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1.
Rev. esp. enferm. dig ; 107(11): 686-696, nov. 2015. tab, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-145298

RESUMO

La superficie de la mucosa del tracto gastrointestinal está revestida de células epiteliales que establecen una barrera efectiva, mediante uniones intercelulares, entre el medio interno y el medio externo, impidiendo el paso de sustancias potencialmente nocivas. Sin embargo las células epiteliales también son responsables de la absorción de nutrientes y electrolitos, por lo que se requiere una barrera semipermeable que permita el paso selectivo a ciertas sustancias, mientras que evite el acceso a otras. Para ello, el intestino ha desarrollado la “función barrera intestinal”, un sistema defensivo compuesto por diferentes elementos, tanto extracelulares como celulares, que actúan de forma coordinada para impedir el paso de antígenos, toxinas y productos microbianos y, a la vez, mantiene el correcto desarrollo de la barrera epitelial, el sistema inmunitario y la adquisición de tolerancia hacia los antígenos de la dieta y la microbiota intestinal. La alteración de los mecanismos que componen la función barrera favorece el desarrollo de respuestas inmunitarias exageradas, y, aunque se desconoce su implicación exacta, la alteración de la función barrera intestinal se ha asociado al desarrollo de enfermedades inflamatorias en el tracto digestivo. En esta revisión se detallan los diferentes elementos que componen la función barrera intestinal y las alteraciones moleculares y celulares más características descritas en enfermedades digestivas asociadas a la disfunción de este mecanismo de defensa


The gastrointestinal mucosal surface is lined with epithelial cells representing an effective barrier made up with intercellular junctions that separate the inner and the outer environments, and block the passage of potentially harmful substances. However, epithelial cells are also responsible for the absorption of nutrients and electrolytes, hence a semipermeable barrier is required that selectively allows a number of substances in while keeping others out. To this end, the intestine developed the “intestinal barrier function”, a defensive system involving various elements, both intra- and extracellular, that work in a coordinated way to impede the passage of antigens, toxins, and microbial byproducts, and simultaneously preserves the correct development of the epithelial barrier, the immune system, and the acquisition of tolerance against dietary antigens and the intestinal microbiota. Disturbances in the mechanisms of the barrier function favor the development of exaggerated immune responses; while exact implications remain unknown, changes in intestinal barrier function have been associated with the development of inflammatory conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. This review details de various elements of the intestinal barrier function, and the key molecular and cellular changes described for gastrointestinal diseases associated with dysfunction in this defensive mechanism


Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Gastroenteropatias/imunologia , Células Epiteliais/imunologia , Microbiota/imunologia , Microbiota/fisiologia , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/imunologia , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/prevenção & controle , Junções Íntimas/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Morfogênese/fisiologia , Morfogênese/imunologia , Junções Comunicantes/imunologia , Homeostase/fisiologia
2.
Med. oral patol. oral cir. bucal (Internet) ; 18(4): 569-577, jul. 2013. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-114476

RESUMO

Objective: All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has been demonstrated to inhibit tumor growth by restoration of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) via upregulation of connexin (Cx) expression in some solid tumors. However, the relationship between ATRA and GJIC remains unclear in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ATRA on the GJIC function of OSCC. Study design: We measured the effects of ATRA on the viability and cell cycle distribution of SCC9 and Tca8113 OSCC cells. The GJIC function was observed using the scrape-loading dye transfer technique, and the mRNA and protein levels of Cx32 and Cx43 were detected by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence assays. Results: ATRA inhibited the growth of OSCC cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner (P <0.05) and caused cell cycle arrest. ATRA-treated cells showed a 2.69-fold and 2.06-fold enhancement of GJIC in SCC9 and Tca8113 cells, respectively (P <0.05). Moreover, ATRA induced upregulation of Cx32 and Cx43 at both the mRNA and protein levels in OSCC cells. Conclusion: Our results indicated that restoration of GJIC via enhanced Cx32 and Cx43 expression might serve as a novel mechanism for the anti-tumor effect of ATRA in OSCC (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Tretinoína/análise , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Neoplasias Bucais/patologia , Junções Comunicantes , Conexinas/análise , Junções Intercelulares , Conexina 43/análise
3.
Acta otorrinolaringol. esp ; 59(10): 494-499, dic. 2008. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-70084

RESUMO

El mantenimiento de un gradiente de K+ entre la endolinfa y la perilinfa es imprescindible para la audición normal y depende inicialmente de la actividad de la estría vascular. La presencia de abundante Na-K-ATPasa en las células marginales de la estría vascular proporciona un mecanismo de bombeo al objeto de preservar la cantidad de K+ en la endolinfa y, consecuentemente, el potencial endococlear. Los fibrocitos de la pared lateral coclear suministran K+ a la estría, vía gap junctions, mediante la recirculación hacia la estría de los iones que fluyen desde la escala media durante la transducción auditiva. La pared lateral de la cóclea contiene cinco tipos de fibrocitos, que se diferencian según su localización, sus características estructurales y su contenido de enzimas que median o facilitan la energía para el transporte iónico. La rotura de las uniones como los puentes celulares por mutaciones de conexinas y otras condiciones patológicas conduce al bloqueo de las vías de recirculación de K+. La expresión de coclina y otorraplina, proteínas que intervienen en funciones estructurales o reguladoras del oído interno, indica una diversidad y una complejidad de los tejidos mesenquimales mayores que lo imaginado previamente. La presencia de otospiralina, una proteína novedosa encontrada en los fibrocitos del limbo espiral, el ligamento espiral y las regiones subepiteliales del vestíbulo, es un hallazgo muy importante, ya que dicha proteína se ha mostrado esencial para la supervivencia de las células ciliadas y las células de sostén del oído interno. Conocer y entender mejor la función de los fibrocitos proporcionará un nuevo y prometedor abordaje etiopatogénico para el tratamiento de las enfermedades del oído interno (AU)


Maintenance of the K+ gradient between endolymph and perilymph is essential for normal hearing and depends primarily on the activity of the stria vascularis. Abundant Na-K-ATPase in marginal strial cells provides a pumping mechanism for preserving the K+ level of the endolymph and consequently, the endocochlear potential. Fibrocytes in the lateral wall of the cochlea supply K+ to the strial pump, via gap junctions, by recycling back into the stria the ions that efflux from the scala media during auditory transduction. The lateral wall of the cochlea encloses five types of fibrocytes, differentiated by their location, structural features and content of enzymes mediating or energizing ion transport. The disruption of the gap junction bonds by connexin mutations and other pathologies leads to an interruption of K+ recirculation pathways. The expression of cochlin and otoraplin, proteins that participate in structural or regulatory functions in the inner ear, suggests more diversity and complexity of the mesenchymal tissues than envisioned previously. The presence of otospiralin, a novel protein found in fibrocytes of spiral limbus, spiral ligament and subepithelial regions of the vestibule, represent a critical finding since that protein has been shown to be essential for the survival of the hair cells and supporting cells of the innerear. Amore profound knowledge and understanding of the function of inner ear fibrocytes will provide a new and promising aetiopathogenic approach to the treatment of innerear disorders (AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Orelha Interna/citologia , Orelha Interna/metabolismo , Junções Comunicantes/fisiologia , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Potássio/metabolismo
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