The inhibitory effects of live and UV-killed Akkermansia muciniphila and its derivatives on cytotoxicity and inflammatory response induced by Clostridioides difficile RT001 in vitro

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of healthcare-acquired infections worldwide. Probiotics are widely recommended to prevent CDI and its recurrences. Akkermansia muciniphila, as a therapeutic symbiont colonizing the intestinal mucosal layer, is considered to be a promising next-generation probiotic. In this work, we assessed the inhibitory effects of A. muciniphila MucT and its derivatives on cytotoxicity and inflammatory response induced by C. difficile RT001 in Caco-2 cells. The results obtained from SEM revealed that the morphology of UV-killed A. muciniphila remained unchanged after UV inactivation. TEM analysis showed that A. muciniphila–isolated extracellular vesicles (EVs) were spherical and ranged from 50 to 200 nm in size. Toxigenic supernatant (Tox-S) of C. difficile RT001 (500 μg/ml) significantly (P <0.01) reduced the cell viability of Caco-2 cells. Caco-2 cells treated with live (MOI 10), UV-killed (MOI 10), cell-free supernatant (CFS, 106 cfu/ml), and EVs (20 μg/ml) of A. muciniphila exhibited over 90% viability in comparison to untreated control. The neutralized CFS preparation using A. muciniphila and its derivatives could notably reduce the expression level of inflammatory markers. Additionally, A. muciniphila and its derivatives modulated the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 in Tox-S stimulated Caco-2 cells. We demonstrated that A. muciniphila and its derivatives can modulate changes in the gut barrier–related genes and inflammatory response caused by C. difficile Tox-S in Caco-2 cells. (AU)

Endoscopic scoring system utilization for inflammatory bowel disease activity assessment: A multicenter real-world study from Argentina / Uso de puntajes endoscopicos para la medicion de la actividad mucosa en pacientes con enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales: un estudio de vida real multicentrico de la Argentina

Background The frequency and patterns of use of scores for the assessment of endoscopic activity in inflammatory bowel disease patients are not known. Aim To describe the prevalence of adequate use of endoscopic scores in IBD patients who underwent colonoscopy in a real-life setting. Materials and methods A multicenter observational study comprising six community hospitals in Argentina was undertaken. Patients with a diagnosis of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis who underwent colonoscopy for endoscopic activity assessment between 2018 and 2022 were included. Colonoscopy reports of included subjects were manually reviewed to determine the proportion of colonoscopies that included an endoscopic score report. We determined the proportion of colonoscopy reports that included all of the IBD colonoscopy report quality elements proposed by BRIDGe group. Endoscopist's specialty, years of experience as well as expertise in IBD were assessed. Results A total of 1556 patients were included for analysis (31.94% patients with Crohn's disease). Mean age was 45.94±15.46. Endoscopic score reporting was found in 58.41% of colonoscopies. Most frequently used scores were Mayo endoscopic score (90.56%) and SES-CD (56.03%) for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, respectively. In addition, 79.11% of endoscopic reports failed to comply with all recommendations on endoscopic reporting for inflammatory bowel disease. Conclusions A significant proportion of endoscopic reports of inflammatory bowel disease patients do not include the description of an endoscopic score to assess mucosal inflammatory activity in a real-world setting. This is also associated with a lack of compliance in recommended criteria for proper endoscopic reporting. (AU)

Introduccion La frecuencia y el patrón de uso de puntajes para evaluar la actividad endoscópica en pacientes con enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales no se conoce bien. Objetivo Describir la prevalencia de uso adecuado de puntajes de actividad endoscópica en colonoscopias de pacientes con enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales en la vida real. Materiales y métodos Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico observacional en seis hospitales de comunidad en Argentina. Se incluyeron pacientes con enfermedad de Crohn o colitis ulcerosa sometidos a colonoscopia para evaluación de la actividad endoscópica entre 2018 y 2022. Se revisaron los reportes de colonoscopias de sujetos incluidos evaluando la proporción de reportes que incluyeron algún puntaje de actividad endoscópica. Se evaluó la proporción de reportes que incluyeron los elementos de calidad en reporte de colonoscopia en enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales sugeridos por el grupo BRIDGe. Se evaluó la especialidad de los operadores, sus años de experiencia y su experiencia en el manejo de enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales. Resultados Se incluyeron 1556 pacientes (31.94% con enfermedad de Crohn). La edad promedio fue de 45.94±15.46. El reporte de algún puntaje endoscópico se identificó en el 58.41% de las colonoscopias. Los puntajes más utilizados fueron el puntaje endoscópico de Mayo (90.56%) y el SES-CD (56.03%). El 79.11% de los reportes de colonoscopias no contaban con todas las recomendaciones para el correcto reporte de colonoscopias en enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales. Conclusiones Una proporción signifivativa de reportes de colonoscopias en sujetos con enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales no incluyen puntajes endoscópicos de actividad. (AU)

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG treatment potentiates ethanol-induced behavioral changes through modulation of intestinal epithelium in Danio rerio / El tratamiento con Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG potencia los cambios de comportamiento inducidos por etanol a través de la modulación del epitelio intestinal en Danio rerio

The gut-brain axis directly regulates the brain homeostatic environment; an imbalance in gut microbial composition following ethanol exposure is maleficent. In this context, involvement of probiotics as prophylactic intervention against ethanol-induced neurotoxicity is elusive in the literature. Therefore, the present study was aimed to determine the impact of chronic ethanol exposure on the neurobehavioral response of zebrafish and possible neuroprotection through co-supplementation of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG). Zebrafish were divided into naive, control, ethanol (0.01% v/v), LGG, and ethanol co-supplemented with LGG groups. Neurobehavioral assessment was performed after 7 days of chronic waterborne exposure to ethanol with LGG co-supplementation followed by histopathological studies. The findings indicated that there was a clear alteration in locomotor activity and habitat preference, with animals preferentially migrating toward altered zones on exposure to ethanol. However, co-supplementation of LGG showed restoration against ethanol-induced neurobehavioral and cognitive dysfunction. Brain tissue pyknosis and intestinal epithelial disruption were significantly mitigated on LGG co-supplementation against ethanol in zebrafish. The present study provides a novel approach toward supplementation of probiotics such as LGG in modulation of gut commensal microbiota influencing zebrafish behavior. Moreover, the findings delineate the possible role of probiotics as a curative administration to counter ethanol-persuaded neurological outcomes.(AU)

Underwater versus conventional endoscopic mucosal resection for sessile colorectal polyps: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: underwater endoscopic mucosal resection (uEMR) without submucosal injection for sessile colorectal polyps was introduced as a new replacement for conventional EMR (cEMR). However, the optimal resection strategy remains a topic of debate. Hence, this meta-analysis was performed to compare the efficacy and safety of uEMR and cEMR in patients with sessile colorectal polyps. Methods: a comprehensive search of the literature from 2000 till January 2022 was performed from Medline, CENTRAL and Embase for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing cEMR vs uEMR for colorectal polyps. The evaluated outcomes included en bloc resection, R0 resection, procedure time, overall bleeding and recurrence. Pooled risk ratios (RR) with 95 % confidence interval were calculated using a random effect model. Results: six studies were included, out of which four were full-text articles and two were conference abstracts. En bloc resection (RR 1.26, 95 % CI: 1.00-1.60), R0 resection (RR 1.10, 95 % CI: 0.96-1.26), overall bleeding (RR 0.85, 95 % CI: 0.54-1.34) and recurrence rate (RR 0.75, 95 % CI: 0.45-1.27) were comparable between uEMR and cEMR. However, uEMR was associated with a shorter procedure time (mean difference [MD] -1.55 minutes, 95 % CI: -2.71 to -0.39). According to the subgroup analysis, uEMR led to a higher rate of en bloc resection (RR 1.41, 95 % CI: 1.07-1.86) and R0 resection (RR 1.19, 95 % CI: 1.01-1.41) for polyps ≥ 10 mm in size. Conclusion: both uEMR and cEMR have a comparable safety and efficacy. For polyps larger than 10 mm, uEMR may have an advantage over cEMR and should be the topic for future studies (AU)

Eficacia de una intervención educativa telefónica para mejorar el grado de preparación intestinal en colonoscopias ambulatorias / Efficacy of an educational intervention by telephone to improve the level of bowel preparation for outpatient colonoscopies

Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de una intervención enfermera telefónica en pacientes con colonoscopia ambulatoria, en términos de mejora del grado de preparación intestinal. Objetivos secundarios: disminuir el número de colonoscopias con preparación inadecuada, las reprogramaciones y las incomparecencias.Método: estudio experimental aleatorizado en pacientes sin colonoscopias previas del Hospital Son Espases, Islas Baleares (España). Se calculó un tamaño muestral de 852 pacientes. El grupo control (GC) recibió una hoja informativa de correcta preparación intestinal y el grupo intervención (GI) además recibió una llamada telefónica siete/diez días antes de la colonoscopia en la que se recordaba la cita y se explicaba detalladamente la correcta preparación. La variable principal de resultado fue la preparación intestinal según la escala Boston categorizada en: adecuada (≥ 6 puntos) o inadecuada (< 6 puntos).Resultados: de los 440 pacientes inicialmente incluidos en el GC, el 15,9% no asistió a la prueba frente al 1% de los 405 del GI (p< 0,001). Se alcanzó una muestra de 622 pacientes, 319 del GC y 303 del GI. El 6,3% del GI presentó una preparación inadecuada frente al 16% del GC (p< 0,001). Los análisis multivariantes confirmaron el efecto de la intervención como factor protector de una preparación inadecuada (OR IC95% 0,345 (0,197-0,605)). Así mismo, fueron necesarias menos reprogramaciones en el GI que en el GC (1,7% vs. 9,1%, p< 0,001).Conclusiones: la intervención enfermera telefónica consigue mejorar el grado de preparación intestinal y reducir reprogramaciones e incomparecencias, aspectos que afectan tanto a la calidad de la endoscopia como a la gestión de los recursos.(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of a nursing intervention by telephone in patients with outpatient colonoscopy, regarding the improvement in the level of bowel preparation. Secondary objectives: to reduce the number of colonoscopies with inadequate preparation, as well as of rescheduling and lack of presentation.Method: an experimental randomized study in patients without previous colonoscopies from the Hospital Son Espases, (Spain). Sample size was calculated in 852 patients. The control arm (CA) received an information sheet about the adequate bowel preparation, and the intervention arm (IA) also received a telephone call 7-10 days before the colonoscopy, as a reminder of the appointment, and with a detailed explanation of the adequate preparation. The primary outcome variable was bowel preparation according to the Boston scale classified into: adequate (≥ 6 points) or inadequate (< 6 points).Results: of the 440 patients initially included in the CA, 15.9% did not attend the test, vs. 1% of the 405 patients in the IA (p< 0,001). A sample of 622 patients was achieved: 319 in the CA and 303 in the IA. In the IA, 6.3% presented inadequate preparation vs. 16% in the CA (p< 0.001). Multivariate analyses confirmed the impact of the intervention as a factor protecting against inadequate preparation (OR CI95% 0.345 (0.197-0.605)). Likewise, less rescheduling was required in the IA vs. the CA (1.7% vs. 9.1%, p< 0.001).Conclusions: the nursing intervention by telephone achieved an improvement in the level of bowel preparation, and a reduction in rescheduling and lack of presentations, which are aspects with impact both on the quality of endoscopy and on resource management.(AU)

Infection with a human-derived enteroinvasive Escherichia coli strain altered intestinal barrier function in guinea pigs / La infección con una cepa enteroinvasiva de Escherichia coli de origen humano alteró la función de la barrera intestinal en cobayos

Background/aims: The aim was to characterize a bacterium causing intestinal mucosal barrier damage and to identify the possible invasion mechanism. Materials and methods: The intestinal permeability and tight junction protein levels were detected in guinea pigs infected with Escherichia coli D-09 via immunofluorescence analysis and western blotting. In order to explain this invasion mechanism at the gene level, whole genome sequencing analysis was performed on this bacterium. Results: The results showed an increased intestinal permeability and upregulated expression of the leaky protein claudin-2 in both the colon and liver of the infected animals. In addition, the draft genome of E. coli D-09 comprised 42 scaffolds (size, > 645 bp) with a total size of 4,679,567 bp. A total of 4379 protein coding genes were identified, which contained 45 antibiotic resistance and 86 virulence-related genes and covered 88.0% of the whole genome. Conclusions: This study verified that the human-derived enteroinvasive E. coli strain could destroy intestinal barrier function in guinea pigs. Additionally, our data first characterized the genome features of E. coli O124:K72 D-09, which may provide new insights into the possible invasion mechanism.(AU)

Location, morphology and invasiveness of lateral spreading tumors in the colorectum differ between two large cohorts from an eastern and western country / La localización, morfología y la infiltración de las lesiones de extensión lateral en colon y recto difieren en dos cohortes extensas de un país oriental y occidental

Background and study aims: Data from Japanese series show that surface morphology of laterally spreading tumors (LST) in the colon identifies lesions with different incidence and pattern of submucosal invasion. Such data from western countries are scarce. We compared clinical and histological features of LST in a western country and an eastern country, with special interest on mucosal invasiveness of LST, and investigated the effect of clinical factors on invasiveness in both countries. Patients and methods: Patients with LST lesions ≥20mm were included from a multicenter prospective registry in Spain and from a retrospective registry from the National Cancer Center Hospital East, Japan. The primary outcome was the presence of submucosal invasion in LST. The secondary outcome was the presence of high-risk histology, defined as high-grade dysplasia or submucosal invasion. Results: We evaluated 1102 patients in Spain and 663 in Japan. Morphological and histological characteristics differed. The prevalence of submucosal invasion in Japan was six-fold the prevalence in Spain (Prevalence Ratio PR=5.66; 95%CI: 3.96, 8.08), and the prevalence of high-risk histology was 1.5 higher (PR=1.44; 95%CI: 1.31, 1.58). Compared to the granular homogeneous type and adjusted by clinical features, granular mixed, flat elevated, and pseudo-depressed types were associated with higher odds of submucosal invasion in Japan, whereas only the pseudo-depressed type showed higher risk in Spain. Regarding high-risk histology, both granular mixed and pseudo-depressed were associated with higher odds in Japan, compared with only the granular mixed type in Spain. Conclusion: This study reveals differences in location, morphology and invasiveness of LST in an eastern and a western cohort.(AU)

Antecedentes y objetivos del estudio: Los datos de series japonesas muestran que la morfología de los tumores de extensión lateral (LST) en el colon identifica lesiones con diferente incidencia y patrón de invasión submucosa. Esta información es escasa en series de países occidentales. Comparamos las características clínicas e histológicas de LST en un país occidental y un país del este, con especial interés en la infiltración de la lesión, e investigamos el efecto de los factores clínicos sobre esta infiltración en ambos países. Pacientes y métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes con lesiones LST ≥20mm de un registro prospectivo multicéntrico en España y de un registro retrospectivo del National Cancer Center Hospital East, Japón. El objetivo primario fue la presencia de invasión submucosa en los LST. El objetivo secundario fue la presencia de histología de alto riesgo, definida como displasia de alto grado o invasión submucosa. Resultados: Evaluamos 1.102 pacientes en España y 663 en Japón. Las características morfológicas e histológicas difirieron. La prevalencia de invasión submucosa en Japón fue 6 veces mayor que la prevalencia en España (razón de prevalencia PR=5,66; IC 95%: 3,96, 8,08), y la prevalencia de histología de alto riesgo fue 1,5 mayor (PR=1,44; IC 95%: 1,31, 1,58). En comparación con el tipo granular homogéneo y ajustado por las características clínicas, los tipos granular mixto, plano elevado y pseudodeprimido se asociaron con mayores probabilidades de invasión submucosa en Japón, mientras que solo el tipo pseudodeprimido mostró mayor riesgo en España. Con respecto a la histología de alto riesgo, tanto el granular mixto como el pseudodeprimido se asociaron con mayores probabilidades en Japón, en comparación con solo el tipo granular mixto en España. Conclusión: Este estudio revela diferencias en la localización, morfología e invasividad de LST en una cohorte oriental y occidental.(AU)

Characterization of the fecal microbiota in gastrointestinal cancer patients and healthy people

BackgroundThe incidence and mortality of gastrointestinal (GI) tumors are high in China. Some studies suggest that the gut microbiota is related to the occurrence and development of tumors. At present, there are no prospective studies based on the correlation between gastrointestinal tumors and gut microbiota in the Chinese population. The objective of this report is to characterize the fecal microbiota in healthy control participants and patients with esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer.MethodsPatients with locally advanced or metastatic esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancer were enrolled, and healthy people were included as controls. 16S rRNA sequencing was used to analyze the characteristics of fecal microbiota. PICRUSt software was used for functional prediction.ResultsSignificant differences in the composition and abundance of fecal microbiota were identified between gastrointestinal cancer patients (n = 130) and healthy controls (n = 147). The abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Clostridium clostridioforme and Bifidobacterium adolescent in tumor groups were all significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.05). The levels of Blautia producta and R. faecis in the gastric (n = 46) and colorectal cancer (n = 44) groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The level of Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in the esophageal cancer (n = 40) and gastric cancer groups was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05).

Endoscopic mucosal resection versus endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal laterally spreading tumors: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE: to assess the efficacy and safety of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in the treatment of colorectal laterally spreading tumors (LSTs). METHODS: a systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CNKI and WANFANG databases. The related references were selected according to certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Cochrane Collaboration's Revman 5.3 software was used for data analysis. RESULTS: a total of 12 studies were included in the analysis. The total number of lesions was 3,062 (EMR: 1,906; ESD: 1,156). The en-bloc resection rate of ESD was 95 % (1,098/1,156), which was significantly higher than that of EMR (42.8 %, 815/1,906) (OR = 0.07, 95 % CI [0.02, 0.07], p < 0.00001). The complete resection rate of ESD was 93.2 % (109/117), which was significantly higher than that of EMR as well (71.9 %, 92/128) (OR = 0.12, 95 % CI [0.05, 0.29], p < 0.00001). The bleeding rate showed no significant difference between EMR and ESD (4.2 % vs 3.5 %) (OR = 1.04, 95 % CI [0.68, 1.60], p = 0.85). The perforation rates of EMR and ESD were 1.8 % and 2.4 %, respectively, which displayed a significant difference (OR = 0.56, 95 % CI [0.32, 0.97], p = 0.04). Nevertheless, the recurrence rate of EMR was significantly higher than that of ESD (15.9 % vs 0.5 %) (OR = 23.06, 95 % CI [11.11, 47.85], p < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: endoscopic resection of LSTs is safe and effective. As compared with EMR, ESD has higher en-bloc and complete resection rates but a lower recurrence rate. Therefore, ESD is highly recommended for the treatment of LSTs

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Rectal advancement flaps for the treatment of transphincteric perianal fistulas: a three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound and quality of life assessment

This study quantifies the damage to the internal anal sphincter (IAS) after a rectal mucosal advancement flap for a high transphincteric fistula in 16 patients using 3D-endoanal ultrasound. This was correlated with postoperative incontinence and quality of life scores. The median length of involved IAS preoperatively was 50 % (20-100) and 93.72 % for EAS (47.4-100 %). IAS division did not influence continence (p > 0.05). Continence deteriorated between the pre-, postoperative (p = 0.014) and six-month follow-up (p = 0.005), with no significant differences after one year (p > 0.05). The FIQOL score and SF-36 deteriorated initially, with recovery in all domains except for mental health after one year. Three fistulas recurred (18.75 %)

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Adenocarcinoma de colon sobre adenoma serrado tradicional / No disponible

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Proctitis: pensar más allá de la enfermedad inflamatoria y la neoplasia / Proctitis: thinking beyond inflammatory disease and malignancy

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Mucosal expression of defensin-5, soluble phospholipase A2 and lysozyme in the intestine in a rat model of acute liver failure and its relationship to intestinal bacterial translocation / Expresión de defensina-5, fosfolipasa A2 soluble y lisozima en la mucosa intestinal en un modelo de rata con insuficiencia hepática aguda y su relación con la traslocación bacteriana intestinal

INTRODUCTION: To study the expression of defensin-5 (RD-5), soluble phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and lysozyme in the intestine in a rat model of acute liver failure and its relationship with intestinal bacterial translocation (BT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into two groups. The experimental group was divided into five subgroups according to the lapsing time after the model was established, which were designated accordingly as 8 h, 16 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h groups. Acute liver failure (ALF) model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 10% d-galactosamine. The homogenates of mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), liver and spleen from each group were cultured in agar to determine the bacterial outgrowth. The mRNA expression of RD-5, sPLA2, lysozyme and the protein expression of sPLA2, lysozyme were determined. RESULTS: No bacteria grew in the organ cultures from the control group while experimental groups had positive cultures. Expression of the RD-5 and sPLA2 mRNA in the experimental groups gradually increased at early time points and peaked 16 h after induction of ALF, then progressively decreased. The mRNA expression of lysozyme in the experimental group peaked at 8 h after ALF induction, then progressively decreased. Similar results were obtained with Western blot and immunohistochemical staining. DISCUSSION: The immune barrier function of the ileal mucosa in the rat model of acute liver failure was compromised as demonstrated by the decreased expression of RD-5, sPLA2 and lysozyme in Paneth cells along with increased intestinal bacterial translocation

INTRODUCCIÓN: Estudiar la expresión de defensina-5 (RD-5), fosfolipasa A2 soluble (sPLA2) y lisozima en el intestino de un modelo de rata con insuficiencia hepática aguda y su relación con la traslocación bacteriana (TB) intestinal. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Se dividieron ratas Sprague-Dawley® (SD) en 2 grupos. El grupo experimental se dividió en 5 subgrupos según el tiempo transcurrido desde que se estableció el modelo, y se designaron en consecuencia como grupos de 8, 16, 24, 48 y 72 h. El modelo de insuficiencia hepática aguda (IHA) se indujo mediante inyección intraperitoneal de D-galactosamina al 10%. Se cultivaron homogeneizados de ganglios linfáticos mesentéricos (GLM), hígado y bazo de cada grupo en agar para determinar la proliferación bacteriana. Se determinaron la expresión de ARNm de RD-5, sPLA2 y lisozima, y la expresión de proteínas de sPLA2 y lisozima. RESULTADOS: En los cultivos de órganos del grupo de control no creció ninguna bacteria, mientras que los grupos experimentales presentaron cultivos positivos. La expresión del ARNm de RD-5 y sPLA2 en los grupos experimentales aumentó gradualmente en los primeros momentos y alcanzó el máximo 16 h después de la inducción de la IHA, para después disminuir de forma progresiva. La expresión de lisozima en el grupo experimental alcanzó el valor máximo 8 h después de la inducción de la IHA y después disminuyó progresivamente. Se obtuvieron resultados similares con la inmunoelectrotransferencia y la tinción inmunohistoquímica. DISCUSIÓN: La función de barrera inmunológica de la mucosa ileal en el modelo de rata de insuficiencia hepática aguda se vio afectada, como lo demuestra la disminución de la expresión de RD-5, sPLA2 y lisozima en las células de Paneth junto con el aumento de la translocación bacteriana intestinal

Melanosis coli: A comprehensive review / Melanosis coli: una revisión exhaustiva

Melanosis coli (MC) is a common condition characterized by a black or brown pigment deposited in the colorectal mucosa. It is a reversible condition that is influenced by many factors, such as living habits and bowel function. However, the epidemiology and etiology of MC are still unclear. Most studies show that there is a significant correlation between the use of anthraquinone laxatives and the occurrence of MC. At present, the mechanism of the apoptosis theory is widely recognized as regards the pathogenesis of MC. There is no specific clinical manifestation of MC, and its diagnosis is mainly based on a complimentary examination, such as endoscopic and histopathological tests. General treatment, such as changing living habits, is preferred, and medical or surgical treatment should not be considered in the absence of serious malignancy. The aim of this review is to systematically present and outline the concepts of the epidemiology, etiology, histopathology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of MC, in order to improve the understanding of this condition

La melanosis coli (MC) es una entidad común caracterizada por el pigmento negro o marrón depositado en la mucosa colorrectal. Es una entidad reversible que está influenciada por muchos factores, como los hábitos de vida y la función intestinal. Sin embargo, la epidemiología y la etiología de la MC todavía no están claras. La mayoría de los estudios apoyan que existe una correlación significativa entre el uso de laxantes antraquinónicos y la aparición de MC. Actualmente, el mecanismo de la teoría de la apoptosis es ampliamente reconocido con respecto a la patogénesis de la MC. No existe una manifestación clínica específica de la MC, y el diagnóstico de la MC se basa principalmente en un examen auxiliar, como las pruebas endoscópicas e histopatológicas. Se prefiere el tratamiento general, como el cambio de hábitos de vida; por el contrario, no se debe considerar el tratamiento médico o quirúrgico en ausencia de una malignidad grave. El objetivo de esta revisión es entregar y resumir sistemáticamente los conceptos de la epidemiología, la etiología, la histopatología, la patogénesis, las manifestaciones clínicas, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la MC para mejorar la comprensión de esta entidad

Could imbalances in the composition of gut microbiota be implicated in the origin of atopic dermatitis?

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The utility of TNF-alfa, IL-6 and IL-10 in the diagnosis and/or follow-up food allergy

Background: Several pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators play a role in the immunopathogenesis of food allergy (FA). The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of serum biomarkers like interleukin (IL)-10, TNF-alfa, and IL-6 in the diagnosis and/or follow-up of FA. Methods: Sixty (25 females, 41.6%) newly diagnosed FA patients [IgE mediated (group-1, n = 37), non-IgE (group-2, n = 23)] with a median age of nine (1-33) months were enrolled. Twenty-four healthy children with a median age of eight (1-36) months constituted the control group (CG). In all the subjects, serum TNF-alfa, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were evaluated at the time of diagnosis and reassessed four weeks after therapeutic elimination diet (TED). Results: The mean white blood cell count and median absolute eosinophile count of the CG were significantly lower than group-1 (p values were 0.019 and 0.006, respectively). The mean absolute neutrophile count and the median IL-6 were significantly higher in group-1 when compared with group-2 (p values were 0.005 and 0.032, respectively. Median TNF-alfa and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the pre-TED among all patients (p values were 0.005 and 0.018, respectively). In group-1, median TNF-α and IL-6 levels decreased significantly after TED (p values were 0.01 and 0.029, respectively). Conclusions: Our findings support the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of FA. Serum TNF-alfa and IL-6 levels may be useful markers for follow-up in FA, especially among IgE-mediated FA patients. Evaluation of IL-10 results was not sufficient for an interpretation of clinical tolerance

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