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1.
Food Microbiol ; 120: 104488, 2024 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38431314

RESUMO

Agricultural practises such as conventional and organic farming can potentially affect the microbial communities in milk. In the present study, the bacterial diversity of milk was investigated using high-throughput sequencing on ten organic and ten conventional farms in the Azores, a region where milk production is largely based on year-round grazing systems. The microbiota of milk from both production systems was dominated by Bacillota, Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota and Bacteroidota. The organic milk showed greater heterogeneity between farms, as reflected in the dispersion of diversity indices and the large variation in the relative abundances of the dominant genera. In contrast, conventionally produced milk showed a high degree of similarity within each season. In the conventional production system, the season also had a strong influence on the bacterial community, but this effect was not observed in the organic milk. The LEfSe analysis identified the genus Iamia as significantly (p < 0.05) more abundant in organic milk, but depending on the season, several other genera were identified that distinguished organic milk from conventionally produced milk. Of these, Bacillus, Iamia and Nocardioides were associated with the soil microbiota in organic farming.


Assuntos
Bactérias , Leite , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Leite/microbiologia , Bactérias/genética , Agricultura Orgânica , Agricultura , Fazendas
2.
Afr J Reprod Health ; 28(2): 83-95, 2024 Feb 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38425218

RESUMO

The contraceptive use in Nigeria is relatively low, indicative of the non-adoption of contraceptives by people of reproductive age to curtail the increasing fertility rate with its attendant consequences on the family. The non-use is attributed to numerous factors, including perceptions of and attendant barriers to the uptake of contraceptives. This study was aimed at assessing the perception of and barriers to the uptake of contraceptives among residents of plantation farming communities in Cross River State, Nigeria. It was a multi-sited qualitative descriptive study conducted in three Local Government Areas (Ikom, Yakurr, and Akamkpa) in Cross River State, Nigeria between March and April 2022. Nine Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and twelve key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted with respondents from three plantation farming communities. The FGDs were conducted on sexually active unmarried girls, married women within the reproductive age, and married men with spouses of reproductive age. The KIIs were conducted on health care providers, village heads, youth leaders, and women leaders. The generated data were thematically analyzed using both deductive and inductive analytical approaches. Married women were deemed eligible to use contraceptives, which are viewed as a method for preventing pregnancy. The information supplied by healthcare professionals was deemed insufficient for women to make informed decisions. Fear of side effects, dysfunctional health facilities, frequent stock outs, and spousal opposition were the most significant barriers to contraceptive use. Family planning programs should be targeted more at residents of rural areas to increase awareness, dispel misconceptions, and promote contraceptive use.


L'utilisation de contraceptifs au Nigéria est relativement faible, ce qui indique que les personnes en âge de procréer ne les adoptent pas pour freiner l'augmentation du taux de fécondité et ses conséquences sur la famille. La non-utilisation est attribuée à de nombreux facteurs, notamment les perceptions et les obstacles à l'adoption des contraceptifs. Cette étude visait à évaluer la perception et les obstacles à l'adoption des contraceptifs parmi les résidents des communautés agricoles des plantations de l'État de Cross River, au Nigeria. Il s'agissait d'une étude descriptive qualitative multisites menée dans trois zones de gouvernement local (Ikom, Yakurr et Akamkpa) dans l'État de Cross River, au Nigeria, entre mars et avril 2022. Neuf discussions de groupe (FGD) et douze entretiens avec des informateurs clés (KII). ont été menées auprès de répondants de trois communautés agricoles de plantations. Les groupes de discussion ont été menés auprès de filles célibataires sexuellement actives, de femmes mariées en âge de procréer et d'hommes mariés ayant des épouses en âge de procréer. Les KII ont été menées auprès des prestataires de soins de santé, des chefs de village, des jeunes leaders et des femmes leaders. Les données générées ont été analysées thématiquement en utilisant des approches analytiques déductives et inductives. Les femmes mariées étaient considérées comme éligibles à l'utilisation de contraceptifs, considérés comme une méthode permettant de prévenir une grossesse. Les informations fournies par les professionnels de santé ont été jugées insuffisantes pour permettre aux femmes de prendre des décisions éclairées. La peur des effets secondaires, le dysfonctionnement des établissements de santé, les ruptures de stock fréquentes et l'opposition des conjoints étaient les obstacles les plus importants à l'utilisation des contraceptifs. Les programmes de planification familiale devraient cibler davantage les résidents des zones rurales afin de les sensibiliser, de dissiper les idées fausses et de promouvoir l'utilisation des contraceptifs.


Assuntos
Anticoncepcionais , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Gravidez , Masculino , Adolescente , Humanos , Feminino , Nigéria , Reprodução , Agricultura , Comportamento Contraceptivo , Anticoncepção
3.
Vet Rec ; 194(5): 192, 2024 Mar 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38427397
4.
PLoS One ; 19(3): e0299350, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38427638

RESUMO

Agricultural Remote Sensing has the potential to enhance agricultural monitoring in smallholder economies to mitigate losses. However, its widespread adoption faces challenges, such as diminishing farm sizes, lack of reliable data-sets and high cost related to commercial satellite imagery. This research focuses on opportunities, practices and novel approaches for effective utilization of remote sensing in agriculture applications for smallholder economies. The work entails insights from experiments using datasets representative of major crops during different growing seasons. We propose an optimized solution for addressing challenges associated with remote sensing-based crop mapping in smallholder agriculture farms. Open source tools and data are used for inter and intra-sensor image registration, with a root mean square error of 0.3 or less. We also propose and emphasize on the use of delineated vegetation parcels through Segment Anything Model for Geospatial (SAM-GEOs). Furthermore a Bidirectional-Long Short-Term Memory-based (Bi-LSTM) deep learning model is developed and trained for crop classification, achieving results with accuracy of more than 94% and 96% for validation sets of two data sets collected in the field, during 2 growing seasons.


Assuntos
Agricultura , Imagens de Satélites , Agricultura/métodos , Fazendas , Estações do Ano , Produtos Agrícolas
5.
Nat Commun ; 15(1): 1901, 2024 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38429275

RESUMO

A sustainable supply of plant protein is critical for future generations and needs to be achieved while reducing green house gas emissions from agriculture and increasing agricultural resilience in the face of climate volatility. Agricultural diversification with more nutrient-rich and stress tolerant crops could provide the solution. However, this is often hampered by the limited availability of genomic resources and the lack of understanding of the genetic structure of breeding germplasm and the inheritance of important traits. One such crop with potential is winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), a high seed protein tropical legume which has been termed 'the soybean for the tropics'. Here, we present a chromosome level winged bean genome assembly, an investigation of the genetic diversity of 130 worldwide accessions, together with two linked genetic maps and a trait QTL analysis (and expression studies) for regions of the genome with desirable ideotype traits for breeding, namely architecture, protein content and phytonutrients.


Assuntos
Fabaceae , Melhoramento Vegetal , Fabaceae/genética , Genômica , Agricultura
6.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 5110, 2024 03 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38429397

RESUMO

Platostoma palustre is an annual herb and an important medicinal and edible plant in southern China. Plastic-film mulching is an effective agronomic practice in the cultivation system of P. palustre, of which black-film mulching is the most common. However, fewer researches have been focused on the use of other colors of plastic films in P. palustre cultivation. In this study, different colors (white, black, red, and green) of plastic film were adopted, and the effects of different colors of plastic film mulching on the soil temperature, yield, and metabolites of P. palustre were investigated. The results showed that the fresh weight of a single plant of the green film treatment was significantly higher than that of the white film treatment (n = top 28). Based on the results of three temperature measurements, the soil temperature was almost the highest in the red film treatment and lowest in the white film treatment. The metabolomic analysis revealed that a total of 103 differential metabolites were identified. Among these, the gluconic acid, deoxyribose, and N-Acetylmannosamine in the red film treatment presented the highest abundance compared with the other treatments, meanwhile, the abundances of the five monosaccharides in the red film treatment were significantly higher than those of the green film treatment. Moreover, the sucrose, trehalose, and D-(+)-trehalose in the green film treatment exhibited the highest abundance, and the abundances of eight different amino acids in the red film treatment were almost the lowest while those in the black film treatment were almost the highest. Further analysis of the membership function values indicated that the black and red film treatments might be more suitable for the cultivation and quality production of P. palustre in comparison with the other two treatments. This study will provide a theoretical basis for improving the efficient cultivation technology of P. palustre and forming a theoretical system of P. palustre film mulching cultivation.


Assuntos
Solo , Trealose , Solo/química , Temperatura , Plásticos , Agricultura/métodos
7.
World J Microbiol Biotechnol ; 40(4): 119, 2024 Mar 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38429532

RESUMO

Soil bacteria-fungi interactions are essential in the biogeochemical cycles of several nutrients, making these microbes major players in agroecosystems. While the impact of the farming system on microbial community composition has been extensively reported in the literature, whether sustainable farming approaches can promote associations between bacteria and fungi is still unclear. To study this, we employed 16S, ITS, and 18S DNA sequencing to uncover how microbial interactions were affected by conventional and organic farming systems on maize crops. The Bray-Curtis index revealed that bacterial, fungal, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities were significantly different between the two farming systems. Several taxa known to thrive in healthy soils, such as Nitrosophaerales, Orbiliales, and Glomus were more abundant in the organic farming system. Constrained ordination revealed that the organic farming system microbial community was significantly correlated with the ß-glucosidase activity, whereas the conventional farming system microbial community significantly correlated with soil pH. Both conventional and organic co-occurrence interkingdom networks exhibited a parallel node count, however, the former had a higher number of edges, thus being denser than the latter. Despite the similar amount of fungal nodes in the co-occurrence networks, the organic farming system co-occurrence network exhibited more than 3-fold the proportion of fungal taxa as keystone nodes than the conventional co-occurrence network. The genera Bionectria, Cercophora, Geastrum, Penicillium, Preussia, Metarhizium, Myceliophthora, and Rhizophlyctis were among the fungal keystone nodes of the organic farming system network. Altogether, our results uncover that beyond differences in microbial community composition between the two farming systems, fungal keystone nodes are far more relevant in the organic farming system, thus suggesting that bacteria-fungi interactions are more frequent in organic farming systems, promoting a more functional microbial community.


Assuntos
Ascomicetos , Micorrizas , Agricultura Orgânica , Micorrizas/genética , Agricultura , Solo/química , Bactérias/genética
8.
BMC Plant Biol ; 24(1): 158, 2024 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38429693

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Intercropping is an agriculture system used to enhance the efficiency of resource utilization and maximize crop yield grown under environmental stress such as salinity. Nevertheless, the impact of intercropping forage legumes with annual cereals on soil salinity remains unexplored. This research aimed to propose an intercropping system with alfalfa (Medicago sativa)/sea barley (Hordeum marinum) to explore its potential effects on plant productivity, nutrient uptake, and soil salinity. METHODS: The experiment involved three harvests of alfalfa and Hordeum marinum conducted under three cropping systems (sole, mixed, parallel) and subjected to salinity treatments (0 and 150 mM NaCl). Agronomical traits, nutrient uptake, and soil properties were analyzed. RESULTS: revealed that the variation in the measured traits in both species was influenced by the cultivation mode, treatment, and the interaction between cultivation mode and treatment. The cultivation had the most significant impact. Moreover, the mixed culture (MC) significantly enhanced the H. marinum and M. sativa productivity increasing biomass yield and development growth under salinity compared to other systems, especially at the second harvest. Furthermore, both intercropping systems alleviated the nutrient uptake under salt stress, as noted by the highest levels of K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Mg2+ ratios compared to monoculture. However, the intercropping mode reduced the pH and the electroconductivity (CEC) of the salt soil and increased the percentage of organic matter and the total carbon mostly with the MC system. CONCLUSIONS: Intercropped alfalfa and sea barely could mitigate the soil salinity, improve their yield productivity, and enhance nutrient uptake. Based on these findings, we suggest implementing the mixed-culture system for both target crops in arid and semi-arid regions, which further promotes sustainable agricultural practices.


Assuntos
Hordeum , Solo , Solo/química , Medicago sativa , Agricultura , Produtos Agrícolas
9.
BMC Plant Biol ; 24(1): 162, 2024 Mar 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38429726

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a novel signaling molecule involved in the growth and development of plants and their response to stress. However, the involvement of H2S in promoting the growth and development of tobacco plants is still unclear. RESULTS: In this study, we explored the effect of pre-soaking or irrigating the roots of tobacco plants with 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 mM of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) on endogenous H2S production, antioxidant enzymatic and cysteine desulfhydrase activities, seed germination, agronomic traits, photosynthetic pigments contents, and root vigor. The results revealed that exogenous NaHS treatment could significantly promote endogenous H2S production by inducing gene expression of D/L-CD and the activities of D/L-CD enzymes. Additionally, a significant increase in the agronomic traits and the contents of photosynthetic pigments, and no significant difference in carotenoid content among tobacco plants treated with 0.0 to 8.0 mM of NaHS was observed. Additionally, a significant increase in the germination speed, dry weight, and vigor of tobacco seeds, whereas no significant effect on the percentage of seed germination was observed on NaHS treatment. Furthermore, NaHS treatment could significantly increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, which reduces damage due to oxidative stress by maintaining reactive oxygen species homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS: These results would aid in enhancing our understanding of the involvement of H2S, a novel signaling molecule to promote the growth and development of tobacco plants.


Assuntos
Sulfeto de Hidrogênio , Plântula , Germinação , Agricultura
10.
Microb Biotechnol ; 17(3): e14430, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38465465

RESUMO

In the relentless battle for human health, the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has emerged as an impending catastrophe of unprecedented magnitude, potentially driving humanity towards the brink of an unparalleled healthcare crisis. The unyielding advance of antibiotic resistance looms as the foremost threat of the 21st century in clinical, agricultural and environmental arenas. Antibiotic resistance is projected to be the genesis of the next global pandemic, with grim estimations of tens of millions of lives lost annually by 2050. Amidst this impending calamity, our capacity to unearth novel antibiotics has languished, with the past four decades marred by a disheartening 'antibiotic discovery void'. With nearly 80% of our current antibiotics originating from natural or semi-synthetic sources, our responsibility is to cast our investigative nets into uncharted ecological niches teeming with microbial strife, the so-called 'microbial oases of interactions'. Within these oases of interactions, where microorganisms intensively compete for space and nutrients, a dynamic and ever-evolving microbial 'arms race' is constantly in place. Such a continuous cycle of adaptation and counter-adaptation is a fundamental aspect of microbial ecology and evolution, as well as the secrets to unique, undiscovered antibiotics, our last bastion against the relentless tide of resistance. In this context, it is imperative to invest in research to explore the competitive realms, like the plant rhizosphere, biological soil crusts, deep sea hydrothermal vents, marine snow and the most modern plastisphere, in which competitive interactions are at the base of the microorganisms' struggle for survival and dominance in their ecosystems: identify novel antibiotic by targeting microbial oases of interactions could represent a 'missing piece of the puzzle' in our fight against antibiotic resistance.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Ecossistema , Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias/genética , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Agricultura
11.
Glob Chang Biol ; 30(3): e17233, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38469991

RESUMO

Nitrous oxide (N2 O) exacerbates the greenhouse effect and thus global warming. Agricultural management practices, especially the use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers and irrigation, increase soil N2 O emissions. As a vital sector of global agriculture, specialty crop systems usually require intensive input and management. However, soil N2 O emissions from global specialty crop systems have not been comprehensively evaluated. Here, we synthesized 1137 observations from 114 published studies, conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of agricultural management and environmental factors on soil N2 O emissions, and estimated global soil N2 O emissions from specialty crop systems. The estimated global N2 O emission from specialty crop soils was 1.5 Tg N2 O-N year-1 , ranging from 0.5 to 4.5 Tg N2 O-N year-1 . Globally, soil N2 O emissions exponentially increased with N fertilizer rates. The effect size of N fertilizer on soil N2 O emissions generally increased with mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, and soil organic carbon concentration but decreased with soil pH. Global climate change will further intensify the effect of N fertilizer on soil N2 O emissions. Drip irrigation, fertigation, and reduced tillage can be used as essential strategies to reduce soil N2 O emissions and increase crop yields. Deficit irrigation and non-legume cover crop can reduce soil N2 O emissions but may also lower crop yields. Biochar may have a relatively limited effect on reducing soil N2 O emissions but be effective in increasing crop yields. Our study points toward effective management strategies that have substantial potential for reducing N2 O emissions from global agricultural soils.


Assuntos
Fertilizantes , Solo , Fertilizantes/análise , Carbono , Agricultura , Óxido Nitroso/análise , Nitrogênio/análise
12.
Environ Monit Assess ; 196(4): 358, 2024 Mar 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38470549

RESUMO

Gullies are significant contributors to soil degradation in several regions of Brazil, including Minas Gerais, where erosion processes have caused soil loss. The characterization of erosion processes is crucial for the application of measures for recovering degraded areas and reducing erosion impacts. This study models soil loss with the use of InVEST software and assesses the impact of three different scenarios, namely (1) implementation of soil conservation practices and replacement of pasture areas for temporary agriculture, (2) reforestation of pasture areas, and (3) preservation of ciliary forests. Soil loss, sediment exportation, retention, and deposition for the present scenario (2019), as well as the three aforementioned hypothetical scenarios, were estimated. In the present scenario, the estimated mean annual soil loss was 2.75 t/ha year, with 1,449.54 t/year sediment exportation, 9,042.13 t/year retention, and 1,449.54 t/year deposition. The model predicted scenario 1 would result in 2.23 t/ha year mean annual soil loss, 1,300.59 t/year sediment exportation, 9,191.08 t/year retention, and 11,755.76 t/year deposition. Scenario 2 showed 1.92 t/ha year mean annual soil loss, 1,046.69 t/year sediment exportation, 9,444.98 t/year retention, and 10,229.77 t/year deposition, whereas the results for scenario 3 were 2.36 t/ha year, 616.65 t/year, 9,862.06 t/year, and 13,206.47 t/year, respectively. Reforestation and preservation of ciliary forests, along with soil conservation practices, were effective measures for reducing soil loss. Such findings are valuable for the management of areas degraded by erosion processes.


Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Solo , Brasil , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Agricultura/métodos
13.
Huan Jing Ke Xue ; 45(3): 1781-1792, 2024 Mar 08.
Artigo em Chinês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38471889

RESUMO

To explore the distribution characteristics of paddy soil and rice AS content, as well as the health risks of rice consumption, and to evaluate the safe planting ability of rice, 209 paddy soil samples and 1 567 groups of paddy soil-rice samples were collected, their As content and basic soil physical and chemical properties were determined, and the single-factor pollution index method was used to evaluate the pollution degree of the samples. The results showed that:① the soil of paddy fields in Guizhou Province was mainly neutral, and its fertilizer retention capacity and organic matter content were above the medium level, and the soil was relatively fertile. The range of ω(As) in paddy soil was 0.042-91.75 mg·kg-1, the geometric mean was 10.03 mg·kg-1, and the cumulative effect of paddy soil As was lower than that of natural soil As (P<0.05) by independent sample T. Compared with the screening value (0.2 mg·kg-1) of the Soil Pollution Risk Management and Control Standard for Agricultural Land (GB 15618-2018), the excess rate of soil samples was 15.37%. ② The ω (As) range of rice grain samples was 0.001-0.937 mg·kg-1, the geometric average value was 0.108 mg·kg-1, 10.21% of the rice grain samples exceeded the limit value of "Limit of Contaminants in Food (trial)" (GB 2762-2022), and the locations where the exceedances are mainly found are in the central and northern parts of Qiannan Prefecture, as well as around industrial and mining activity zones in the southern counties and districts of Zunyi. ③ As ingested through rice posed non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk for adults and children, and the impact on children was greater than that of adults. There is no strict control area for safe rice planting in Guizhou Province, and rice can be safely planted.


Assuntos
Oryza , Poluentes do Solo , Adulto , Criança , Humanos , Solo/química , Oryza/química , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Agricultura , China , Cádmio/análise
14.
Huan Jing Ke Xue ; 45(3): 1692-1701, 2024 Mar 08.
Artigo em Chinês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38471881

RESUMO

In rice-vegetable rotation systems in tropical areas, a large amount of nitrate nitrogen accumulates after fertilization in the melon and vegetable season, which leads to the leaching of nitrate nitrogen and a large amount of N2O emission after the seasonal flooding of rice, which leads to nitrogen loss and intensification of the greenhouse effect. How to improve the utilization rate of nitrate nitrogen and reduce N2O emissions has become an urgent problem to be solved. Six treatments were set up [200 mg·kg-1 KNO3 (CK); 200 mg·kg-1 KNO3 + 2% biochar addition (B); 200 mg·kg-1 KNO3+1% peanut straw addition (P); 200 mg·kg-1 KNO3 + 2% biochar + 1% peanut straw addition (P+B); 200 mg·kg-1 KNO3 + 1% rice straw addition (R); 200 mg·kg-1 KNO3 + 2% biochar+1% rice straw addition (R+B)] and cultured at 25℃ for 114 d to explore the effects of organic material addition on greenhouse gas emissions and nitrogen use after flooding in high nitrate nitrogen soil. The results showed that compared with that in CK, adding straw or combining straw with biochar significantly increased soil pH (P<0.05). The B and P treatments significantly increased the cumulative N2O emissions by 41.6% and 28.5% (P<0.05), and the P+B, R, and R+B treatments significantly decreased the cumulative N2O emissions by 14.1%, 24.7%, and 36.7% (P<0.05), respectively. The addition of straw increased the net warming potential of greenhouse gases (NGWP). The addition of coir biochar significantly reduced the effect of straw on NGWP (P<0.05). The combined application of straw and biochar decreased NGWP, and P+B significantly decreased NGWP, but that with R+B was not significant (P>0.05). Adding straw or biochar significantly increased soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) (P<0.05), and that of P+B was the highest (502.26 mg·kg-1). The combined application of straw and biochar increased soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and that of P+B was the highest. The N2O emission flux was negatively correlated with pH (P<0.01) and positively correlated with NH4+-N and NO3--N (P<0.01). The cumulative emission of N2O was negatively correlated with MBN (P<0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between NO3--N and MBN (P<0.01), indicating that the reduction in NO3--N was likely to be held by microorganisms, and the increase in the microbial hold of NO3--N also reduced N2O emission. In conclusion, the combined application of peanut straw and coconut shell biochar could significantly inhibit N2O emission and increase soil MBC and MBN, which is a reasonable measure to make full use of nitrogen fertilizer, reduce nitrogen loss, and slow down N2O emission after the season of Hainan vegetables.


Assuntos
Gases de Efeito Estufa , Oryza , Solo/química , Gases de Efeito Estufa/análise , Verduras , Agricultura/métodos , Nitratos , Nitrogênio , Óxido Nitroso/análise , Carvão Vegetal , China , Fertilizantes
15.
Huan Jing Ke Xue ; 45(2): 929-939, 2024 Feb 08.
Artigo em Chinês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38471931

RESUMO

The effects of biochar application on soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions in a typical rice-vegetable rotation system in Hainan after two years were investigated. The aim was to clarify the long-term effects of biochar on greenhouse gas emissions under this model, and it provided a theoretical basis for N2O and CH4 emission reduction in rice-vegetable rotation systems in tropical regions of China. Four treatments were set up in the field experiment, including no nitrogen fertilizer control (CK); nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer (CON); nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer combined with 20 t·hm-2 biochar (B1); and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer combined with 40 t·hm-2 biochar (B2). The results showed that: ① compared with that in the CON treatment, the B1 and B2 treatments significantly reduced N2O emissions by 32% and 54% in the early rice season (P < 0.05, the same below), but the B1 and B2 treatments significantly increased N2O emissions by 31% and 81% in the late rice season. The cumulative emissions of N2O in the pepper season were significantly higher than those in the early and late rice seasons, and the B1 treatment significantly reduced N2O emissions by 35%. There was no significant difference between the B2 and CON treatments. ② Compared with that in the CON treatment, B1 and B2 significantly reduced CH4 emissions by 63% and 65% in the early rice season, and the B2 treatment significantly increased CH4 emissions by 41% in the late rice season. There was no significant difference between the B1 and CON treatments. There was no significant difference in cumulative CH4 emissions between treatments in the pepper season. ③ The late rice season contributed to the main global warming potential (GWP) of the rice-vegetable rotation system, and CH4 emissions determined the magnitude of GWP and greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI). After two years of biochar application, B1 reduced the GHGI of the whole rice-vegetable rotation system, and B2 increased the GHGI and reached a significant level. However, the B1 and B2 treatments significantly reduced GHGI in the early rice season and pepper season, and only the B2 treatment increased GHGI in the late rice season. ④ Compared with that in the CON treatment, the B1 and B2 treatments significantly increased the yield of early rice by 33% and 51%, and the B1 and B2 treatments significantly increased the yield of pepper season by 53% and 81%. In the late rice season, there was no significant difference in yield except for in the CK treatment without nitrogen fertilizer. The results showed that the magnitude of greenhouse gas emissions in the tropical rice-vegetable rotation system was mainly determined by CH4 emissions in the late rice season. After two years of biochar application, only low biochar combined with nitrogen fertilizer had a significant emission reduction effect, but high and low biochar combined with nitrogen fertilizer increased the yield of early rice and pepper crops continuously.


Assuntos
Carvão Vegetal , Gases de Efeito Estufa , Oryza , Gases de Efeito Estufa/análise , Agricultura/métodos , Fertilizantes/análise , Solo , Nitrogênio , China , Metano/análise , Óxido Nitroso/análise , Fósforo , Verduras , Potássio
16.
Huan Jing Ke Xue ; 45(2): 940-951, 2024 Feb 08.
Artigo em Chinês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38471932

RESUMO

Saline-alkali land, as one of the farmland problems that seriously threatens grain yield in the 21st century, is widely distributed and has great potential for development. Biochar is a relatively efficient novel soil amendment, which can play an important role in alleviating the soil acid-base barrier, soil pollution control, carbon sequestration, and fertilizer slow release and has a great prospect in promoting sustainable agricultural development. In recent years, the research and application of biochar to improve saline-alkali soil have attracted much attention. However, due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the structural components of biochar, the improvement effect of biochar on saline-alkali soil is highly uncertain, and there is also a lack of systematic summary and in-depth discussion of the key mechanisms, which limits the further popularization and application of biochar technology in the improvement of saline-alkali soil. This study comprehensively analyzed the effects of biochar on physicochemical properties, nutrient availability, and biological characteristics of saline-alkali soil; summarized the improvement effects of biochar and modified biochar on saline-alkali soil and their effects on quality and efficiency; and elucidated the possible mechanism of biochar in the improvement of saline-alkali soil. The future research prospect of biochar was discussed in order to provide reference for further research and development of green, efficient, and accurate improvement technology of biochar in saline-alkali soil and its popularization and application.


Assuntos
Álcalis , Solo , Solo/química , Carvão Vegetal , Agricultura
17.
Huan Jing Ke Xue ; 45(2): 1222-1232, 2024 Feb 08.
Artigo em Chinês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38471958

RESUMO

The analysis of the willingness of individual farmers to cover costs is an important basis for measuring the economic value of agricultural non-point pollution management, and determining the ecological and economic value of rural surface pollution control is a necessary measure to internalize the externalities of agricultural production. Based on the analysis of the hierarchy of factors influencing the cognition of farmers, this study constructed a theoretical framework based on distributed cognition theory to analyze their willingness to pay for agricultural non-point source pollution control from the perspective of individual farmers. On the basis of this framework, we used the Double-Hurdle model to empirically test the overall process of farmers'willingness to pay and their willingness to pay the amount for agricultural non-point source pollution control by combining 531 microscopic research datapoints in Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province. The results showed that: ① the number of farmers with willingness to pay for agricultural non-point source pollution control was 267, accounting for 50.30% of the total sample, and the average value of willingness to pay was 1 469.77 yuan·hm-2; the total economic value of agricultural non-point source pollution control in Shaanxi Province in 2020 was estimated to be 5.791 billion yuan based on the expected value of the willingness to pay level of the research sample. ② Farmers'willingness to pay for agricultural non-point source pollution control was influenced by the combined effects of personal, regional, and cultural forces, and the effects of each dimension were similar; farmers' willingness to pay for agricultural non-point source pollution control was mainly influenced by the cultural force factor, and the effects of personal and regional forces were very limited. ③ The results of the regressions by income level showed that personal and cultural strengths had a significant impact on the willingness to pay among the low-income group but did not contribute to the increase in the willingness to pay.


Assuntos
Fazendeiros , Poluição Difusa , Humanos , Fazendeiros/psicologia , Agricultura , População Rural , Cognição , China
18.
Microb Biotechnol ; 17(3): e14439, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38478382

RESUMO

Global climate changes threaten food security, necessitating urgent measures to enhance agricultural productivity and expand it into areas less for agronomy. This challenge is crucial in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger). Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM), bacteria and fungi, emerge as a promising solution to mitigate the impact of climate extremes on agriculture. The concept of the plant holobiont, encompassing the plant host and its symbiotic microbiota, underscores the intricate relationships with a diverse microbial community. PGPM, residing in the rhizosphere, phyllosphere, and endosphere, play vital roles in nutrient solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and biocontrol of pathogens. Novel ecological functions, including epigenetic modifications and suppression of virulence genes, extend our understanding of PGPM strategies. The diverse roles of PGPM as biofertilizers, biocontrollers, biomodulators, and more contribute to sustainable agriculture and environmental resilience. Despite fungi's remarkable plant growth-promoting functions, their potential is often overshadowed compared to bacteria. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form a mutualistic symbiosis with many terrestrial plants, enhancing plant nutrition, growth, and stress resistance. Other fungi, including filamentous, yeasts, and polymorphic, from endophytic, to saprophytic, offer unique attributes such as ubiquity, morphology, and endurance in harsh environments, positioning them as exceptional plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF). Crops frequently face abiotic stresses like salinity, drought, high UV doses and extreme temperatures. Some extremotolerant fungi, including strains from genera like Trichoderma, Penicillium, Fusarium, and others, have been studied for their beneficial interactions with plants. Presented examples of their capabilities in alleviating salinity, drought, and other stresses underscore their potential applications in agriculture. In this context, extremotolerant and extremophilic fungi populating extreme natural environments are muchless investigated. They represent both new challenges and opportunities. As the global climate evolves, understanding and harnessing the intricate mechanisms of fungal-plant interactions, especially in extreme environments, is paramount for developing effective and safe plant probiotics and using fungi as biocontrollers against phytopathogens. Thorough assessments, comprehensive methodologies, and a cautious approach are crucial for leveraging the benefits of extremophilic fungi in the changing landscape of global agriculture, ensuring food security in the face of climate challenges.


Assuntos
Extremófilos , Micorrizas , Simbiose , Fungos/genética , Agricultura/métodos , Produtos Agrícolas/microbiologia
19.
J Int Bioethique Ethique Sci ; 34(4): 79-99, 2024.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38480273

RESUMO

The impact of climate change on PDO and PGI production can provide an excellent laboratory for verifying precisely whether, and to what extent, climate risks are perceived in a sector so closely linked to territories and climate; whether climate change requires a modification of the agricultural production model and the legal model to enable production to adapt to climate risks and sustainability requirements, particularly in the light of new « sui generis » human rights such as biocultural rights.


Assuntos
Agricultura , Mudança Climática , Humanos , Direitos Humanos
20.
J Int Bioethique Ethique Sci ; 34(4): 25-40, 2024.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38480269

RESUMO

Animal welfare has become the key concept in EU animal protection law and is often used as a slogan in political speeches. It is a complex concept, however, that is often misunderstood. Its politico-scientific origins leave their mark, blurring its ethical purpose. Its implementation is as promising as it is chaotic, as shown by the example of cage farming. A case study of the European Citizens’ Initiative (ECI) “End the Cage Age” shows that the ethical purpose is both served and undermined by the necessary mobilization of scientific data.


Assuntos
Agricultura , Bem-Estar do Animal , Animais
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