Endodontic file separation and its management among dentists in Punjab, Pakistan: a cross-sectional study

The study aimed to find the incidence and awareness of endodontic instrument separation and its management among dental house officers, postgraduate trainees, demonstrators, consultants, and general dentists. Methods: This online questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted with the approval of the IRB in private and public dental hospitals and dental clinics in Punjab. The authors developed the survey tool, which comprises 24 closed-ended items regarding demographics, the incidence of file separation, and awareness about its management. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 24. The Chi-Square Test was used to compare percentages of categorical variables. Results: Postgraduate trainees experienced the most instrument separations (43.6%), made the most retrieval attempts (49.2%), and experienced the most secondary errors during retrieval (52.1%) (p<0.001). Around four out of ten respondents always informed the patients (39.6%) and department (41.6%) about errors. Manual files (69.8%), stainless steel files (75.8%), and short files (60.4%) were more frequently separated, and the most frequent cause was older fatigue files (57.7%). Manual files were more frequently broken in public dental institutes (p=0.003). Two-thirds of the file separations (72.5%) occurred during cleaning and shaping in the apical third of molars (65.1%), especially in mesiolingual canal (56.4%). Bypass attempt was the most common in symptomatic teeth (47.7%). Conclusions: Preventive approaches such as limiting file reuse and constructing a glide path can reduce the occurrence of file separation. Operators should be familiar with the number of uses of the instrument before fatigue and should be trained through workshops and refresher courses

A incidência de osteorradionecrose em pacientes com câncer de cavidade oral tratados por radioterapia de intensidade modulada (IMRT): uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise / The incidence of osteoradionecrosis in oral cavity cancer patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Os valores de incidência de osteorradionecrose dos maxilares reportados ao longo das últimas décadas variaram. Nos estudos que reportam baixos valores de incidência de osteorradionecrose através do uso de técnicas de radioterapia, que começaram a entregar altas dose de radiação ao volume tumoral alvo poupando tecidos circunjacentes sadios, os cânceres de cavidade oral frequentemente estão atrelados a maior parte dos casos, tornando a realidade dos resultados de incidência contraditórios, uma vez que a presença de coortes mistas, com cânceres em diferentes localizações de cabeça e pescoço, dão poucos ou nenhum dado específico para os pacientes com câncer de cavidade oral. Com o objetivo de avaliar a incidência de osteorradionecrose em pacientes com câncer de cavidade oral tratados com a radioterapia de intensidade modulada e os fatores de risco que influenciam no desenvolvimento e subsequentemente, a incidência culmulativa de osteorradionecrose, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise da literatura registrada na plataforma preferenciais para revisão sistemática e metanálise sob o registro de protocoloco CRD42021295524. Inicialmente foram elaboradas estratégias de buscas para seis bases de dados, que resultaram em 884 artigos, posteriormente transportados para o aplicativo online Rayyan® para a primeira seleção. Após a exclusão de 200 duplicatas, 689 registros foram avaliados por título e resumo, sendo eleitos para análise completa do texto, 87. Por fim, 11 estudos foram incluídos para a síntese qualitativa e desses, 6 foram incluídos também para a síntese quantitativa. Em 1.434 pacientes com câncer de cavidade oral tratados por radioterapia de intensidade modulada, 150 desenvolveram osteorradionecrose. A incidências brutas individuais dos estudos variaram de 0 a 20,7%, com tempo médio entre o fim da radioterapia e o diagnóstico de osteorradionecrose de 31,7±9,7 meses em um acompanhamento médio de 46,2±13,1 meses. Os fatores mais correlacionados ao desenvolvimento da osteorradionecrose foram cirurgia préradioterapia (12%), tumores localizados em assoalho bucal ou língua (4%), carcinoma de células escamosas (42%) e mandíbula (80%). A meta-análise dos 6 estudos revelou a incidência acumulada de 8% (I2 = 0%, t2 = 0, p = 0,84). Oito dos 11 artigos incluídos tiveram o risco de viés avaliados como moderado e três como baixo. Podemos concluir que a radioterapia de intensidade modulada foi efetiva na preservação dos ossos da mandíbula e maxila que resultou em um baixo índice de incidência de osteorradionecrose em um sítio de alto risco como a cavidade oral. (AU)

The reported incidence values of jaw osteoradionecrosis have varied over the past decades. In studies reporting low incidence rates of osteoradionecrosis through the use of radiotherapy techniques that started delivering high radiation doses to the target tumor volume while sparing surrounding healthy tissues, oral cavity cancers are often associated with the majority of cases. This has led to contradictory incidence results, as the presence of mixed cohorts, with cancers in different head and neck locations, provides limited to no specific data for patients with oral cavity cancer. In order to assess the incidence of osteoradionecrosis in oral cavity cancer patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy and the risk factors influencing its development and subsequent cumulative incidence, a systematic review with meta-analysis of the literature registered in the preferred platform for systematic review and meta-analysis under protocol registration CRD42021295524 was conducted. Initially, search strategies were developed for six databases, resulting in 884 articles, which were subsequently imported into the online Rayyan® application for the initial selection. After excluding 200 duplicates, 689 records were evaluated by title and abstract, with 87 selected for full-text analysis. Finally, 11 studies were included for qualitative synthesis, and of those, 6 were also included for quantitative synthesis. Among 1,434 oral cavity cancer patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy, 150 developed osteoradionecrosis. Individual raw incidence rates in the studies ranged from 0 to 20.7%, with a mean time between the end of radiotherapy and osteoradionecrosis diagnosis of 31.7±9.7 months in an average follow-up of 46.2±13.1 months. The factors most correlated with osteoradionecrosis development were preradiotherapy surgery (12%), tumors located in the floor of the mouth or tongue (4%), squamous cell carcinoma (42%), and mandibular involvement (80%). Meta-analysis of the 6 studies revealed a cumulative incidence of 8% (I2 = 0%, t2 = 0, p = 0.84). Eight of the 11 included articles had their bias risk assessed as moderate, and three as low. In conclusion, intensity-modulated radiotherapy was effective in preserving the jaw and maxilla bones, resulting in a low incidence of osteoradionecrosis in a high-risk site like the oral cavity (AU)

Risk Factors for the Incidence of Dental Caries in Low, Very Low, and Extremely Low Birth Weight Children: A Cohort Study

Abstract Objective: To assess the incidence of caries in a two-year period among low birth weight (LBW), very low birth weight (VLBW), and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) children considering socioeconomic indicators, dietary factors and oral hygiene. Material and Methods: A convenience sample was formed of 42 low birth weight children aged two to five years at baseline. Two examiners diagnosed caries using the World Health Organization criteria. Birth weight, socioeconomic indicators and diet were collected from medical records and questionnaires. Binomial models were used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted rate ratios (RR) and respective 95% confidence intervals for the factors evaluated. Results: Thirty-six children were re-examined after two years. The incidence of dental caries was 36.7%. The dmft index was 0.44 (±1.25) at baseline and increased to 1.36 (±3.85) at follow-up. VLBW children (1,000 to 1,500 g) (RR=0.23; 95%CI: 0.08-0.72) and LBW children (1,500 to 2,500 g) (RR=0.06; 0.01-0.55) had fewer carious lesions compared to ELBW children (<1,000 g). Carious lesions were more frequent among children with a lower income (RR=6.05; 1.05-34.84) and less frequent among those who did not consume sweetened juice, tea or yogurt (RR: 0.21; 0.07-0.62). Conclusion: An inverse dose-response relation was found between birth weight and the incidence of caries. A lower income and the consumption of sweetened beverages were risk factors for the development of caries (AU).

Recent HIV infections: evaluation of a simple identification score for newly diagnosed patients

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Recognize incident infection to better characterize the groups that fuel HIV epidemic. We propose a simple score to identify recent infections among newly diagnosed patients as a HIV surveillance tool. METHODS Newly diagnosed patients were defined as recent infections when a negative serological test in the previous year was available. Laboratory tests, such as the avidity index (Bio-Rad, according to the CEPHIA protocol), chemiluminescent intensity (CMIA, architect, Abbott), and the nucleotide ambiguity index of partial pol sequences were used as proxies of recency. A simple score based on clinical symptoms of acute retroviral syndrome during the previous year, CD4+ T cell count, and viral load at admission was tested to assess the predictive power, using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, to identify recent cases of infection. RESULTS We evaluated 204 recently diagnosed patients who were admitted to the Ambulatório de Referência em Moléstias Infecciosas de Santo André (Santo André Reference Infectious Diseases Outpatient Clinic), in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil, recruited between 2011 and 2018. An HIV-negative test in the year prior to enrollment was documented in 37% of participants. The proportion of cases classified as recent infections (less than one year), according to the laboratory proxies were: 37% (67/181) for an avidity index < 40%, 22% (30/137) for a CMIA < 200, and 68% (124/181) for an ambiguity index < 0.5%. Using different combinations of recency definitions, our score showed an area under the ROC curve from 0.66 to 0.87 to predict recency. CONCLUSIONS Using data from patients' interviews and routine laboratory tests at admission, a simple score may provide information on HIV recency and thus, a proxy for HIV incidence to guide public policies. This simple for the Brazilian public health system and other low- and middle-income countries.

ELSA-Brasil: a 4-year incidence of hearing loss in adults with and without hypertension

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence of hearing loss among adults stratified by the occurrence of hypertension, and to investigate the association between hypertension and hearing loss. METHODS Longitudinal observational study, part of the Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil, Longitudinal Study on Adult's Health). Data from the first and second waves were analyzed, including information from audiological assessment and general health of the subjects. As outcome, we considered the presence of hearing loss (hearing thresholds above 25 dBHL at frequencies from 500 Hz to 8 kHz) and, as exposure variable, hypertension (report of medical diagnosis of hypertension; and/or use of drugs to treat hypertension; and/or pressure systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg; or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg). As covariables for adjustment were considered: sex, age, education, race / ethnicity, income, smoking, diabetes, and occupational exposure to noise. Poisson regression analysis was conducted, estimating the crude and adjusted relative risks, with 95% confidence intervals, in order to assess the factors associated with hearing loss. RESULTS In crude analyses, the incidence of hearing loss was higher for subjects with hypertension (9.7% versus 5.4%). The crude relative risks for hearing loss was almost double (1.93; 95%CI: 1.10-3.39) for subjects with hypertension in the right ear. In the adjusted analyses, the relative risks was not significant for the hypertension variable (1.42; 95%CI: 0.75-2.67). Being 60 years or older (RR: 5.41; 95%CI: 2.79-10.50) showed a statistically significant association with hearing loss, indicating that older adults have higher relative risks for hearing loss. CONCLUSION In the adjusted analyses controlled for multiple risk factors there was no association between hypertension and hearing loss. The dichotomous variable age (being 60 years or older), on the other hand, has shown a significant association with hearing loss.

Perfil epidemiológico HIV/AIDS no estado do piauí em 2019 / Epidemiological Profile HIV/AIDS In The Piauí State In 2019 / Perfil Epidemiológico VIH/SIDA En El Estado Piauí En 2019

Introdução:O vírus da imunodeficiência Humana e a Síndrome daImunodeficiência Adquirida (HIV/Aids) ainda é expressivamente presente em grupos que sofrem de vulnerabilidades sociais, sendo umdesafio ainda não superado, principalmente no que diz respeito ao desempenho de ações de saúde e por parte dos gestores no sentidoda realização de prevenções amplas, baseadas nos contextos epidemiológicos das comunidades, cabendo também considerar os problemasde estrutura da rede de saúde para com o manejo diagnóstico, contextos de desigualdade e gênero que são as principais influencias para o desenvolvimento da doença.Objetivo:observar por meio de indicadores o panorama da situação do HIV/Aids no Piauí no ano de 2019. Metodologia:Estudo epidemiológico realizado através da plataforma do Departamento de informática do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foram consultadosdados referentes ao período de 2019do Estado do Piauí. Utilizou-se os indicadores de incidência, sexo, raça/cor, faixa etária, escolaridade e exposição, com foco nas taxas de incidência, óbitos e letalidade. Os dados foram agrupados e tabulados por meio dos programas Excel e Tabwin, utilizandoo método de análise a técnica de percentagem.Resultados:No período vigente, o Estado apresentou 207 novos casos. A incidência foi de 6,32/100.000 habitantes, tendo maior detecção parao público masculino (73,91%), faixa etária de 30-39 anos, maior predominância da população parda, escolaridade de ensino médio completo e heterossexuais. Quanto a mortalidade, foram notificados134 óbitos por HIV, predominante para o sexo masculino. A Letalidade mostrou que 65% foram realmente afetadas pela doença.Conclusões:O perfil epidemiológico dos casos de HIV/Aids no Piauí foi caracterizado pela prevalência emdeterminados grupos, demonstrando que apesar da existência de políticas públicas que buscam a prevenção da doença, essa realidade ainda é presente nos dias atuais. Ressalta-se a importância da realização de estudos epidemiológicos para comparação e analise situacionais futuras (AU).

Introduction:The Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/Aids) is still significantly present in groups that suffer from social vulnerabilities, being a challenge that has not yet been overcome, especially with regard to the performance of health actions and by the managers in the sense of carrying out comprehensive prevention, based on the epidemiological contexts of the communities, and it is also necessary to consider the problems of the structure of the health network in terms of diagnostic management, contexts of inequality and gender, which are the main influences on the development of the disease. Objective: observe through indicators the panorama of the situation of HIV/Aidsin Piauí in theyear 2019. Methodology:Epidemiological study carried out through the platform of the Information Technology Department of the Unified Health System. Data for the period 2019 in the State of Piauí were consulted. Indicators of incidence, sex, race/color, age, education and exposure were used, focusing on incidence rates, deaths and lethality. Data were grouped and tabulated using Excel and Tabwin programs, using the method of analysis and the percentage technique. Results: In the current period, the State presented 207 new cases. The incidence was 6.32/100,000 inhabitants, with greater detection for the male population (73.91%), age group 30-39 years, greater predominance of the brown population, complete high school education and heterosexuals. As for mortality, 134 deaths from HIV were reported, predominantly for males. Lethality showed that 65% were actually affected by the disease.Conclusions: The epidemiological profile of HIV/Aidscases in Piauí was characterized by the prevalence in certain groups, demonstrating that despite the existence of public policies that seek to prevent the disease, this reality is still present today. The importance of conducting epidemiological studies for future situational comparison and analysis is highlighted (AU).

Introducción: El Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humanael Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (VIH/Sida) sigue estando presente de manera significativa en grupos que padecen vulnerabilidades sociales, siendo un desafío aún no superado, especialmente en lo que respecta al desempeño de las acciones de salud y por el gestores en el sentido de realizar una prevención integral, con base en los contextos epidemiológicos de las comunidades, y también es necesario considerar los problemas de la estructura de la red de salud en términos de gestión diagnóstica, contextos de desigualdad y género, que son los principales influencias en desarrollo deenfermedad. Objetivo: observar indicadores a través del panoramade situación del VIH/Sidaen Piauí en el año 2019. Metodología: Estudio epidemiológico realizado a través de la plataforma del Departamento de Tecnología de la Información del Sistema Único de Salud. Se consultó la fecha para el período 2019 enEstado de Piauí. Se utilizaron indicadores de incidencia, sexo, raza/color, edad, educación y exposición, centrándose en las tasas de incidencia, las muertes y letalidad. Los datos se agruparon, tabularon medianteprogramas Excel y Tabwin, utilizando método de análisis ytécnica de porcentaje. Resultados: Enperíodo actual, el Estado presentó 207 nuevos casos. La incidencia fue de 6,32/100.000 habitantes, con mayor detecciónpara población masculina (73,91%), grupo etario 30-39 años, mayor predominio de la población morena, bachillerato completo y heterosexuales. En cuantola mortalidad, se reportaron 134 muertes por VIH, predominantemente por males. La letalidad mostró que el 65% estaba realmente afectadopor enfermedad. Conclusiones: El perfil epidemiológico delos casos de VIH/Sida en Piauí se caracterizó porprevalencia de ciertos grupos, demostrando que a pesar de la existencia de políticas públicas que buscan prevenir la enfermedad, esta realidad sigue presenteen actualidad. Se destacaimportancia de realizar estudios epidemiológicos para futuros análisis y comparaciones situacionales (AU).

Pandemia por COVID-19 no Brasil e Espanha: tendências, fatores políticos e contextuais / COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil and Spain: trends, political and contextual factors

Introdução: A infecção pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2, que provoca a Coronavírus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), desencadeou uma pandemia, que já causou mais de 4,77 milhões de vítimas fatais pelo mundo, até o dia 17 de agosto de 2021. As consequências da doença, entretanto, extrapolam a área da saúde, e ocasionam crises de ordem civil, econômica e política no mundo. Objetivos: avaliar a pandemia por COVID-19, através da análise das tendências na Espanha, e no Brasil, analisar a correlação de fatores políticos, como corrupção, e governança aos indicadores da doença e de vacinação, e promover um levantamento das legislações brasileiras relacionadas a medidas de isolamento. Metodologia: Foram realizados estudos observacionais, com dados agregados de casos novos, hospitalizações, internações em UTI, casos recuperados e mortes para a Espanha e suas comunidades autônomas, e de casos e mortes no Brasil, em seus estados e nas respectivas capitais, para avaliação das tendências, através do método de joinpoint, em busca de avaliar mudanças ao longo do tempo. Em cada país, as informações estão publicamente disponíveis em seus respectivos Ministérios da Saúde, ao passo que os dados populacionais foram obtidos nos Institutos de Estatística dos 2 países. A análise de fatores políticos foi realizada por meio de Análise de Componentes Principais de um banco constituído por linkage de dados mundiais. As variáveis dependentes foram reduzidas a dois componentes (de vacinação e de morbimortalidade) e foi realizada correlação, a regressão linear, e regressão linear múltipla, com significância para p<0,05. Quanto às legislações, foi promovido o levantamento dos principais decretos estaduais brasileiros relacionados ao distanciamento social. Resultados: na Espanha, foi observada, após o estabelecimento de lockdown nacional, uma redução dos indicadores para todas as suas comunidades autônomas no período estudado. A média de dias necessários para mudança no padrão de tendências foi de 18,33 dias para taxas de mortalidade. Comunidades que estavam com menos casos e óbitos no momento do lockdown tiveram suas consequências minimizadas. Para o Brasil, seus estados e capitais, em que não houve padronização das medidas tomadas, a redução demorou aproximadamente 6 meses para início de mudança na curva. As medidas governamentais do início da pandemia mostraram a diversidade de tomada de decisões entre os estados. O país vivenciou desafios relacionados ao acesso ao sistema de saúde (desigual entre os estados), à aceitação da vacinação e à crise econômica, agravada pela polarização da população e pelos problemas já existentes antes da pandemia. Quanto à análise dos fatores políticos, a governança, e o controle da corrupção, associaram-se positivamente à vacinação, ao passo que a morbimortalidade se associou de modo negativo ao controle da corrupção. A avaliação das legislações relacionadas ao distanciamento social demonstrou que todos os estados aplicaram medidas restritivas, de modo descentralizado. Conclusões: a análise da pandemia é complexa e denota haver influência de múltiplos fatores. Por meio dos estudos realizados, percebeu-se a importância de decisões assertivas em prol da minimização das consequências já sofridas pelas populações. A colaboração mundial continua sendo primordial no atual momento, em que a vacinação surge como perspectiva de finalização da pandemia (AU).

Introduction: Infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), triggered a pandemic, which has already caused more than 4.77 million deaths worldwide, until the August 17, 2021. The consequences of the disease, however, go beyond the health area, and cause civil, economic and political crises in the world. Objectives: Evaluate the COVID-19 pandemic through the analysis of trends in Spain and Brazil, analyze the correlation of political factors such as corruption and governance to disease and vaccination indicators, and promote the search for Brazilian legislation on isolation isolation measures. Methodology: Observational studies were carried out, with aggregated data of new cases, hospitalizations, ICU admissions, recovered cases and deaths for Spain and its autonomous communities, and cases and deaths in Brazil, in its states and in the respective capitals, for evaluation trends, using the joinpoint method, in order to assess changes over time. In each country, the information is publicly available in their respective Ministries of Health, while population data were obtained from the Statistical Institutes of the 2 countries. The analysis of political factors was performed through Principal Component Analysis of a database consisting of linkage of world data. The dependent variables were reduced to two components (vaccination and morbidity and mortality) and correlation, linear regression, and multiple linear regression were performed, with significance to p<0.05. As for legislation, the survey of the main Brazilian state decrees related to social distancing was promoted. Results: in Spain, after the establishment of a national lockdown, a reduction in indicators was observed for all its autonomous communities during the period studied. The average number of days needed to change the pattern of trends was 18.33 days for mortality rates. Communities that had fewer cases and deaths at the time of the lockdown had their consequences minimized. For Brazil, its states and capitals, where there was no standardization of the measures taken, the reduction took approximately 6 months for the beginning of the change in the curve. Government measures at the start of the pandemic showed the diversity of decision-making across states. The country experienced challenges related to access to the health system (unequal between states), acceptance of vaccination and the economic crisis, aggravated by the polarization of the population and the problems that existed before the pandemic. As for the analysis of political factors, governance and corruption control were positively associated with vaccination, while morbidity and mortality were negatively associated with corruption control. The evaluation of legislation related to social distancing showed that all states applied restrictive measures in a decentralized way. Conclusions: the analysis of the pandemic is complex and shows the influence of multiple factors Through the studies conducted, it was perceived the importance of assertive decisions in favor of minimizing the consequences already suffered by the populations. Global collaboration remains paramount at the present time, when vaccination is emerging as a perspective for ending the pandemic (AU).

Incidence of condylar resorption after bimaxillary, Lefort I, and mandibular surgery: an overview

Abstract The aim of the present overview was to evaluate the outcomes of systematic reviews to determine the incidence of condylar resorption in patients submitted to orthognathic surgery and analyze whether the risk of developing this condition is related to a specific type of surgery. Searches were conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane electronic databases for systematic reviews with quantitative data on condylar resorption due to any type of orthognathic surgery for dentoskeletal deformities published up to May 25, 2019. The AMSTAR 2 and Glenny tools were applied for the quality appraisal. Five systematic reviews were included for analysis. Only one article was considered to have high quality. Among a total of 5128 patients, 12.32% developed condylar resorption. From those patients, 70.1% had double jaw surgery, 23.4% had mandibular surgery alone, and in 6.5% a Lefort I technique was used. Based on these findings, bimaxillary surgery could be considered a risk factor for condylar resorption. However, these results should be interpreted with caution, since other factors, such as pre-operative skeletal deformities, type of movement, and type of fixation, can contribute to the development of this condition. Further studies should consider reporting main cephalometric data, temporomandibular diagnosis, hormonal levels, and tomographic measures before and after the surgery at least every 6 months during the firsts two years to identify accurately risk factors for condylar resorption.

The socio-environmental production of malaria in three municipalities in the Carajás region, Pará, Brazil / A produção socioambiental da malária em três municípios da região de Carajás, Pará, Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the environmental production of malaria in the municipalities of Marabá, Parauapebas, and Canaã dos Carajás, in Pará, from 2014 to 2018. METHODS This ecological, cross-sectional study used epidemiological data in the Sistema de Informações de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Malária (Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance Information System) from the Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Pará (State of Pará Health Department), cartographic data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), and environmental data in the Projeto TerraClass (TerraClass Project) from the National Institute of Space Research (INPE). Statistical analyses used the chi-square test, while the spatial ones, the kernel and Moran's (I) global bivariate techniques. RESULTS We analyzed a total of 437 confirmed cases of malaria in the selected area and period. The highest percentage of cases occurred among male miners and farmers, living in rural areas; Plasmodium vivax was the most frequent species; and the most used diagnosis, the thick drop/smear. We also observed a heterogeneous distribution of the disease — with evidence of spatial dependence between incidence areas and different forms of land use, and spatial autocorrelations related to the high variability of anthropic activities in the municipalities. CONCLUSION The environmental production of malaria relates mainly to cattle production and mining — anthropisms related to land use and occupation in the observed municipalities. Spatial data analysis technologies sufficed for the construction of the epidemiological scenario of the disease.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a produção ambiental da malária nos municípios de Marabá, Parauapebas e Canaã dos Carajás, no Pará, entre 2014 e 2018. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico e transversal a partir de dados epidemiológicos do Sistema de Informações de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Malária, da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Pará. Foram utilizados também dados cartográficos do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e ambientais do projeto TerraClass, do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). As análises estatísticas utilizaram o cálculo de percentuais e o teste qui-quadrado e as espaciais as técnicas de Kernel e de Moran global bivariado (I). RESULTADOS Foram analisados 437 casos confirmados de malária, na área e periodo de estudo. O maior percentual de casos ocorreu em indivíduos do sexo masculino, adultos, morador da zona rural, com atividades de garimpagem e agropecuária, sendo o Plasmodium vivax a espécie de maior frequência e o diagnóstico mais utilizado a gota espessa/esfregaço. A distribuição da malária não ocorreu de forma homogênea, com evidências de dependência espacial entre áreas com ocorrência de casos e diferentes tipos de uso da terra. Foram observadas também autocorrelações espaciais relacionadas à alta variabilidade dos tipos antropismos, ocorrida nos municípios. CONCLUSÃO A produção ambiental da malária está associada principalmente à pastagem e à mineração, antropismos relacionados às formas de uso e ocupação da terra nos municípios estudados. As tecnologias de análises de dados espaciais em saúde foram satisfatórias para a construção do cenário epidemiológico da doença.

Incidence and mortality from breast and cervical cancer in a Brazilian town / Incidência e mortalidade por câncer de mama e do colo do útero em um município brasileiro

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES To analyze the magnitude of changes in the incidence and mortality from cervical cancer (CC) and breast cancer (BC) in Campinas, São Paulo State, between the five-year periods of 1991-1995 and 2010-2014. METHODS data on cancer were obtained from the Campinas Population-Based Cancer Registry and data on deaths from the Mortality Information System of the Computing Department of the Unified Health System. Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were calculated by the direct method, with the respective 95% confidence intervals. The magnitude of the changes was measured by the rate ratio (rate ratio; 95%CI). RESULTS among the periods studied, there was a threefold increase in the detection rate of in situ CC (3.03; 95%CI: 2.64-3.47) and fivefold increase for in situ BC (5.23; 95%CI: 4.98-5.50). The proportion of cases of in situ BC in relation to the total number of cases of BC increased from 3.31% to 11.05%. The incidence rate of invasive CC decreased by 57% (0.43; 95%CI: 0.40-0.47), and the incidence rate of invasive BC increased by 40% (1.40; 95%CI: 1.33-1.47). The mortality rate of the CC decreased by 58% (0.42; 95%CI: 0.32-0.56), and that of BC by 15% (0.85; 95%CI: 0.82-0.89). CONCLUSION the incidence of in situ carcinomas of CC and BC increased in almost two decades. The rate of invasive carcinoma of CC decreased, and that of BC increased. Mortality from both cancers decreased. Observing these changes is useful for assessing the impact of the actions carried out in the period and for planning future actions.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS Analisar a magnitude das mudanças na incidência e mortalidade por câncer do colo do útero (CCU) e câncer de mama (CM) em Campinas (SP) entre os quinquênios 1991-1995 e 2010-2014. MÉTODOS Os dados sobre câncer foram obtidos do Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional de Campinas e os dados sobre óbitos do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foram calculadas taxas de incidência e de mortalidade padronizadas por idade pelo método direto, com os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. Mensurou-se a magnitude das mudanças por meio da razão de taxas (RT). RESULTADOS Entre os períodos estudados, houve aumento de três vezes na taxa de detecção do CCU in situ (RT = 3,03; IC95% 2,64-3,47) e de 5 vezes para o CM in situ (RT = 5,23; IC95% 4,98-5,50). A proporção de casos de CM in situ em relação ao total de casos de CM aumentou de 3,31% para 11,05%. A taxa de incidência do CCU invasivo declinou em 57% (RT = 0,43; IC95% 0,40-0,47), e a do CM invasivo aumentou em 40% (RT = 1,40; IC95% 1,33-1,47). A taxa de mortalidade do CCU caiu em 58% (RT = 0,42; IC95% 0,32-0,56), e a do CM em 15% (RT = 0,85; IC95% 0,82-0,89). CONCLUSÃO A incidência de carcinomas in situ de CCU e CM aumentou nessas quase duas décadas. A taxa de carcinoma invasivo do CCU diminuiu, e a do CM aumentou. A mortalidade pelos dois cânceres foi reduzida. Observar essas alterações é útil para avaliar o impacto das ações realizadas no período e planejar ações futuras.

Temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence and its spatial distribution in Macapá - Amapá / Tendência temporal da incidência de tuberculose e sua distribuição espacial em Macapá-AP

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence after the implementation of the rapid molecular test (RMT-TB), to identify whether tuberculosis presents seasonal variation and to classify the territory according to case density and risk areas in Macapá, Amapá. METHODS: Ecological study of tuberculosis cases registered in the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN - Information System for Notifiable Diseases) between 2001 and 2017. We used the Prais-Winsten test to classify the temporal trend of incidence and the interrupted time series to identify changes in the temporal trend before and after the implementation of the rapid molecular test, and to verify seasonality in the municipality. The Kernel estimator was used to classify case density and scan statistics to identify areas of tuberculosis risk. RESULTS: A total of 1,730 cases were identified, with a decreasing temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence (−0.27% per month, 95%CI −0.13 to −0.41). The time series showed no change in level after the implementation of the GeneXpert®MTB/RIF molecular test; however, the incidence increased in the post-test period (+2.09% per month, 95%CI 0.92 to 3.27). Regarding the seasonal variation, it showed growth (+13.7%/month, 95%CI 4.71 to 23.87) from December to June, the rainy season - called amazon winter season -, and decrease (−9.21% per month, CI95% −1.37 to −16.63) in the other periods. We classified areas with high density of cases in the Central and Northern districts using Kernel and identified three protection clusters, SC1 (RR = 0.07), SC2 (RR = 0.23) and SC3 (RR = 0.36), and a high-risk cluster, SC4 (RR = 1.47), with the scan statistics. CONCLUSION: The temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence was decreasing in the time series; however, detection increased after the introduction of RMT-TB, and tuberculosis showed seasonal behavior. The case distribution was heterogeneous, with a tendency to concentrate in vulnerable and risk territories, evidencing a pattern of disease inequality in the territory.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar a tendência temporal da incidência da tuberculose após a implementação do teste rápido molecular, identificar se a tuberculose apresenta variação sazonal e classificar o território de acordo com a densidade de casos e as áreas de risco em Macapá-AP. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico composto por casos de tuberculose registrados no SINAN entre 2001 e 2017. Foi utilizado o teste Prais-Winsten para classificar a tendência temporal da incidência e a Série Temporal Interrompida para identificar mudanças na tendência temporal antes e depois da implementação do teste rápido molecular, além de verificar a sazonalidade no município. Utilizou-se o estimador de Kernel para classificar a densidade de casos e estatística de varredura para identificar áreas de risco da tuberculose. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 1730 casos, observando-se que a tendência temporal da incidência de tuberculose foi decrescente (-0,27% por mês, IC95% −0,13 a −0,41). Não houve mudança de nível na série temporal após a implantação do teste molecular GeneXpert® MTB/RIF, porém, o período pós teste foi classificado como crescente em termos da incidência (+2,09% por mês, IC95% 0,92 a 3,27). Quanto à variação sazonal, apresentou crescimento (+13,7%/mês, IC95% 4,71 a 23,87) nos meses de dezembro a junho, referente ao período de chuvas - chamado inverno amazônico - e decréscimo (-9,21% por mês, IC95% −1,37 a −16,63) nos demais períodos. Por meio de Kernel, foram classificadas áreas com alta densidade de casos nos distritos Central e Norte e, com a estatística de varredura, foram identificados três aglomerados de proteção, AE1 (RR = 0,07), AE2 (RR = 0,23) e AE3 (RR = 0,36), e um aglomerado de alto risco, AE4 (RR = 1,47). CONCLUSÃO: A tendência temporal da incidência de tuberculose se revelou decrescente na série temporal, todavia, um crescimento na detecção foi observado após introdução do TRM-TB, e ainda se evidenciou que há comportamento sazonal da tuberculose. A distribuição dos casos foi heterogênea, com tendência de concentração em territórios vulneráveis e de risco, evidenciando um padrão de desigualdade da doença no território.

Deaths and hospitalizations resulting from poisoning by prescription and over-the-counter drugs in Brazil / Óbitos e internações decorrentes de intoxicações por medicamentos com prescrição e isentos de prescrição, no Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of hospitalizations considering drug intoxication and the mortality of these diseases in Brazil, given trends from 2009 to 2018. METHODS: Data on hospital admissions and deaths come from DATASUS and demographic data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Hospital admissions with Autorização para Internação Hospitalar (AIH - Authorization for Hospital Admission) indicated as a procedure "treatment of intoxication or poisoning due to exposure to drugs and substances for non-drug use" were selected, with only cases of hospitalization due to drug intoxication being analyzed. The incidence of hospitalization and mortality were calculated separately for intoxications caused by medicamentos com prescrição (MRx - prescription drugs) and medicamentos isentos de prescrição (MIP - over-the-counter drugs). Rates were further stratified by sex, age group, and region of residence in Brazil. Trend analysis was performed by generalized linear regression using the Prais-Winsten method. RESULTS: MRx caused most hospitalizations (97%), with mortality approximately 50 times higher when compared to hospitalizations for MIP. The incidence trend in hospitalizations for MRx was stationary and mortality increased during the study period, whereas the trend in mortality and in the incidence of hospitalizations for MIP decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalizations for drug intoxication, especially those caused by MRx, have a great impact and importance on public health considering that prevention is possible.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Estimar a incidência de hospitalizações por intoxicação medicamentosa e a mortalidade desses agravos no Brasil, descrevendo as tendências de 2009 a 2018. MÉTODOS: Os dados de internações hospitalares e óbitos originam-se do DATASUS e os dados demográficos, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Foram selecionadas as internações hospitalares cuja Autorização para Internação Hospitalar (AIH) indicasse como procedimento "tratamento de intoxicação ou envenenamento por exposição a medicamento e substâncias de uso não medicamentoso", sendo analisados apenas os casos de hospitalização por intoxicação medicamentosa. A incidência de hospitalização e a mortalidade foram calculadas separadamente para intoxicações causadas por medicamentos com prescrição (MRx) e isentos de prescrição (MIP). As taxas foram ainda estratificadas por sexo, faixa etária e região de residência no Brasil. A análise de tendência foi realizada por regressão linear generalizada pelo método de Prais-Winsten. RESULTADOS: A maioria das internações foi causada por MRx (97%), com mortalidade aproximadamente 50 vezes maior, quando comparada às internações por MIP. A tendência da incidência das internações por MRx foi estacionária, mas a mortalidade aumentou durante o período estudado, enquanto a tendência na mortalidade e na incidência de internações por MIP foi decrescente. CONCLUSÕES: As internações por intoxicação medicamentosa, sobretudo aquelas causadas por MRx, têm grande impacto e importância na saúde pública, especialmente porque esses agravos podem ser prevenidos.

Profile of hospitalizations for neoplasms in the Brazilian Unified Health System: a time-series study / Perfil das internações por neoplasias no Sistema Único de Saúde: estudo de séries temporais

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Describe the profile of hospitalizations for cancer diagnosis in Brazil from 2008 to 2018 at Unified Health System (SUS). METHODS Time series study of hospitalization rate for malignant neoplasms at SUS. Data were extracted from the Hospital Information System of DataSUS. The trend was estimated using generalized linear regression, applying the Prais-Winsten estimation procedure. RESULTS From 2008 to 2018, the hospitalization rate for malignant neoplasms showed an increasing trend at SUS, with an annual variation of 10.7% (p < 0.001; CI = 9.4-11.7). An increasing trend of hospitalizations in all regions of Brazil was observed, except in the Northern region, which remained unchanged. The Northeastern region presented the highest annual variation (13.5%; p < 0.001), whereas the Southern and Southeastern regions had the highest hospitalization rates per 100,000 inhabitants, resulting in 506 and 325 hospitalizations, respectively. We observed a significant increasing trend in hospitalizations of children aged 0 to 9 years (annual variation = 10.9%; p < 0.001); young people, 10 and 19 years (annual variation = 6.9%; p < 0.001); and older adults; over 60 years (annual variation = 7.9%; p < 0.001). Among women, hospitalizations occurred mainly due to malignant neoplasm of the breast (annual variation = 13.2%; p < 0.001); and among men, malignant neoplasm of the prostate (annual variation = 4.7%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Hospitalizations for malignant neoplasms showed an increasing trend, in line with the increased incidence of cancer, in particular, the most frequent neoplasms between men and women. Although the Northeastern region showed the highest variation in the period, the Southern and Southeastern regions had the highest hospitalization rates in the country. We also observed an increase in hospitalizations among the young (between 0 and 19 years old) and older adults (over 60 years) population. Hospitalizations for neoplasm of the cervix in women, although still the third cause of hospitalizations, showed decreasing behavior.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever o perfil das internações pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) por diagnóstico de câncer no Brasil no período de 2008 a 2018. MÉTODOS Estudo de séries temporais da taxa de internação por neoplasias malignas no SUS. Os dados foram extraídos do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do DataSUS. A tendência foi estimada por regressão linear generalizada, aplicando o procedimento de Prais-Winsten. RESULTADOS No período de 2008 a 2018, a taxa de internação por neoplasias malignas apresentou tendência crescente no SUS, com variação anual de 10,7% (p < 0,001; IC = 9,4-11,7). Observou-se tendência crescente de internações em todas as regiões do Brasil, com exceção da região Norte, que apresentou comportamento estacionário. A região Nordeste foi a que apresentou maior variação anual (13,5%; p < 0,001), enquanto as regiões Sul e Sudeste apresentaram as maiores taxas de internação por 100 mil habitantes, 506 e 325 respectivamente. Observou-se tendência crescente significativa nas internações de crianças de 0 a 9 anos de idade (variação anual = 10,9%; p < 0,001), de jovens entre 10 e 19 anos (variação anual = 6,9%; p < 0,001) e de idosos acima de 60 anos (variação anual = 7,9%; p < 0,001). Entre as mulheres, as internações ocorreram majoritariamente por neoplasia maligna de mama (variação anual = 13,2%; p < 0,001), e entre os homens por neoplasia maligna de próstata (variação anual = 4,7%; p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO As internações por neoplasias malignas mostraram tendência crescente, em consonância com o aumento da incidência de câncer, em particular das neoplasias mais incidentes entre homens e mulheres. Apesar da região Nordeste ter apresentado maior variação no período, as regiões Sul e Sudeste apresentaram as maiores taxas de internação do país. Observou-se também aumento das internações entre a população jovem (entre 0 e 19 anos) e mais idosa (acima de 60 anos). As internações por neoplasias de colo de útero nas mulheres, embora ainda sejam a terceira causa de internações, apresentaram comportamento decrescente.

Mortality due to oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Uruguay from 1997 to 2014

Abstract Oral and oropharyngeal cancer is considered a public health problem in several countries due to its high incidence and mortality rate. Objective: This study aimed to analyze oral and oropharyngeal cancer mortality in Uruguay from 1997 to 2014 by age, sex and country region. Methodology: A time series ecological study using secondary data was performed. Data on mortality due to oral and oropharyngeal cancers were obtained from the Vital Statistics Department of Uruguay's Ministry of Public Health. Results: The cumulative mortality rate due to oral and oropharyngeal cancer over the study period was of 19.26/100,000 persons in women and 83.61/100.000 in men, with a mean annual rate of 1.75/100,000 in women and 7.60/100,000 in men. Mortality rate from both sites during the study period was 4.34 times higher in men than in women. Malignant neoplasms of other parts of the tongue and base of tongue showed the highest mortality rate. The means of the annual coefficients of deaths were higher for the age groups between 50 and 69 years. Higher mortality rates of oral and oropharyngeal cancer were observed in Artigas (4.63) and Cerro Largo (3.75). Conclusions: Our study described a high mortality rate for oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Uruguay from 1997 to 2014. According to the country's health department, men, tongue cancer, and oral cavity had higher mortality rates, with some variation. Prevention strategies with control of risk factors and early diagnosis are necessary to improve survival in the Uruguayan population.

Prospective analysis of craniofacial soccer incidents during FIFA competitions: an observational study

Abstract The aim of this prospective epidemiological study was to evaluate the occurrence of incidents involving the craniofacial region of soccer players during three official FIFA competitions. The craniofacial incidents were identified by video analysis of all 144 matches of two FIFA World Cups (2014/2018) and the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. Data collection included incident type, incident severity, site affected, incident cause and referee decision. The multivariate Poisson regression model was performed to analyze the associations between covariates. A total of 238 incidents were observed in the craniofacial region (1.6 incidents/match), representing a rate of 48.5 incidents per 1000 hours. At least 80.6% of the matches presented at least one incident, and, in more than 60%, the referee's decision was no foul. According to severity, 26.8% of the incidents were classified as having mild or high severity. Incidents involving lacerations or fracture presented higher severity compared with hits (IRR 3.45[95%CI: 1.89-6.30]). Head-to-head impacts showed an incidence of severe incidents twice as high as those involving upper extremities (IRR 2.01[95%CI:1.07-3.76]). A high number of craniofacial incidents were observed in the last FIFA competitions. Head-to-head impacts and lacerations or fractures were associated with higher incident severity.

Trends in prostate cancer mortality in the state of São Paulo, 2000 to 2015 / Tendências na mortalidade por câncer de próstata no estado de São Paulo, 2000 a 2015

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the magnitude and identify patterns of change in prostate cancer mortality in the state of São Paulo and in the 17 regional health care networks, according to age groups from 50 years onwards, in the period between 2000 to 2015. METHODS Age-adjusted mortality rates (per 100,000 men) were calculated by the direct method using the Segi world population as standard. Joinpoint regression was used to calculate the average annual percent change (AAPC), with a confidence interval of 95% (95%CI), by regional network and age group (50-59, 60-69, 70-79 and 80 years or more). RESULTS For the state of São Paulo, age-adjusted mortality rates were 15.2, 13.3 and 11.9 per 100,000 men, respectively, in the periods between 2000 to 2005, 2006 to 2010 and 2011 to 2015, with a significant decrease trend (AAPC = -2.10%; 95%CI -2.42 - -1.79) each year. Among the 17 networks, 11 presented significant mean annual reductions, ranging from -1.72% to -3.05%. From the age of 50 onwards, there was a sharper reduction in the groups from 50 to 59 (AAPC = -2.33%; 95%CI -3.04 - -1.62) and 60 to 69 years (AAPC = -2.84%; 95%CI - 3.25 - -2.43). CONCLUSION Although reductions in mortality are still slight, they indicate progress in prostate cancer control actions. Screening actions and changes in therapeutic behaviors in recent decades may be modifying incidence and survival, resulting in changes in the mortality profile. More detailed studies will be useful in understanding the factors that lead to the interregional variations found.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Estimar a magnitude e identificar padrões de mudança na mortalidade por câncer de próstata no estado de São Paulo e nas 17 redes regionais de atenção à saúde, segundo grupos etários a partir dos 50 anos, no período de 2000 a 2015. MÉTODOS As taxas de mortalidade ajustadas por idade (por 100 mil homens) foram calculadas pelo método direto usando a população mundial de Segi como padrão. A análise de regressão Joinpoint foi utilizada para calcular as variações percentuais anuais médias (AAPC), com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%), por rede regional e grupo etário (50-59, 60-69, 70-79 e 80 anos ou mais). RESULTADOS Para o estado de São Paulo, as taxas ajustadas de mortalidade foram de 15,2, 13,3 e 11,9/100 mil homens, respectivamente, nos períodos de 2000 a 2005, 2006 a 2010 e 2011 a 2015, com tendência de decréscimo significativo (AAPC = -2,10%; IC95% -2,42 - -1,79) a cada ano. Das 17 redes, 11 apresentaram reduções médias anuais significativas, que variaram entre -1,72% e -3,05%. A partir dos 50 anos, verificou-se redução mais acentuada nos grupos de 50 a 59 (AAPC = -2,33%; IC95% -3,04 - -1,62) e 60 a 69 anos (AAPC = -2,84%; IC95% -3,25 - -2,43). CONCLUSÕES Embora as reduções na mortalidade ainda sejam discretas, indicam progresso nas ações de controle do câncer de próstata. Ações de rastreamento e mudanças nas condutas terapêuticas nas últimas décadas podem estar modificando a incidência e a sobrevida, resultando em mudanças no perfil de mortalidade. Estudos mais detalhados serão úteis na compreensão dos fatores que levam às variações inter-regionais encontradas.

Incidence, persistence and risk factors of fear of falling in older adults: cohort study (2008-2013) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the incidence and persistence of fear of falling in older adults and the clinical/functional, psychosocial and lifestyle-related risk factors. METHODS A longitudinal study with 393 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years and over (110 men/ 283 women) resident in the North Zone of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The fear of falling was assessed by the Falls Efficacy Scale-I-BR. The explanatory variables assessed were: number of comorbidities and medicines, history of falls, fracture from falling, use of walking aids, functional dependence in basic and instrumental activities of daily living, hearing and visual impairment, hand grip strength, walking speed, self-rated health, body mass index, depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment, living alone and activity level. Incidence, persistence and risk factors were estimated. Multivariate analysis was performed using Poisson Regression, obtaining relative risks (RR) and corresponding to 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Among the 393 participants, fear of falling occurred in 33.5% and was persistent in 71.3%. Incidence was found to associate with using seven or more medicines and reporting worse activity level than the prior year. Risk factors for persistent fear were: using seven or more medicines, a history of one or two falls, reduced walking speed, hearing impairment, cognitive impairment, depressive symptoms and poor or very poor self-rated health. CONCLUSION Fear of falling is a frequent and persistent condition. Many factors related to persistent fear showed no association with the incidence of fear, emphasizing the need for focused strategies to reduce risk factors that may be associated with the chronification of fear of falling.

Risk factors associated with antineoplastic chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting / Fatores de risco associados a náuseas e vômitos induzidos por quimioterapia antineoplásica

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence and to evaluate risk factors for antineoplastic nausea and vomiting with high and moderate emetogenic chemotherapy in adult patients in the first treatment cycle. METHODS: Prospective cohort study with follow-up of 269 adults during the first cycle of antineoplastic chemotherapy. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was evaluated in the acute phase (0-24 hours), in the late phase (24 hours-5th day) and in the total phase (0-5th day). RESULTS: In total, 152 patients underwent high emetogenic chemotherapy and 117 moderate emetogenic chemotherapy. The relative frequency of nausea was higher when compared with vomiting in the acute phase (p < 0.001) and in the late phase (p < 0.001). The risk factors identified were: age group ≤ 49 years (odds ratio = 0.47; 95%CI 0.23-0.95) and 50-64 years (odds ratio = 0.45; 95%CI 0.23-0.87), tobacco use (odds ratio = 0.35; 95%CI 0.14-0.88), and high emetogenic chemotherapy (odds ratio 0.55; 95%CI 0.31-0.95). CONCLUSION: The incidence of nausea was higher than that of vomiting, and adverse effects were more frequent in the late phase. The results suggest the risk factors for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting are tobacco, age (young adults), and high emetogenic chemotherapy.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Estimar a incidência e avaliar os fatores de risco para náuseas e vômitos induzidos por antineoplásicos com alto e moderado potencial emético em pacientes adultos, no primeiro ciclo de tratamento. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectiva, com 269 adultos acompanhados durante o primeiro ciclo de quimioterapia antineoplásica. A incidência de náuseas e vômitos foi avaliada na fase aguda (0-24 horas), na fase tardia (24 horas-5° dia) e na fase total (0-5° dia). RESULTADOS: 152 pacientes foram submetidos a quimioterápico com alto potencial emético e 117 a moderado potencial emético. A frequência relativa de náuseas foi maior quando comparada à de vômitos na fase aguda (p < 0,001) e na fase tardia (p < 0,001). Os fatores de risco identificados foram: faixa etária ≤ 49 anos (odds ratio = 0,47; IC95% 0,23-0,95) e 50-64 anos (odds ratio = 0,45; IC95% 0,23-0,87), uso de tabaco (odds ratio = 0,35; IC95% 0,14-0,88) e alto potencial emético dos quimioterápicos (odds ratio 0,55; IC95% 0,31-0,95). CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de náuseas foi maior do que a de vômitos, e na fase tardia os efeitos adversos foram mais frequentes. Os resultados sugerem que os fatores de risco para náuseas e vômitos induzidos por quimioterapia são o tabaco, a idade (adultos jovens) e o alto potencial emético do quimioterápico.

Aids in men in the city of São Paulo, 1980-2012: spatial and space-time analysis / Aids em homens no município de São Paulo, 1980-2012: análise espacial e espaço-temporal

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: To identify spatial and space-time clusters with high incidence rates of AIDS in men living in the city of São Paulo since the first case of the disease in 1980. METHODS: HIV/AIDS notifications were obtained from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (57,440 men) between January 1980 and June 2012. The cases were geocoded by residence address; then analyses of purely spatial, space-time and spatial variation in temporal trends were performed for three sets of data: total cases of AIDS in men aged 13 years or older, men aged 50 years or older, and deaths from AIDS. RESULTS: It was possible to geocode a significant proportion of AIDS cases (93.7%). In the purely spatial scanning analysis, considering the entire period evaluated, the AIDS epidemic in men presented an important spatial concentration in the Center and in contiguous areas of the North, Southeast and West regions of the municipality, regardless of age group and evolution to death (relative risks between 1.22 and 5.90). Considering space and time simultaneously, several clusters were found, spread throughout all regions of the municipality (relative risks between 1.44 and 8.61). In the analysis of spatial variation in temporal trends, the clusters in the most peripheral regions presented a higher annual percentage increase in disease rates (up to 7.58%), denoting the tendency of "peripherization" of the epidemic in men in the city of São Paulo. CONCLUSIONS: This study allowed the detection of geographic clusters of high risk for AIDS in men, pointing to priority areas in the municipality, both for programmatic actions and to guide other studies.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS: Identificar aglomerados espaciais e espaço-temporais de altas taxas de incidência de aids em homens residentes no município de São Paulo desde o primeiro caso da doença em 1980. MÉTODOS: As notificações de HIV/aids foram obtidas do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (57.440 homens) entre janeiro de 1980 e junho de 2012. Os casos foram geocodificados por endereço de residência; em seguida, análises de varredura puramente espacial, espaço-temporal e de variação espacial nas tendências temporais foram realizadas para três conjuntos de dados: total de casos de aids em homens com 13 anos de idade ou mais, homens com 50 anos ou mais e óbitos por aids. RESULTADOS: Foi possível geocodificar uma expressiva proporção de casos de aids (93,7%). Na análise de varredura puramente espacial, considerando-se todo o período avaliado, a epidemia de aids nos homens apresentou importante concentração espacial no Centro e em áreas contíguas das regiões Norte, Sudeste e Oeste do município, independentemente da faixa etária e da evolução para o óbito (riscos relativos entre 1,22 e 5,90). Levando-se em conta simultaneamente o espaço e o tempo, diversos aglomerados foram encontrados, espalhados por todas as regiões do município (riscos relativos entre 1,44 e 8,61). Na análise da variação espacial nas tendências temporais, os aglomerados nas regiões mais periféricas apresentaram maior incremento percentual anual das taxas da doença (de até 7,58%), denotando a tendência de "periferização" da epidemia nos homens na cidade de São Paulo. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo permitiu a detecção de aglomerados geográficos de alto risco para a aids nos homens, apontando para áreas prioritárias no município, tanto para ações programáticas como para nortear outros estudos.

Tumores neurais na cavidade oral: estudo imuno-histoquímico / Neural tumors in oral cavity: immuno-histokymic study

Introdução: Os tumores neurais são lesões, que têm origem nos nervos periféricos e representam um percentual de 45% dos neoplasmas, que atingem a região de cabeça e pescoço. A alta incidência nessa área é justificada pela quantidade relativamente grande de terminações nervosas periféricas agrupadas. Ainda que sejam de mesma origem neural, sua heterogeneidade microscópica e patogenética lhes conferem um variado padrão de apresentação clínica e histopatológica, diferindo na sua forma de tratamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar, por meio da técnica imuno-histoquímica, a expressão das proteínas S100 e CD68 em tumores neurais, localizados na cavidade bucal de pacientes atendidos no Serviço de Patologia Bucal da Universidade de Odontologia de Pernambuco. Metodologia: Todos os casos referentes a tumores neurais do Serviço de Patologia oral e maxilofacial da Faculdade de Odontologia de Pernambuco foram revistos. Avaliaram-se dados relativos à idade, ao sexo e à localização anatômica. A técnica imunohistoquímica foi realizada por meio do método estreptavidina-biotina, utilizando-se os anticorpos anti: S100 e CD68. A análise foi feita de forma descritiva, conforme dados da pesquisa. Resultados: foram avaliados 23 casos de tumores neurais da cavidade bucal, 15 neurofibromas, 6 neuromas traumáticos, 1 neurilemoma e 1 neuroma encapsulado em paliçada. Verificou-se que a proteína S100 foi expressa em todos os casos estudados com positividade variada, e a proteína CD68 apresentou expressão positiva em 18 casos (neuroma traumático, neurofibroma). Conclusões: os tumores neurais da cavidade bucal foram considerados raros, visto que ocorreram em apenas 23 casos entre 5.761, ou seja, em 2,3% das lesões biopsiadas da FOP-UPE... (AU)

Introduction: Neural tumors are lesions that originate from peripheral nerves and represent a percentage of 45% of neoplasms that reach the head and neck region. The high incidence in this area is explained by the relatively large number of grouped peripheral nerve endings. Although they are of the same neural origin, their microscopic and pathogenetic heterogeneity give them a varied pattern of clinical and histopathological presentation, as well as differing in their form of treatment. The aim of the present study was to analyze by immunohistochemical technique the expression of S100 and CD68 proteins in neural tumors located in the oral cavity of patients treated at the Oral Pathology Service of the University of Dentistry of Pernambuco. Methodology: All cases referring to neural tumors of the Service of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology of the School of Dentistry of Pernambuco were reviewed. Data regarding age, sex, and anatomical location were evaluated. The immunohistochemical technique was performed by the streptavidin-biotin method using the anti-S100 and CD68 antibodies. The analysis was made in a descriptive way according to the research data. Results: 23 cases of neural tumors of the buccal cavity, 15 neurofibromas, 6 traumatic neuromas, 1 neurilemoma and 1 palisade encapsulated neuroma were evaluated. It was verified that S100 protein was expressed in all the cases studied with varied positivity, and the CD68 protein showed positive expression in 18 cases (traumatic neuroma, neurofibroma). Conclusions: Neural tumors of the oral cavity were considered rare, since they occurred in only 23 cases among 5,761, that is, 2.3% of FOP-UPE biopsied lesions... (AU)