Correlation of fasting blood, salivary glucose and malondialdehyde in subjects with & without type 2 diabetes

Oxidative stress is identified as the common pathogenic factor that leads to insulin resistance in diabetics. Malondialdehyde is a product of lipid peroxidation. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the variation in the Salivary malondialdehyde (MDA) among subjects with and without T2DM in comparison to the fasting blood and Salivary glucose. Methods: This study involved 29 healthy participants as Controls (group I) and 29 participants with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as Cases (group II). Salivary Glucose was analysed by glucose oxidase end-point assay. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay method was considered for estimation of MDA in fasting saliva. Data was Statistically analysed using SPSS20. Parametric test was performed to analyse the data. Results: The correlation calculated between FBG with FSG level was found to be highly significant. A positive correlation between MDA levels with FBG was found. The relationship between FBG and FSG (r = 0.7815, p < 0.05), FBG and MDA (r =0.3678, p < 0.05) and FSG and MDA (r = 0.2869, p < 0.05) were found to be positively significant. Conclusion: Saliva as a unique body fluid can serve as a medium for biochemical analysis only in standard settings and with multiple measures to be used as a diagnostic tool in par with the gold standard serum. Salivary MDA levels can be considered as one of the oxidative stress markers in Type 2 Diabetic condition

Biomarcadores da homeostase redox em saliva e alterações nucleares no epitélio da mucosa jugal de indivíduos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e periodontite / Oxidative stress biomarkers in saliva and nucear changes in epithelial cells of indivudals with type e Diabetes Mellitus and periodontitis

O presente estudo é composto por dois capítulos, sendo o primeiro um artigo de revisão sistemática que abordou as evidências científicas para a diferença de biomarcadores do estresse oxidativo em indivíduos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 com e sem periodontite. Foram incluídos 9 estudos na análise final, pesquisados através das seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde e por outras fontes. Os estudos relataram elevadas concentrações de agentes oxidantes e baixos níveis de antioxidantes em indivíduos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e periodontite quando comparados aos indivíduos sem periodontite. Considerando os poucos estudos encontrados, as falhas metodológicas, poucos marcadores estudados e ausência de homogeneidade na avaliação dos marcadores do balanço redox, bem como, a baixíssima certeza da evidência entre os estudos incluídos nesta revisão sistemática, não foi possível determinar se há ou não diferenças nos níveis de estresse oxidativo em indivíduos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 associado ou não à periodontite e, portanto, estudos observacionais prospectivos e de intervenção são recomendados. O segundo capítulo é um artigo de pesquisa que retrata a periodontite e o diabetes mellitus tipo 2 como doenças com características de inflamação crônica e com estresse oxidativo permanentemente elevado, o que afeta o padrão de funcionamento do sistema imunológico e resulta em danos a importantes macromoléculas biológicas. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, que objetivou avaliar biomarcadores da homeostase redox em saliva e a presença de alterações nucleares em pacientes com periodontite com ou sem diabetes tipo 2 e em indivíduos periodontalmente e sistemicamente saudáveis. Um total de 60 participantes foram divididos igualmente em três grupos: diabetes tipo 2 com periodontite (DPE); sem diabetes com periodontite (PE); saudáveis sem doença periodontal (HC). Após as medições clínicas periodontais, as células epiteliais da mucosa jugal e a amostra de saliva foram coletadas. O dano ao DNA foi determinado pela contagem de micronúcleos e anormalidades nucleares em células epiteliais. Os níveis de estresse oxidativo foram determinados por glutationa reduzida (GSH), ácido úrico (UA), capacidade antioxidante total (TAC), substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARs) e proteínas totais. Os dados numéricos foram testados pelos testes de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis, as variáveis numéricas pelo teste do qui-quadrado e as correlações pelo coeficiente de Spearman, regressões linear e logística foram realizadas, adotando o nível de significância de 5%. As frequências de micronúcleos, cariorrexia, cromatina condensada e células picnóticas, e dos biomarcadores GSH e UA foram significativamente maiores no grupo DPE seguido dos grupos PE e HC (p<0,05). Glicemia em jejum, hemoglobina glicada, frequência de micronúcleos (MN), anormalidades nucleares (NA - cariorrexia, cromatina condensada e células picnóticas), GSH e UA apresentaram de leve a moderada correlação positiva com os parâmetros de progressão da periodontite (p<0,05). A análise de regressão linear mostrou que GSH categorizada teve correlação com sangramento gengival (p = 0,002) e TBARs (p = 0,020) e UA com sangramento à sondagem (p = 0,001) e TAC (p = 0,001). A análise de regressão logística mostrou que os níveis categorizados de GSH tiveram correlação com sangramento à sondagem (OR = 1,121 [95% CI, 1,025-1,225]) e supuração (OR = 0,155 [95% CI, 0,029-0,838]). Portanto, as correlações positivas entre os parâmetros periodontais, MN, NA (cromatina condensada, células cariorréticas e picnóticas), e os parâmetros redox na saliva (GSH e UA) refletem piores condições periodontais e dos parâmetros do diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Os biomarcadores na saliva (GSH e UA) apresentaram um importante papel na detecção de alteração no funcionamento do balanço redox e dos danos nucleares em células epiteliais da mucosa jugal. (AU)

This study consists of two chapters, the first is a systematic review article which addressed the scientific evidence for the difference of oxidative stress biomarkers in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without periodontitis. Nine studies were included in the final analysis, searched through the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Virtual Health Library and other sources. The studies reported high concentrations of oxidizing agents and low antioxidants levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontitis when compared to with no periodontitis. Considering the few studies found, the methodological flaws, few markers studied and absence homogeneity in the evaluation of redox balance markers, as well as, the very low certainty of the evidence among included studies in this systematic review, it was not possible to determine whether there are or not differences in the oxidative stress levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus associated or no with periodontitis and further prospective observational and interventional studies are recommended. The second chapter is a research article that describe the periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus as diseases with features of chronic inflammation and with oxidative stress permanently elevated which affects the pattern of functioning of the immune system and results in damage to important biological macromolecules. This is an observational study, which aimed to evaluate redox homeostasis biomarkers in saliva and the presence of nuclear changes in patients with periodontitis with and without type 2 diabetes and periodontally and systemically healthy individuals. A total of 60 participants were allotted into three groups equally: type 2 diabetes with periodontitis (DPE); non-diabetes with periodontitis (PE); healthy without periodontal disease (HC). After periodontal measurements, cheek epithelial cells and saliva samples were collected. DNA damage was determined by counting micronucleus and nuclear abnormalities in epithelial cells. Oxidative stress levels were determined by reduced glutathione (GSH), uric acid (UA), total antioxidant capacity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and total proteins. Numeric data were tested by Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Whallis tests, qualitative variables by chi-square test and correlations by the spearman coeficiente, and linear and logistic regression were performed, adopting the significance level of 5%. The frequencies of micronucleus (MN), karyorrhectic, condensed chromatin, pyknotic cells, GSH and UA were significantly higher in DPE group followed PE and HC groups (p<0.05). Fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, MN and nuclear abnormalities (NA) frequencies (karyorrhectic, condensed chromatin and pyknotic cells), GSH and UA showed a positive mild to moderate correlation with periodontitis progression parameters (p<0.05). Linear regression analysis showed that categorized GSH had correlation with gingival bleeding (p = 0.002) and TBARs (p = 0.020) and UA with bleeding on probing (p = 0.001) and TAC (p = 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that categorized GSH levels had correlation with bleeding on probing (OR = 1.121 [95% CI, 1.025-1.225]) and supuration (OR = 0.155 [95% CI, 0.029-0.838]). Therefore, positive correlations among periodontal parameters, MN, NA, and salivary oxidative stress biomarkers (GSH and UA) reflects worse periodontal conditions and of the type 2 diabetes mellitus parameters. Salivary biomarkers (GSH and UA) played an important role in the detection the functioning of the redox balance and nuclear damage in cheek epithelial cells. (AU)

Maxilectomia em paciente diabética tipo II, diagnosticada com Mucormicose rinomaxilar, com posterior reabilitação protética: relato de caso / Maxillectomy in a type II diabetic patient, diagnosed with rhinomaxillary mucormycosis, with subsequent prosthetic rehabilitation: case report / Maxilectomía en paciente diabética tipo II diagnosticada de mucormicosis rinomaxilar, con posterior rehabilitación protésica: reporte de caso

A mucormicose é uma infecção fúngica angioinvasiva que afeta uma ampla faixa etária, geralmente imunodeprimidos, sem predileção por gênero ou raça e com alta taxa de mortalidade. Essa infecção inicia se no nariz, devido à inalação dos esporos, podendo-se espalhar pelos seios paranasais, órbita e estruturas intracranianas. As características clínicas incluem parestesia perinasal, celulite periorbitária, rinorréia, obstrução nasal, epistaxe e diminuição de peso. O tratamento efetivo dessa comorbidade compoe uma combinação de manejo clínico e medicamentoso, conjuntamente com desbridamento cirúrgico radical do tecido infectado e/ou necrótico. O caso clínico descrito nesse trabalho refere-se a uma paciente diagnosticada com Mucormicose rino maxilar e diabetes do tipo II, a qual foi submetida a procedimento cirúrgico de hemimaxilectomia do lado esquerdo com posterior reabilitação protética para selamento de comunicação buco-naso-sino-etmoidal... (AU)

Mucormycosis is an angioinvasive fungal infection that affects a wide age group, usually immunocompromised, with no gender or race predilection, and with a high mortality rate. This infection starts in the nose, due to the inhalation of spores, and can spread through the paranasal sinuses, orbit and intracranial structures. Clinical features include perinasal paresthesia, periorbital cellulitis, rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, epistaxis and weight loss. Effective treatment of this comorbidity comprises a combination of clinical and drug management, together with radical surgical debridement of infected and/or necrotic tissue. The clinical case described in this work refers to a patient diagnosed with Mucormycosis Rhinomaxilla and Type II diabetes, who underwent a surgical procedure of left hemimaxillectomy with subsequent prosthetic rehabilitation for sealing of the bucco nasal-sino-ethmoidal communication... (AU)

La mucormicosis es una micosis angioinvasiva que afecta a un amplio grupo de edad, habitualmente inmunodeprimidos, sin predilección de género ni raza, y con una alta tasa de mortalidad. Esta infección comienza en la nariz, debido a la inhalación de esporas, y puede extenderse a través de los senos paranasales, la órbita y las estructuras intracraneales. Las características clínicas incluyen parestesia perinasal, celulitis periorbitaria, rinorrea, obstrucción nasal, epistaxis y pérdida de peso. El tratamiento eficaz de esta comorbilidad comprende una combinación de manejo clínico y farmacológico, junto con un desbridamiento quirúrgico radical del tejido infectado y / o necrótico. El caso clínico descrito en este trabajo se refiere a una paciente diagnosticada de Mucormicosis Rinomaxilar y diabetes Tipo II, que fue sometida a un procedimiento quirúrgico de hemimaxilectomía izquierda con posterior rehabilitación protésica para sellar la comunicación buco-nasal-sino-etmoidal... (AU)

Factors Associated with Oral Health Literacy among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Attending Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia

Abstract Objective: To determine the oral health literacy (OHL) level and its associated factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 135 diabetic patients with a mean age of 62.6 years old (SD=9.05) who attended the Diabetes Outpatient Clinic at Hospital USM, a teaching hospital in the north-eastern corner of Peninsular Malaysia. The Malay version of the Oral Health Literacy Instrument (OHLI-M) was used to assess the level of OHL among respondents. An additional self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain other variables of interest. Systematic random sampling was applied in this study. The data were analyzed using an independent t-test and ANOVA to determine factors associated with oral health literacy among respondents. Results: Most respondents have at least one oral health problem (62.2%). The most common problem was cavitated tooth (42.2%). Other problems include toothache (17.8%), mobile tooth (17.8%), and swollen gums (16.3%). OHL level for most respondents (40.7%) was inadequate. The mean total OHLI-M score was 67.9 (SD=17.74). The OHL score was significantly lower in respondents with the following characteristics: female, no formal education or had primary education, unemployed, lower income group, never visited a dentist, and had swollen gums. Conclusion: The OHL of most patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending the Diabetes Outpatient Clinic, Hospital USM still need to be improved. Oral health problems were common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in this study. This study also highlighted the link between OHL and socio-demographic factors. Improving the OHL of patients may increase their capability to obtain and understand oral health messages needed to take appropriate actions that will eventually prevent oral diseases associated with diabetes mellitus (AU).

Association between periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus: study in a population attended by the Brazilian Health System / Associação entre periodontite e diabetes mellitus tipo 2: estudo em uma população atendida pelo Sistema Único de Saúde Brasileiro

Introduction: Periodontitis control helps to prevent and control diabetes mellitus and understanding of this relationship can lead to changes in health policy. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between periodontitis, knowledge, and glycemic control. Material and method: This is a cross-sectional analytical epidemiological survey with 216 Type 2 diabetic patients, non-smokers, who had current blood screenings with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Result: Overall, 93.51% of the patients reported brushing their teeth at least twice a day, 62.5% visited the dentist last year, 81.58% have already undergone treatment for periodontal disease, 43.52% reported having periodontitis and 59.72% had controlled diabetes. No significant (p=0.603) association between HbA1c control and the presence of periodontitis was found. Among the patients with periodontitis, no association between HbA1c control and information on the periodontal disease was found (p=0.996), and know/believe in its relationship with diabetes (p=0.659; p=0.973). Conclusion: No relationship between periodontitis and diabetes was found in the sample, as well as in patients with periodontitis, those with knowledge on periodontal disease and knowledge/belief in its relationship with diabetes, which could be justified by the care by a multi-professional health team.

Introdução: O controle da doença periodontal auxilia na prevenção e no controle do diabetes mellitus. A compreensão dessa relação pode desencadear mudanças nas políticas públicas de saúde. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre a doença periodontal, o controle glicêmico e o conhecimento dessa relação. Material e método: Trata-se de um inquérito epidemiológico analítico transversal com 216 pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, não fumantes, que realizaram exames de sangue atuais com hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c). Resultado: No geral, 93,51% dos pacientes relataram escovar os dentes pelo menos duas vezes ao dia, 62,5% visitaram o dentista no último ano, 81,58% já fizeram tratamento para doença periodontal, 43,52% relataram ter periodontite e 59,72% tinham diabetes controlado. Não foi encontrada associação significativa (p=0,603) entre o controle da HbA1c e a presença de periodontite. Entre os pacientes com periodontite, não foi encontrada associação entre o controle da HbA1c e informações sobre a doença periodontal (p=0,996), e conhecer/acreditar na sua relação com o diabetes (p=0,659; p=0,973). Conclusão: Não foi encontrada relação entre a doença periodontal e diabetes na amostra, o que poderia ser justificado pelo atendimento por uma equipe multiprofissional de saúde no Sistema Único de Saúde Brasileiro.

Efeito da terapia probiótica (Lactobacillus reuteri) coadjuvante no tratamento da periodontite associada ao Diabetes Mellitus: estudo clínico, controlado e randomizado / Effect of adjuvant probiotic therapy (Lactobacillus reuteri) in the treatment of periodontitis associated with Diabetes Mellitus: clinical, controlled and randomized study

A associação de probióticos ao debridamento mecânico pode ser uma proposta de tratamento das doenças periodontais, em especial para pacientes portadores de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Avaliou-se os efeitos da administração do probiótico Lactobacillus reuteri como terapia coadjuvante no tratamento da Periodontite (P) associada ao DM2. Um total de 40 participantes diabéticos e diagnosticados com P foram randomizados em Grupo RAR+Placebo (n=20): receberam debridamento mecânico associado ao probiótico e Grupo RAR+Probi (n=20): tratados com debridamento mecânico associado a um placebo. Foram realizadas avaliações de profundidade de sondagem (P.S.), recessão gengival (RG), nível de inserção clínica (NIC), índice de placa (IP), índice de sangramento gengival (IG) e índice PISA no baseline, 30, 90 e 180 dias. Foi realizada dosagem da concentração de citocinas (INF-γ, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL1ß, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) do fluido crevicular gengival (FCG), no baseline e 180 dias após o tratamento. Informações sobre efeitos adversos do uso de medicamentos e sobre qualidade de vida foram coletadas. Os dados foram obtidos em média e desvio padrão, e analisados pelos testes Fridman/Tukey e MannWhiteny. Considerado a metodologia do presente estudo, os resultados obtidos apontam que o debridamento periodontal promoveu melhora significativa (p<0.05) nos parâmetros clínicos periodontais em ambos os grupos, mas o uso do probiótico não foi eficiente para resultados adicionais quando comparado com o placebo. A terapia periodontal interferiu nos níveis de citocinas do FCG, porém não se pode afirmar que o uso de probiótico apresenta o mesmo efeito(AU)

The association of probiotics with mechanical debridement may be a proposal for the treatment of periodontal diseases, especially for patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2). The effects of the administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of Periodontitis (P) associated with DM2 were evaluated. A total of 40 diabetic participants and diagnosed with P were randomized into Group RAR + Placebo (n = 20): received mechanical debridement associated with the probiotic and Group RAR + Probi (n = 20): treated with mechanical debridement associated with a placebo. Probing depth (P.S.), gingival recession (RG), clinical insertion level (NIC), plaque index (IP), gingival bleeding index (IG) and PISA index were performed at baseline, 30, 90 and 180 days. Measurement of the concentration of cytokines (INF-γ, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-1ß, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) of the gingival crevicular fluid (FCG), at baseline and 180 days after treatment. Information on adverse effects of medication use and on quality of life was collected. The data were obtained in mean and standard deviation, and analyzed by the Fridman / Tukey and MannWhiteny tests. Considering the methodology of the present study, the results obtained point out that periodontal debridement promoted a significant improvement (p <0.05) in periodontal clinical parameters in both groups, but the use of probiotic was not efficient for additional results when compared with placebo. Periodontal therapy interfered with FCG cytokine levels, but it cannot be said that the use of probiotics has the same effect. Cytokines(AU)

Assessing the level and diagnostic accuracy of osteopontin and oral health status in periodontitis patients with/without Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus / Avaliação do nível e precisão do diagnóstico de Osteopontina e estado de saúde bucal em pacientes com periodontite com/sem Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2

Objective: Investigating osteopontin (OPN) level in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients affected by periodontitis with or without Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study is to explore the possibility of OPN to differentiate between periodontal health and disease. Material and Methods: A total number of 36 participants seeking periodontal treatment were recruited in this pilot study and divided into three study groups. Periodontitis [systemically healthy participants with periodontitis (probing pocket depth) PPD (probing pocket depth) ≥ 4mm], periodontitis and poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (), and control (systemically and periodontally healthy periodontium) groups. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and PPD were examined. OPN level was measured in the GCF and analysed, using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent assay. Results: PI and GI were significantly higher in T2DM with periodontitis compared to periodontitis and control groups. Both periodontitis and P-T2DM groups showed significant increase in the OPN levels compared to control group (p<0.001). PPD showed the only significant positive association with OPN (p<0.001) compared to other clinical parameters. The receiver operating characteristics curve analysis demonstrated that OPN had higher area under the curve value (AUC: 0.95) in periodontitis compared to P-T2DM patients (AUC: 0.86). Conclusion: In periodontitis groups, clinical parameters were equally deteriorated together with significant increase in the expression of OPN compared to control. Furthermore, GCF levels of OPN were sensitive and specific enough to discriminate between health and periodontitis even with T2DM. This could introduce OPN to be as a candidate diagnostic biomarker of periodontal disease. (AU)

Objetivo: Investigar o nível de osteopontina (OPN) no fluido gengival crevicular (GCF) de pacientes com periodontite com ou sem diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (T2DM). O objetivo deste estudo foi explorar a possibilidade da OPN diferenciar entre saúde e doença periodontal. Material e Métodos: No total, para este estudo piloto foram recrutados 36 participantes que estavam em busca de tratamento periodontal e divididos em três grupos de estudo: grupos periodontite [participantes sistemicamente saudáveis com periodontite (profundidade de sondagem) PPD ≥ 4 mm], grupo periodontite e Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 mal controlada (P-T2DM) e grupo controle (saudáveis sistemicamente e periodontalmente). Índice de placa (PI), índice gengival (GI) e PPD foram examinados. O nível de OPN foi medido no GCF e analisado usando o ensaio ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay). Resultados: PI e GI foram significativamente maiores no T2DM com periodontite em comparação aos grupos com periodontite e controle. Os grupos com periodontite e P-T2DM apresentaram aumento significativo nos níveis de OPN em comparação ao grupo controle (p <0,001). PPD mostrou a única associação positiva significativa com OPN (p <0,001) em comparação com outros parâmetros clínicos. A análise da curva de características operacionais do receptor demonstrou que OPN teve maior área sob o valor da curva (AUC: 0,95) na periodontite em comparação com pacientes com P-T2DM (AUC: 0,86). Conclusão: Nos grupos com periodontite, os parâmetros clínicos foram igualmente deteriorados juntamente com aumento significativo na expressão de OPN em comparação com o grupo controle. Além disso, os níveis de OPN no GCF foram sensíveis e específicos o suficiente para discernir entre saúde e periodontite, mesmo com T2DM. Isso poderia apresentar a OPN como um candidato a biomarcador diagnóstico de doença periodontal.(AU)

Periodontitis and identification of undiagnosed hyperglycemia / Periodontite e identificação da hiperglicemia não diagnosticada

Introduction Individuals with pre-diabetes have altered glycemic levels, are generally asymptomatic, and are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Objective Identify the prevalence of periodontal individuals with undiagnosed hyperglycemia and associated impact factors. Material and method Fifty-six patients with periodontitis and without diabetes self-report, users of dental clinic services at Federal University of Juiz de Fora were included in this research, during one year and a half of experimental evaluation. Socioeconomic and demographic data, anthropometric patterns, fasting capillary blood glucose, and complete periodontal examination (six sites per tooth) were evaluated. Result The sample consisted of 58.9% female, mean age 53 years old, 58.9% obese/overweight and 45.3% had a low level of education. A total of 28.6% (n=16) participants had undiagnosed hyperglycemia (between 100 to 160 mm / dL), of which 81.3% were obese/overweight, 25% were smokers, 56.3% reported having a history of diabetes in the family, 93.8% had a family income up to 2 brazilian´s minimum wages. BMI values ​​were higher in the group of patients with hyperglycemia (29.8 ± 5.7, p = 0.03) compared to the group without hyperglycemia (26.6 ± 5.6). Patients with hyperglycemia had a greater number of sites with clinical attachment loss (CAL) between 4 and 6 mm (p = 0.04) when compared with the normoglycemic group. Conclusion Undiagnosed CAL attachment loss between 4 and 6 mm due to periodontitis than normoglycemic individuals.

Introdução Indivíduos com pré-diabetes apresentam níveis glicêmicos alterados, geralmente são assintomáticos e apresentam risco aumentado para desenvolver diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Objetivo Identificar a prevalência de indivíduos periodontais com hiperglicemia não diagnosticada e os fatores de impacto associados. Material e método Cinquenta e seis pacientes com periodontite e sem autorrelato de diabetes, usuários de serviços de clínica odontológica da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora foram incluídos nesta pesquisa, durante um ano e meio de avaliação experimental. Foram avaliados dados socioeconômicos e demográficos, padrões antropométricos, glicemia capilar de jejum e exame periodontal completo (seis sítios por dente). Resultado A amostra foi composta por 58,9% do sexo feminino, média de idade de 53 anos, 58,9% obesidade / sobrepeso e 45,3% com baixa escolaridade. Um total de 28,6% (n=16) participantes tinham hiperglicemia não diagnosticada (entre 100 a 160 mm / dL), dos quais 81,3% eram obesos / com sobrepeso, 25% eram fumantes, 56,3% relataram ter histórico de diabetes na família, 93,8% tinham renda familiar de até 2 salários mínimos brasileiros. Os valores de IMC foram maiores no grupo de pacientes com hiperglicemia (29,8 ± 5,7, p = 0,03) em comparação ao grupo sem hiperglicemia (26,6 ± 5,6). Pacientes com hiperglicemia apresentaram maior número de sítios com perda clínica de inserção (CAL) entre 4 e 6 mm (p = 0,04) quando comparados ao grupo normoglicêmico. Conclusão A perda de inserção de CAL não diagnosticada entre 4 e 6 mm devido à periodontite do que indivíduos normoglicêmicos.

Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Individuals Carry Different Periodontal Bacteria

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify etiologic microbiota associated periodontal diseases among diabetes patients and the factors related to the most commonly identified bacteria species. Material and Methods: Periodontal plaque samples from 11 diabetic participants and 13 non-diabetic controls were collected to assess their aerobic and anaerobic bacterial growth. Different distinct colonies were identified by microscopic and 16srDNA sequencing. Pearson's chi-square tests were conducted to examine any association between categorical variables. Results: The diabetic subjects revealed a more intense plaque formation with a mean plaque index of 2.4 compared to 1.8 in non-diabetics. A total of 86 bacteria were isolated from 24 plaque samples, 44 were aerobic, and 42 were anaerobic. Only aerobic isolates, 22 from diabetic patients and 22 from non-diabetic patients, were evaluated in these analyses. Bacillus spp. (B. cereus mainly) and Klebsiella spp. (K. pneumoniae, K. aerogenes, K. oxytoca) were detected markedly higher in non-diabetic individuals than in diabetic subjects (p=0.026 and p=0.021, respectively). Some bacteria were only identified in the dental plaque of diabetic individuals, namely, Bacillus mojavensis, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus pasteuri, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus pasteurianus. The presence of acid reflux and jaundice were significantly associated with the most common bacterial isolate, namely Bacillus spp., with the p-values of 0.007 and 0.001, respectively. Conclusion: Type-2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a higher amount of dental plaques. Periodontal plaque samples from diabetic and non-diabetic subjects possess differential microbial communities. Diabetic plaques contain more versatile microbes predominated by gram-positive streptococci and staphylococci.

Effect of periodontal treatment in patients with periodontitis and diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract The evidence is inconclusive regarding the effect of periodontal treatment on glycemic control and systemic inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and periodontitis Objective: To evaluate the effect of scaling and root planing (SRP) on the metabolic control and systemic inflammation of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methodology: A literature search was conducted using the MEDLINE database via PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, from their oldest records up to July 2018. Only randomized clinical trials (RCT) were considered eligible for evaluating the effect of periodontal treatment on markers of metabolic control [glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C)] and systemic inflammation [C-reactive protein (CRP)] in patients with T2D. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration risk assessment tool. Meta-analyses were performed for HbA1c and CRP using random effects models. The size of the overall intervention effect was estimated by calculating the weighted average of the differences in means (DM) between the groups in each study. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Q-statistic method (x2 and I²). The level of significance was established at p<0.05. Results: Nine RCT were included. SRP was effective in reducing HbA1c [DM=0.56 (0.36-0.75); p<0.01] and CRP [DM=1.89 (1.70-2.08); p<0.01]. No heterogeneity was detected (I2=0%, p>0.05). Conclusions: SRP has an impact on metabolic control and reduction of systemic inflammation of patients with T2D.

Chronic Periodontitis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Analysis of the FokI Polymorphism and Perception of Quality of Life

Abstract Objective: To analyze whether the FokI polymorphism (rs228570) present in the vitamin D receptor gene in type 2 diabetics is related to chronic periodontitis's clinical status and evaluates the influence of chronic periodontitis on the perception of quality of life. Material and Methods: It is a clinical and laboratory study, composed of a sample of 59 individuals with previous diagnosis of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and chronic periodontitis, of both sexes. On clinical examination, socio-epidemiological data and quality of life of patients with the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) were recorded and a periogram was performed. Subsequently, saliva was collected spontaneously in sterile Falcon tubes (15 ml) and stored in the freezer at -20 °C. The purification of the genetic material was done with a PROMEGA kit (Wizard®), and the polymorphism studied was FokI (rs228570), found in the vitamin D receptor promoting region, with rs: 228570. After extraction of saliva DNA and purification, genotyping was performed by real-time PCR using specific allele probes (TaqMan® System). Results: The polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor gene was not positively associated with the severity and clinical characteristics of periodontitis, but suggested a relationship with the extent of the disease. Periodontitis also had no positive association with patients' perception of quality of life. Conclusion: The perception of quality of life of patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus was compromised by the systemic condition, secondary to oral health, although some dimensions of OHIP-14 have been more frequently mentioned, such as psychological discomfort, physical pain and physical disability.

Periodontal disease and its impact on general health in Latin America. Section V: Treatment of periodontitis

Abstract: Gingivitis and periodontitis are associated with a negative impact on Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL), exerting a significant influence on aspects related to the patients' function and esthetics. Periodontitis has been associated with several systemic conditions, including adverse pregnancy outcomes, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), respiratory disorders, fatal pneumonia in hemodialysis patients, chronic renal disease and metabolic syndrome. The aim of this paper was to review the results of different periodontal treatments and their impacts on patients' OHRQoL and systemic health. Non-surgical and surgical periodontal treatments are predictable procedures in terms of controlling infection, reducing probing pocket depth and gaining clinical attachment. In addition, the treatment of periodontitis may significantly improve OHRQoL and promote a reduction in the levels of systemic markers of inflammation, including some cytokines associated with cardiovascular diseases. Studies have also suggested that periodontal treatment may improve glycemic control in patients with DM. Strategies and actions for preventing the onset and recurrence of periodontitis, and the challenges facing the field of periodontology in the XXI century are presented in this review.

Effect of implementation intention on walking in people with diabetes: an experimental approach

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of implementation intentions as an intervention strategy to promote walking in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS We conducted a controlled and randomized trial, with 12 months of follow-up, involving 65 people with T2DM recruited from primary health care units and allocated them in the control group (CG, n = 32) and intervention group (IG, n = 33). The IG received the implementation intention strategy to promote walking and the CG remained in follow-up for conventional treatment in primary health care. The researchers were blinded by anthropometric measurements and the filling of the instruments. RESULTS After twelve months of follow up, the IG presented a statistically significant increase in the leisure time physical activity when compared with the CG (p = 0.0413) and showed a significant decrease in waist circumference (p = 0.0061). No significant difference was observed regarding body mass index and glycated hemoglobin among groups. CONCLUSIONS Implementation intention was effective in promoting walking and improving clinical indicators in adults with T2DM.

Preliminary findings on the possible role of B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) on diabetes-related periodontitis

Abstract The possible role of B-cell growth and differentiation-related cytokines on the pathogenesis of diabetes-related periodontitis has not been addressed so far. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the gene expression of proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), two major cytokines associated to survival, differentiation and maturation of B cells in biopsies from gingival tissue with periodontitis. Gingival biopsies were obtained from subjects with periodontitis (n = 17), with periodontitis and DM (n = 19) as well as from periodontally and systemically healthy controls (n = 10). Gene expressions for APRIL, BLyS, RANKL, OPG, TRAP and DC-STAMP were evaluated using qPCR. The expressions APRIL, BLyS, RANKL, OPG, TRAP and DC-STAMP were all higher in both periodontitis groups when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the expressions of BLyS, TRAP and RANKL were significantly higher in the subjects with periodontitis and DM when compared to those with periodontitis alone (p < 0.05). The mRNA levels of BLyS correlated positively with RANKL in the subjects with periodontitis and DM (p < 0.05). BLyS is overexpressed in periodontitis tissues of subjects with type 2 DM, suggesting a possible role of this cytokine on the pathogenesis DM-related periodontitis.

Avaliação do risco para desenvolvimento de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em estudantes universitários / Risk assessment for the development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in college students

Introdução:Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 é uma doença crônica, silenciosa, caracterizada por hiperglicemia causada pela produção insuficiente, ou resistência a ação da insulina. No Brasil, em 2017, diagnosticou 12,5 milhões de pessoas com diabetes mellitus, com uma prevalência de 8 a 9%, ocupando o quinto lugar no mundo. Dianteda transição nutricional, várias pesquisas tem demonstrado prevalência desta patologia em crianças, adolescentes e jovens. Objetivo:Identificar o risco de desenvolver Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 nos estudantes do curso de Biomedicina, da Faculdade Unigran Capital, Campo Grande, MS. Método:Trata-se de um Estudo Epidemiológico Descritivo Quantitativo Transversal, com uma amostra de 132 estudantes, através da aplicação de um questionário, determinação de glicemia capilar, coleta do peso, altura, cintura abdominal, e aferição da pressão arterial. Resultados:Foi identificado fatores de riscos importantes nos estudantes de biomedicina: obesidade, sedentarismo, hipertensão, consumo de dieta não saudável e a predisposição genética. Os homens apresentaram mais fatores dos que as mulheres, as faixas etárias mais jovens de 18-20 anos encontravam-se mais sedentários e mais obesos, e, as faixas etárias mais velhas apresentaram hipertensão e consumo de dieta não saudável. Conclusões:Há necessidade de promover medidas de prevenção: consumo de dieta saudável e prática de atividade física entre os estudantes, para evitar o desenvolvimento desta patologia (AU).

Introduction:Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic silent disease characterized by hyperglycemia caused by insufficient production, or resistance to the action of insulin. In Brazil, in 2017, diagnosed 12.5 million people with Diabetes Mellitus, with prevalence of 8 to9%, ranking fifth in the world. Faced with the nutritional transition, several studies have demonstrated the prevalence of this pathology in children, adolescents and young people. Objective:To identify the risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus instudents of Biomedicine, Faculty of Unigran Capital, Campo Grande, MS.Methods:This is an Epidemiological Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study, with a sample of 132 students, through the application of a questionnaire, determination of capillary glycemia, weight, height, abdominal waist, and blood pressure measurement. Results:: Important risk factors were identified in biomedicine students: obesity, sedentary lifestyle, hypertension, consumption of unhealthy diet and genetic predisposition. Males presentedmore factors than females, the younger age groups of 18-20 years were more sedentary and more obese, and the older age groups presented hypertension and unhealthy diet consumption.Conclusions:There is a need to promote prevention measures: consumption of healthy diet and practice of physical activity among students, to avoid the development of this pathology (AU).

Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y toxicidad por quimioterapia en adultos mayores con cáncer prostático / Type 2 Diabetes mellitus and chemotherapy toxicity in older adults with prostate cancer

Introducción: Siendo el cáncer prostático una neoplasia prevalente, el envejecimiento es un factor para la toxicidad quimioterapéutica, adicionalmente puede incrementarse por enfermedades crónicas, destacando la diabetes. A pesar de estos conocimientos, no hay estudios que evalúen la asociación entre la diabetes y el riesgo de toxicidad quimioterapéutica en estos pacientes. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 y riesgo de toxicidad por quimioterapia en adultos mayores con cáncer prostático del Servicio de Geriatría del Centro Médico Naval del Perú. Material y métodos: Estudio analítico de cohorte retrospectiva, análisis secundario de una base de datos. Se evaluaron los efectos adversos de quimioterapia y factores asociados de 161 marinos retirados con cáncer prostático entre 2013 y 2015. Se construyó un modelo de regresión de Cox sobre la toxicidad ajustado por el antecedente de diabetes, edad, antecedentes patológicos, antecedentes de consumo de tabaco, circunferencia de pantorrilla, actividad física, dependencia para ABVD, caídas, polifarmacia, fragilidad y vulnerabilidad. Resultados: El 23.6 por ciento presentó diabetes. La prevalencia de fragilidad fue del 39.7 por ciento y de vulnerabilidad, de 24.2 por ciento(G8) y 26.71 por ciento (VES-13). Los efectos adversos frecuentes fueron gastrointestinales (13.04 por ciento) y hematológicos (8.07 por ciento). Mediante el modelo de regresión ajustado, el antecedente de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, 3 o más antecedentes patológicos, antecedente de consumo de tabaco, circunferencia de pantorrilla, actividad física, dependencia de ABVD, caídas, polifarmacia, vulnerabilidad y fragilidad presentaron asociación significativa. Conclusiones: El antecedente de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 es un factor predictivo para el riesgo de toxicidad por quimioterapia en adultos mayores con cáncer prostático(AU)

Introduction: Prostate cancer is considered a predominant type of neoplasia and aging is a factor for chemotherapeutic toxicity, which can increase due to chronic diseases, particularly diabetes. Despite all this knowledge, there are no studies to evaluate the association between diabetes and the risk of chemotherapeutic toxicity in these patients. Objective: To determine the association between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the risk of chemotherapy toxicity in in older adults with prostate cancer in the Geriatric Service of the Peruvian Naval Medical Center. Material and methods: Analytical retrospective cohort study and secondary database analysis. The adverse effects of chemotherapy and the associated factors of 161 retired sailors with prostate cancer were evaluated between 2013 and 2015. Cox Regression Model for Adjusted Toxicity was constructed for antecedents of diabetes, age, pathological antecedents, smoking antecedents, calf circumference, physical activity, dependence on ABVD, falls, polypharmacy, fragility, and vulnerability. Results: The 23.6 percent of patients had diabetes. The prevalence of fragility was 39.7 percent and the one of vulnerability was 24.2 percent (G8) and 26.71 percent (VES-13). The frequent adverse effects were: gastrointestinal (13.04 percent) and hematological (8.07 percent). The most significant associations by adjusted regression model were the antecedent of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, 3 or more pathological antecedents, smoking antecedents, calf circumference, physical activity, dependence on ABVD, falls, polypharmacy, fragility, and vulnerability. Conclusions: The antecedent of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a predictive factor for the risk of chemotherapy toxicity in older adults with prostate cancer(AU)

Relationship Between Glycemic Control and Coated Tongue in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Xerostomia

Abstract Objective: To examine the relationship between the level of glycemic control and coated tongue in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with xerostomia. Material and Methods: This study was an analytical survey and involved 64 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, aged between 17 to 65 years old with 34 males and 30 females. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was determined from the patient's medical records. The level of glycemic control was obtained from the patient's last blood sugar examination. Xerostomia was diagnosed with a questionnaire, while coated tongue diagnosis based on clinical features and the severity of coated tongue was assessed using the Kojima index Results: There was a significant relationship between the level of glycemic control and coated tongue (p=0.0026) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with xerostomia. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between the level of glycemic control and the severity of the coated tongue (p=0.001). Specifically, poor glycemic control was associated with a higher occurrence of the coated tongue as well as more severe tongue coating Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between the level of glycemic control in and coated tongue in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with xerostomia. Therefore, diabetes mellitus patients should control their level of glycemic control to prevent the oral complication of the disease.

Evaluation of oral health-related quality of life in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of oral problems on the quality of life of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted with a random sample of 302 individuals with DM2 who answered the Oral Health Impact Profile 14 (OHIP-14) questionnaire as well as a questionnaire addressing socioeconomic and oral health characteristics. After filling out the questionnaires, the participants were submitted to a clinical dental examination Periodontal diseases, dental caries and edentulism. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis and logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of impact on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) was 47%. In the multivariate analysis, the variables that remained significantly associated with a negative impact on quality of life were xerostomia (OR= 2.15; 95% CI: 1.07-4.30), denture need (OR= 3.71; 95% CI: 1.17-11.73) and periodontitis (OR= 5.02; 95% CI: 2.19-11.52). Conclusion: The prevalence rate of impact on OHRQoL was high in the sample studied. Xerostomia, denture need and periodontitis posed a risk of negative impact on the quality of life of individuals with DM2, independently of socioeconomic status

Efeitos fotodinâmicos da curcumina no tratamento de bolsas residuais de pacientes portadores de periodontite crônica e diabetes mellitus tipo 2: estudo de boca dividida randomizado / Photodynamic effects of curcumin in the treatment of residual pockets in patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized and controlled split mouth clinical trial

Introdução: A presença de bolsas residuais representa um fator de risco preditor de progressão da doença periodontal. A presença de Diabetes Mellitus (DM) aumenta a prevalência de periodontite e influencia negativamente na capacidade de reparo tecidual. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a eficácia clínica da terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT) com curcumina e LED, como terapia coadjuvante à raspagem e alisamento radicular (RAR), no tratamento de bolsas residuais de pacientes com DM tipo 2. Métodos: Para este estudo clínico controlado randomizado de boca dividida, vinte e cinco pacientes foram selecionados. Em cada paciente, todas as bolsas residuais com profundidade de sondagem (PS) ≥5 mm e sangramento à sondagem (SS), por quadrante, foram aleatoriamente alocados para receber: 1) RAR (grupo RAR); 2) RAR e irrigação com solução de curcumina (grupo CUR); 3) RAR e irradiação com LED (grupo LED); 4) RAR e terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (grupo aPDT). Para a aPDT, utilizou-se solução de curcumina (100 mg/L) seguida de irradiação com LED (InGaN, 465 - 485 nm, 100 mW/cm2, 60 segundos). Os parâmetros clínicos de PS, recessão gengival (RG), nível de inserção clínica (NIC), SS e índice de placa visível (IP) foram avaliados no início (baseline), 3 e 6 meses após os tratamentos. Resultados: Na comparação intergrupo, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante nos valores médios dos parâmetros clínicos avaliados (PS, RG, NIC, SS e IP) no início do estudo (baseline), aos 3 e 6 meses (p > 0,05). De forma semelhante, não houve diferença na média de redução de PS e ganho de NIC aos 3 e 6 meses comparados ao início (baseline) (p > 0,05). A análise intragrupo revelou que em todos os grupos de tratamento houve redução da PS e SS aos 3 e 6 meses (p < 0,05). Todos os grupos demonstram redução do IP, mas no grupo LED só foi estatisticamente significante aos 6 meses (p < 0,05). Nenhum grupo apresentou diferença na RG nos períodos avaliados (p > 0,05). Apenas nos grupos aPDT e LED houve melhora significativa do NIC aos 3 meses (aPDT 4,95 ± 2,33; LED 4,41 ± 1,98) em comparação aos dados iniciais (aPDT 6,71 ± 1,85; LED 6,85 ± 1,61) (p < 0,05). Conclusão: aPDT ou irradiação com LED, como coadjuvantes à RAR, promoveram benefícios clínicos a curto prazo no tratamento de bolsas residuais de pacientes portadores de diabetes tipo 2. Apesar disso, os benefícios clínicos poderiam ser relacionados apenas ao efeito fotobiomodulador após irradiação tecidual com LED(AU)

Introduction: Residual pockets represent a risk factor for periodontal disease progression, which is exacerbated by Diabetes Mellitus (DM) by increasing the prevalence of periodontal disease and negatively influencing healing capacity. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with curcumin and LED, as an adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planing (SRP), in the treatment of residual pockets in patients with type 2 DM. Methods: A randomized and controlled split-mouth clinical trial was conducted with twenty-five patients. In each patient, all residual pockets with probing depth (PD) ≥5 mm and bleeding on probing (BOP), per quadrant, were randomly allocated to receive: 1) SRP (SRP group); 2) SRP and irrigation with curcumin solution (CUR group); 3) SRP and LED irradiation (LED group); 4) SRP and aPDT (aPDT group). The aPDT was performed with curcumin solution (100 mg/L) followed by LED irradiation (InGaN, 465 - 485 nm, 100 mW/cm2, 60 seconds). Clinical parameters of PD, gingival recession (GR), clinical attachment level (CAL), BOP and visible plaque index (PI) were evaluated at baseline, 3 and 6 months post-therapies. Results: In an intergroup comparison, the mean values for PD, GR, CAL, BOP and PI were not different at baseline, 3 and 6 months (p > 0.05). Similarly, the mean difference in the reduction of PD and CAL gain between baseline and 3 or 6 months were not statistically different (p > 0.05). The intragroup comparison showed reduction in PD and BOP in all treatment groups at 3 and 6 months (p < 0.05). All treatment groups showed reduction in PI, but in the LED group the difference was statistically significant only at 6 months (p < 0.05). Mean GR did not differ in any intervention group throughout the study (p > 0.05). Only aPDT and LED groups showed CAL gain at 3 months (aPDT 4.95 ± 2.33, LED 4.41 ± 1.98) in comparison to baseline data (aPDT 6.71 ± 1.85, LED 6.85 ± 1.61) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: aPDT or LED irradiation, as adjunctive therapies to SRP, may yield shortterm clinical benefits in the treatment of residual pockets in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the clinical improvements may be related to the photobiomodulatory effects of LED irradiation(AU)

Efeitos da terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT) em múltiplas sessões no tratamento da periodontite em pacientes diabéticos tipo 2: estudo clínico controlado randomizado / Effects of multiple applications of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the periodontitis treatment in diabetic type 2 patients: randomized controlled trial

Introdução: Diabetes melito e periodontite crônica são doenças crônicas comuns que apresentam uma relação bidirecional entre si. A terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT) apresenta-se como uma terapia que promove redução bacteriana e pode aumentar os benefícios da terapia periodontal. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar, por meio de análise clínica, o uso de múltiplas aplicações da aPDT como terapia coadjuvante ao tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico no tratamento da periodontite em pacientes diabéticos tipo 2. Métodos: Trinta e quatro pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 descompensados portadores de periodontite crônica foram selecionados e randomicamente divididos em dois grupos: Grupo RAR (n=17): pacientes que receberam raspagem e alisamento radicular (RAR) em sessão única. Grupo RAR+aPDT (n=17): pacientes que receberam RAR em sessão única seguido de 3 aplicações de aPDT (0h, 48h e 96h) após o término da RAR nas bolsas moderadas e profundas. Os exames clínicos foram realizados no início (baseline), 90 e 180 dias após o tratamento. Foram avaliados os parâmetros clínicos de profundidade de sondagem (PS), nível de inserção clínica (NIC), recessão gengival (RG), sangramento à sondagem (SS) e índice de placa vísivel (IPV) de boca toda. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística. Resultados: Aos 90 e 180 dias foi verificada melhora significativa em PS e SS em ambos os grupos (p<0,05). No grupo RAR+aPDT, houve redução estatisticamente significante do número de bolsas com PS≥5mm e com sangramento aos 90 e 180 dias (p<0,05). Ambos os grupos reduziram o número de bolsas moderadas, a média de PS em bolsas moderadas nos dois períodos avaliados e a média de PS em bolsas profundas aos 90 dias (p<0,05). Apenas o grupo RAR+aPDT reduziu a média de PS de bolsas profundas aos 180 após o tratamento (p<0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados de presente estudo indicam que o uso de múltiplas sessões de aPDT, como terapia coadjuvante no tratamento periodontal de pacientes diabéticos descompensados portadores de periodontite crônica, promove benefícios clínicos adicionais(AU)

Background: Diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis are common chronic diseases that have a two-way relationship with each other. The antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) presents itself as a therapy, which promotes bacterial reduction and can increase the benefits of periodontal therapy. The aim of this study was to compare, through clinical analysis, the use of multiple applications of the aPDT as adjunct therapy to non-surgical periodontal treatment in the treatment of periodontitis in diabetic type 2 patients. Methods: Thirty-four patients with decompensated diabetic type 2 and chronic periodontitis were selected and randomly divided into two groups: SRP Group (n=17): patients who received scaling and root planing (SRP); SRP+aPDT Group (n=17): patients who received SRP and aPDT (0h, 48h and 96h) in moderated and deep pockets. Clinical parameters analyzed were probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival resection (GR), bleeding on probing (BOP) and plaque index (PI) at baseline, 90 and 180 days after treatment. The data were statistically analyzed. Results: There was a significant reduction in PD and BOP of the full mouth at 90 and 180 days after treatment in both groups (p<0.05). SRP+aPDT group presented a significant reduction of number of residual pockets at 90 and 180 days (p<0.05). Both groups reduced number of moderated pockets, mean of PD of moderated pockets at two periods and mean of PS in deep pockets at 90 days (p<0.05). Only SRP+aPDT group reduced mean of deep pockets 180 days after treatment (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of present study indicate that the use of multiples sessions of aPDT adjunct therapy in periodontal treatment in diabetics patients with chronic periodontitis promotes additional clinical benefits(AU)