Role of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) in anxiety and cognition: Opportunities for intervention for anxiety-related disorders

Our objective was to review the literature on the parietal cortex and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) in anxiety-related disorders, as well as opportunities for using neuromodulation to target this region and reduce anxiety. We provide an overview of prior research demonstrating: 1) the importance of the IPS in attention, vigilance, and anxious arousal, 2) the potential for neuromodulation of the IPS to reduce unnecessary attention toward threat and anxious arousal as demonstrated in healthy samples; and 3) limited data on the potential for neuromodulation of the IPS to reduce hyper-attention toward threat and anxious arousal among clinical samples with anxiety-related disorders. Future research should evaluate the efficacy of IPS neuromodulation in fully powered clinical trials, as well as the value in augmenting evidence-based treatments for anxiety with IPS neuromodulation. (AU)

Neurorrehabilitación funcional de miembro superior tras ictus en lobulo parietal derecho. Revisión / Functional neurorehabilitation of the upper limb after stroke in the right parietal lobe. Review

Objetivos: profundizar en las diferentes técnicas de rehabilitación funcional de los miembros superiores afectados por una lesión neurológica en el lóbulo parietal tras un ictus, empleando métodos y/o abordajes que estén apoyados por diferentes marcos teóricos de referencia, dentro de la Neurorrehabilitación y la Terapia ocupacional. Métodos: en total han sido seleccionados 30 documentos para llevar a cabo la revisión bibliográfica, en inglés y español, utilizando buscadores como PubMed, Dialnet, Scielo, páginas web. Resultados: se muestran diferentes intervenciones terapéuticas que abordan de forma integral al paciente (función cognitiva, sensitiva y motora). Se diferencian terapias convencionales y modernas, existiendo dentro de estas últimas otras clasificaciones dependiendo de si utilizan dispositivos externos para lograr la reorganización cortical o métodos internos inherentes al paciente. Conclusiones: el inicio del tratamiento tras un daño parietal en hemisferio derecho debe ser lo más temprano posible y la mejor evidencia recae sobre el reaprendizaje orientado a tareas, que aumenta si a ésta se suman otras terapias, para abordar de forma integral las distintas áreas afectadas del paciente.(AU)

Objective: To delve into the different functional rehabilitation techniques of the upper limbs affected by a neurological lesion in the parietal lobe after a stroke, using methods and/or approaches that are supported by different theoretical frameworks of reference, within Neurorehabilitation and Therapy. occupational. Methods: A total of 30 documents have been selected to carry out the bibliographic review, in English and Spanish, using search engines such as PubMed, Dialnet, Scielo, web pages. Results: Different therapeutic interventions are shown that comprehensively address the patient (cognitive, sensory and motor function). Conventional and modern therapies are differentiated, existing within the latter other classifications depending on whether they use external devices to achieve cortical reorganization or internal methods inherent to the patient. Conclusions: The start of treatment after parietal damage in the right hemisphere should be as early as possible and the best evidence relies on task-oriented relearning, which increases if other therapies are added to it, to comprehensively address the different affected areas. of the patient.(AU)

¿Un síntoma negado? Lateropulsión parietal de la marcha como manifestación inicial de ictus isquémico agudo / A neglected symptom? Parietal gait lateropulsion as primary manifestation of acute is-chemic stroke

Introducción: Los trastornos de la marcha no suelen considerarse dentro de las manifestaciones de presentación del ictus y están subrepresentados en las series de casos. Presentamos cuatro casos de lateropulsión de la marcha de inicio súbito como manifestación primaria de ictus del lóbulo parietal.Caso clínico: Cuatro pacientes se presentaron tras el inicio súbito de lateropulsión de la marcha. En el examen neurológico, todos tenían al menos un déficit sensitivo cortical, marcha de base amplia con lateropulsión ipsilateral al déficit cortical. En la neuroimagen se corroboró un ictus subagudo parietal contralateral al lado de lateropulsión de la marcha. Dos pacientes tenían lateropulsión bilateral con predominio ipsilateral al déficit cortical e incremento de inestabilidad con los ojos cerrados (simulando signo de Romberg), en quienes la neuroimagen demostró un ictus parietal bilateral (subagudo contralateral, crónico ipsilateral al lado de lateropulsión de la marcha). Conclusión: Describimos la lateropulsión de la marcha como una nueva manifestación inicial de ictus agudo del lóbulo parietal (lateropulsión parietal de la marcha), contralateral al lado de desviación de la marcha. Dado el papel del parietal como destino de las vías de propiocepción, los ictus pueden originar alteraciones de la marcha, con lesiones bilaterales que semejan ataxia sensitiva con inestabilidad al eliminar la aferencia visual.(AU)

Introduction: Gait disorders are commonly overlooked as a presenting manifestation of stroke and underrepresented in case series. We describe four cases of sudden-onset gait lateropulsion as primary manifestation of parietal lobe stroke. Case report: Four patients presented after sudden-onset gait lateropulsion. On neurological examination, all patients had at least one cortical sensory deficit and wide-based gait with lateropulsion towards the side of the cortical deficit. Neuroimaging revealed a subacute parietal lobe stroke contralateral to the side of gait lateropulsion. In two patients we found bilateral lateropulsion with predominance towards the side of cortical deficit and increase of unsteadiness with eye closure (an apparent Romberg sign), with neuroimaging revealing bilateral parietal strokes (subacute contralateral and chronic ipsilateral to gait lateropulsion).Conclusion: We report gait lateropulsion as a novel primary manifestation of acute stroke of the parietal lobe (parietal gait lateropulsion). Given its role as the destination of proprioceptive pathways, parietal strokes can result in gait lateropulsion, with bilateral lesions even mimicking sensory ataxia with bilateral lateropulsion and unsteadiness upon eye closure.(AU)

Eficacia de la estimulación magnética transcraneal aplicada a la negligencia visuoespacial en pacientes post-ictus: revisión sistemática / Efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation applied to visuospatial neglect in post-stroke patients: systematic review. Efficacy of tms applied to vns after stroke

Objetivos: revisar le evidencia actual sobre la eficacia de la estimulación magnética transcraneal, como estrategia terapéutica en la negligencia visuoespacial en pacientes post-ictus. Métodos: entre enero y febrero del 2021 se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en diferentes bases de datos obteniendo un total de 161 artículos, de los cuales, únicamente 11 estudios son incluidos. Resultados: la suma de estos generó una muestra de 298 participantes con ictus derecho. En todos los estudios la estimulación se aplicó en la corteza parietal posterior, sin embargo, el patrón de estimulación fue variante entre la estimulación magnética transcraneal y la de tipo Theta-burst. En cuanto a las pruebas seleccionadas para ratificar la presencia o no de negligencia, las investigaciones se decantaron principalmente por el test de bisección de líneas y el test de cancelación de estrellas. Conclusiones: los resultados sugieren que el uso de la estimulación magnética transcraneal es eficaz para reducir la gravedad de la negligencia después de un ictus. Sin embargo, las limitaciones encontradas imposibilitan asegurar su eficacia y se requieren más investigaciones.(AU)

Objective: To review the current evidence on the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation as a therapeutic strategy in visuospatial neglect in post-stroke patients. Methods: Between January and February 2021, a systematic search was carried out in different databases, obtaining a total of 161 articles, of which only 11 studies were included. Results: The sum of these results generated a sample of 298 participants with right stroke. In all studies, stimulation was applied to the posterior parietal cortex; however, the stimulation pattern varied between transcranial magnetic stimulation and Theta-burst stimulation. As for the tests selected to confirm the presence or absence of neglect, the researchers mainly chose the line bisection test and the star cancellation test. Conclusions: The results suggest that the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation is effective in reducing the severity of neglect after stroke. However, the limitations found make it impossible to ensure its efficacy and further research is needed. (AU)

Estudio cortical de la atención en tests de simulación militar / A cortical study of the attention in military simulation tests

Introducción. La atención es una de las funciones cerebrales superiores más estudiadas en nuestros días y la base de otros procesos cognitivos. En ocasiones se entiende como la concentración en una tarea. El nivel de ejecución de una tarea y la habilidad para procesar información son dependientes del estado de activación cerebral, que puede registrarse mediante el electroencefalograma (EEG). Objetivo. Estudiar la atención en estados de reposo y durante el desarrollo de tareas propias del personal militar, explorando las diferencias entre dos grupos (cadetes/mandos). Sujetos y métodos. Se han recogido señales de EEG de 19 cadetes y 17 oficiales de la Academia General Militar y del Hospital General de la Defensa durante tareas de simulación militar y en estados de reposo. Nuestro equipo utiliza metodología propia de sistemas dinámicos y técnicas fractales para modelizar y cuantificar las señales del EEG, en este caso para el cálculo de la dimensión fractal del registro de cada derivación. Los datos obtenidos en diversos estados cerebrales se someten a un estudio estadístico. Resultados. Se observan mayores valores de las medias globales corticales en el grupo de mandos. La dimensión aumenta en ambos grupos al elevar la dificultad de la tarea en todas las áreas cerebrales, salvo en la zona frontal. Destacan las diferencias significativas entre grupos en la tarea de simulación de manejo de vehículos de combate en las zonas central, parietal y temporal. Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los dos grupos no se comportan de manera homogénea en la misma tarea de atención que implica un videojuego

Introduction. Attention is one of the most widely studied superior cerebral functions and base of many other cognitive processes. It is sometimes understood as concentration on a task or target. The level of execution of a task and the ability to process information are dependent on the state of cerebral activation of the subject. This brain activity can be recorded with the electroencephalogram (EEG). Aim. Attention is studied in states of rest and during the performance of tasks in military personnel, exploring the differences between two groups (cadets and officers/NCOs). Subject and methods. EEG signals have been recorded from 19 cadets and 17 officers of the General Military Academy and from the General Hospital of the Defense during military simulation tasks and in states of rest. Our team uses its own methodology of the dynamic systems and fractal techniques for the modeling and quantification of the EEG signals, in this case for the computation of the fractal dimension of the record of each derivation. The data obtained are subjected to a statistical study. Results. Higher cortical global mean values were observed in the officers group. The dimension increases in both groups by raising the difficulty of the task in all areas of the brain except in the frontal zone. They highlight the significant differences between groups in the simulation task of driving combat vehicle in the central, parietal and temporal areas. Conclusions. The results obtained show that the two groups studied do not behave homogeneously in the same attention task that involves a video game

Wasp venom immunotherapy in a patient with immune-mediated inflammatory central nervous system disease: is it safe?

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Negligencia de afeitado en la hemicara izquierda por isquemia parietal / Left-sided facial shaving hemineglect due to parietal ischaemia

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Oligodendrocyte abnormalities in layer 5 inthe inferior parietal lobule are associated with lackof insight in schizophrenia: A postmorte mmorphometric study

Background and Objectives: Previously we reported in layer 3 of the inferior parietal lobule a reduction in the numerical density of oligodendrocytes (Nv Ol), oligodendrocyte clusters (Nv OlC) in BA 39, and in the number of perineuronal oligodendrocytes(N PnOl) in BA 39/40 areas in schizophrenia. These changes were associatedwith lack of insight. We hypothesized that similar abnormalities might occur in layer 5 inBA 39/40, and they might be associated with lack of insight. Methods: We estimated the Nv Ol, the Nv OlC by optical disector method and the NPnOl in layer 5 in BA 39/40 in Nissl stained sections from 24 males with schizophrenia and 24 normal male controls from the Stanley Parietal Collection. The schizophrenia group was divided into three subgroups based on level of insight: poor, fair or good. Results: We found a significant deficit in the parameters measured in BA 39 in the schizophrenia group and in the subgroup of subjects having poor insight as compared to the control group. In BA 40 the Nv Ol and the Nv OlC were significantly lower in the schizophrenia group compared to controls, and the N PnOl was not changed. Each insight subgroup showed a decreased the Nv Ol and the Nv OlC compared to controls. There were no subgroup differences in BA 39/40. Conclusions: Schizophrenia is characterized by the reduction in the Nv Ol and the NvOlC in layer 5 of BA 39/40. Oligodendrocyte abnormalities in BA 39 are associated with poor insight in schizophrenia (AU)

Trastorno de Tourette y de la lectura en un niño con disrupción del tracto parietofrontal izquierdo / Tourette syndrome and reading disorder in a boy with left parietofrontal tract disruption

Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 9 años con trastorno de Tourette y de la lectura con antecedente de un proceso infeccioso grave durante el período neonatal tardío. La resonancia magnética cerebral demostró una cavidad encefalomalácica parietal izquierda, y un estudio con tensor de difusión y tractografía mostraron una llamativa disrupción del haz de sustancia blanca que une la región parietal izquierda con la frontal homolateral, con afectación del fascículo longitudinal superior y del fascículo arcuato izquierdos. Aunque los trastornos descritos son fundamentalmente neuropsiquiátricos hereditarios, pueden existir casos secundarios a alteraciones cerebrales como la que nos ocupa en el presente niño. La introducción de ésta y otras técnicas modernas de neuroimagen en pacientes con trastornos neuropsiquiátricos (o riesgo de padecerlos) podrían tener un gran valor diagnóstico y pronóstico en el futuro (AU)

We present the case of a nine-year-old boy with Tourette syndrome and reading disorder with a history of a severe infectious process in the late neonatal period. Brain MRI showed a left parietal malacotic cavity and diffusion tensor imaging and tractography showed a striking disruption of the white matter bundle that joins the left parietal region with the ipsilateral frontal region with involvement of the left superior longitudinal fasciculus and of the left arcuate fasciculus. Although Tourette syndrome and reading disorder are fundamentally hereditary neuropsychiatric disorders, they can also occur secondary to cerebral alterations like those existing in this boy. The introduction of modern neuroimaging techniques in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders (or the risk of developing them) can be very useful in the diagnosis and prognosis in the future (AU)

Falso hematoma epidural ecográfico en un neonato / False epidural haematoma in a neonatal ultrasound

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Deficit of perineuronal oligodendrocytes in the inferior parietal lobule is associated with lack of insight in schizophrenia

Background and Objectives: Previously we reported a significant reduction in the numerical density of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte clusters in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) in schizophrenia that was associated with lack of insight. We also found a significant decrease in the number of perineuronal oligodendrocytes (PnOl) in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and therefore we hypothesized that there may also be a deficit of PnOl in the IPL in schizophrenia and that it could be associated with poor insight. Methods: We estimated the number of PnOl adjacent to pyramidal neurons in layer 3 of BA39 and BA40 in Nissl stained sections from 24 males with schizophrenia and 24 normal male controls from the Stanley Parietal Collection. The schizophrenia group was divided into three subgroups based on level of insight: poor, fair or good.Results: We found a significant deficit of PnOl in layer 3 of BA39 and BA40 in the schizophrenia group as compared to the control group (p<0.01). In the control group but not in the schizophrenia group in BA39 the number of PnOl was significantly higher in the left hemisphere compared to the right hemisphere. In schizophrenia, in BA39 the number of PnOl was decreased in the subgroup with poor insight vs. controls. In BA40 the subgroups with both poor and fair insight were decreased vs. controls (p<0.01). In BA40 the subjects with fair insight also differed from those with good insight (p<0.01). Conclusions: The reduction of PnOl in the IPL in schizophrenia is associated with impaired insight and lack of hemispheric asymmetry (AU)

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Abnormalities in oligodendrocyte clusters inthe inferior parietal cortex in schizophreniaare associated with insight

Background and Objectives: Deficits in oligodendrocytes have been consistentlyreported in the brains of patients with schizophrenia and include alterations in theclustering pattern of oligodendrocytes. Recently it has been shown that oligodendrocyteprogenitors proliferate in the adult mammalian brain to form oligodendrocyte clusters(OlC). We previously found a deficit of oligodendrocytes in layer 3 of the inferior parietallobule (IPL) in subjects with schizophrenia with poor insight into disorder. We hypothesizedthat the number of OlC might be reduced in schizophrenia subjects with poor insight.Methods: Nissl-stained sections from the Stanley “Parietal Collection” from maleschizophrenia subjects (n = 24) that have poor, fair, or good insight into their disorder andnormal matched controls (n = 24) were studied. The numerical density (Nv) of OlC wasestimated in layer 3 of BA 39 and BA 40 by optical disector method.Results: The Nv of OlC was 23% lower in BA 39 and 30% lower in BA40 in the schizophreniagroup compared to the control group (p<0.01). Normal hemispheric differences inthe Nv of OlC in BA 39 were absent in the schizophrenia group. The Nv of OlC was significantlydecreased in BA39 in the subgroup with poor insight and in BA40 in the subgroupswith fair and good insight as compared to controls. In BA40 lower Nv of OlC (-40%,p<0.01) was found in the subgroup with adolescent onset of disease as compared to controls.Conclusions: The deficit of OlC may be associated with altered proliferation and/ormaturation of oligodendrocyte progenitors in schizophrenia (AU)

Reduced oligodendroglial density in the inferiorparietal lobule and lack of insight in schizophrenia

Background and Objectives: Alterations and deficits of oligodendrocytesreported in the grey and white matter in schizophrenia may contribute to neuronal disconnectivity. Prefrontal-parietal functional disconnections have been implicated in diverseclinical symptoms of schizophrenia, including poor insight. We studied the effects ofschizophrenia diagnosis and insight on numerical density (Nv) of oligodendrocytes in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL).Methods: Nissl-stained sections from the Stanley “Parietal Collection” from male schizophrenia subjects (n = 24) having poor, fair, or good insight and healthy matched controls(n = 24) were examined. The Nv of oligodendrocytes was estimated in layer 3 of BA 39 and BA 40 of the IPL and in white matter underlying layer 6 by optical dissector method. Results: In BA 39 we found a significant 15% decrease in the Nv of oligodendrocytesin layer 3 in the schizophrenia group. Nv of oligodendrocytes in the poor+fair insight subgroup was 20% lower compared to controls (p< 0.05) and to good insight subgroup (p =0.055). Nv of oligodendrocytes in the good insight subgroup did not differ from the control group. A significant lateralization of oligodendrocyte density was detected in layer 3(L>R) only in the control group. There were no significant group differences in the Nv ofoligodendrocytes in BA 40 or in the white matter underlying BA 39/40 areas. Conclusions: Lack of insight in schizophrenia may be associated with a deficit ofoligodendroglia in the grey matter of IPL (AU)

Del inicio de una epilepsia parcial continua al diagnóstico y tratamiento del síndrome de Rasmussen / From the beginning of a continuous partial epilepsy to the diagnosis and treatment of Rasmussen's syndrome

La epilepsia parcial continua es una forma de estatus epiléptico parcial, que se caracteriza por la presencia de mioclonías repetidas que afectan a un grupo muscular. Su origen es cortical y pueden prolongarse durante horas, días, semanas y excepcionalmente años. Dentro de estas formas de epilepsia podemos diferenciar 2 grupos: el primer grupo o síndrome de Kojewnikow clásico, comprende a niños con una lesión conocida en la región rolándica (cuya etiología es también conocida) y existe un daño neurológico estable (salvo si la lesión aumenta, como por ejemplo, los tumores). Consiste en la presencia de crisis parciales motoras, a veces seguidas por períodos de mioclonías bien localizadas. El segundo grupo o síndrome de Rasmussen se caracteriza por inicio de crisis en pacientes previamente sanos, comenzando con crisis parciales motoras a las cuales rápidamente se asocian mioclonías que pueden afectar distintas zonas corporales. La evolución es progresiva, con deterioro neurológico. Describimos el caso de un niño de 7 años de edad estudiado por crisis convulsivas parciales y degeneración progresiva de funciones superiores. Se le practican estudios de imagen, neurofisiológicos y pruebas de laboratorio, siendo diagnosticado de síndrome de Rasmussen. Finalmente, se le realiza una hemisferectomía paliativa, confirmándose el diagnóstico de encefalitis de Rasmussen mediante biopsia(AU)

Continuous partial epilepsy is a form of partial status epilepticus, which is characterized by the presence of repeated myoclonus affecting a muscle group. Its origin is cortical and it can last for hours, days, weeks and exceptionally, years. Within these forms of epilepsy we can distinguish two groups: the first group or Kojewnikow classic syndrome includes children with a known lesion in the rolandic region (the etiology is also known) and there is a stable neurological damage (unless the injury increases, e.g., tumors). This disease is characterized by the presence of motor partial seizures, sometimes they are followed by periods of well-localized myoclonus. The second group or Rasmussen syndrome is characterized by onset of seizures in previously healthy patients, starting with partial motor seizures, that later can be combined with myoclonus that affect different areas of the body. It is a progressive disease that leads to neurological damage. A case is presented of a 7-year-old patient investigated due to having partial seizures and progressive neurological degeneration. After performing imaging studies, neuropsychological studies, and laboratory tests, he was diagnosed with Rasmussen's syndrome. Finally, a palliative hemispherectomy was performed and the diagnosis was confirmed by a biopsy(AU)

Neuropsicología y anorexia nerviosa. Hallazgos cognitivos y radiológicos / Neuropsychology and anorexia nervosa. Cognitive and radiological findings

Introducción: El estudio de las alteraciones neuropsicológicas halladas en pacientes diagnosticadas de anorexia nerviosa (AN) ha experimentado, a través de las últimas décadas, un espectacular avance proporcionando un amplio campo de conocimientos acerca de los cambios observados en la morfología cerebral y las capacidades cognitivas, así como de la reversibilidad o estabilidad de estos, conformando un perfil de alteración neuropsicológico característico de este trastorno de la conducta alimentaria. Desarrollo: Se presenta una revisión actualizada hasta diciembre de 2010 de los resultados obtenidos en la literatura acerca de las alteraciones, tanto de la morfología cerebral como de las capacidades neuropsicológicas, aportando un marco actualizado de comprensión e intervención para futuras investigaciones. Conclusiones: Las conclusiones de los estudios realizados hasta la fecha muestran cambios cerebrales a nivel estructural y funcional en pacientes diagnosticadas de AN sugiriendo, en contra de las teorías iniciales, que no se producen de manera posterior al comienzo de la enfermedad, sino que están a la base del desarrollo del trastorno y suponen una predisposición para desarrollar sintomatología anoréxica. Asimismo, los estudios más recientes parecen mostrar una red neuropsicológica característica en la AN, que implicaría alteraciones predominantemente de las habilidades del córtex prefrontal, en línea con el trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo, y del córtex parietal derecho, otorgándole un papel fundamental para la comprensión de la aparición y el desarrollo de las alteraciones neuropsicológicas en pacientes AN a las capacidades neuropsicológicas relacionadas con las áreas cerebrales alteradas, y que modifican por completo las teorías clásicas acerca de la AN (AU)

Introduction: Research into neuropsychological impairments present in the patients suffering from anorexia nervosa (AN) has advanced considerably, in the past decades. It now provides neuropsychologists with a wide field of knowledge of the changes found in the cerebral and cognitive capabilities of these patients, as well as their reversible or static features, thereby yielding a characteristic profile of neuropsychological impairment in AN. Development: We present a review updated to December 2010 of the results delivered by studies of both morphological and cognitive changes, providing us with an updated theoretical and practical framework for conducting future research. Conclusions: The studies to date show morphological and functional cerebral changes in the patients diagnosed with AN, but have yet to clarify whether these changes occur after the onset of the disease or if, as more recent research shows, they are one of its causes and could be the basis for a tendency toward developing anorexic symptomatology. Later studies show a neuropsychological network with impairments in the prefrontal and right parietal cortices as a characteristic feature, meaning that those capacities and their related cerebral areas would play major role in the onset and development of the illness. These studies have completely changed classic theories about AN (AU)

Brain dinamics associated with face-naming and the tip-of-the-tongue state

Las áreas cerebrales más activas y su secuencia de activación durante el recuerdo y la denominación exitosa de caras (Condición SI) y durante el fenómeno de la punta de la lengua (Condición PDL) fueron estimadas a partir de potenciales evocados mediante tomografías electromagnéticas de baja resolución (LORETA). Los resultados muestran evidencia de que una adecuada activación de una red neural (estando principalmente implicadas áreas temporales posteriores, insula, áreas prefrontales mediales y laterales, y áreas temporales mediales) durante los primeros 500 ms después de la presentación de la cara está relacionada con la recuperación exitosa de información léxicofonológica sobre el nombre de la persona. Además se obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre ambas condiciones en el intervalo 538-698 ms; concretamente, el giro cingulado anterior y el área motora suplementaria mostraron una mayor activación en la Condición SI que en la Condición PDL, posiblemente relacionada con la respuesta motora y como consecuencia de la recuperación exitosa de la información léxico-fonológica sobre la persona (AU)

Active brain areas and their temporal sequence of activation during the successful retrieval and naming of famous faces (KNOW) and during the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state were studied by means of low resolution electromagnetic tomographic analysis (LORETA) applied to event-related potentials. The results provide evidence that adequate activation of a neural network during the first 500 ms following presentation of the photograph -mainly involving the posterior temporal region, the insula, lateral and medial prefrontal areas and the medial temporal lobe- is associated with successful retrieval of lexical-phonological information about the person’s name. Significant differences between conditions were observed in the 538-698-ms interval; specifically there was greater activation of the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC) towards the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the KNOW than in the TOT condition, possibly in relation to the motor response and as a consequence of the successful retrieval of lexical-phonological information about the person (AU)

Cefalea y visión borrosa en una mujer de 26 años / Headache and blurred vision in a 26 years old woman

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