome, and presents nocturnal habits, especially during the twilight period. It is in danger of extinction, mainly due to anthropic activity in its habitat. What certainly raises the importance of studying and better understanding its biology. The mammalian Facial Nerve is the seventh cranial pair and controls the functions of facial expression muscles and others. Once the anatomical descriptions of this canid are scarce, this paper aimed to describe the anatomy of Facial n. in Maned Wolf and correlate it with that of domestic canids, a phylogenetically close species whose anatomy is well known. For this research, four adult specimens were used, whose carcasses were collected along highways in southeastern Goiás State - Brazil (SISBIO 37072-2), or donated by the Wildlife Screening Center (CETAS) in Catalão - Goiás State. The specimens were fixed in a 10% aqueous formalin solution and stored in the same solution. Dissection was performed by macroscopic anatomical methods. The research was carried out with a favorable opinion of the Animal Use Ethics Committee (CEUA) of the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU) (under n° 067/12). Anatomical preparations of post-mortem Maned Wolf did not reveal the presence of Caudal Auricular, Internal Auricular, nor Stylohyoid n.. Small ramifications of Facial n. can be considered as collateral branches. The Facial n. emerged as a single trunk, Facial n. Trunk, which branches into Auriculopalpebral, Dorsal Buccal, and Ventral Buccal n.(AU)

O Lobo-Guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) é considerado um dos maiores e mais belos canídeos da América do Sul, habita o cerrado e apresenta hábitos notívagos, com preferência crepuscular. Motivado, principalmente, pela atividade antrópica em seu habitat, encontra-se em risco de extinção, o que, certamente, eleva a importância de se estudar e compreender melhor a sua Biologia. Nesse contexto, sabe-se que o Nervo Facial de mamíferos é o sétimo par craniano e se envolve com o comando da função dos músculos da expressão facial e outros, porém como as descrições anatômicas desse canídeo são escassas, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever e correlacionar a Anatomia do N. Facial de Lobo-Guará com canídeos domésticos, espécie esta filogeneticamente próxima. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foram utilizados quatro exemplares de Lobo-Guará adultos, cujas carcaças foram recolhidas às margens de rodovias do sudeste goiano (SISBIO 37072-2) ou doadas pelo CETAS-Catalão. Os espécimes foram fixados em solução aquosa de formol a 10% e conservados em igual solução. A dissecação foi realizada sob a luz de técnicas usuais em Anatomia Macroscópica. Ressalta-se que a pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o parecer favorável do CEUA/UFU nº 067/12. As preparações anatômicas envolvendo o Lobo-Guará não revelaram a presença dos nervos: Auricular caudal, Auricular interno e Estilohioideo, apenas pequenos ramos, considerados como ramos colaterais. O n. Facial emergia como um tronco único, o Tronco do N. Facial, o qual se dividia em n. Auriculopalpebral, Bucal dorsal e Bucal ventral.(AU)

New approaches to studying morphological details of intramolluscan stages of Angiostrongylus vasorum / Novas abordagens para estudo morfológico dos estágios intramoluscos de Angiostrongylus vasorum

Angiostrongylus vasorum is a pulmonary artery parasite of domestic and wild canid. On molluscs, intermediate host, first stage larvae (L1) are found after the first day of infection, in the 8th L2 and in the 30 th L3. It was evaluated L1, L2 and L3 recovered by Baermann technique from Achatina fulica infected with 1000 L1. Fifty larvae/stage were incubated with antibodies anti-β-tubulin, anti-α-tubulin, anti- α-actin, anti-β-actin and anti-collagen, and then with Alexa 633. Fifty larvae/stage were observed with picrosirius red and Oil Red O. It was also observed in the anterior region of L1 the beginning of the chitinous stems development, in the initial portion of the intestine and genital primordium. In L2 anterior region, the papillae, chitinous canes juxtaposed to the mouth and intestines bigger than L1. The L3 musculature is well defined, next to the chitinous stems, there are two round distally arranged from each other. It was observed the whole extension of the intestine genital primordium and intense cellularity in the L3 distal portion. With the picrosirius red the L1, L2 and L3 musculature could be observed, as the nerve ganglia on L3. Oil Red O revealed that L1, L2 and L3 store energy on lipid droplets.(AU)

Angiostrongylus vasorum é um parasito de artérias pulmonares dos canídeos domésticos e silvestres. Nos moluscos, hospedeiros intermediários, encontram-se no primeiro dia após a infecção, larvas de primeiro estágio (L1), ao 8° L2 e ao 30° L3. Avaliou-se L1, L2 e L3 recuperadas pela técnica de Baermann de Achatina fulica infectada com 1.000 L1. Incubou-se 50 larvas/estádio com anticorpos anti-β-tubulina, anti-α-tubulina, anti-β-actina e anti-colágeno e, em seguida, com anticorpo Alexa 633. Observaram-se também 50 larvas/estádio com picrosirius red e Oil Red O, na região anterior da L1, o início do desenvolvimento de hastes quitinosas, a porção inicial do intestino e o primórdio genital. Na região anterior de L2, papilas, bastões quitinosos justapostos à boca e ao intestino maior que em L1. A musculatura de L3 é bem desenvolvida, próximo às hastes quitinosas, há duas estruturas redondas dispostas distalmente uma da outra. Observaram-se também toda a extensão do intestino, o primórdio genital e a intensa celularidade na porção distal da L3. Com o picrosirius red observou-se a musculatura de L1, L2 e L3, assim como, gânglios nervosos na L3. Oil Red O revelou que L1, L2 e L3 armazenam energia em gotículas lipídicas.(AU)

Manejo anestésico de um lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) criticamente enfermo para amputação de membro pélvico / Anesthetic management of a maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) under critical condition for pelvic limb amputation

Background: The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is the largest south american canid and deemed a near threatenedspecies according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Typically found in Brazilian Cerrado, it isoften a victim of animal trappings and vehicular accidents, where it may get deeply injured or end up fractured, demandingorthopedic procedures. Even though maned wolves are similar to the domestic dog, little is described regarding generalanesthesia and its complications for major procedures in ill patients in the scientific database. This case report describesa successful blood transfusion and anesthetic management of a critically ill C. brachyurus.Case: An adult female maned wolf was rescued after getting steel-jaw trapped. After chemical restraint with intramuscular(IM) ketamine (12 mg/kg), midazolam (0.3 mg/kg) and methadone (0.3 mg/kg), physical examination showed exposedbones to the distal end of the right hind limb, pronounced dehydration and moderate anemia and thrombocytopenia according to blood count. Radiographic images enlightened multiple right tarsus fractures. As the wound was highly infected,which made the osteosynthesis procedure impossible, it was decided to amputate the limb on the following day. Subcutaneous (SC) lactated Ringer’s solution (250 mL), IM meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) and IM enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg) were alsoadministered at first. On the following day, after aforementioned chemical immobilization, anesthesia was induced withdose-effect intravenous (IV) propofol (2 mg/kg) until orotracheal intubation was possible, and general anesthesia wasmaintained with isoflurane diluted in oxygen. Lumbosacral epidural anesthesia was obtained with 0.5% bupivacaine (0.25mL/kg) and morphine (0.1 mg/kg) to provide analgesia and to reduce inhalant agent...

Manejo anestésico de um lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) criticamente enfermo para amputação de membro pélvico / Anesthetic management of a maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) under critical condition for pelvic limb amputation

Background: The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is the largest south american canid and deemed a near threatenedspecies according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Typically found in Brazilian Cerrado, it isoften a victim of animal trappings and vehicular accidents, where it may get deeply injured or end up fractured, demandingorthopedic procedures. Even though maned wolves are similar to the domestic dog, little is described regarding generalanesthesia and its complications for major procedures in ill patients in the scientific database. This case report describesa successful blood transfusion and anesthetic management of a critically ill C. brachyurus.Case: An adult female maned wolf was rescued after getting steel-jaw trapped. After chemical restraint with intramuscular(IM) ketamine (12 mg/kg), midazolam (0.3 mg/kg) and methadone (0.3 mg/kg), physical examination showed exposedbones to the distal end of the right hind limb, pronounced dehydration and moderate anemia and thrombocytopenia according to blood count. Radiographic images enlightened multiple right tarsus fractures. As the wound was highly infected,which made the osteosynthesis procedure impossible, it was decided to amputate the limb on the following day. Subcutaneous (SC) lactated Ringers solution (250 mL), IM meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) and IM enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg) were alsoadministered at first. On the following day, after aforementioned chemical immobilization, anesthesia was induced withdose-effect intravenous (IV) propofol (2 mg/kg) until orotracheal intubation was possible, and general anesthesia wasmaintained with isoflurane diluted in oxygen. Lumbosacral epidural anesthesia was obtained with 0.5% bupivacaine (0.25mL/kg) and morphine (0.1 mg/kg) to provide analgesia and to reduce inhalant agent...(AU)

Anatomia óssea e muscular do antebraço e mão de Chrysocyon brachyurus (carnivora, canidae) / Bone and muscular anatomy of the antibone and hand of Chrysocyon brachyurus (carnivora, canidae)

O lobo-guará Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger, 1815, é o maior canídeo da América do Sul, pesa cerca de 25 kg quando adulto e está ameaçado de extinção. Descrições anatômicas contribuem para a complementação das informações sobre espécies silvestres e para implicações conservacionistas, clínicas e cirúrgicas. Objetivou-se descrever os ossos e os músculos do antebraço e mão do lobo-guará. A preparação das peças foi feita a partir dos métodos usuais de dissecação, em animais preservados em solução de formol a 10%. Os espécimes pertencem ao acervo didático do Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres da UFU e são provenientes de indivíduos atropelados. Os ossos descritos foram: rádio, ulna, ossos cárpico acessório, cárpico ulnar e cárpico intermédio; ossos cárpicos I, II, III e IV; ossos metacárpicos I, II, III, IV, V; falanges proximais, falanges médias e falanges distais do primeiro ao quinto dedo. Os músculos observados foram: extensor radial do carpo; pronador redondo; braquiorradial; extensor comum dos dedos; extensor ulnar do carpo; extensor lateral dos dedos;supinador; abdutor longo do dedo I; flexor radial do carpo; flexor profundo dos dedos; flexor superficial dos dedos; flexor ulnar do carpo; pronador quadrado; interflexor; lumbricais; abdutor curto dos dedos I e II e flexor curto do dedo I.

The maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) is the largest canid in South America, weighs about 25 kg as an adult and is threatened of extinction. Anatomical descriptions contribute to the complementation of information on wild species and for conservation, clinical and surgical implications. The purpose of this study was to describe the bones and muscles of the forearm and hand of the maned wolf. The methodology was through the usual dissecting methods in animals preserved in 10% formalin solution. The animals belong to the didactic collection of the Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Wild Animals of the UFU and come from run over. The bones evaluated were: radius, ulna, carpal accessory, carpi ulnar and carpi intermedium; carpal bones I, II, III and IV; metacarpal bones I, II, III, IV, V; proximal phalanges, middle phalanges and distal phalanges from first to fifth finger. The muscles observed were: radial extensor carpal; pronator round; brachioradial; common extensor of fingers; ulnar carpal extensor; lateral extensor of the fingers; supinator; abductor long finger I; flexor carpi radialis; flexor deep fingers; superficial flexor of the fingers; ulnar flexor of the carpus; square pronator; interflexor; lumbrils; short abductor of fingers I and II and short flexor of finger I.

Diagnóstico de Malassezia pachydermatis por cultura fúngica de amostra de pelos e escamas de um cachorro-do-mato / Diagnosis of Malassezia pachydermatis by fungal culture of sample of hair and scales of a puppy

A Malassezia pachydermatis é um fungo oportunista amplamente relatado em carnívoros domésticos, mas que possui uma escassez de estudos e relatos quando se analisam os canídeos e felídeos selvagens, apesar de que hoje já se sabe que este fungo representa um potencial patógeno em quadros de otites e dermatites fúngicas nesses animais. Faz-se então, como objetivo do presente trabalho, relatar um diagnóstico de Malassezia pachydermatis em amostra de pelos e escamas de um Cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) por meio do diagnóstico micológico, o qual incluiu exame direto, por análise microscópica da amostra clínica e cultura fúngica em àgar sabouraud simples e àgar sabouraud acrescido de cloranfenicol e cicloheximida.

Malassezia pachydermatis is an opportunistic fungus widely reported in domestic carnivores but has a shortage of studies and reports when canids and wild felids are analyzed, although it is now known that this fungus represents a potential pathogen in otitis and fungal dermatitis in these animals. The objective of this work is to report a diagnosis of Malassezia pachydermatis in a sample of hairs and scales of a Cerrado (Cerdocyon thous), using a mycological diagnosis, which included a direct examination by microscopic analysis of clinical sample and fungal culture on simple sabouraud agar plus saber agar plus chloramphenicol and cycloheximide.

Diagnóstico de Malassezia pachydermatis por cultura fúngica de amostra de pelos e escamas de um cachorro-do-mato / Diagnosis of Malassezia pachydermatis by fungal culture of sample of hair and scales of a puppy

A Malassezia pachydermatis é um fungo oportunista amplamente relatado em carnívoros domésticos, mas que possui uma escassez de estudos e relatos quando se analisam os canídeos e felídeos selvagens, apesar de que hoje já se sabe que este fungo representa um potencial patógeno em quadros de otites e dermatites fúngicas nesses animais. Faz-se então, como objetivo do presente trabalho, relatar um diagnóstico de Malassezia pachydermatis em amostra de pelos e escamas de um Cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) por meio do diagnóstico micológico, o qual incluiu exame direto, por análise microscópica da amostra clínica e cultura fúngica em àgar sabouraud simples e àgar sabouraud acrescido de cloranfenicol e cicloheximida.(AU)

Malassezia pachydermatis is an opportunistic fungus widely reported in domestic carnivores but has a shortage of studies and reports when canids and wild felids are analyzed, although it is now known that this fungus represents a potential pathogen in otitis and fungal dermatitis in these animals. The objective of this work is to report a diagnosis of Malassezia pachydermatis in a sample of hairs and scales of a Cerrado (Cerdocyon thous), using a mycological diagnosis, which included a direct examination by microscopic analysis of clinical sample and fungal culture on simple sabouraud agar plus saber agar plus chloramphenicol and cycloheximide.(AU)

Anatomia óssea e muscular do antebraço e mão de Chrysocyon brachyurus (Carnivora, Canidae) / Bone and muscular anatomy of the antibone and handof Chrysocyon brachyurus (Carnivora, Canidae)

O lobo-guará Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger, 1815, é o maior canídeo da América do Sul, pesa cerca de 25 kg quando adulto e está ameaçado de extinção. Descrições anatômicas contribuem para a complementação das informações sobre espécies silvestres e para implicações conservacionistas, clínicas e cirúrgicas. Objetivou-se descrever os ossos e os músculos do antebraço e mão do lobo-guará. A preparação das peças foi feita a partir dos métodos usuais de dissecação, em animais preservados em solução de formol a 10%. Os espécimes pertencem ao acervo didático do Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres da UFU e são provenientes de indivíduos atropelados. Os ossos descritos foram: rádio, ulna, ossos cárpico acessório, cárpico ulnar e cárpico intermédio; ossos cárpicos I, II, III e IV; ossos metacárpicos I, II, III, IV, V; falanges proximais, falanges médias e falanges distais do primeiro ao quinto dedo. Os músculos observados foram: extensor radial do carpo; pronador redondo; braquiorradial; extensor comum dos dedos; extensor ulnar do carpo; extensor lateral dos dedos; supinador; abdutor longo do dedo I; flexor radial do carpo; flexor profundo dos dedos; flexor superficial dos dedos; flexor ulnar do carpo; pronador quadrado; interflexor; lumbricais; abdutor curto dos dedos I e II e flexor curto do dedo I.(AU)

The maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) is the largest canid in South America, weighs about 25 kg as an adult and is threatened of extinction. Anatomical descriptions contribute to the complementation of information on wild species and for conservation, clinical and surgical implications. The purpose of this study was to describe the bones and muscles of the forearm and hand of the maned wolf. The methodology was through the usual dissecting methods in animals preserved in 10% formalin solution. The animals belong to the didactic collection of the Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Wild Animals of the UFU and come from run over. The bones evaluated were: radius, ulna, carpal accessory, carpi ulnar and carpi intermedium; carpal bones I, II, III and IV; metacarpal bones I, II, III, IV, V; proximal phalanges, middle phalanges and distal phalanges from first to fifth finger. The muscles observed were: radial extensor carpal; pronator round; brachioradial; common extensor of fingers; ulnar carpal extensor; lateral extensor of the fingers; supinator; abductor long finger I; flexor carpi radialis; flexor deep fingers; superficial flexor of the fingers; ulnar flexor of the carpus; square pronator; interflexor; lumbrils; short abductor of fingers I and II and short flexor of finger I.(AU)

Anatomia óssea e muscular do antebraço e mão de Chrysocyon brachyurus (Carnivora, Canidae) / Bone and muscular anatomy of the antibone and handof Chrysocyon brachyurus (Carnivora, Canidae)

O lobo-guará Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger, 1815, é o maior canídeo da América do Sul, pesa cerca de 25 kg quando adulto e está ameaçado de extinção. Descrições anatômicas contribuem para a complementação das informações sobre espécies silvestres e para implicações conservacionistas, clínicas e cirúrgicas. Objetivou-se descrever os ossos e os músculos do antebraço e mão do lobo-guará. A preparação das peças foi feita a partir dos métodos usuais de dissecação, em animais preservados em solução de formol a 10%. Os espécimes pertencem ao acervo didático do Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres da UFU e são provenientes de indivíduos atropelados. Os ossos descritos foram: rádio, ulna, ossos cárpico acessório, cárpico ulnar e cárpico intermédio; ossos cárpicos I, II, III e IV; ossos metacárpicos I, II, III, IV, V; falanges proximais, falanges médias e falanges distais do primeiro ao quinto dedo. Os músculos observados foram: extensor radial do carpo; pronador redondo; braquiorradial; extensor comum dos dedos; extensor ulnar do carpo; extensor lateral dos dedos; supinador; abdutor longo do dedo I; flexor radial do carpo; flexor profundo dos dedos; flexor superficial dos dedos; flexor ulnar do carpo; pronador quadrado; interflexor; lumbricais; abdutor curto dos dedos I e II e flexor curto do dedo I.

The maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) is the largest canid in South America, weighs about 25 kg as an adult and is threatened of extinction. Anatomical descriptions contribute to the complementation of information on wild species and for conservation, clinical and surgical implications. The purpose of this study was to describe the bones and muscles of the forearm and hand of the maned wolf. The methodology was through the usual dissecting methods in animals preserved in 10% formalin solution. The animals belong to the didactic collection of the Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Wild Animals of the UFU and come from run over. The bones evaluated were: radius, ulna, carpal accessory, carpi ulnar and carpi intermedium; carpal bones I, II, III and IV; metacarpal bones I, II, III, IV, V; proximal phalanges, middle phalanges and distal phalanges from first to fifth finger. The muscles observed were: radial extensor carpal; pronator round; brachioradial; common extensor of fingers; ulnar carpal extensor; lateral extensor of the fingers; supinator; abductor long finger I; flexor carpi radialis; flexor deep fingers; superficial flexor of the fingers; ulnar flexor of the carpus; square pronator; interflexor; lumbrils; short abductor of fingers I and II and short flexor of finger I.

Nematode capilaridae in the tongue of Cerdocyon thous of free life in Brazil / Nematoide capilaridae na língua de Cerdocyon thous de vida livre no Brasil

Studies of helminths in road-killed wild animals are still uncommon but may provide promising results since they can identify the parasites in juvenile and adult hosts and meet the recommendations of current discussions on bioethics that prioritize alternative methods for the use of animals. This study evaluated three Cerdocyon thous individuals that were donated after dying from being run over. Two of them had small nematode adults in the epithelial and connective tissues of the tongue. The diagnosis was based on the presence of eggs, observed in histological sections, and morphological characteristics of the nematodes in the tongue. Morphologically, this nematode has a body with transverse grooves, simple mouth opening and no lips, esophagus and stichosome with stichocytes and bacillary bands along the body, which is characteristic morphology of the family Capilariidae and genus Capillaria . The presence of this nematode in the tongue of C. thous is an extremely important fact that contributes to what is known about the biodiversity of zoonotic parasites in wild canid populations. However, an explanation for these findings remains unclear because, until now, this has not been observed in the biological cycle of the species.(AU)

O estudo de helmintos de animais selvagens vitimados por atropelamento, ainda é uma prática pouco comum, porém pode ser promissor, uma vez que permite a identificação de helmintos a partir de hospedeiros juvenis e adultos, e atendem às atuais discussões em bioética, as quais priorizam métodos alternativos para o uso de animais. Foram avaliados 3 exemplares de Cerdocyon thous provenientes de doação pós-óbito por atropelamento. Dois deles apresentaram pequenos nematoides adultos inseridos nos tecidos epitelial e conjuntivo da língua. O diagnóstico foi baseado na análise de cortes histológicos que evidenciaram a presença de ovos no interior do nematoide e nas características morfológicas gerais do mesmo. Morfologicamente estes nematoides apresentavam corpo com estrias transversais, abertura bucal simples e lábios ausentes, esôfago trichuroiude com a presença de esticócitos e bandas bacilares ao longo do corpo, característica morfologicamente sugestiva da família Capillariidae e do gênero Capillaria . A presença de nematoides inseridos na língua de C. thous é um fato de extrema importância para o conhecimento da biodiversidade de parasitos zoonóticos circulantes presentes em populações selvagens de canídeos. Porém, permanece obscura a explicação para tais achados, uma vez que tal evento não foi observado no ciclo biológico das espécies até o momento.(AU)

Dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis in a free-living maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

Background: Chrysocyon brachyurus is a South American wild canid considered a species near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and is classified as vulnerable in the National List of Endangered Species. With the increase of the contact between domestic animals, human population and wild animals, there was a greater exposure of the maned wolf to pathogens. Due to the importance of its conservation, the knowledge of emerging infectious diseases that affect this species becomes essential. This report aims to describe the first diagnosed case of dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis in a maned wolf.Case: A free-living female maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), approximately 60 days old, was rescued with presence of alopecia, non-pruritic lesions, one of circular shape located in the nasal plane and the other with signs of scaling and crusts in the region of the left pina. The animal was active, in good general condition and without other significant changes to clinical examination. Skin scraping was performed for mycological culture of both lesions. Fungal growth on Sabouraud’s agar identified Microsporum canis. Topical therapy with ketoconazole ointment and cleaning of lesions with 0.2% chlorhexidine was instituted. After 20 days of treatment, remission of clinical signs and repilation of affected areas were observed. New mycological cultures of both areas were carried out, which were negative for Microsporum canis.Discussion: Although Microsporum canis is described as causing dermatophytosis in several animal species, it has apparently not yet been reported in maned wolves. Microsporum canis is one of the most isolated zoophilic dermatophytes in domestic cats and is also cited in reports of symptomatic wild felids, such as tigers, in which it has been identified as either the only agent of infection or in association with Trichophyton mentagrophytes.[...]

Dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis in a free-living maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

Background: Chrysocyon brachyurus is a South American wild canid considered a species near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and is classified as vulnerable in the National List of Endangered Species. With the increase of the contact between domestic animals, human population and wild animals, there was a greater exposure of the maned wolf to pathogens. Due to the importance of its conservation, the knowledge of emerging infectious diseases that affect this species becomes essential. This report aims to describe the first diagnosed case of dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis in a maned wolf.Case: A free-living female maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), approximately 60 days old, was rescued with presence of alopecia, non-pruritic lesions, one of circular shape located in the nasal plane and the other with signs of scaling and crusts in the region of the left pina. The animal was active, in good general condition and without other significant changes to clinical examination. Skin scraping was performed for mycological culture of both lesions. Fungal growth on Sabourauds agar identified Microsporum canis. Topical therapy with ketoconazole ointment and cleaning of lesions with 0.2% chlorhexidine was instituted. After 20 days of treatment, remission of clinical signs and repilation of affected areas were observed. New mycological cultures of both areas were carried out, which were negative for Microsporum canis.Discussion: Although Microsporum canis is described as causing dermatophytosis in several animal species, it has apparently not yet been reported in maned wolves. Microsporum canis is one of the most isolated zoophilic dermatophytes in domestic cats and is also cited in reports of symptomatic wild felids, such as tigers, in which it has been identified as either the only agent of infection or in association with Trichophyton mentagrophytes.[...](AU)