Helminths of wild hybrid marmosets (Callithrix sp.) living in an environment with high human activity / Helmintos de saguis (Callithrix sp.) híbridos de vida livre vivendo em ambientes com alta atividade humana

The objective of this study was to identify the helminth fauna in hybrid, non-native marmosets, through analysis of fecal samples. The study involved 51 marmosets (genus Callithrix) from five groups living in places with levels of human impact in Viçosa-MG. The marmosets were caught using a multiple-entrance trap and were anaesthetized. Feces were collected, refrigerated and analyzed by means of the sedimentation technique (Hoffmann-Pons-Janner). Eggs and parasites were identified, but not counted. Most of the marmosets (86%) were parasitized by at least one genus of helminths. Among the infected marmosets, 37% presented co-infection. The intestinal helminths comprised four different taxa: Primasubulura jacchi, Ancylostomatidae, Prosthenorchis sp. and Dilepididae.P. jacchi and Ancylostomatidae had higher prevalences (> 80% and > 40%, respectively) and were found in all marmoset groups. Dilepididae species were found in almost all the groups, but only accounted for around 30% of the marmosets. Prosthenorchis sp. showed a relatively low prevalence (< 10%) and was only found in one group. Although two parasites are commonly found in marmosets and other primates (P. jacchi and Prosthenorchis sp.), our study is the first record for Ancylostomatidae and Dilepididae. Factors like marmosets' feeding behavior and their contact with humans and other species of nonhuman primates seem to be determinants of infection among marmosets.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi a identificação da helmintofauna em saguis híbridos e introduzidos, por meio de análises de amostras fecais. O estudo envolveu 51 saguis do gênero Callithrix, de cinco grupos que ocupam áreas com diferentes impactos humanos. Os saguis foram capturados com armadilha de múltiplas entradas e anestesiados. Fezes foram colhidas, refrigeradas e analisadas pela técnica de sedimentação (Hoffmann-Pons-Janner). Ovos e parasitas foram identificados, mas não contados. A maior parte dos saguis (86%) estava parasitado por, pelo menos, uma espécie de helminto. Do grupo infectado, 37% apresentou coinfecção. A diversidade helmíntica intestinal incluiu quatro táxons diferentes: Primasubulura jacchi, Ancylostomatidae, Prosthenorchis sp. e Dilepididae. P. jacchi e Ancylostomatidae apresentaram as maiores prevalências (> 80% e > 40%, respectivamente) e foram encontrados em todos os grupos. As espécies de Dilepididae apresentaram aproximadamente 30% da prevalência e foram encontrados em quase todos os grupos. A espécie Prosthenorchis sp. apresentou prevalência relativamente baixa (< 10%) e foi encontrado somente em um grupo. Considerando que duas das espécies são parasitas comumente descritos para saguis e primatas (P. jacchi e Prosthenorchis sp.), este estudo consiste no primeiro registro para Ancylostomatidae e Dilepididae. Fatores como o comportamento alimentar e o contato com o homem e outras espécies de primatas não humanos, parecem ser determinantes na contaminação dos saguis.

Los nosodes intestinales o Bowel nosodes / The Bowel nosodes

Se hace una breve revision historica de como surgio la idea de utilizar terapeuticamente las bacterias no lactoliticas de la flora intestinal, hasta llegar a los trabajos de Paterson que establecieron una utilizacion mas contrastada de sus utilidades terapeuticas y su relacion con los remedios homeopaticos. Se hace una breve consideracion sobre la importancia patogenetica de la flora intestinal en las enfermedades cronicas. Se consideran despues los distintos tipos de nosodes intestinales y se hace un estudio de sus patogenesias clinicas tal como las establecio Paterson, con algun anadido de otros autores que los han utilizado posteriormente en su practica (Foubister, Kennedy, Hui Bon Hua,...). Tambien se consideran las principales indicaciones de su uso y se refieren algunas observaciones clinicas del propio Paterson. Para mayor detalle de la tecnica microbiologica de cultivo de las bacterias no fermentadoras de la lactosa ver los trabajos de Paterson resenados en la bibliografia

The bowel nosodes

Paterson demonstrates that drugs homoeopathic to a patient can induce a mutation of E Coli to non lactose fermenters associated with clinical relief, after a latent period of 10 to 14 days. This change may last from a few days to many months. He was the first to provide experimental evidence of the effectiveness of the homoeopathic remedies. (An altered diet may change the flora, but this is only for the duration of the diet.) a definite relationship was demonstrated between homoepathic remedies, non-lactose fermenting organisms and clinical syndrome. It is ironic that this clinico-pathological hypothesis, which is now being confirmed, has been so neglected by his homoeopathic colleagues. I have attempted to show that so far it provides the only rational grounds for the management of our present-day difficult clinical problems. It is time that homoeopathic physicians and bacteriologists combined to review his work. May I remind you that to date homoeopathy provides the sole solution to the two pharmacological barriers to the cure of patients - toxic side effects and tolerance?