Behaviour Management of the Contemporary Child in Paediatric Dentistry: An Overview of the Research

ABSTRACT Objective: To provide an overview of the most relevant studies on non-pharmacological behaviour management techniques for contemporary children, the so-called alpha generation, who undergo dental treatment. Material and Methods: A systematic search was performed on the Medline/PubMed and Google Scholar (grey literature) databases. The articles were read and data collected by two reviewers on an independent basis. Two reviewers collected data from the studies selected in tables structured by using the Rayyan QCRI software. The following data were extracted: year of study, child's age, child's gender, technique used. Results: A total of 322 articles were found, remaining only 17 after duplicates were removed and inclusion and exclusion criteria applied. The studies were conducted between 2010 and 2019 in Saudi Arabia, Greece, India, Brazil, USA, Italy, and Switzerland. The samples ranged from 15 to 306 children aged between 3 and 10 years old. The children attended the dental office for different reasons, ranging from simple prevention to endodontic treatment under local anaesthesia. Several behaviour modification methods are known to be used before and during a dental consultation. Conclusion: After reading the articles, we concluded that alpha generation children are inserted in a daily environment of modernization and that conventional non-pharmacological techniques using technology, such as audio-visual glasses, are more interesting and make children distracted and relaxed during dental treatment, thus minimizing their stress, anxiety and fear.

Measurement of Oral Medicine Learning Motivation in Dental Students Using Indonesian Version of Science Motivation Questionnaire II (SMQ-II)

Abstract Objective: To assess the learning motivation level in Oral Medicine (OM) among Universitas Indonesia dental students. Material and Methods: This research used an analytic-descriptive study with a cross-sectional design by gathering data directly from total population of Universitas Indonesia dental students. Participants were divided into three groups based on curriculum: G1: pre-clinical who have not had OM, G2: pre-clinical who had taken OM, and G3: clinical years. Data gathering was using Science Motivation Questionnaire II (SMQ-II), which include five motivation components: intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, self-determination, grade motivation and career motivation. Results: The response rate of this study was 96.6% (743 subjects). The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient of 0.941 indicated good internal consistency. In discriminant validity test, grade motivation and career motivation of pre-clinical groups showed no significant difference. Among three, G3 acquired the highest mean score for highly motivated groups (67.27), followed by G2 (65.89), ended by G1 (62.54). The highest mean score for overall motivation, acquired by G3. Conclusion: Clinical years group have the highest motivation level to learn in Oral Medicine.

Evaluation of Children's and Adolescents's Anxiety Previously Dental Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: To evaluate levels of anxiety in children and adolescents related to age and experience of visits to the dentist using the modified Venham Picture Test (VPTm). Material and Methods: This is a quantitative cross-sectional study with convenience sample. Children and adolescents of both sexes, subdivided into age groups of 6-9 years (A1 and A2) and 10-13 years (B1 and B2), in the waiting room of a Dental Clinic, were grouped according to the experience of visits to the dentist (have been to the dentist / have never been to the dentist). Descriptive statistics were mean, standard deviation and frequency of cases. The Kolmogorov- Smirnov (K-S) was used for normality analysis, with 95% significance level. Inferential statistics was performed using the Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney tests, with p<0.05. Results: In total, 60 children and 60 adolescents were evaluated, 65 (54.16%) males and 55 (45.83%) females. No differences were observed between genders in groups A1 and A2 (p = 0.30) and B1 and B2 (p = 0.94). The highest means of the VPTm scale were observed in groups A2 and B2 (2.87 ± 2.30 and 2.13 ± 1.29) and the lowest in groups A1 and B1 (1.13 ± 1.45 and 1.20 ± 1.29), respectively. Statistical differences were observed for the mean VPTm scores between age groups A1 and A2 (p = 0.004) and B1 and B2 (p = 0.018). Conclusion: The level of anxiety was inversely proportional to age, so younger children were more anxious; it was also observed that children and adolescents who had never been to the dentist tended to be more anxious.

Pulse Rate Change After Childhood Anxiety Management with Modeling and Reinforcement Technique of Children's Dental Care

Objective: To know the influence of handling child anxiety with modeling and reinforcement technique on changes in pulse rate in dental and oral care. Material and Methods: The sample consisted of 53 children aged 6-12 years who first came to pedodontic clinic in dental and oral hospital education of Hasanuddin University. Anxiety level was measured using objective parameters, measurement of radial pulse. Measurement of anxiety level was done before and after modeling and reinforcement was given through three treatments: I: dental models; II: game and III: video modeling and reinforcement. Data analysis was done using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Friedman test. Results: There was a decrease before and after modeling and reinforcement. Before intervention, the average pulse rates in treatment I, II and III were 90.79, 88.00 and 88.38, respectively. After intervention, the average decrease in pulse rate of five beats per minute seen in the first treatment (85.15), a decrease of seven beats per minute on the second treatment (81.98), while in treatment III the average decrease was eight beats per minute (80.19) (p<0.001). Conclusion: Modeling and reinforcement technique effectively reduces children's anxiety levels for dental and oral care.

Relación entre ansiedad, miedo dental de los padres y la colaboración de niños al tratamiento odontológico / Relationship Between Anxiety, Dental Fear of Parents and Collaboration of Children to Dental Treatment

RESUMEN 17. Dentro de la historia clínica del niño no se considera alguna escala que evalué la ansiedad y el miedo que experimentan en el tratamiento dental, lo cual ayudaría para definir el abordaje del paciente y realizar un tratamiento exitoso. Objetivo. Determinar la relación que existe entre la ansiedad, miedo dental y colaboración de los padres y niños frente al tratamiento odontológico. Materiales y método. Se realizó un estudio tipo descriptivo y transversal. La muestra de estudio fueron 177 niños de ambos sexos de 3 a 6 años de edad que se atendían en un instituto de salud y sus padres. Se confeccionó una ficha de recolección de datos para cada paciente, donde se incluyó cuatro escalas de evaluación: el cuestionario de miedos dentales, la escala de ansiedad de Corah, la escala de miedo en niños y el test gráfico de Venham. Al final del tratamiento se evaluó el comportamiento del niño con la escala de Frankl. Resultados. Con respecto al miedo, los padres presentaron escaso o nulo (55,9%) y los niños, bajo miedo (87,6%) en mayor porcentaje. Con respecto a la ansiedad, los padres presentaron baja ansiedad (57%); los niños, en su mayoría, fueron no ansiosos (64,4%) y el comportamiento de estos fue positivo (71,2%). Conclusión. La ansiedad provocada por el tratamiento odontológico en los niños y los padres no está relacionado, más si el miedo. Tampoco existe relación entre la ansiedad y el miedo que pueda experimentar los padres con respecto a la colaboración del niño. Sin embargo, la colaboración del niño si está relacionada con el miedo y ansiedad que ellos puedan experimentar en el tratamiento odontológico.

ABSTRACT 20. In the clinical history of a child, it is not taken into account any scale that evaluates the anxiety and fear experienced during dental treatment. This would help to define the way to approach the patient and perform a successful treatment. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between anxiety, dental fear and collaboration of parents and children towards dental treatment. A descriptive and transversal study was carried out. The study's sample was collected from 177 children of both sexes from 3 to 6-year-old, who visited a health institute for a dental appointment, and also their respective parents. A data collection form was prepared for each patient, which included four evaluation scales: the dental fear questionnaire, the Corah anxiety scale, the Children's Fear Scale and the Venham graphic test. At the end of the treatment, the child's behavior was evaluated using the Frankl scale. In regard to fear, parents presented little or no (55.9%) and children, under fear (87.6%) in a greater percentage. In reference to anxiety, parents presented low anxiety (57%); children, in their majority, were not anxious (64.4%), and their behavior was positive (71.2%). As a result, anxiety caused by the dental treatment in children and parents is not related; nonetheless, fear is. In addition, there is no relationship between anxiety and fear that parents may experience with regard to the child's collaboration. However, the child's collaboration is related to the fear and anxiety that they may experience during dental treatment.