Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Consumption of Carbonated Soft Drinks Among the Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Objective: To assess and evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding the consumption of carbonated drinks among dental students. Carbonated drinks are pervaded by carbon dioxide and have more adverse effects since they are acidic in nature. Nowadays, these are consumed more widely globally, causing many systemic diseases; diabetes and obesity are common. Material and Methods: This study includes 204 individuals belonging to the age group of 18-26 years. A self-structured objective type cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of dental students regarding carbonated drinks. The participants were instructed to mark the most appropriate correct answer from the given list of close-ended type questions. Results: Of 204 dental students, the study population includes 125 female and 79 male students. 98.5% of the students knew about carbonated drinks, while 1.5% were unaware. Conclusion: Most participants preferred to have carbonated drinks even with their awareness about the ill effects of these drinks. Possible implications by the government authorities may probably increase awareness among the population (AU).

Investigation of the Erosive Potential of Different Types of Alcoholic Beverages

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the erosive potential of different alcoholic beverages according to pH, titratable acidity and buffering capacity. Material and Methods: Thirteen industrialized alcoholic beverages of different brands were selected and divided into five groups according to their type and composition. The pH measurement and titratable acidity for pH 5.5 and 7.0 were performed in triplicate in 50 mL of each beverage. The buffering capacity was calculated based on pH and titratable acidity for pH 7.0. ANOVA, Tukey, and Pearson correlation, with p<0.05, were used for data analysis. Results: Data showed normal distribution by Shapiro-Wilk test. The pH of alcoholic beverages ranged from 2.49 (Miks Ice Tea - Green Fruits) to 7.64 (Smirnoff). The highest values of acid titration (4.68) and buffer capacity (19.97) were observed in Smirnoff Ice. The following correlations (p<0.01) were noted between: pH and titratable acidity; buffering capacity and pH; buffering capacity and titratable acidity. Conclusion: Some beers and alcopops presented erosive potential due to their lower pH associated with high acid titration values. The whisky and sugarcane liquor examined were not potentially erosive.

Are laws restricting soft drinks sales in Brazilian schools able to lower their availability?

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe students protected by laws and exposed to soft drinks sales and assess whether forbidding laws are associated with lower availability of these beverages. METHODS We identified laws forbidding non-government administered cafeterias or sales of soft drinks in schools in the 27 Brazilian state capitals. Data on soft drinks sales were obtained from Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015 (PeNSE - National Survey of School Health 2015), for a representative sample of 9th graders from public and private schools. Students were attributed with the status of their school regarding the law and sale of soft drinks. Co-variables were school status (public or private), school size, geographic regions, mother's educational level, score of goods and services. We performed multivariate analyses using Poisson regression. RESULTS The total of 23 laws forbidding sales of soft drinks covered 63.0% of capitals, comprising 56.9% of students. Law coverage was higher among students from more developed regions (67.6%) and in public schools (60.6%), compared with those from less developed regions (38.0%) and private schools (45.8%). Soft drinks were available for 33.9% of students. Students attending public schools in less developed regions had the lowest availability of soft drinks, regardless of law coverage (14.8%; 12.0%); while students attending private schools in these regions had a high availability, regardless of law coverage (82.1%; 73.4%). Restrictive laws were associated with lower sales of soft drinks in more developed regions, and restrictions had a greater association with the availability of soft drinks in public schools (PR = 0.25; 95%CI = 0.15-0.41), compared with private schools (PR = 0.48; 95%CI = 0.35-0.66). CONCLUSION Laws restricting soft drinks in schools were associated with fewer sales in more developed regions. Private schools were less compliant with the law than public schools. A broadly enforced national law could reduce the availability of soft drinks in schools.

Effect of different citrus sweets on the development of enamel erosion in vitro

Abstract The increased consumption of citrus sweets can contribute to the development of erosive tooth wear (ETW). Objective This in vitro study evaluated the erosive potential of citrus sweets on bovine enamel samples regarding the quantification of wear. Methodology Ninety bovine crowns were prepared and samples were randomly distributed into 6 groups (n=15): 0.1% citric acid solution (pH 2.5); Coca-Cola ® Soft Drink (pH 2.6); Fini ® Diet (lactic and citric acid, pH 3.3); Fini ® Jelly Kisses (lactic and citric acid, pH 3.5); Fini ® Fruit Salad Bubblegum (maleic acid, pH 2.6); Fini ® Regaliz Acid Tubes (maleic and citric acid, pH 3.1). Sweets were dissolved in the proportion of 40 g/250 mL of deionized water. Enamel samples were submitted to erosive challenges for 7 days (4 daily acid immersion cycles for 90 s each). Enamel wear was measured using contact profilometry (μm), and data (median values [interquartile range]) were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's test (p<0.0001). Results All citrus sweets tested present a high erosive potential, Fini Diet ® (2.4 [1.2]) and Fini Regaliz Tubs ® (2.2 [0.5]) show the highest erosive potential, similar to 0.1% citric acid (2.3 [0.7]); Fini Regaliz Tubs ® is more erosive than Coca-Cola ® (1.4 [0.9]). Conclusion The evaluated citrus sweets have great erosive potential and play a key role in the development of ETW.

Efeito da degradação química e mecânica em resinas compostas convencional e bulk fill / Effect of chemical and mechanical degradation on conventional composite resins and bulk fill

Objetivo: o objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a degradação da superfície por rugosidade de uma resina composta convencional e duas Bulk Fill armazenadas em bebidas ácidas, após escovação simulada. Materiais e Métodos: foram confeccionados 30 corpos de prova cilíndricos (10 mm x 1 mm) de cada resina: resina FiltekZ350 XT (3M Co., St. Paul), resina Filtek Bulk Fill (3M Co., St. Paul) e resina Tetric N-Ceram (IvoclarVivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), totalizando noventa corpos. Os corpos de prova foram imersos em três tipos de bebidas, Coca-Cola, Gatorade de sabor limão e água destilada (controle), por 15 minutos, e após a imersão foram realizadas simulações de escovação por 25 segundos, durante 15 dias. Em seguida, foram submetidos à avaliação de rugosidade de superfície (rugosimetro). Foram realizados os testes estatísticos de Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis e Wilcoxon. Resultados: ao final do experimento foi realizada a análise estatística, e os resultados de rugosidade inicial e final de cada resina de acordo com a bebida foram: Filtek Z350 XT apresentou diferença estatística com grupo controle (p=0,037) e Gatorade (p=0,005). A resina Tetric N-Ceram apresentou diferença estatística para grupo controle (p=0,047) e para Coca-Cola (p=0,007). E a resina Filtek Bulk Fill não houve diferença estatística em nenhuma das bebidas. Conclusão: dentre as resinas estudas, Tetric N-Ceram mostrou um maior aumento da rugosidade superficial quando comparada às outras resinas estudadas. Entretanto, as resinas Bulk Fill mostraram propriedade satisfatória comparada à resina convencional.(AU)

Objective: This study aims to assess the surface degradation through the roughness of a conventional composite resin and two bulk fill resins stored in acidic beverages after simulated brushing. Materials and Methods: Thirty cylindrical specimens (10 mm x 1 mm) of each resin were produced: Filtek Z350 XT (3M Co., St Paul), Filtek Bulk Fill (3M Co., St Paul), and TetricN-Ceram (IvoclarVivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), resulting in 90 specimens. The specimens were immersed in three types of beverages: Coke, lemon Gatorade, and distilled water (control), for 15 minutes. After the immersion, they were subjected to brushing tests for 25 seconds, for 15 days. Then, the surface roughness (roughness meter) was analyzed. The Shapiro- -Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis, and Wilcoxon statistical test were performed. Results: At the end of the experiment, the statistical analysis was performed. The initial and final roughness results of each resin according to the beverage were Filtek Z350 presented statistical difference with the control group (p= 0.037) and Gatorade (p = 0.005); the TetricN- -Ceram Bulk Fill resin presented statistical difference for the control group (p = 0.047) and Coke (p = 0.007). The Filtek Bulk Fill resin showed no statistical difference for any of the beverages. Conclusion: Among the resins studied, Tetric-Nceram showed a higher increase in surface roughness than the other resins studied. However, bulk fill resins showed satisfactory properties compared to the conventional resin.(AU)

Comparison of the Erosive Potential of Commercially Available Beverages on Human Enamel: An in vitro Study

Objective: To assess and compare the erosive potential of commercially available beverages and to evaluate the relationship between mineral loss and physiochemical properties (pH and titratable acidity) of different beverages. Material and Methods: Seven commercially available beverages [4 soft drinks, 1 chlorhexidine mouthwash and 2 controls (Amul milk and human saliva)] were tested. The pH and tritratable acidity of the beverages was determined. Fifty-six human premolars were sectioned into enamel and root surface (total 112 specimens) by using diamond-cutting machine. The specimens were immersed in each beverage for 24-hour intervals at 370C. The weight loss of the specimens and mineral loss (calcium, phosphorus and fluoride) was determined at pre and post immersion and was subjected to statistical analysis at p<0.05 level of significance. Results: All beverages included in this were acidic. Nimbooz exhibited significant (p<0.05) weight loss compared to all other beverages. Fanta shows significantly (p<0.05) high loss of phosphorus and calcium for enamel and root surface respectively. There was a week correlation with pH and tritratable acidity and loss of minerals. Conclusion: The erosive potential of Fanta and Nimbooz was significant compared to other beverages. However, it must be considered that there are numerous factors, which may influence the erosion rate in the intra oral environment; hence the result of this in vitro study should be applied with caution.

Alteração de cor em dentes de estoque após imersão em café e refrigerante / Color alteration in stock teeth after immersion in coffee and soft drink

Os dentes de estoque são dentes artificiais utilizados para a confecção de próteses, sendo que a resina acrílica tem sido o material de eleição devido às suas inúmeras vantagens, porém, assim como qualquer outro material, possui suas desvantagens, dentre elas: instabilidade de cor. O uso diário de bebidas ácidas em geral, como café e refrigerantes, tem tornando-se cada vez mais frequente, podendo comprometer a estética alterando a cor dos dentes artificiais. Assim, o avanço tecnológico tem almejado o melhoramento da composição dos dentes de estoque. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a alteração de cor de dentes de estoque de diferentes marcas após serem submetidos à submersão em dois líquidos com potencial de coramento. Foram selecionadas três marcas de dentes: Pop Dent (DentBras®), Biolux (Vipi®) e Trilux (Vipi®), sendo utilizados 15 incisivos centrais superiores direitos de cada marca. Tais dentes foram imersos em café e Coca-Cola®. A avaliação da alteração da cor foi feita por espectrofotometria, nos intervalos de 7, 15 e 30 dias, sendo os dados obtidos submetidos à análise estatística. Observou-se que os dentes Pop Dent (DentBras®) apresentaram alterações estatisticamente significantes nos três intervalos de tempo para os dois líquidos; os Biolux (Vipi®) apenas após 15 dias e os Trilux (Vipi®) evidenciaram alteração estatisticamente significante apenas com 30 dias para o café e 15 dias para a Coca-Cola®. O café e a Coca-Cola® apresentaram o potencial de manchamento semelhante um ao outro (AU).

Stock teeth are artificial teeth used to make prostheses, and acrylic resin has been the material of choice because of its numerous advantages, but, like any other material, it has its disadvantages, among them: color instability. The daily use of acidic beverages in general, as coffee and soft drinks, has become increasingly frequent and can compromise the aesthetics by altering the color of artificial teeth. So technological advance has been aiming the improvement of stock teeth composition. The aim of this study was to analyze color change of different brands of stock teeth after being submitted to submersion in two liquids with stain potential. Three different teeth brands were selected: Pop Dent (DentBras®), Biolux (Vipi®) and Trilux (Vipi®), 15 central superior incisors of each brand were used. These teeth were immersed in coffee and Coca-Cola®. The color change was evaluated by spectrophotometry, at intervals of 7, 15 and 30 days, the data was submitted to statistical analysis. It was observed that the Pop Dent teeth (DentBras®) presented statistically significant changes in the three time intervals for the two liquids; the Biolux (Vipi®) only after 15 days and the Trilux (Vipi®) showed statistically significant alteration only in 30 days for coffee and 15 days for Coca-Cola®. Coffee and CocaCola® showed the potential for staining similar to each other (AU).

Efeito in situ de uma solução de proantocianidina sobre a dentina submetida à erosão dentária / In situ effect of a proanthocyanidin mouthrinse on dentin submitted to erosion

The organic matrix is of great importance in the process of loss of dental tissue because it functions as a barrier that prevents the diffusion of the acids to the tissues. For its degradation to be avoided, some agents have been tested in an attempt to inhibit the MMPs, the enzymes responsible for this process. Proanthocyanidin has been shown to be efficient in inhibiting these enzymes and therefore the aim of this study in situ was to evaluate the protective effect of a mouthrinse based on proanthocyanidin applied on the dentin submitted to erosion. Seven volunteers wore 2 palatal devices in each phase. The groups under study were: First Phase/ G1 - Erosive challenge with acid drink (Coca-cola®) before dentin treatement with 10% proanthocyanidin mouthrinse (neutralized to pH 7.0, Experimental group 1), G2 - Erosive challenge with acid drink (Coca-cola®) before dentin treatement with 10% proanthocyanidin mouthrinse (without neutralization, pH 3.0, Experimental group 2). Second Phase/ G3 - Erosive challenge with acid drink (Coca-cola®) before dentin treatement with 0.12% Chlorhexidine mouthrinse (pH 7.0, Positive control group), G4 - Erosive challenge with acid drink (Coca-cola®) with no previous treatment (Negative control group). Treatments with different mouthrinses were applied once after the second erosive challenge, for 5 minutes. Volunteers continuously wore the oral appliance and for the erosive cycling, each device was immersed into the 32 ml of acid beverage, 3 times a day for 5 minutes during 5 days. Profilometry was used to quantify the dentin loss (µm). Data were analyzed by Repeated measures ANOVA followed by LSD Fishers's test (p<0.05). G1 (1.17a ± 0.69) and G3 (1.22a ± 0.25) showed significant lower wear values with no statistical difference between them. There was also no significant differences between G2 (2.99b ± 1.15) and G4 (2.29b ± 1.13) resulting in more wear when compared to others groups. This study suggest that 10% neutralized proanthocyanidin mouthrinse could be a good strategy to diminish dentin wear progression.(AU)

A matriz orgânica é de grande importância no processo de perda de tecido dental porque funciona como uma barreira que impede a difusão dos ácidos para os tecidos. Para evitar a sua degradação, alguns agentes foram testados numa tentativa de inibir as MMPs, enzimas responsáveis por este processo. A proantocianidina mostrou ser eficiente na inibição das mesmas e, portanto, o objetivo deste estudo in situ foi avaliar o efeito protetor de um enxaguatório com base em proantocianidina aplicada na dentina submetida à erosão. Este estudo cruzado simples-cego foi realizado em 2 fases de 5 dias cada. Sete voluntários usaram 2 dispositivos palatinos em cada fase. Os grupos estudados foram: Primeira Fase / G1 - Desafio Erosivo com bebida ácida (Coca-cola®) antes do tratamento da dentina com enxaguatório bucal de proantocianidina 10% (pH neutralizado a 7,0, Grupo Experimental 1), G2 - Desafio Erosivo com bebida ácida -cola®) antes do tratamento na dentina com enxaguatório bucal de proantocianidina a 10% (sem neutralização, pH 3,0, grupo experimental 2). Segunda Fase / G3 - Desafio erosivo com bebida ácida (Coca-cola®) antes do tratamento na dentina com 0,12% de enxaguatório bucal de Clorhexidina (pH 7,0, controle positivo), G4 - Desafio erosivo com bebida ácida (Coca-cola®) sem tratamento (controle negativo). Os tratamentos com diferentes enxaguatórios foram aplicados uma vez após o segundo desafio erosivo, durante 5 minutos. Os voluntários continuamente usavam o aparelho oral e para o ciclo erosivo, cada dispositivo foi imerso em 150 ml de bebida ácida, 3 vezes ao dia durante 5 minutos durante 5 dias. A Perfilometria foi utilizada para quantificar a perda de dentina (µm). Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA de medidas repetidas seguido por teste de Fishers LSD (p <0,05). G1 (1,17a ± 0,69) e G3 (1,22a ± 0,25) mostraram valores de desgaste significativamente menores, sem diferença estatística entre eles. Também não houve diferenças significativas entre G2 (2,99b ± 1.15) e G4 (2,29b ± 1.13), resultando em maior desgaste quando comparado a outros grupos. Este estudo sugere que o enxaguatório bucal de proantocianidina 10% neutralizada poderia ser uma boa estratégia para diminuir a progressão do desgaste dentinário.(AU)

Efeito de diferentes fotopolimerizadores e meio de imersão na rugosidade e na cor de um compósito nanoparticulado / Effect of different light curing units and immersion media on roughness and color of a nanofill composite

Introdução: O consumo excessivo de refrigerantes parece alterar as propriedades dos compósitos e essa alteração pode estar relacionada à unidade fotopolimerizadora. Objetivo Avaliar a alteração da rugosidade superficial (delta R) e da cor (delta E) de um compósito polimerizado por diferentes fotopolimerizadores, imerso em água destilada ou Coca-Cola®. Metodologia Sessenta amostras da resina nanoparticulada (FiltekMR Z350 XT, 3M) foram distribuídas de acordo com as diferentes unidades de fotopolimerização: a) luz halógena de quartzo-tungstênio-halogênio (QTH); b) Luz de Emissão Diodo - LED 1 com ponteira de polímero; c) LED 2 com ponteira de fibra ótica. Metade de cada grupo (n=10) foi mantida em água destilada ou imersa em Coca-Cola® 2×/dia por 20 minutos, durante 14 dias. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis (p< =0,05). Resultado A ΔR não foi significante entre os grupos: em água: QTH = 0,006; LED 1 = 0,019; LED 2 = 0,010 (p=0,33); em refrigerante: QTH = 0,021; LED 1= 0,011; LED 2 = 0,030 (p=0,86). A delta E não foi significativa entre os fotopolimerizadores: em água: QTH = 1,40; LED 1 = 1,80; LED 2 = 1,60 (p=0,31); em refrigerante: QTH = 2,51; LED 1= 1,91; LED 2 = 2,61 (p=0,41), mas foi significante comparando os meios de imersão (p=0,01), exceto para LED 1 (p=0,54). Conclusão: As unidades fotopolimerizadoras não interferiram na rugosidade superficial e na cor da resina composta nanoparticulada. Os mergulhos diários em refrigerante não alteraram a lisura, mas alteraram a cor de modo visualmente perceptível, mas clinicamente aceitável, conforme os parâmetros da literatura científica.

Introduction: The excessive consumption of soft drinks seems to change the properties of composites and may be associated with the light curing unit. Objective: To evaluate changes in surface roughness (delta R) and color (delta E) of one composite polymerized with different light sources, immersed in distilled water or in Coca-Cola®. Methodology: Sixty samples of nanofilled resin (FiltekMR Z350 XT, 3M) were distributed into following light curing units: a) quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) light; b) light emitting diode (LED) with polymer tip (LED 1) and c) LED with optic fiber tip (LED 2). Half of each group (n=10) was kept in water or immersed in Coca-Cola® for 20 minutes 2x/day during 14 days. Data were submitted to the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p<=0.05). Result: The delta R was not significant among groups: in water: QTH = 0.006; LED 1 = 0.019; LED 2 = 0.010 (p=0.33); in soft drink: QTH = 0.021; LED 1= 0.011; LED 2 = 0.030 (p=0.86). The delta E was not significant among light curing units: in water: QTH = 1.40; LED 1 = 1.80; LED 2 = 1.60 (p=0.31); in soft drink: QTH = 2.51; LED 1= 1.91; LED 2 = 2.61 (p=0.41), but was significant compared the immersion media (p=0.01), except for LED 1 (p=0.54). Conclusion The light curing lights did not interfere with the surface roughness and with color of nanofilled composite. Daily dives in soft drinks did not change smoothness, but the color changed to visually perceptible way, though clinically acceptable, according to the scientific literature parameters.

Preventive effect of toothpastes with MMP inhibitors on human dentine erosion and abrasion in vitro

ABSTRACT The use of gels and mouthrinses with MMP inhibitors (chlorhexidine, and green tea extract) was shown to prevent erosive wear. The aim of this study was to analyze the protective effect of toothpastes containing MMP inhibitors on dentine loss induced by erosion in vitro. Material and Methods Five groups each containing 12 specimens of human root dentine were prepared. The specimens were subjected to 1 min erosion by immersion in a cola drink, 4 times a day, for 5 d. Each day, after the first and last erosive challenges, the specimens were brushed for 15 s with a slurry of dentifrice and water (1:3) containing placebo, 1,100 ppm fluoride, 0.61% green tea extract, 0.12% chlorhexidine or 0.004% chlorhexidine (commercial toothpaste). Between the acid challenges, the specimens were stored in artificial saliva with remineralizing potential until the next treatment. Dentine loss was determined using profilometry. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA after log transform (p<0.05). Results The mean wear values (μm) were as follows: placebo 1.83±0.53; 0.61% green tea extract 1.00±0.21; fluoride 1.27±0.43; 0.12% chlorhexidine 1.19±0.30; and 0.004% chlorhexidine 1.22±0.46. There was a significant difference in wear between placebo and all the treatment toothpastes, which did not differ from each other. Conclusion The results suggest that toothpastes containing MMP inhibitors are as effective as those based on NaF in preventing dentine erosion and abrasion.

Influence of Soft Drink Intake on the Salivary pH of Schoolchildren

Objective: To evaluate the influence of Coca-Cola® consumption on the salivary pH of 12-year old children. Material and Methods: The convenience sample was composed of forty-five 12-year old students of both genders from public schools of Itatiba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Salivary pH was measured with pH colorimetric tape indicator (Merck). The reading of the colorimetric method was made by an experienced evaluator under uniform lighting conditions. The colorimetric tape was positioned in the back of the student's tongue, which remained with the mouth shut for 30 Seconds. For control, the first measurement (T0) was performed before the intake of the soft drink (baseline pH). Subsequently, students were instructed to slowly drink 100 ml of Coca-Cola® using a plastic disposable cup. Immediately after ingestion, the pH was measured again with the colorimetric tape (t1). The oral pH values were also measured 5 minutes (t2), 10 minutes (t3) and 15 minutes (t4) after the soft drink intake, keeping the tape positioning always the same in all measurements. The statistical SAS software was used for data analysis. Comparisons of oral pH values at different times were performed by the Tukey-Kramer test adopting 5% significance level. Results: Immediately after soft drink intake, the salivary pH significantly decreased (pH = 6.26) (p <0.05) compared to baseline (pH = 7.23) (p <0.05). Fifteen minutes after ingestion, although an increase in the pH was observed (pH = 6.64), it had not yet returned to baseline (T0) (p <0.05). Conclusion: Coca-Cola® intake caused a significant reduction in salivary pH, without, however, reaching critical pH for enamel demineralization.

Assessment of Glass Ionomer Cements (GIC) Restorations after Acidic Erosive Challenges: An in vitro Study

Objective: To analyze the marginal adaptation of two different Glass Ionomer Cements (GIC) after erosive challenges. Material and Methods: Sixty sound extracted primary canines were selected and class V cavities were made. Teeth were allocated into 6 groups according to restorative material: 1) high-viscosity GIC (Ketac™Molar Easymix) and 2) resin-modified GIC with nanoparticles (Ketac™N100), low pH beverage erosive challenge (Orange juice and Coca-Cola) or distilled water as control. Thereafter the sample was restored and subjecting to thermocycling. The sample was immersed for a 10-days period for the erosive simulation and then embedded in methylene blue solution during 4 hours. Finally teeth were sectioned for further analysis. Marginal adaptation test was performed by two trained examiners using the Salama et al. criteria. Descriptive and Kruskal-Wallis test (α=5%) were used to analyze the data. Results: The groups treated with Ketac™Molar EasyMix were similar in terms of marginal sealing ability when submitted to Orange juice and Coca-Cola but significantly worse than water. For samples restored with the Ketac™N100 the worst results were found in the Coca-Cola group. Conclusion: Erosive challenges with acidic drinks affected the marginal adaptation of the tested GIC.

Protective effect of experimental mouthrinses containing NaF and TiF4 on dentin erosive loss in vitro

Objective This in vitro study assessed the anti-erosive effect of experimental mouthrinses containing TiF4 and NaF on dentin erosive loss.Material and Methods Bovine dentin specimens were randomly allocated into the groups (n=15): 1) SnCl2/NaF/AmF (Erosion Protection®/GABA, pH 4.5, positive control); 2) experimental solution with 0.0815% TiF4(pH 2.5); 3) 0.105% NaF (pH 4.5); 4) 0.042% NaF+0.049% TiF4 (pH 4.4); 5) 0.063% NaF+0.036% TiF4 (pH 4.5); 6) no treatment (negative control). Each specimen was cyclically demineralized (Sprite Zero, pH 2.6, 4x90 s/day) and exposed to artificial saliva between the erosive challenges for 7 days. The treatment with the fluoride solutions was done 2x60 s/day, immediately after the first and the last erosive challenges of the day. Dentin erosive loss was measured by profilometry (μm). The data were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis/Dunn tests (p<0.05).Results Mouthrinses containing TiF4or Sn/F were able to show some protective effect against dentin erosive loss compared to negative control. The best anti-erosive effect was found for experimental solution containing 0.0815% TiF4 (100% reduction in dentin loss), followed by 0.042% NaF+0.049% TiF4 (58.3%), SnCl2/NaF/AmF (52%) and 0.063% NaF+0.036% TiF4 (40%). NaF solution (13.3%) did not significantly differ from control.Conclusion The daily application of experimental mouthrinse containing TiF4and NaF has the ability to reduce dentin erosion, as well as Erosion Protection® and TiF4 alone.

Efeitos comparativos de diferentes géis à base de cranberry e proantocianidina sobre a dentina submetida à erosão: estudo in vitro / In vitro effect of Cranberry and proanthocyanidin on dentin erosion

Considerando que a Proantocianidina e outros componentes do Cranberry possam inibir as metaloproteinases da dentina quando esta é exposta a ação de agentes erosivos e tal fato pode minimizar o desgaste dentinário, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito protetor in vitro de géis à base de extrato de Cranberry e Proantocianidina em diferentes concentrações, aplicados sobre a dentina posteriormente submetida à erosão. Para tal, 150 espécimes de dentina bovina (4 x 4 mm) foram confeccionados e igualmente divididos em 10 grupos: G1- gel de clorexidina a 0,012%; G2- gel placebo; G3- gel a base de extrato de Cranberry a 0,05%; G4- gel a base de extrato de Cranberry a 1%; G5- gel a base de extrato de Cranberry a 5%; G6- gel a base de extrato de Cranberry a 10%; G7- gel a base de Proantocianidina 0,05%; G8- gel a base de Proantocianidina 1%, G9- gel a base de Proantocianidina 5%; G10- gel a base de Proantocianidina 10%. Os diferentes géis foram aplicados uma única vez sobre os espécimes antes do primeiro desafio erosivo durante 5 minutos. Em seguida, os espécimes foram submetidos a 3 ciclagens erosivas seguidas (imersão em bebida à base de Cola por 5 minutos seguido de imersão em saliva artificial por 3 horas) por dia, durante 5 dias. Após as 3 cilclagens erosivas diárias, os espécimes foram mantidos em saliva artificial por 15 horas. A perfilometria foi utilizada para quantificar o desgaste dentinário (μm). Os dados foram analisados pelo teste ANOVA seguido do teste de Fisher (p<0,05). Os resultados (G1: 15,6 ± 2,4b; G2: 23,1 ± 1,4e; G3: 15,1 ± 2,3b; G4: 20,4 ± 1,9cd; G5: 19,0 ± 2,1ac; G6: 18,7 ± 1,4a; G7: 18,2 ± 1,6a; G8: 21,1 ± 1,2d; G9: 19,2 ± 2,6ac; G10: 15,2 ± 2,5b) mostraram que o gel de Cranberry a 0,05% (G3) e gel de Proantocianidina 10% (G10) apresentaram eficácia estatisticamente significante na redução da erosão dentinária em comparação aos outros grupos analisados.

Considering that Proanthocyanidin and other Cranberrys components might inhibit dentin metalloproteinases exposed to erosive agents and it can prevent dental wear, the aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of Cranberry and Proanthocyanidin gels used in different concentrations on dentin before an erosive challenge. For this purpose, 150 bovine root dentin blocks (4x4mm) were treated by different gels and randomly divided into 10 groups: G1- 0.012% Chlorhexidine Gel (positive control), G2- Placebo gel with no active principle (negative control), G3- 0.05% Cranberry gel, G4- 1% Cranberry gel, G5- 5% Cranberry gel, G6- 10% Cranberry gel, G7- 0.05% Proanthocyanidin gel, G8- 1% Proanthocyanidin gel, G9- 5% Proanthocyanidin gel and G10- 10% Proanthocyanidin gel. The gels were applied over specimens once before the first erosive challenge for 5 minutes. After that, the blocks were subjected to 3 sequential erosive cycles (cola drink for 5 minutes and artificial saliva for 3 hours, each) per day, during 5 days. After 3 daily erosive cycles, the blocks were maintained in artificial saliva for 15 h. Profilometry was used to quantify the dentin wear (μm). Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Fisher's test (p<0.05). Results (G1: 15,6 ± 2,4b; G2: 23,1 ± 1,4e; G3: 15,1 ± 2,3b; G4: 20,4 ± 1,9cd; G5: 19,0 ± 2,1ac; G6: 18,7 ± 1,4a; G7: 18,2 ± 1,6a; G8: 21,1 ± 1,2d; G9: 19,2 ± 2,6ac; G10: 15,2 ± 2,5b) showed that 0.05% Cranberry gel (G3) and 10% Proanthocyanidin gel (G10) presented similar results when compared to positive control group (G1), and these three groups showed statistically lowest wear when compared to all other evaluated groups. The results of this study suggest a significant efficacy of Cranberry and Proanthocyanidin gels in preventing wear of dentin subjected to dental erosion in vitro.

Ação de compostos a base de cálcio e xilitol na prevenção da erosão e da erosào associada à abrasão / Action of calcium and xylitol composites on preventing of erosion and erosion with abrasion

Os compostos fluoretados têm grande importância como agentes preventivos e terapêuticos diante de desafios erosivos e abrasivos. Vários produtos fluoretados de tem sido extensivamente estudados devido a sua ação em prevenir, tratar ou diminuir a progressão da desmineralização dentária. Novos compostos têm sido propostos, em associação ou não ao fluoreto, como uma tentativa em se obter melhores efeitos contra a perda mineral. Na presente tese foi avaliado o efeito de compostos a base de cálcio e xilitol na prevenção da erosão e da erosão associada à abrasão. Vernizes de fluoreto de sódio (NaF) associados ou não ao fosfocaseínato de cálcio (CPP-ACP) e xilitol foram testados. A erosão foi executada por meio da imersão da amostra em refrigerantes ou medicamentos líquidos pediátricos. Para a erosão associada à abrasão, ciclos de escovações também foram aplicados aos blocos erodidos. Em todos os experimentos, a superfície do esmalte foi avaliada por meio do perfilometro 3D de não contato (3D-NCP) nos parâmetros de perda de estrutura dentária e de rugosidade superficial. Imagens foram obtidas no 3D-NCP e em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Diferenças entre os tratamentos foram testadas usando estatística inferencial, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. As imagens de 3D-NCP e MEV foram avaliadas descritivamente. Os vernizes fluoretados com CPP-ACP e xilitol exibiram efeito preventivo em relação à erosão e à progressão da erosão dentária; além de inibir à erosão associada à abrasão. O verniz de CPP-ACP demonstrou efeito preventivo frente à erosão promovida pelo refrigerante associado a um medicamento líquido pediátrico. (AU)

Fluoride compounds are very important as preventive and therapeutic agents in erosive and abrasive challenges. Various fluoride products has been extensively studied because of their action to prevent, treat or slow down the progression of tooth demineralization. Novel compounds have been proposed, in combination or not with fluoride products to obtain better effects against mineral loss. In this thesis was evaluated the effect of NaF varnishes with calcium and xylitol in the prevention of erosion and erosion associated with abrasion. Sodium fluoride varnishes (NaF) associated or not with casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and xylitol were tested. For erosion experiments, cycles of erosion (immersion in soft drink or in pediatric liquid medications) were made. To erosion associated with abrasion, brushing cycles were also applied to the eroded blocks. In all experiments, the enamel surface was evaluated by profilometry by non-contact 3D (3D-PNC) in following parameters: tooth structure loss and surface roughness. Images were obtained on 3D-PNC and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Differences between treatments were tested using inferencial statistical analysis with 5% os signifficance. 3D-PNC and SEM images were descriptively evaluated. CPP-ACP/NaF and xylitol/NaF varnishes exhibited a preventive effect against erosion and erosion associated with abrasion. The CPP-ACP/NaF varnish showed preventive effect against soft drink plus pediatric liquid medicine erosion. (AU)

Compuestos de flúor son de gran importancia como agentes preventivos y terapéuticos en desafíos erosivos y abrasivos. Varios productos de fluoruro ha sido ampliamente estudiado debido a su acción para prevenir, tratar o retrasar la progresión de la desmineralización de los dientes. Se han propuesto nuevos compuestos, en combinación o no con fluoruro, en un intento de obtener mejores efectos contra la pérdida de mineral. Objetivo de la tesis era evaluar el efecto de los compuestos sobre la base de calcio y xilitol en la prevención de la erosión y la erosión asociada a la abrasión. Barnices de fluoruro de sodio (NaF) asociados o no con fosfocaseínato calcio (CPP-ACP) y xilitol se pusieron a prueba. La erosión se llevó a cabo mediante la inmersión de la muestra en refrigerantes y medicamentos líquidos de los niños. Para la erosión asociada a la abrasión, los ciclos de cepillado se aplicaron a los bloques erosionados. En todos los experimentos, la superficie del esmalte se evaluó mediante perfilometría por 3D sin contacto en los parámetros de la pérdida de estructura dental y rugosidad de la superficie. Las imágenes se obtuvieron en perfilometría 3D sin contacto y microscopio electrónico de barrido (MEB). Las diferencias entre tratamientos se ensayaron usando análisis estadísticos inferenciales com nível de significacion de 5%, la perfilometría 3D sin contacto MEB imágenes se evaluaron descriptivamente. Barnices a fluoruro de CPP-ACP y xilitol exhibieron un efecto preventivo contra la erosión y la progresión de la erosión dental; además de inhibir la erosión asociada a la abrasión. El barniz de CPP-ACP mostró efecto preventivo en contra de la erosión de refrigerante asociado con medicamento líquido pediátrico. (AU)

Effect of coffe and a cola-based soft drink on the color stability of bleached bovine incisors considering the time elapsed after bleaching

There is no consensus about the waiting time necessary for the patient to start consuming beverages containing colorants again after bleaching. Objective: To evaluate the influence of beverages with coloring agents on bleached bovine incisors considering the time elapsed after bleaching. Materials and methods: Sixty bovine incisors were bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide for in-office use (Whiteness HP Max) and divided into 10 groups. The color was evaluated with a spectrophotometer (Spectro Shade MICRO) before and after bleaching, employing the CIE-Lab system. After bleaching, the teeth were exposed for 5 min to coffee or cola-based soft drink (CBSD) at different periods after bleaching: 10 min, 1 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. Color (∆E) and lightness (∆L) variations were obtained from the CIE-Lab coordinates. Data were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (p<0.05). Results: Significant differences were observed between groups for both the ∆L and ∆E values (p<0.001). All specimens presented a decrease in brightness (negative ∆L). The highest ∆E values were observed for teeth stained with a CBSD at 10 min and 1 h (4.12 and 4.16, respectively). Teeth pigmented with coffee presented ∆E values below 3.3 units for all evaluation times. Conclusion: The exposure to coffee after bleaching causes less color changes than the exposure to a CBSD regardless of the time after bleaching. .

Erosive cola-based drinks affect the bonding to enamel surface: an in vitro study

Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of in vitro erosion provoked by different cola-based drinks (Coke types), associated or not with toothbrushing, to bonding to enamel. Material and methods: Forty-six bovine enamel specimens were prepared and randomly assigned into seven groups (N=8): C- Control (neither eroded nor abraded), ERO-RC: 3x/1-minute immersion in Regular Coke (RC), ERO-LC: 3x/1-minute immersion in Light Coke (LC), ERO-ZC: 3x/1-minute immersion in Zero Coke (ZC) and three other eroded groups, subsequently abraded for 1-minute toothbrushing (EROAB-RC, EROAB-LC and EROAB-ZC, respectively). After challenges, they were stored overnight in artificial saliva for a total of 24 hours and restored with Adper Single Bond 2/Filtek Z350. Buildup coronal surfaces were cut in 1 mm2 -specimens and subjected to a microtensile test. Data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA/Bonferroni tests (α=0.05). Failure modes were assessed by optical microscopy (X40). The Interface of the restorations were observed using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM). Results: All tested cola-based drinks significantly reduced the bond strength, which was also observed in the analyses of interfaces. Toothbrushing did not have any impact on the bond strength. CLSM showed that except for Zero Coke, all eroded specimens resulted in irregular hybrid layer formation. Conclusions: All cola-based drinks reduced the bond strength. Different patterns of hybrid layers were obtained revealing their impact, except for ZC. .

Micro-sized erosions in a nanofilled composite after repeated acidic beverage exposures: consequences of clusters dislodgments

Objective: To evaluate the hardness (KHN), color stability (DE), and superficial micromorphology of two categories of composites after immersion in either distilled water or grape juice for up to 45 days. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cylindrical specimens (6 mm diameter x 2 mm thick) were obtained according to the factors: composite [Opallis (FGM) and Filtek Z350XT (3M ESPE)]; immersion solution (distilled water and grape juice); and evaluation time: 24 h and 7, 14, 21, 28, and 45 days. After photoactivation, the specimens were stored at 37ºC for 24 h. KHN (50 g/15 s) and ΔE were then repeatedly assessed according to the immersion solutions. Data were analyzed (three-way ANOVA/Tukey's test). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) topographic analysis was also performed. RESULTS: In general, KHN of both composites reduced after 24 h, irrespective of the immersion solution and time. A significantly lower KHN was noted for Opallis compared with Filtek Z350XT in all parameters. An increase in ΔE over time was noted for both composites, irrespective of the immersion solution. Significantly higher ΔE was noted for Filtek Z350XT immersed in grape juice compared with Opallis, regardless of the evaluation time. The grape juice caused significantly higher DE compared with water in all periods. SEM analysis showed eroded areas for Filtek Z350XT but not for Opallis. CONCLUSIONS: The compositions and immersion solutions influence the composite hardness and the color stability. In spite of the higher hardness, the nanofilled composite is more susceptible to color change than the microhybrid when immersed in an acidic dyed solution. .

Avaliação de hábitos de higiene bucal, hábitos alimentares e pH salivar em pacientes com ausência e presença de lesões cervicais não cariosas / Evaluation of oral hygiene habits, eating habits and salivary pH in patients with absence and presence of no carious cervical lesion

Objetivo: Avaliar hábitos de higiene bucal, hábitos alimentares e pH salivar em pacientes com ausência e presença de lesões cervicais não cariosas. Método: Por meio de um estudo transversal, foram avaliados 88 pacientes, de ambos os sexos, feminino (63,6%) e masculino (36,4%), entre 18 e 71 anos, nos Serviços de Oclusão das cidades de João Pessoa e Campina Grande. Realizaram-se avaliações clínicas, por um único examinador calibrado, para diagnosticar a presença das lesões, a face, os grupos dentários, os hábitos de abrasão e erosão, e o pH Salivar. Utilizaram-se análises descritivas e não paramétricas (Qui-Quadrado, coeficiente ρ de Spearman e teste U de Mann-Whitney), com 5% de nível de significância e 95% de intervalo de confiança. Resultado: Verificou-se a prevalência de 65,90% dos pacientes com lesões e o grupo dos pré-molares foi o mais atingido pelas lesões, que estiveram frequentes na face vestibular e na maxila. O gênero não apresentou associação com a presença das lesões, enquanto que a idade foi estatisticamente significante (p<0,001) para a presença destas. O número e a direção de escovação (Fator Abrasivo) e pH Salivar não demonstraram associação com a presença das lesões, enquanto que a frequência do consumo de refrigerantes, de 1 a 7× semanais, apresentou associação positiva. Conclusão: Os pacientes com alterações oclusais apresentam um elevado número de lesões cervicais não cariosas e a frequência do consumo de refrigerantes representou associação estatística com a presença de lesões.

Objective: To evaluate oral hygiene habits, eating habits and salivary pH in patients with absence and presence of no carious cervical lesions. Method: Through a cross-sectional study evaluated 88 patients of both sexes, female (63.6%) and male (36.4%), between 18 and 71 years in services Occlusion of the cities of João Pessoa Campina Grande. Clinical assessments were performed by a single calibrated examiner to diagnose the presence of lesions, compared to groups dental erosion and abrasion habits and Salivary pH. Through descriptive analysis and nonparametric (chi-square, Spearman ρ coefficient and U Mann-Whitney test) at 5% significance level and 95% confidence interval. Result: The prevalence of 65.90% of patients with injuries, the group premolar was the most affected by injuries, which were frequent in the buccal and jaw. Gender was not associated with the presence of lesions, whereas age was statistically significant (p<0.001) for the presence of these. The number and direction of brushing (Abrasive Factor) and Salivary pH didn't show association with the presence of lesions; whereas the frequency of soft drink consumption from 1 to 7× weekly, showed a positive association. Conclusion: Patients with occlusal changes have a large number of no carious cervical lesions and the frequency of soft drink consumption accounted statistical association with the presence of lesions.

Efeito da solução de clorexidina a 2% na adesão de um sistema restaurador adesivo à dentina previamente erodida com refrigerante tipo cola regular e light / Effect of 2% chlorhexidine solution on adhesive bond strength to eroded dentin by regular and light cola drinks

Os refrigerantes são potentes agentes erosivos que podem provocar perda de estrutura dentária e requerer o tratamento restaurador adesivo, dependendo do grau de comprometimento. Pelas diferentes propriedades apresentadas, estas bebidas podem afetar a adesão à dentina de diferentes formas. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a resistência de união (RU) em dentina erodida tratada com solução de clorexidina a 2%. Sessenta terceiros molares tiveram a superfície dentinária do terço oclusal exposta e foram distribuídos em 3 grupos, de acordo com o protocolo erosivo: controle, sem desafio (C), desafio erosivo com Coca-Cola (CC) e desafio erosivo com Coca-Cola Light (CL). As ciclagens erosivas foram por ciclos de 5-min de imersão 3x/dia durante 5 dias. Em seguida, metade dos dentes foi tratado com solução de clorexidina a 2% (1,5ul) e o restante com água deioinizada (1,5ul) e o processo adesivo realizado com Adper Single Bond 2® e resina composta Filtek Z350®. Os espécimes foram mantidos em estufa a 37oC por 24 horas. Após esse período, todos os espécimes foram seccionados em palitos (0,80mm2 a 1mm2). Um terço dos palitos obtidos de cada grupo foi testado imediatamente (I-24 h) pelo teste de microtração. Os espécimes remanescentes foram envelhecidos em saliva artificial por 6 meses (6m) e 1 ano (1a) antes do teste. Os dados obtidos da microtração foram analisados por meio dos testes de ANOVA a três critérios e Tukey (p<0,05). O modo de fratura foi analisado e classificado em adesivo, misto e coesivo em dentina ou resina composta. Simultaneamente, uma fatia (mesiodistal) de cada espécime foi analisado por microscopia confocal para análise da interface resina/dentina e formação de tag nos tempos de envelhecimento. Os valores médios de resistência adesiva (MPa ± dp; 24 horas/6 meses /1 ano) foram: C(38,57 ± 15,36/26,67 ± 19,37/12,21 ± 11,24); C-Chx2%(41,93 ± 9,97/31,12 ± 17,02/11,86 ± 10,4); CC(21,80 ± 7,09/8,33 ± 10,71/4,70 ± 9,04)...

Soft drinks are potent erosive agents, which can provoke loss of dental structure and require adhesive restorative treatment, depending on the compromising level. Due to the different properties, these beverages can affect bonding to dentin in different manners. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength (BS) to eroded dentin treated with 2% chlorhexidine solution. Sixty third human molars had their oclusal thirds removed to expose flat dentin and were divided into three groups, according to erosive protocol: Control (C) with no surface treatment, erosive challenge with Regular Coke (CC), erosive challenge with Light Coke (CL). The erosive challenge was performed by cycles of 5-min immersions, 3x/day during 5 days. After that, half of the teeth were treated with 2% chlorhexidine solution (1,5ul) and the remaining with deionized water (1,5ul) before adhesion procedure with Adper Single Bond 2® and FiltekTMZ350®. Specimens were stored at 37oC in deionized water for 24 hours. After this period, all specimens were sectioned into sticks (≈0.81 mm2 to 1mm2). A third of the specimens were tested immediately (I-24 h), for microtensile test. The remaining sticks aged in artificial saliva for 6 months (6m) and 1 year (1y) before testing. The failure mode was analyzed and classified as adhesive, mixed and cohesive in dentin or resin. Bond strength data was analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p<0.05). Simultaneously, one slice (mesial-distal) of each specimen was analyzed by confocal microscopy for analysis of the interface resin/dentin and tag formation over the aging time. Means and standard-deviation (MPa) of each group (I, 6m and 1y) were: C (38.57±15.36, 26.67±19.37, 12.21±11.24), C-Chx 2% (41.93±9.97, 31.2±17.02, 11.86±10.4), CC (21.80±7.09, 8.33±10.71, 4.70±9.04), CC-Chx 2% (19.85±7.87, 24.32±11.7, 6.19±12.37) CL (22.70±9.63, 10.25±15.6, 4.93±5.54) and CL-Chx 2% (22.40±7.34, 20.94±14.68, 16.05±13.91). Adhesive and/or mixed failures were...