Comparative in vitro analysis of the antifungal activity of different calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers

Aim: This study aimed to perform an in vitro comparative analysis of the antifungal activity of different calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers against three fungal species. Methods: The antifungal properties of three calcium silicate-based sealers were tested: Bio-C Sealer, Cambiar a Sealer Plus BC, and MTA-Fillapex. Two commonly used sealers were used as controls: AH Plus and Endomethasone. An agar diffusion test was performed to analyze the antifungal activity of the sealers against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, and a mixed microbial culture medium. The results were analyzed using ANOVA (p <0.05). Results: Endomethasone exhibited the highest inhibition against all strains examined, maintaining a consistent level of inhibition throughout 7 days. MTA-Fillapex demonstrated the best performance among the calcium silicate-based sealers for the three fungal species (p < 0.05), maintaining stable values over the 7 days, surpassing that of Endomethasone. Nevertheless, MTA-Fillapex only exhibited antimicrobial effect against the mixed culture for the first 24 hours, and no antimicrobial activity was observed at 48 hours, being surpassed by all tested sealers (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Of all silicate-based sealers tested, only MTA-Fillapex exhibited promising antifungal activity. Nevertheless, care must be taken when extrapolating these results, as MTA-Fillapex exhibited poor antimicrobial activity when tested in mixed microbial cultures

Oral mucositis and microbial status in acute lymphoblastic leukemia subjects undergoing high-dose chemotherapy

Aim: To assess oral microbial status in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and to unravel possible associations between nosocomial pathogens and the establishment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis (CIOM). Methods: Oral mucosa, saliva, and peripheral blood samples were collected from 46 ALL subjects one day prior to chemotherapy (D0) and 2 weeks after treatment initiation (D14). Clinical intraoral inspection was performed by a single practitioner, with mucositis classification performed according to the WHO oral toxicity scale. Blood components were quantified by automatic flow cytometry, while oral Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction with species-specific primers. Associations among bacteria and clinical findings were determined by Fisher's Exact test, longitudinal bacterial changes by paired Macnemar, and correlations among blood parameters and mucositis status or bacteria via Mann-Whitney. Results: S. aureus displayed higher detection rates at D14 (p < 0.05) and was positively associated with mucositis, adoption of a non-solid diet (all p < 0.001), nausea and fever (all p < 0.05). Conversely, P. aeruginosa did not correlate to CIOM clinical parameters. At the systemic standpoint, lower hemoglobin levels associated with CIOM and fever events (all p < 0.01). Conclusion: The study evidences S. aureus as a potential pathogen in ALL-CIOM, reaffirming microbial control as an important preventive measure during high-dose immunosuppressive therapy. The weight of non-white-blood-cell parameters should be validated as novel CIOM biomarkers in prospective research

Análise de prontuários de pacientes com infecções odontogênicas atendidos no serviço hospitalar / Análisis de registros de pacientes con infecciones dentales atendidos en el servicio de hospital / Analysis of records of patients with dental infections care at the hospital service

Objetivo: O seguinte estudo é uma análise de prontuários para traçar um perfil epidemiológico de pacientes acometidos por infecções odontogênicas e/ou angina de Ludwig em um serviço hospitalar público. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo observacional de 37 prontuários com diagnóstico de infecção odontogênica e/ou Angina de Ludwig no Hospital da Restauração, na cidade do Recife, Pernambuco, entre os meses de julho a novembro de 2021. Resultados: Dos 37 prontuários, a maioria foi do sexo masculino (55%; n=20), a faixa etária mais acometida foi dos 18 aos 40 (45%; n=17); abaixo dos 10 anos foram acometidos 27% (n = 10). 21% (n = 8) foram internados e dos 37 prontuários, 13% (n = 5) evoluíram para Angina de Ludwig. Conclusão: O perfil mais acometido por infecções odontogênicas no período proposto foram pacientes do sexo masculino adultos e a internação não prevaleceu na maioria dos casos. O alto acometimento de crianças é um sinal de alerta, sugerindo uma atenção maior dos responsáveis. A angina de Ludwig acometeu menos da metade dos pacientes e a Ceftriaxona e o Metronidazol foram os antibióticos de escolha para a maioria dos casos... (AU)

Objetivo: El siguiente estudio es un análisis de historias clínicas para trazar un perfil epidemiológico de los pacientes afectados por infecciones odontogénicas y/o angina de Ludwig en un servicio hospitalario público. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional en 37 historias clínicas con diagnóstico de infección odontogénica y/o Angina de Ludwig en el Hospital da Restauração, en la ciudad de Recife, Pernambuco, entre julio y noviembre de 2021. Resultados: De las 37 historias clínicas, la mayoría eran hombres (55%; n=20), el grupo de edad más afectado fue el de 18 a 40 años (45%; n=17); menores de 10 años, el 27% (n = 10) estaban afectados. El 21% (n = 8) fueron hospitalizados y de las 37 historias clínicas, el 13% (n = 5) progresó a Angina de Ludwig. Conclusión: El perfil más afectado por infecciones odontogénicas en el periodo propuesto fueron pacientes adultos del sexo masculino y no predominó la hospitalización en la mayoría de los casos. La alta participación de los niños es una señal de advertencia, lo que sugiere una mayor atención por parte de los responsables. La angina de Ludwig afectó a menos de la mitad de los pacientes y la ceftriaxona y el metronidazol fueron los antibióticos de elección en la mayoría de los casos... (AU)

Objective: The following study is an analysis of medical records to trace an epidemiological profile of patients affected by odontogenic infections and/or Ludwig's angina in a public hospital service. Methodology: An observational study was carried out on 37 medical records with a diagnosis of odontogenic infection and/or Ludwig's Angina at Hospital da Restauração, in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, between July and November 2021. Results: Of the 37 medical records, the most were male (55%; n=20), the age group most affected was from 18 to 40 (45%; n=17); under 10 years of age, 27% (n = 10) were affected. 21% (n = 8) were hospitalized and of the 37 medical records, 13% (n = 5) progressed to Ludwig's Angina. Conclusion: The profile most affected by odontogenic infections in the proposed period were adult male patients and hospitalization did not prevail in most cases. The high involvement of children is a warning sign, suggesting greater attention from those responsible. Ludwig's angina affected less than half of the patients and Ceftriaxone and Metronidazole were the antibiotics of choice for most cases... (AU)

Perfil inflamatório e microbiológico de pacientes com infecção endodôntica primária e periodontite apical: estudo observacional / Inflammatory and microbiological profile of patients with primary endodontic infection and apical periodontitis: observational study

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil microbiológico e identificar padrões de agregação bacteriana, avaliar a associação desses padrões com os níveis de mediadores inflamatórios, MMPs e sinais e sintomas clínicos e ainda correlacionar os mediadores inflamatórios entre si e com os sinais e sintomas clínicos em dentes com infecção endodôntica primária e periodontite apical (PA). Para isso, 40 dentes uniradiculares, de pacientes com infecção endodôntica primária e PA, foram submetidos à avaliação clínica, com registro de sinais e sintomas, e tomográfica através do cálculo de volumetria das lesões periapicais com o software ITK Snap. Em seguida os dentes foram submetidos ao tratamento endodôntico. Logo após a abertura coronária, amostras foram coletadas de cada canal radicular utilizando cones de papel (S1) e submetidas ao método Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization para investigação de espécies bacterianas presentes. Foi realizado o preparo biomecânico (PBM) e em seguida o fluído intersticial da PA foi coletado (SF1) para a quantificação dos mediadores inflamatórios (IL1-ß, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, MMPs -2 e -9) através do ensaio multiplex e a quantificação de RvD2 através de ensaio imunoenzimático ELISA. Para a análise de correlação o teste de correlação de Spearman foi utilizado. A análise fatorial foi usada para identificar padrões de agregação bacteriana e regressão linear foi realizada para associar os escores fatoriais, mediadores e características clínicas dos pacientes (P=0,05). Correlação positiva foi encontrada entre MMP-2, -9, IL-10, IL-1ß, IL-6 e TNF-α, e entre RvD2, MMP-9, IL-10, IL-1ß, IL-6 e TNF-α (P<0,05), e correlação negativa foi encontrada entre IL-1ß e sensibilidade a percussão (P<0,05). A análise microbiológica revelou presença de DNA bacteriano em 100% das amostras analisadas com presença de pelo menos 2 das 40 espécies bacterianas investigadas (média = 24,62) por canal. As espécies mais frequentemente detectadas foram P. gingivalis, E. nodatum, F. nucleatum spp. vicentii, S. mitis, L. bucallis e A. actinomycetemcomitans. Das 6 espécies mais detectadas, 4 delas eram gram negativas, destacando o predomínio de gram-negativos das infecções endodônticas primárias com PA. A análise fatorial determinou 2 padrões de associação bacteriana e os resultados de regressão para o fator 1 revelaram uma associação com aumento de dor a percussão (coeficiente (coef) ß=0,788) e redução de dor a palpação (coefß=-0,753) e exsudato (coefß=- 0,479). Níveis mais altos de exsudato e menores de dor a palpação foram associados a bactérias do fator 2 (coefß=0,460 e -0,546, respectivamente). Concluímos que os mediadores inflamatórios formam uma rede inter-relacionada e que as periodontites apicais assintomáticas e sintomáticas tem uma etiologia bacteriana heterogênea e com combinações de espécies diferentes (AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological profile and identify patterns of bacterial aggregation, evaluate the association of these patterns with the levels of inflammatory mediators, MMPs and clinical signs and symptoms, and also correlate the inflammatory mediators with each other and with the clinical signs and symptoms in teeth with primary endodontic infection and apical periodontitis (AP). For this, 40 single-rooted teeth, from patients with primary endodontic infection and PA, were submitted to clinical evaluation, with registration of signs and symptoms, and tomography through the calculation of volumetry of periapical lesions with the ITK Snap software. Then the teeth were submitted to endodontic treatment. Immediately after the coronal opening, samples were collected from each root canal using paper cones (S1) and submitted to the Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization method to investigate bacterial species present. Biomechanical preparation (BMP) was performed and then the AP interstitial fluid was collected (SF1) for the quantification of inflammatory mediators (IL1-ß, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, MMPs -2 and -9) by the multiplex assay and the quantification of RvD2 by enzyme immunoassay ELISA. For correlation analysis, Spearman's correlation test was used. Factor analysis was used to identify bacterial aggregation patterns and linear regression was performed to associate factor scores, mediators and patients' clinical characteristics (P=0.05). Positive correlation was found between MMP-2, -9, IL-10, IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α, and between RvD2, MMP-9, IL-10, IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF- α (P<0.05), and a negative correlation was found between IL-1ß and sensitivity to percussion (P<0.05). The microbiological analysis revealed the presence of bacterial DNA in 100% of the samples analyzed with the presence of at least 2 of the 40 bacterial species investigated (mean = 24.62) per root canal. The most frequently detected species were P. gingivalis, E. nodatum, F. nucleatum spp. vicentii, S. mitis, L. buccallis and A. actinomycetemcomitans. Of the 6 most detected species, 4 of them were gram negative, highlighting the predominance of gram-negative primary endodontic infections with AP. Factor analysis determined 2 patterns of bacterial association and regression results for factor 1 revealed an association with increased pain on percussion (coefficient (coef) ß=0.788) and reduced pain on palpation (coefß=-0.753) and exudate (coefß=-0.479). Higher levels of exudate and lower levels of pain on palpation were associated with factor 2 bacteria (coefß=0.460 and -0.546, respectively). We conclude that inflammatory mediators form an interrelated network and that asymptomatic and symptomatic apical periodontitis has a heterogeneous bacterial etiology and combinations of different species (AU)

Efeitos sinérgicos antimicrobianos da combinação dos óleos essenciais de gerânio e lemongrass sobre Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus e Candida spp / Synergistic antimicrobial effect of geranium and lemongrass essential oils against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp

Com a crescente resistência antibacteriana e fúngica, é evidente a necessidade de desenvolvimento de novos agentes antimicrobianos contra microrganismos de interesse médico-odontológico capazes de provocar infecções graves. Os óleos essenciais (OEs) vêm ganhando notoriedade na comunidade científica por apresentarem diversos benefícios, como atividade antimicrobiana e anti-inflamatória. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana dos OEs de Pelargonium graveolens (gerânio) e Cymbopogon schoenanthus (lemongrass), de forma isolada e combinada, sobre cepas de Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis e Candida krusei. Para isso, os valores da Concentração Microbicida Mínima (CMM) foram determinados pelo método de microdiluição em caldo preconizado pelo Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), norma M27-A2 (Candida spp.) e M7-A6 (S. mutans e S. aureus). Já os efeitos combinados dos OEs foram avaliados pela técnica checkerboard. Para a mensuração da atividade antibiofilme foi utilizado o ensaio colorimétrico de MTT, evidenciando a atividade metabólica dos microrganismos, após 5 min e 24 h de contato com os OEs. Os dados obtidos nos testes in vitro obtiveram distribuição normal e foram analisados estatisticamente pelo método ANOVA complementado pelo Teste de Tukey (5%). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os OEs testados apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana sobre todas as cepas com valores de CMM variando entre 16 e 0,03%, sendo as cepas fúngicas as mais sensíveis ao tratamento. Quando combinados, os OEs apresentaram efeito aditivo ou sinérgico contra S. aureus. Em relação aos biofilmes monotípicos, ambos os OEs reduziram significativamente a formação de biofilme. Em geral, o tratamento por 24 h apresentou maior eficácia do que o tratamento de 5 min para a maioria dos microrganismos. Quando os OEs foram testados de forma combinada, estes promoveram redução do biofilme de S. aureus de até 27,3% no tratamento de 5 min e de até 93,3% no tratamento de 24 h. Concluiu-se que os OEs de gerânio e lemongrass apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana e antifúngica em cultura planctônica e em biofilmes monotípicos de S. aureus, S. mutans, C. albicans, C. dubliniensis e C. krusei apresentando potencial para serem utilizados para tratamento de infecções causadas por esses patógenos.

With the increasing antibacterial and fungal resistance, the development of new antimicrobial agents against microorganisms of medical and dental interest capable of causing severe infections are required. Essential oils (EOs) have been gaining notoriety in the scientific community for their therapeutic benefits, such as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the EOs of Pelargonium graveolens (geranium) and Cymbopogon schoenanthus (lemongrass) in an isolated and combined form, against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis and Candida krusei. For this, Minimum Microbicidal Concentration (CMM) values were determined by broth microdilution method recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), standard M27-A2 (Candida spp.) and M7-A6 (S. mutans and S. aureus). The combined effects of the EOs were evaluated using the checkerboard technique. To measure the antibiofilm activity, the MTT colorimetric assay was performed, showing the metabolic activity of the microorganisms, after 5 min and 24 h of contact with the EO. The data obtained in the in vitro tests presented normal distribution and were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and complemented by the Tukey method (5%). CMM results varied between 16 and 0,03%, with fungal strains being the most susceptible. The combined treatment with EOs presented additive and synergistic effects against S. aureus. Concerning monotypic biofilms, both EOs significantly reduced biofilm formation. Overall, 24 h treatment presented better effectiveness than 5 min treatment for most microorganisms. When the EOs were tested in combination, they promoted the reduction of S. aureus biofilm by up to 27,3% in the 5 min treatment and 93,3% in the 24 h treatment. Hence, the tested agents showed antimicrobial and antifungal activity in planktonic culture and in monotypic biofilms of S. aureus, S. mutans, C. albicans, C. dubliniensis and C. krusei, Thus, EOs of geranium and lemongrass has potential as an alternative for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by these pathogens.

Antimicrobial potential of essential oils mouthrinses with and without alcohol: a randomized clinical trial

Aim: This study aimed to compare the microbiological potential and gustatory perception of essential oils (EO) mouthrinses containing and not containing alcohol. Methods: Twenty healthy adult volunteers rinsed with 10mL of the following test solutions: EO with alcohol, EO without alcohol, or a control solution (saline solution with mint essence). A washout period of at least seven days was adopted after a single-use protocol of the respective solution. All participants used all three tested substances. Antimicrobial potential was assessed by counting salivary total viable bacteria both before and after each rinse. Gustatory perception was evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Multiple comparisons were performed with the Wilcoxon test, using Bonferroni correction. Results: Both EO solutions presented a higher antimicrobial potential in comparison to the control solution (p<0.017). However, no significant difference in antimicrobial potential was observed between EO containing or not containing alcohol (p=0.218). VAS of EO with alcohol (median: 2.7) was similar to control solution (median: 1.6) (p=0.287). A better gustatory perception was observed of the EO without alcohol (median 7.6) when compared to the control solution (p<0.0001). When EO groups were compared, EO without alcohol also demonstrated a significantly better gustatory perception (p=0.001). Conclusion: Mouthrinse containing EO without alcohol presented a better taste perception when compared to the EO with alcohol, but no difference was observed in the antimicrobial potential of both EO solutions after a single rinse protocol

Profile of host cell responses to exposure to stressed bacteria in planktonic; dislodged, and intact biofilm mode

Abstract The host defense response to microbial challenge emerging from the root canal system leads to apical periodontitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of inflammatory cytokines and Nitric Oxide (NO) by macrophages after interaction with Enterococcus faecalis in the: plankton and dislodged biofilm mode; intact biofilm mode stimulated by calcium hydroxide (CH), CH and chlorhexidine (CHX) or Triple Antibiotic Paste (TAP). For this purpose, culture of macrophages from monocytes in human peripheral blood (N=8) were exposed to the different modes of bacteria for 24 hours. Subsequently, the cytokines, such as, Tumor Necrotic Factor- alfa (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10; and NO were quantified by Luminex xMAP and Greiss reaction, respectively. In addition to the potential therapeutic effects of the intracanal medication, their antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm were also tested in vitro by confocal microscopy. The experiments` data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test with the Dunn post hoc test (α < 0.05). Bacteria in dislodged biofilm mode were shown to be more aggressive to the immune system than bacteria in plankton mode and negative control, inducing greater expression of NO and TNF-α. Relative to bacteria in intact biofilm mode, the weakest antimicrobial activity occurred in Group CH. In Groups CH/CHX and TAP the percentage of dead bacteria was significantly increased to the same extent. Interestingly, the biofilm itself did not induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines - except for NO - while the biofilm treated with TAP and CH based pastes enhanced the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α; and IL-1 β, respectively. In contrast, the levels of a potent anti-inflammatory (IL-10) were increased in Group TAP.

Resumo A resposta de defesa do hospedeiro ao desafio microbiano que emerge do sistema de canais radiculares leva à periodontite apical. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a expressão de citocinas pró e anti-inflamatórias e Óxido Nítrico (NO) por macrófagos após interação com Enterococcus faecalis no modo: planctônio e de biofilme desalojado; biofilme intacto estimulado por hidróxido de cálcio (CH), CH e clorexidina ou Pasta Tri Antibiótica (TAP). Para isto, a cultura de macrófagos originados de monócitos do sangue periférico de humanos (N=8) foi exposta aos diferentes tipos de bactéria por 24 horas. Então, a quantificação da produção de of Fator de Necrose Tumoral- alfa (TNF-α), interleucina (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10 e NO por macrófagos se deu por meio do Luminex xMAP e reação de Greiss, respectivamente. Além dos potenciais efeitos terapêuticos desses compostos, sua atividade antimicrobiana contra E. faecalis também foi testada através microscopia confocal. Os dados dos experimentos foram analisados através do teste de Kruskal-Wallis com Dunn`s post hoc (α < 0.05). Bactéria em modo de biofilme desalojado se mostrou mais agressivo ao sistema imune que as bactérias planctônicas e controle negativo induzindo a maior excreção de NO e TNF-α. Em relação ao biofilme intacto, a atividade antimicrobiana mais fraca ocorreu no grupo de CH. Os grupos CHX e TAP aumentaram significativamente a porcentagem de bactérias mortas na mesma extensão. Interessantemente, o biofilme por ele mesmo não induziu a liberação de citocinas pro-inflamatórias - exceto por NO - enquanto que o biofilme tratado com TAP ou pastas a base de CH aumentaram os níveis de IL-6; e TNF-α e IL-1 β respectivamente. Em contraste, os níveis da potente citocina anti-inflamatória (IL-10) foram aumentados pelo grupo TAP.

Evaluation of biocompatibility of veneered Bio HPP and veneered lithium disilicate crowns in anterior zone (Randomized controlled clinical trial) / Avaliação da biocompatibilidade de coroas de Bio HPP e coroas de dissilicato de lítio na região anterior (ensaio clínico controlado randomizado)

Objective: Evaluation of the biocompatibility of Bio-High Performance Polymer (Bio HPP) crowns veneered with Visio-Ling versus e.max crowns veneered with e.max veneering system. Material and Methods: 42 full-coverage crowns were fabricated for maxillary anterior teeth. A swap was obtained using a sterile paper cone to determine bacterial count and type. Pocket depth (PD) was determined using a William Periodontal probe. Measurements were repeated after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months respectively. Patients were randomly divided into: Group A fabricated from IPS e.max crowns and Group B fabricated from Bio HPP crowns. The preparations were standardized with an equi-gingival, finish line. Fisher's test was used to compare between the two groups. The significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed with Windows, Version 23.0. (IBM SPSS Statistics) Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Results: Bio HPP and e.max showed no statistically significant difference in bleeding on probing and PD except after 9and 12 months; Bio HPP showed statistically significantly higher PD than e.max (P-value = 0.027, Effect size = 0.245) and (P-value = 0.011, Effect size = 0.310), respectively. Fisher's test showed there was no statistically significant difference between total bacterial counts and the type of the two materials. Conclusion: Both e.max and Bio HPP crowns revealed successful biological behavior. No significant difference between the materials regarding the bacterial count and type as well as the pocket depth, however after 9 and 12 months, Bio HPP showed a higher significant difference PD than e.max. (AU)

Objetivo: Avaliação da biocompatibilidade de coroas de Polímero Bio-High Performance (Bio HPP) estratificadas com Visio-Ling versus coroas e.max estratificadas com sistema de estratificação e.max. Material e Métodos: 42 coroas totais foram confeccionadas para dentes anteriores superiores. Uma amostra foi obtida usando um cone de papel estéril para determinar a contagem e o tipo de bactérias. A profundidade de bolsa (PD) foi determinada usando uma sonda periodontal de William. As medições foram repetidas após 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses, respectivamente. Os pacientes foram divididos aleatoriamente em: Grupo A fabricado com coroas IPS e.max e Grupo B fabricado com coroas Bio HPP. As preparações foram padronizadas com uma linha de término no nível da gengiva marginal. O teste de Fisher foi usado para comparação entre os dois grupos. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em P ≤ 0,05. A análise estatística foi realizada com Windows, versão 23.0. (IBM SPSS Statistics) Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Resultados: Bio HPP e e.max não mostraram nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significativa no sangramento à sondagem e PD, exceto após 9 e 12 meses; Bio HPP mostrou PD estatisticamente significativa maior do que e.max (valor P = 0,027, tamanho do efeito = 0,245) e (valor P = 0,011, tamanho do efeito = 0,310), respectivamente. O teste de Fisher mostrou que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as contagens bacterianas totais e o tipo dos dois materiais. Conclusão: As coroas e.max e Bio HPP revelaram comportamento biológico bem-sucedidos. Não houve diferença significativa entre os materiais em relação à contagem e tipo de bactérias, bem como à profundidade da bolsa, no entanto, após 9 e 12 meses, o Bio HPP apresentou uma diferença significativamente mais elevada de PD do que e.max. (AU)

Bactéria cromogênica associada a manchas negras / Black-spotted chromogenic bactéria

Objetivos: Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a associação das bactérias Prevotella Melaninogênica e Actinomyces ao biofilme escuro em dentes permanentes. Relato de Caso: Um paciente apresentou manchas enegrecidas ao longo do contorno cervical dos dentes foi convidado a participar do presente estudo. Foi coletado com o auxílio de uma cureta estéril, uma parte deste biofilme que transferido para um eppendorff contendo soro fisiológico. O material coletado foi agitado em um Vórtex por 15 segundos e em seguida, inoculadas em 100 microlitros (µl) da solução em um meio de ágar sangue suplementado com Canamicina 5%, seguido de cultivo por 72 horas. A partir do crescimento bacteriano, as mesmas foram isoladas em ágar macconkey, chocolate e sangue em anaerobiose. Em seguida foram realizados testes de bioquimismo, utilizando-se os meios MIO (motilidade, indol e ornitina), citrato, TSI (triplo açúcar com ferro) e LIA (ágar lisina com ferro). Conclusão: Através das características clínicas associadas ao bioquimismo empregado nos testes, podemos concluir que a bactéria que está associada as manchas negras presentes no paciente é do gênero prevotella spp(AU)

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the association of Prevotella Melaninogenic and Actinomyces bacteria with dark biofilm in permanent teeth. Case Report: A patient with black spots along the cervical contour of the teeth was invited to participate in the present study. After its clarification and acceptance, completing the IC, was collected with the aid of a sterile curette, a part of this biofilm that was inserted into an eppendorff containing saline. The collected material was vortexed for 15 seconds and then inoculated into 100 microliters (µl) of the solution in a 5% kanamycin supplemented blood agar medium, followed by cultivation for 72 hours. From bacterial growth, they were isolated on macconkey agar, chocolate and anaerobic blood. Biochemical tests were then performed using MIO (motility, indole and ornithine), citrate, TSI (triple sugar with iron) and LIA (iron lysine agar) media. Conclusion: Through the clinical characteristics associated with the biochemism employed in the tests, we can conclude that the bacteria that is associated with black spots present in the patient is of the genus prevotella spp(AU)

Influência de laminados cerâmicos cimentados sobre dentes naturais sem término cervical na microbiota do fluido gengival crevicular: estudo clínico, prospectivo e longitudinal usando PCR em tempo real / Influence of laminate veneers cemented over natural teeth without finish line on the microbiota of gingival crevicular fluid: clinical, prospective and longitudinal study using real-time PCR

Objetivo: quantificar bactérias colonizadoras do sulco gengival em paralelo à verificação do comportamento clínico periodontal e da adaptação marginal de laminados cerâmicos cimentados sobre dentes sem término cervical. Métodos: 73 laminados cerâmicos em dissilicato de lítio monolítico foram cimentados sobre dentes naturais sem término cervical e com a margem cervical posicionada cerca de 0,5mm no interior do sulco gengival. Para todos os dentes foi feita a coleta do fluido gengival crevicular (FGC) previamente à cimentação da restauração (baseline) e em 7, 180 e 365 dias após a cimentação para quantificação das bactérias S. mitis, P. intermedia e P. gingivalis através de PCR em tempo real. Clinicamente foram avaliados os parâmetros índice de placa visível (IPV), sangramento à sondagem (SS), profundidade de sondagem (PS), perda de inserção clínica (PIC), recessão gengival (RG) e a adaptação marginal da restauração em baseline, 7, 15, 30, 60, 180 e 365 dias. Foram obtidas réplicas da região cervical para análise da adaptação marginal por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Resultados: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para o IPV, PS, SS em todos os períodos analisados (Anova, p>0,05). Não houve registro de PIC e RG. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante para S. mitis na comparação entre 180 e 365 dias (Dunn, p=0,03). Não foi detectado P. intermedia em nenhum dos sítios e não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para P. gingivalis em todos os tempos do estudo (Friedman, p>0,05). Todas as restaurações receberam o conceito alfa para a adaptação marginal nas análises clínica e microscópica. Conclusões: o sobrecontorno causado pelo laminado cerâmico não contribuiu para o acúmulo de placa na região cervical e para alterações no comportamento clínico periodontal, microbiológico e microscópico em relação aos mesmos dentes antes do tratamento restaurador(AU)

Purpose: quantify colonizing bacteria of the gingival sulcus, in parallel to the verify of the periodontal clinical behavior and the marginal adaptation of natural teeth restored with ceramic veneers without finish line. Methods: 73 ceramic veneers in monolithic lithium disilicate were cemented onto natural teeth without finish line and with the cervical margin positioned about 0.5mm inside the gingival sulcus. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected for all teeth prior to cementation of the restoration (baseline) and 7, 180 and 365 days after cementation to quantify the bacteria S. mitis, P. intermedia and P. gingivalis through of real-time PCR. Clinically, visible plaque index (PIV), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival recession (GR) and marginal adaptation were evaluated at baseline, 7, 15, 30, 60, 180 and 365 days. Replicas of the cervical region were obtained for analysis of marginal adaptation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: There was no statistically significant difference for PIV, PD, BOP in all periods analyzed (Anova, p>0.05). There were no records of CAL and RG. There was a statistically significant difference for S. mitis in the comparison between 180 and 365 days (Dunn, p=0.03). P. intermedia was not detected in any of the analyzed samples. There was no statistically significant difference for P. gingivalis at all study times (Friedman, p>0.05). All restorations had an alpha concept for marginal adaptation in clinical and SEM analysis. Conclusions: the overcontouring caused by ceramic veneers did not contribute to the accumulation of plaque in the cervical region and to changes in the clinical, microbiological and microscopic behavior in relation to the same teeth before the restorative treatment(AU)

Microbial profile of symptomatic pericoronitis lesions: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Objective: The microbial composition of pericoronitis (Pc) is still controversial; it is not yet clear if the microbial profile of these lesions is similar to the profile observed in periodontitis (Pd). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to describe the microbial profile of Pc lesions and compare it directly with that of subjects with Pd. Methodology: Subjects with Pc and Pd were selected, and subgingival biofilm samples were collected from (i) third molars with symptomatic Pc (Pc-T), (ii) contralateral third molars without Pc (Pc-C) and (iii) teeth with a probing depth >3 mm from subjects with Pd. Counts and proportions of 40 bacterial species were evaluated using a checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique. Results: Twenty-six patients with Pc and 18 with Pd were included in the study. In general, higher levels of microorganisms were observed in Pd. Only Actinomyces oris and Eubacterium nodatum were present in higher mean counts in the Pc-T group in comparison with the Pc-C and Pd-C groups (p<0.05). The microbiota associated with Pc-T was similar to that found in Pc-C. Sites with Pc lesions had lower proportions of red complex in comparison with the Pd sites. Conclusion: The microbiota of Pc is very diverse, but these lesions harbour lower levels of periodontal pathogens than Pd.

Effect of passive ultrasonic activation on microorganisms in primary root canal infection: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract Objective: This clinical study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of passive ultrasonic activation (PUA) in eliminating microorganisms in primary endodontic infection (PEI) after instrumentation of root canals using microbiological culture and checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Methodology: Twenty root canals with PEI and apical periodontitis were selected. The root canals were instrumented and then randomly divided into 2 groups, according to the irrigation method: PUA and conventional needle irrigation (CNI). Microbiological samples were collected before instrumentation (S1), after instrumentation (S2) and after irrigation with 17% EDTA (S3). The samples were subjected to anaerobic culture technique and checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization analysis. Results: A statistically significant difference was found between CNI (23.56%) and PUA (98.37%) regarding the median percentage values for culturable bacteria reduction (p<0.05). In the initial samples, the most frequently detected species was S. constellatus (50%), and after root canal treatment was E. faecalis (50%). Conclusion: Both treatments significantly decreased the number of bacterial species compared with the initial sample. However, no statistical difference in the total microbial load between PUA and CNI groups was detected. The number of cultivable anaerobic bacteria reduced significantly using PUA, and the bacterial composition and number of bacterial species after using either CNI or PUA was similar.

Apical extrusion of bacteria following the use of reciprocating single-file and rotary multi-file instrumentation systems in oval root canals / Extrusão apical de bactérias após o uso de sistemas alternativos de instrumentação de arquivo único e rotativo de arquivo múltiplo em canais radiculares ovais

Objective: All instrumentation techniques and instruments are associated with apical extrusion during chemomechanical preparation, and this causes postoperative pain and flare-up. However, it is controversial whether reciprocal systems or rotary systems cause more apical extrusion. The objective of this in vitro study was to determine the differences in the amounts of apically extruded bacteria (AEB) associated with nickel-titanium rotary and reciprocating systems when used in oval-shaped root canals. Material and Methods: Seventy human mandibular premolar teeth with oval-shaped canals were randomly assigned to four experimental groups (15 teeth in each group) and one control group (10 teeth). The root canals were contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis and instrumented using two full-sequence rotary instruments (ProTaper Universal [PTU] and ProTaper Next [PTN]) and two reciprocating single-file instruments (Reciproc [R] and WaveOne [WO]). A 0.9% NaCl solution was used as an irrigant, and the bacterial extrusion was quantified as the number of colony-forming units for each sample. The results were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance and the Mann-Whitney U test, and the statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: The R system was associated with the highest amount of bacterial extrusion (p < 0.05). The PTU system caused more bacterial extrusion than the PTN and WO systems (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the PTN and WO systems (p > 0.05). Conclusions: All instrumentation techniques caused apical bacterial extrusion. The instrument design and preparation techniques affect the number of extruded bacteria (AU)

Objetivo: Todas as técnicas e instrumentos de instrumentação estão associados à extrusão apical durante o preparo quimomecânico, o que causa dor e surto no pós-operatório. No entanto, é controverso se sistemas recíprocos ou rotativos causam extrusão mais apical. O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi determinar as diferenças na quantidade de bactérias apicalmente extrudadas (AEB) associadas aos sistemas rotativo e alternativo de níquel-titânio quando usadas em canais radiculares em forma oval. Material e Métodos: Setenta dentes pré-molares inferiores humanos com canais em forma oval foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos experimentais (15 dentes em cada grupo) e um grupo controle (10 dentes). Os canais radiculares foram contaminados com Enterococcus faecalise instrumentados usando dois instrumentos rotativos de seqüência completa (ProTaper Universal [PTU] e ProTaper Next [PTN]) e dois instrumentos alternativos de arquivo único (Reciproc [R] e WaveOne [WO]). Uma solução de NaCl a 0,9% foi usada como irrigante e a extrusão bacteriana foi quantificada como o número de unidades formadoras de colônias para cada amostra. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente usando a análise de variância unidirecional de Kruskal-Wallis e o teste U de Mann-Whitney, e o nível de significância estatística foi estabelecido em p < 0,05. Resultados: O sistema R foi associado à maior quantidade de extrusão bacteriana (p < 0,05). O sistema PTU causou mais extrusão bacteriana que os sistemas PTN e WO (p < 0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre os sistemas PTN e WO (p > 0,05). Conclusões: Todas as técnicas de instrumentação causaram extrusão bacteriana apical. O desenho do instrumento e as técnica (AU)

Bacterial Colonization and Dental Implants: A Microbiological Study

Abstract Objective: To compare colony forming unit (CFU) of oral bacterial from buccal mucosa and lingual buccal tongue among patients with a dental implant and normal oral hygiene individuals without a dental implant. Material and Methods: Twenty-six individuals with a dental implant and twenty-six individuals without dental implants were included in this study. The samples were sent to the laboratory to culture with Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI), prepared serial dilution and then spread to the blood agar. CFU was counted when a single layer of bacteria is formed on the blood agar at any dilution level. An independent-T test was used to compare the means different of CFU oral bacterial between control and test groups from buccal mucosa and lingual buccal mucosa, respectively. Results: Buccal mucosa control group (186.19 ± 5.61) and test group (186.65 ± 6.24) (p>0.05). The result from the lingual buccal tongue control group (198.38 ± 6.12) and test group (197.96 ± 6.50) (p>0.05). There was no significant difference between the control group and test group CFU bacterial load. Conclusion: The presence of implants in the oral cavity do not interfere or worsen the oral condition; nevertheless, the effect of implants surrounding oral flora is similar to natural teeth.

Diversity of Sub-Gingival Fluids Microbiota Compositions in Periodontitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Case-Control Study

Abstract Objective: To determine the diversity of microbiota in the sub-gingival fluids from periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and to know the relationship of microbiota abnormalities between periodontitis and RA. Material and Methods: Samples were collected from sub-gingival fluids of nine participants by swabbing technique. The participants were divided into 3 groups, namely the control (not periodontitis and RA), periodontitis, and RA. The total number of bacteria was calculated by using direct culture in serial dilution by applying the total plate count method. Isolation of microbiota was conducted by pour plates and incubated in an anaerobic jar. The bacterial diversity was performed by Simpson index and DNA Isolation. Results: There were differences in the concentration of sub-gingival fluids bacteria in the control group with the periodontitis and RA group. The microbiota composition profiles were different for each group. The bacterial isolate 4, 5 and 22 were found in all groups, while isolate 14 was assumed to be related to the metabolic pathway in microbiota abnormalities associated with disease progression. Conclusion: The Simpson index has a value >0.61 with high bacterial dominance; however, the diversity of microbiota is at a low level of diversity. We assumed that isolate 14 was associated with development of RA disease.

Modeling the Growth of Bacteria Streptococcus sobrinus Using Exponential Regression

Abstract Objective: To build an exponential regression model based on parameter estimation. Material and Methods: We developed a simple mathematical model to simulate the growth of bacteria and the exponential growth is often used to model population growth as such cell growth while the exponential decay is portraying a declining or decreases in the size of the population. An exponential regression method was used to fit the data and estimate growth parameter values Streptococcus sobrinus using statistical software SPSS version 20. Results: Based on the results of the parameter estimates, which is constant are 83.039 and b1 is 0.005 while R-square is 0.952. According to the R-Square results obtained, the model is good and appropriate. Conclusion: The model can be used to find the potential biological parameters, which may be able to predict the treatment outcome. This study helps researchers to understand the specific growth rate(s), which can be used to best grow the organism.

Perfil proteômico de bactérias presentes em canais radiculares de dentes com periodontite apical sintomática ou assintomática / Proteomic profile of bacteria present in root canals of teeth with symptomatic or asymptomatic apical periodontitis

As infecções endodônticas são causadas por uma comunidade multiespécie de bactérias. Com os métodos de identificação microbiológica e quantificação de endotoxinas, é difícil inferir a fisiologia, a função e a patogenicidade microbiana. Assim, a análise proteômica é uma técnica que pode revolucionar o estudo da patogênese das infecções endodônticas. O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar o perfil proteômico de infecções endodônticas relacionadas a dentes com periodontite apical sintomática ou assintomática utilizando cromatografia líquida associada à espectrometria de Massas. A análise deste perfil proteômico visa a proporcionar a compreensão dos aspectos ecológicos e patogênicos do comportamento de comunidades bacterianas endodônticas através da identificação de proteínas expressas no referido ambiente no momento da coleta e a determinação da função dessas proteínas. Foram coletadas amostras de 18 pacientes encaminhados para tratamento de canal radicular ou tratamento de emergência na Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba FOA ­ UNESP. Foram incluídos dentes com infecção endodôntica primária, sintomáticos ou assintomáticos. A identificação dos peptídeos foi feita num sistema nanoACQUITY UPLC-Xevo QTof MS system (Waters), a identificação das proteínas foi obtida utilizando o software Protein Lynx Global Server (PLGS) versão 3.0, utilizando o banco de dados de proteínas UniProtKB. A diferença de expressão entre os grupos foi obtida através do mesmo software, considerando-se p<0,05 para as proteínas subreguladas e 1-p>0,95 para as proteínas suprareguladas. Foram identificados um total de 2181 números de acessos entre fragmentos, isoformas e proteínas completas humana e 51 proteínas bacterianas e ambas foram classificadas quanto a sua função biológica, em relação às proteínas exclusivas de cada grupo, 347 proteínas foram identificadas no grupo sintomático. As funções biológicas mais prevalentes foram comunicação celular e transdução de sinais, seguidas pela resposta imune, observou-se diversas proteínas exclusivamente expressas no grupo sintomático, indicando a influência direta da periodontite sintomática na resposta do hospedeiro(AU)

Endodontic infections are caused by a multispecies community of bacteria. With microbiological identification methods and endotoxin quantification, it is difficult to infer physiology, function and microbial pathogenicity. Thus, proteomic analysis is a technique that can revolutionize the study of the pathogenesis of endodontic infections. The present study aims to analyze the proteomic profile of endodontic infections related to teeth with symptomatic or asymptomatic apical periodontitis using liquid chromatography associated with mass spectrometry. The analysis of this proteomic profile aims to provide an understanding of the ecological and pathogenic aspects of the behavior of endodontic bacterial communities by identifying proteins expressed in the said environment at the time of collection and determining the function of these proteins. Samples were collected from 18 patients referred for root canal treatment or emergency treatment at the School of Dentistry of Araçatuba FOA - UNESP. Teeth with primary endodontic infection, symptomatic or asymptomatic were included. The identification of peptides was made in a nanoACQUITY UPLC-Xevo QTof MS system (Waters) system, the identification of proteins was obtained using protein lynx global server (PLGS) software version 3.0, using the UniProtKB protein database. The difference in expression between the groups was obtained through the same software, considering p<0.05 for subregulated proteins and 1-p>0.95 for the superregulated proteins. A total of 2,181 access numbers were identified between human fragments, isoforms and complete proteins and 51 bacterial proteins, and both were classified as their biological function, in relation to the exclusive proteins of each group, 347 proteins were identified in the symptomatic group. The most prevalent biological functions were cellular communication and signal transduction, followed by the immune response, and several proteins were observed exclusively expressed in the symptomatic group, indicating the direct influence of symptomatic periodontitis on the host response(AU)

Relação entre periodontite e doenças pulmonares: revisão de literatura / Relationship between periodontitis and pulmonary diseases: literature review

A doença periodontal é uma doença infecciosa que atinge os tecidos de sustentação e proteção do dente e tem como principal determinante o biofilme dental. Recentemente foram feitas pesquisas que indicam a doença periodontal como um provável fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares, incluindo aterosclerose, infarto do miocárdio, acidente vascular cerebral, diabetes, partos prematuros e distúrbios respiratórios. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo revisar na literatura a partir das influências da doença periodontal no desenvolvimento e potencialização de patologias pulmonares, compreendendo o processo infeccioso no trato respiratório ocasionado por bactérias bucais. Para tanto, foi realizada uma busca eletrônica de artigos científicos indexados em bases de dados, como: Pubmed, Scielo e Lilacs. Os critérios de inclusão adotados, foram: a) Idioma: Línguas Portuguesa e Inglesa; b) Período: De 2007 a 2018; c) Método de pesquisa: Estudos observacionais e ensaios clínicos. Os estudos que buscam investigar o vínculo existente entre as doenças periodontais e patologias pulmonares, bem como os fatores facilitadores e predisponentes são fundamentais à elaboração de estratégias no que concerne aos setores da saúde, em virtude de estarem relacionados a altos índices de morbidade e mortalidade. Os achados da literatura acima apresentadas neste trabalho, demonstram que a higienização bucal é o mecanismo mais eficaz à prevenção de origem e exacerbação de patologias respiratórias, provenientes do contato com agentes patógenos oriundos do biofilme oral.(AU)

The periodontal disease isaninfectious disease that reaches the tissues of support and protection of the tooth, its main determinant is the dental biofilm. Research has recently be end one that indicate periodontal disease as a likely risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including at herosclerosis, myocardial linfarction, stroke, diabetes, preterm delivery, and respiratory disorders. The present work aim store view in the literature from the influences of periodontal disease on the development and potentiation of pulmonary pathologies, including the infectious process in the respiratory tractcaused by oral bacteria. To do so an electronic search of scientific articles indexed in data bases was performed, such as Pubmed, Scielo and Lilacs. The inclusion criteria adopted were: a) Language: Portuguese and English; b) Period: From 2007 to 2018; c) Research method: Observational studies and clinical trials. Studies that seek to investigate the link between periodontal diseases and pulmonary pathologies, as well as the facilitating and predisposing factors are fundamental to the development of strategies in the health sectors, because they are related to high morbidit yandmortality rates. The literature findings presented in this study, demonstrated that oral hygiene is the most effective mechanism for the prevention of origin and exacerbation of respiratory pathologies, arising from contact with pathogenic agents originating from oral biofilm (AU)

Relationship between acetaldehyde concentration in mouth air and characteristics of microbiota of tongue dorsum in Japanese healthy adults: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Acetaldehyde, associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages, is known to be a carcinogen and to be related to the tongue dorsum. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between acetaldehyde concentration in mouth air and bacterial characteristics on the tongue dorsum. Methodology Thirty-nine healthy volunteers participated in the study. Acetaldehyde concentrations in mouth air were evaluated by a high-sensitivity semiconductor gas sensor. A 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique was used to compare microbiomes between two groups, focusing on the six samples with the highest acetaldehyde concentrations (HG) and the six samples with lowest acetaldehyde concentrations (LG). Results Acetaldehyde concentration increased in correlation with the increase in bacterial count (p=0.048). The number of species observed in the oral microbiome of the HG was higher than that in the oral microbiome of the LG (p=0.011). The relative abundances of Gemella sanguinis, Veillonella parvula and Neisseria flavescens in the oral microbiome of the HG were higher than those in the oral microbiome of the LG (p<0.05). Conclusion Acetaldehyde concentration in mouth air was associated with bacterial count, diversity of microbiome, and relative abundance of G. sanguinis, V. parvula, and N. flavescens.

Antimicrobial activity of mouth rinses against bacteria that initially colonizes dental's surface / Atividade antimicrobiana de enxaguatórios bucais sobre bactérias que iniciam a colonização das superfícies dentais

Abstract Introduction Much advertising in mouthwash is conveyed in all media appealing to the anti-plaque effect and rendering a disservice to the community. Mouth rinses are available over-the-count and differ on their compositions and antimicrobial effectiveness. Objective In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of 35 widely available mouth rinses against bacterial species involved in initiation of dental biofilm - Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus sanguinis. Material and method The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the evaluated mouth rinses were determined according to the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute protocols. Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney post hoc (α=0.05). Result About 70% of the mouth rinses achieved high antibacterial activity and 30%, a low antibacterial activity against all the species tested. The most ineffective mouth rinse showed antibacterial activity (MIC) at 1:1 dilution, while the most effective showed activity even at 1:2048 dilution, which may imply prolonged effect in the mouth. About 51% of mouth rinses showed bactericidal activity, and it was verified that cetylpyridinium chloride or chlorhexidine digluconate containing in the formulation were associated with the highest activity. Conclusion Most - but not all - mouth rinses commercially available are effective in inhibiting in vitro initial colonizers of dental surfaces.

Resumo Introdução Muita publicidade sobre enxaguatórios bucais é veiculada em todos os meios de comunicação apelando para o efeito anti-placa e prestando um desserviço à comunidade. Grande quantidade de enxaguatórios bucais está disponível no mercado e estes diferem em suas composições e eficácia antimicrobiana. Objetivo Neste estudo, avaliamos a atividade antimicrobiana de 35 enxaguatórios bucais amplamente disponíveis contra espécies bacterianas envolvidas na iniciação do biofilme dental - Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius e Streptococcus sanguinis. Material e método A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e a Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) dos enxaguatórios avaliados foram determinadas de acordo com os protocolos do Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney post hoc (α=0,05). Resultado Aproximadamente 70% dos enxaguatórios bucais alcançaram alta atividade antibacteriana e 30%, baixa atividade antibacteriana contra todas as espécies testadas. O enxaguatório bucal mais ineficaz mostrou atividade antibacteriana (CIM) na diluição de 1:1, enquanto a mais eficaz mostrou atividade mesmo na diluição de 1:2048, o que pode implicar em efeito prolongado na boca. Cerca de 51% dos enxaguatórios bucais apresentaram atividade bactericida, e verificou-se que formulações contendo cloreto de cetilpiridíneo ou digluconato de clorexidina estavam associados à maior atividade. Conclusão A maior parte - mas não todos - dos enxaguatórios bucais comercialmente disponíveis são eficazes na inibição de colonizadores iniciais de superfícies dentárias in vitro.