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2.
BMC Public Health ; 24(1): 39, 2024 01 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38166879

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: With the rapid development of China's chemical industry, although researchers have developed many methods in the field of chemical safety, the situation of chemical safety in China is still not optimistic. How to prevent accidents has always been the focus of scholars' attention. METHODS: Based on the characteristics of chemical enterprises and the Heinrich accident triangle, this paper developed the organizational-level accident triangle, which divides accidents into group-level, unit-level, and workshop-level accidents. Based on 484 accident records of a large chemical enterprise in China, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used to analyze the rationality of accident classification and the occurrence rules of accidents at different levels. In addition, this paper used TF-IDF and K-means algorithms to extract keywords and perform text clustering analysis for accidents at different levels based on accident classification. The risk factors of each accident cluster were further analyzed, and improvement measures were proposed for the sample enterprises. RESULTS: The results show that reducing unit-level accidents can prevent group-level accidents. The accidents of the sample enterprises are mainly personal injury accidents, production accidents, environmental pollution accidents, and quality accidents. The leading causes of personal injury accidents are employees' unsafe behaviors, such as poor safety awareness, non-standard operation, illegal operation, untimely communication, etc. The leading causes of production accidents, environmental pollution accidents, and quality accidents include the unsafe state of materials, such as equipment damage, pipeline leakage, short-circuiting, excessive fluctuation of process parameters, etc. CONCLUSION: Compared with the traditional accident classification method, the accident triangle proposed in this paper based on the organizational level dramatically reduces the differences between accidents, helps enterprises quickly identify risk factors, and prevents accidents. This method can effectively prevent accidents and provide helpful guidance for the safety management of chemical enterprises.


Assuntos
Acidentes , Vazamento de Resíduos Químicos , Humanos , Poluição Ambiental , Fatores de Risco , Gestão da Segurança
3.
Integr Environ Assess Manag ; 20(2): 481-497, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37449539

RESUMO

An integrated environmental health exposure assessment (IEHA) refers to the integration of human biomonitoring data (HBM) and environmental measurements and aims to optimize the exposure assessment process. Due to lack of data, this approach remains an issue during chemical incidents. This study aims to explore integrated exposure approaches for assessing human health risks during chemical incidents. Based on the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, a literature analysis was performed. A level of confidence ranging from 1 to 4 was established to define the quality and strength of data used to undertake an IEHA approach. Twenty-seven articles (n = 18) and texts (n = 9) from Europe (41%) and the United States (37%) were analyzed. Among the 18 scientific articles, 61% (n = 11) presented a quantitative approach and 17% (n = 3) presented a qualitative approach. Quantitative approaches must be based on accurate data, coupled with predictive models. Of all the scientific papers, 40% (n = 7) responded to a confidence level greater than or equal to 2. Uncertainties detected through the integrated exposure approaches were related to input data, analytical methods, and HBM reference value interpretations. During chemical incidents, direct measurements were the most relevant data. Few scientific studies have developed an integrated approach during emergency situations. However, when this was used, they presented a high level of confidence by defining levels of exposure that support decision-making processes. Despite the multiple approaches, there was a lack of guidelines allowing an integrated risk assessment to be performed during an emergency chemical exposure. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:481-497. © 2023 SETAC.


Assuntos
Vazamento de Resíduos Químicos , Exposição Ambiental , Humanos , Revisões Sistemáticas como Assunto , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Saúde Ambiental , Europa (Continente) , Medição de Risco/métodos , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos
4.
Soins ; 68(879): 41-44, 2023 Oct.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37778854

RESUMO

Nuclear, radiological, biological and chemical hazards are caused by agents of very different origins. They can be blatant or insidious, difficult to detect, accidental or intentional. In all cases, in addition to treating victims, the aim is to avoid contamination of hospital services. Faced with these risks, which are often seen as unlikely or too complex, the firefighter nurse represents an asset for his or her establishment, in terms of both crisis anticipation and management.


Assuntos
Bombeiros , Enfermeiras e Enfermeiros , Humanos , Vazamento de Resíduos Químicos , Derramamento de Material Biológico , Liberação Nociva de Radioativos
5.
BMJ Open ; 13(6): e071347, 2023 06 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37316314

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: If a chemical incident occurs, the emergency response centre (ERC) personnel are the first that are notified. They need to quickly attain situation awareness, based on the information from the caller, in order to dispatch the correct emergency units. The aim of this study is to examine the situation awareness of the personnel working at ERCs-how they perceive, comprehend, project and act during chemical incidents. METHODS: Semi-structured individual interviews with 12 participants from the Swedish ERCs were performed. The interviews were analysed with qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Three categories of responses were identified. Responses focused on the complexity of identifying chemical incidents, the importance of ensuring the safety of citizens and personnel of emergency organisations and the situation-based dispatch of organisations. CONCLUSIONS: The correct identification of the chemical incident and the involved chemical by the ERC personnel are necessary in order to notify, inform and dispatch the correct units, as well as to ensure the safety of citizens and emergency personnel. More research is needed about the dichotomies of the ERC personnel needing as much information as possible for everyone's safety versus their responsibility for the safety of the caller as well as between using emergency dispatch index interview guides and trusting their gut feeling.


Assuntos
Conscientização , Vazamento de Resíduos Químicos , Humanos , Suécia , Colangiografia , Pesquisa Qualitativa
6.
Sci Rep ; 13(1): 8411, 2023 05 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37225760

RESUMO

Rapid and efficient decontamination of the skin is a major task for emergency rescue services in the event of a chemical accident involving humans. While rinsing the skin with water (and soap) has been the standard procedure, some skepticism has developed in recent years regarding the situational suitability of this method. The efficacy of three different decontamination materials/techniques (Easyderm® cleaning cloth, water-soaked all-purpose sponge, rinsing with water) in removing Capsaicin, Bromadiolone, Paraquat and 2,2'-dichlorodiethylether (DCEE) from porcine skin was compared. Different cleaning motions (wiping, twisting, pressing) with the Easyderm® were evaluated for their effectiveness in removing Capsaicin from porcine skin. Finally, the impact of different exposure times of the skin to Capsaicin on the decontamination process were investigated. Contaminant recovery rates (CRRs) were analysed in the skin and in each decontamination material using high-performance-liquid-chromatography (HPLC; used for Capsaicin, Bromadiolone, Paraquat) or gas chromatography (GC; used for DCEE). Wiping the skin with the amphiphilic Easyderm® was most effective for decontamination of Capsaicin and DCEE, while the water rinsing method gave the best results for removing Paraquat and Bromadiolone. Both wiping with the Easyderm® and rotating the Easyderm® were significantly more effective in cleaning Capsaicin-contaminated skin than pressing the Easyderm® on the contamination area alone. Prolonged exposure times of the porcine skin to Capsaicin were associated with a decrease in efficacy of the following decontamination. Emergency rescue services should have materials available that can remove both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances from skin. Since not all of our results for comparing different decontamination materials were as distinct as we expected, there are likely several other factors determining the efficacy of skin decontamination in some cases. Time is key; therefore, first responders should try to begin the decontamination process as soon as possible after arriving at the scene.


Assuntos
Capsaicina , Vazamento de Resíduos Químicos , Humanos , Suínos , Animais , Descontaminação , Paraquat , Bandagens
7.
Online braz. j. nurs. (Online) ; 22(supl.1): e20236618, 03 fev 2023. ilus
Artigo em Inglês, Português | LILACS, BDENF - Enfermagem | ID: biblio-1415681

RESUMO

OBJETIVO: mapear a produção técnico-científica sobre as competências necessárias para o desenvolvimento de evacuações aeromédicas em situações de emergências e desastres envolvendo agentes químicos, biológicos, radiológicos e nucleares. MÉTODO: protocolo de revisão de escopo. A elaboração deste protocolo foi baseada nas recomendações do Instituto Joanna Briggs, atendendo às recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Este protocolo orientará o processo de identificação de fontes de informação, extração de dados e análise de resultados, a partir da necessidade de dar suporte à análise das ações de capacitação de equipes de saúde frente às demandas clínicas e gerenciais a serem criteriosamente observadas em tais situações.


OBJECTIVE: to map the technical-scientific production on the skills necessary for aeromedical evacuation in emergency and disaster situations involving chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear agents. METHOD: scoping review protocol. The elaboration of this protocol was based on the Joanna Briggs Institute's recommendations, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). This protocol will guide the identification of the sources of information, data extraction, and the analysis of the results based on the need to support the analysis of training actions for health teams facing clinical and managerial demands that must be carefully considered in such situations.


Assuntos
Competência Profissional , Evacuação Estratégica , Pessoal de Saúde , Resgate Aéreo , Desastres , Capacitação Profissional , Liberação Nociva de Radioativos , Emergências , Derramamento de Material Biológico , Vazamento de Resíduos Químicos
8.
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol ; 33(1): 111-117, 2023 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34750513

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The number of chemicals in our society and in our daily lives continues to increase. Accompanying this is an increasing risk of human exposure to and injury from hazardous substances. Performing regular, structured surveillance of chemical incidents allows a greater awareness of the types of chemical hazards causing injury and the frequency of their occurrence, as well as providing a better understanding of exposures. OBJECTIVE: The objective of performing event-based surveillance (EBS) and capturing chemical incidents is to use this information to increase the situational awareness of chemical incidents, improve the management of these incidents and to inform measures to protect public health. METHODS: This paper describes a method for EBS for chemical incidents, including the sources used, storing the gathered information and subsequent analysis of potential trends in the data. RESULTS: We describe trends in the type of incidents that have been detected, the chemicals involved in these incidents and the health effects caused, in different geographic regions of the world. SIGNIFICANCE: The methodology presented here provides a rapid and simple means of identifying chemical incidents that can be set up rapidly and with minimal cost, the outputs of which can be used to identify emerging risks and inform preparedness planning, response and training for chemical incidents.


Assuntos
Vazamento de Resíduos Químicos , Humanos , Substâncias Perigosas
9.
Work ; 74(3): 1115-1124, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36463476

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Chemical accidents have imposed casualties and high economic and social consequences to Iranian industries and society. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of risk factors involved in occurrences of the chemical accidents and predicted the time of occurrences in Iranian chemical factories. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was implemented in 574 chemical facilities with more than 25 employees from 2018 to 2020. Collecting data instruments were 2 checklists with 15 and 25 three-point Likert scale questions, respectively. Chi square and Monte Carlo tests assessed the relationships between independent risk factors and dependent hazardous chemical accidents. Cox semi-parametric and log-normal parametric models were used to predict the upcoming time of chemical accidents based on the impacts of risk factors understudy. Data analyses were performed using Stata and R software. RESULTS: The results showed that safety data sheets, labeling, fire extinguishing system, safe chemicals storage, separation, loading, transportation and training were statistically significant with occurrences of the chemical accidents (P-value < 0.05). Loading and transportation were mostly related to chemical incidents and reduced significantly the expected time of chemical events (P-value = 0.028). CONCLUSION: Establishing a comprehensive chemical accidents dataset and strict governmental supervision on chemical safety regulations are suggested to decrease the chemical accidents at regional and local levels in chemical plants.


Assuntos
Vazamento de Resíduos Químicos , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Acidentes , Acidentes de Trabalho , Análise de Sobrevida
10.
J Emerg Manag ; 21(6): 511-521, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38189202

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: This article summarizes our research study on the scenario of an accidental chlorine gas release during transportation and preparing emergency response plan to mitigate the subsequent hazards in urban areas. METHODOLOGY: To conduct the research study, the event tree analysis (ETA), a series of brain storming sessions, and a modeling of consequences of an accident using the Phylogenetic Analysis with Space/Time models (PHAST) software were employed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Based on the result of the event tree, 32 initial occurring paths and 20 eventual occurring paths are identified as the outcome. The evacuation time is about 41 seconds, which is very short, and the odds of casualties are estimated at 99 percent within a radius of 140-192 m from the release site, 50 percent within a radius of 202-599 m, and 1 percent within a radius of 758 m. CONCLUSION: Along with the use of consequence modeling, the development of the ETA can be effective in emergency preparedness. In the case of a chlorine gas release, it would not be possible to effectively control the source of release. Furthermore, the result indicates that in a major city like Tehran, the application and transport of chlorine gas can be a serious challenge.


Assuntos
Vazamento de Resíduos Químicos , Cloro , Planejamento em Desastres , Humanos , Acidentes , Irã (Geográfico)
11.
Manila; WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific; 2023. (WPR/2023/ACE/002).
em Inglês | WHO IRIS | ID: who-374468

RESUMO

The Republic of Korea has fortified its response to chemical incidents, aligning with WHO guidelines and the International Health Regulations. A robust database aids exposure assessments, while trained local hospitals play a pivotal role in examinations and care. The Chemical Substances Control Act bolsters incident management, fostering collaborations between national and local entities. Mental health considerations now shape assessments, addressing trauma beyond chemical exposure. Categorized health impact outcomes refine response strategies, backed by increased resources and private sector contributions. Enterprises involved in incidents cover treatment fees, safeguarding human health. Korea’s commitment to managing chemical incidents and public health is demonstrated.


Assuntos
Vazamento de Resíduos Químicos , República da Coreia
12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36497676

RESUMO

To investigate the occurrence and development pattern of large-scale hazardous chemicals emergencies, a statistical analysis of 195 large and above accidents of hazardous chemicals in China during 2000-2020 was conducted. A general description of the characteristics of larger and above accidents based on statistical data was analyzed, and then the system risk of the hazardous chemical industry was calculated and evaluated by the entropy weight method and the TOPSIS method comprehensively. Results show that: (1) The geographical distribution of large and above hazardous chemical accidents (LAHCA) varies significantly; (2) The high-temperature season has high probabilities of having large and above accidents; (3) Human factors and management factors are the main causes of LAHCA; (4) During the period from 2000 to 2020, due to the rapid development of the chemical industry, the overall risk of accidents involving hazardous chemicals were upswing accompanied by volatility, and the risk of serious accidents remains high. The development history of safety regulations in China's hazardous chemical sector and the industry's projected course for future growth were then discussed. Finally, based on the findings of the aforementioned statistics and research, specific recommendations were provided for the safety management of the hazardous chemical sector. This study expects to provide a practical and effective reference for the construction of safety management as well as accident prevention in the hazardous chemical industry.


Assuntos
Vazamento de Resíduos Químicos , Substâncias Perigosas , Humanos , Acidentes , Prevenção de Acidentes , Indústria Química , China/epidemiologia
13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36429900

RESUMO

Based on accident data from the China Chemical Accident Information Network, detailed information was obtained from 2657 hazardous chemicals road transportation accidents (HCRTAs) and 148 evacuations caused by these accidents that occurred in China from 2012 to 2020. The characteristics and the development trend of the present HCRTAs in China and the rate of emergency are obtained via statistical analysis. Based on the probability of evacuation scenarios via historical statistics, the social cost of labor loss value of participating emergency responders, and evacuees' placement and transfer cost as the consequences of evacuation events, an evacuation event grading model based on social risk assessment is constructed. Evaluating and classifying the risk of evacuation events caused by HCRTAs (148), the results demonstrated that the social risk caused by emergency scenarios F_61 (leakage due to overturning of hazardous chemical vehicles, which led to evacuation) and F_91 (leakage due to rear-end of hazardous chemical vehicles, which led to evacuation) was higher than other emergency scenarios. To reduce the dangers caused by HCRTAs, the framework for improving the emergency response capacity of communities is discussed and analyzed based on five aspects, which comprise land use planning, city construction, education promotion, information construction, and the layout of emergency resources.


Assuntos
Vazamento de Resíduos Químicos , Substâncias Perigosas , Substâncias Perigosas/análise , Acidentes , Meios de Transporte , China
14.
BMC Med Educ ; 22(1): 350, 2022 May 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35534890

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Mass chemical exposure emergencies are infrequent but can cause injury, illness, or loss of life for large numbers of victims. These emergencies can stretch and challenge the available resources of healthcare systems within the community. Political unrest in the Middle East, including chemical terrorist attacks against civilians in Syria and increasing chemical industry accidents, have highlighted the lack of hospital preparedness for chemical incidents in the region. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a course designed to empower frontline healthcare providers involved in mass casualty incidents with the basic knowledge and essential operational skills for mass chemical exposure incidents in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A mixed-methods approach was used to develop a blended learning, simulation enhanced, competency-based course for major chemical incidents for front line healthcare providers. The course was designed by experts from different disciplines (disaster medicine, poisoning / toxicology, and Hazard Material Threat - HAZMAT team) in four stages. The course was piloted over five days at the Officers Club of the Ministry of Interior (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). The 41 participants were from different government health discipline sectors in the country. Pre- and post-tests were used to assess learner knowledge while debriefing sessions after the decontamination triage session and simulation-enhanced exercises were used for team performance assessment. RESULTS: The overall knowledge scores were significantly higher in the post-test (69.47%) than the pre-test (46.3%). All four knowledge domains also had significant differences between pre- and post-test results. There were no differences in the pre and post-test scores for healthcare providers from the different health disciplines. A one-year post-event survey demonstrated that participants were satisfied with their knowledge retention. Interestingly, 38.3% had the opportunity to put this knowledge into practice in relation to mass chemical exposure incidents. CONCLUSION: Delivering a foundation level competency-based blended learning course with enhanced simulation training in major chemical incidents for front line healthcare providers may improve their knowledge and skills in response to such incidents. This in turn can improve the level of national preparedness and staff availability and make a crucial difference in reducing the health impacts among victims.


Assuntos
Vazamento de Resíduos Químicos , Planejamento em Desastres , Incidentes com Feridos em Massa , Emergências , Pessoal de Saúde , Humanos , Projetos Piloto , Arábia Saudita
15.
J Hazard Mater ; 432: 128714, 2022 06 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35358764

RESUMO

Chemical accidents have threatened drinking water safety and aquatic systems when hazardous chemicals flow into inland waterbodies through pipelines in industrial complexes. In this study, a forecasting system was developed for the prevention of drinking water resource pollution by considering chemical transport/fate through both pipelines and river channels. To this end, we coupled a pipe network model (Storm Water Management Model) with a calibrated hydrodynamic model (Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code). In addition, we investigated whether chemical transport through pipelines would make a difference in chemical concentration predictions. For both pipelines and river channels, the results showed lower peak concentrations than those without pipelines, whereas the time of peak concentration did not change significantly. When chemicals were transported with both pipelines and river channels, the peak concentrations were 25.81% and 41.91% lower than those of chemicals carried directly into the Han and Geum Rivers without the pipeline transport. Further, our system is automated from scenario generation to analysis and usage is straightforward, with a simple input of accident information. The results of this study can be utilized to establish a safe water supply system and preliminary countermeasures against accidental water pollution in the future.


Assuntos
Vazamento de Resíduos Químicos , Água Potável , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Água Potável/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Rios/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química
16.
New Solut ; 31(4): 475-483, 2022 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34986059

RESUMO

More than 180 preventable incidents at hazardous chemicals facilities occur each year, resulting in deaths, injuries, evacuations, shelter in place orders, environmental contamination, and facility shutdowns with permanent job loss. As of June 17, 2021, the Chemical Safety Board (CSB) had nineteen open site investigations of incidents that in total killed thirty-two people, injured at least eighty-seven people, led to thousands of residents sheltering in place or evacuating, and resulted in many millions of dollars in property damage. This document outlines twenty-one practical and measurable actions that the CSB can take to rebuild its investigative and recommendations capacity; set clear priorities for agency action; reform its governance policies; and increase public transparency and engagement. The proposed actions address incident investigations, safety studies, safety recommendations, agency governance, and public transparency and engagement.


Assuntos
Vazamento de Resíduos Químicos , Segurança Química , Desastres , Substâncias Perigosas/toxicidade , Humanos , Vigilância da População , Estados Unidos
18.
Br J Anaesth ; 128(2): e200-e205, 2022 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34794766

RESUMO

On March 4, 2018, two casualties collapsed on a park bench in Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK. They were later discovered to have been the victims of an attempted murder using the Soviet-era Novichok class of nerve agent. The casualties, along with three further critically ill patients, were cared for in Salisbury District Hospital's Intensive Care Unit. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the Salisbury and Amesbury incidents were the longest-running major incidents in the history of the UK National Health Service. This narrative review seeks to reflect on the lessons learned from these chemical incidents, with a particular focus on hospital and local organisational responses.


Assuntos
Vazamento de Resíduos Químicos/prevenção & controle , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/métodos , Incidentes com Feridos em Massa/prevenção & controle , Agentes Neurotóxicos/envenenamento , Organofosfatos/toxicidade , Equipamento de Proteção Individual , Fatores Biológicos/envenenamento , Humanos , Incidência , Liberação Nociva de Radioativos/prevenção & controle , Saúde Radiológica , Reino Unido/epidemiologia
19.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 29(18): 26648-26659, 2022 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34854005

RESUMO

We established a hypothetical acrylic acid leak accident scenario, conducted a health risk assessment of local residents, and compared an actual accident case to the hypothetical scenario. The exposed subjects were divided into four age groups, and a noncarcinogenic health risk assessment was conducted for inhalation and soil ingestion. In the hypothetical scenario, 40 tons of acrylic acid was leaked in Ulsan for 1 h from midnight on January 1, 2017. In the actual accident case, 3 L of acrylic acid was leaked in Hwaseong, Gyeonggi Province, for 1 h from 11:00 am on March 5, 2020. The environmental concentration of acrylic acid was calculated using the dynamic multimedia environmental model. Noncarcinogenic assessment of the hypothetical scenario showed the hazard quotient exceeded 1 across all age groups, suggesting that a health risk is likely to occur due to inhalation exposure to acrylic acid resulting from a chemical accident. In addition, Hazardacute exceeded 1 until 2 h after the accident under the hypothetical scenario, indicating the likelihood of a health risk. Thus, we propose a methodology that can assess changing concentrations in a hazardous chemical leak from a chemical accident based on the time, place, the chemical's behaviors in different environmental media, and the health risk posed by the exposure of the chemical to local residents in the area affected by the accident.


Assuntos
Acrilatos , Vazamento de Resíduos Químicos , Ingestão de Alimentos , Humanos , Medição de Risco
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