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1.
Int. microbiol ; 26(2): 295-308, May. 2023. tab, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-220223

RESUMO

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a Gram-positive bacterium that accumulates pesticidal proteins (Cry and Cyt) in parasporal crystals. Proteins from the Cry5, App6 (formerly Cry6), Cry12, Cry13, Cry14, Cry21, and Xpp55 (formerly Cry55) families have been identified as toxic to nematodes. In this study, a total of 846 Bt strains belonging to four collections were analyzed to determine the diversity and distribution of the Bt Cry nematicidal protein genes. We analyzed their presence by PCR, and positives were confirmed by sequencing. As a result, 164 Bt isolates (20%) contained at least one gene coding for nematicidal Cry proteins. The cry5 and cry21 genes were enriched in collection 1 and were often found together in the same strain. Differently, in collection 4, obtained from similar habitats but after 10 years, cry14 was the gene most frequently found. In collection 2, cry5 and app6 were the most abundant genes, and collection 3 had a low incidence of any of these genes. The results point to high variability in the frequencies of the studied genes depending on the timing, geographical origins, and sources. The occurrence of cry1A, cry2, and cry3 genes was also analyzed and showed that the nematicidal Cry protein genes were frequently accompanied by cry1A + cry2. The expression of the genes was assessed by mass spectrometry showing that only 14% of the positive strains produced nematicidal proteins. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive screening that examines the presence and expression of genes from the seven known Bt Cry nematicidal families.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Bacillus thuringiensis , Nematoides , Toxinas Bacterianas , Proteômica , Microbiologia , Técnicas Microbiológicas
2.
Radiología (Madr., Ed. impr.) ; 64(3): 245-255, May-Jun 2022. graf, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-204582

RESUMO

Objetivo: Revisar los principales hallazgos radiológicos de la anisakiasis en las diferentes pruebas de imagen que se pueden utilizar en su diagnóstico, basándonos en estudios realizados en nuestro centro. Conclusión: La contaminación alimentaria por Anisakis muestra una tendencia creciente en países occidentales. Habitualmente se presenta como un cuadro de patología abdominal aguda, sin datos clínicos o analíticos característicos. Una anamnesis cuidadosa es clave para descubrir el antecedente de exposición, pero se ve dificultada al ser un proceso poco conocido o sospechado y con un periodo de latencia variable. Al tratarse de cuadros poco específicos, a estos pacientes con frecuencia se les realizan pruebas radiológicas para descartar otros procesos. Por ello, es recomendable familiarizarse con los posibles hallazgos en imagen que permitan incluir la anisakiasis en el diagnóstico diferencial, lo que podría guiar al clínico hacia una anamnesis dirigida y pruebas específicas.(AU)


Objective: To review the main findings for anisakiasis in the different imaging tests that can be used to diagnose it, based on studies done at our center. Conclusion: The presence of Anisakis species in food consumed in Western countries is becoming more common. Patients with anisakiasis present with acute abdomen; there are no specific clinical signs or laboratory findings. Careful history taking is key to discovering exposure to Anisakis-contaminated food, but this task is hindered by unfamiliarity with the condition and lack of suspicion and is also confounded by the variable latency period after ingestion of Anisakis-contaminated food. Give the nonspecific presentation, patients with anisakiasis often undergo imaging tests to rule out other processes. Thus, radiologists need to be familiar with the spectrum of imaging findings that should lead to the inclusion of anisakiasis in the differential diagnosis, so they can guide clinicians toward directed history taking and specific tests.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Anisaquíase/diagnóstico por imagem , Contaminação de Alimentos , Nematoides , Dor Abdominal , Anamnese , Ultrassonografia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Doenças Parasitárias , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais , Trato Gastrointestinal , Radiologia
3.
Int. microbiol ; 25(1): 207-216, Ene. 2022. mapas, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-216023

RESUMO

Soil inhabiting organisms are important determinants of agroecosystem productivity. Understanding the composition, the abundance, and the type of interactions established by soil microorganisms is therefore crucial to design strategies to improve agricultural practices and agroecosystem management. In this study, we collected Zeldia punctata nematodes in maize fields in South Africa and profiled their associated bacterial communities using next-generation sequencing. We observed that Z. punctata nematodes establish associations with ecologically diverse bacterial species. The most abundant species observed are Pseudomonas syringae, a phytopathogenic bacterial complex; Lactobacillus paraplantarum, a broadly distributed bacterial species that is present in soils, water bodies, and animal intestinal tracts and has certain probiotic and antimicrobial properties; and Melissococcus plutonius, a serious pathogenic bacterial species that causes brood disease in honeybees. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the soil bacterial communities associated with nematodes in maize agricultural soils in South Africa and unravels the presence of diverse detrimental and beneficial nematode-associated bacteria.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Microbiologia do Solo , Zonas Agrícolas , Nematoides , Pseudomonas syringae , Lactobacillus plantarum , Zea mays , Microbiologia , África do Sul
4.
Rev. clín. med. fam ; 13(1): 89-92, feb. 2020. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-193920

RESUMO

Las filariasis linfáticas son un grupo de enfermedades causadas por nematodos de la familia Filaroidea que precisan de vectores para su transmisión. El número de infectados se estima en 120 millones a nivel mundial, encontrándose dos tercios de los afectados en Asia. Las manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad son variadas (astenia, fiebre, linfedema, etc.) y van a depender de la presencia de gusanos adultos en los vasos linfáticos, la respuesta inmune del huésped y su respuesta endosimbiótica de la bacteria Wolbachia. La confirmación diagnóstica se realiza mediante la detección y visualización de las microfilarias en la sangre o en la piel. El tratamiento farmacológico se basa principalmente en el uso de dietilcarbamazepina. En las especies donde se ha demostrado la presencia de la bacteria endosimbiótica Wolbachia también se recomienda doxiciclina


Lymphatic filariasis is a group of diseases caused by nematodes of the family Filarioidea which require vectors for their transmission. The number of people infected globally is estimated at 120 million, two thirds of which are in Asia. The clinical manifestations of this disease are varied (asthenia, fever, lymphedema, etc.) and will depend on the presence of adult worms in lymph vessels, on the immune response of the host, and on the endosymbiotic response to Wolbachia bacteria. Diagnosis is confirmed by detection and visualization of microfilariae in blood or skin. Drug treatment is mainly based on the use of diethylcarbamazine. Doxycycline is also recommended in species in which the presence of Wolbachia endosymbiotic bacteria has been proven


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Filariose Linfática/diagnóstico , Wolbachia/isolamento & purificação , Antinematódeos/uso terapêutico , Nematoides/isolamento & purificação , Linfangite/parasitologia , Filariose Linfática/tratamento farmacológico , Wuchereria bancrofti/patogenicidade , Brugia Malayi/patogenicidade , Simbiose , Nematoides/patogenicidade
6.
Rev. iberoam. micol ; 34(1): 28-31, ene.-mar. 2017. tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-160731

RESUMO

Background. Ancylostoma species have demanded attention due to their zoonotic potential. The use of anthelmintics is the usual method to prevent environmental contamination by Ancylostoma eggs and larvae. Nematophagous fungi have been widely used in their biological control due to the fungus ability to capture and digest free nematode forms. Aims. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of four different fungal extracts of Paecilomyces lilacinus (n=2), Trichoderma harzianum (n=1) and Trichoderma virens (n=1) isolates on the hatchability of Ancylostoma eggs. Methods. Fungal extracts consisted of fungal broth culture supernatant without filtration (crude extract) and filtered broth (filtered extract), macerated mycelium (crude macerate), and macerated mycelium submitted to filtration (filtered macerate). The Ancylostoma eggs were obtained from the feces of naturally infected dogs. In vitro assays were performed in five replicates and consisted of four treatments and one control group. Results. The activity of the fungal extracts of each evaluated fungus differed (p<0.05) from those of the control group, showing significant ovicidal activity. The hatching of the eggs suffered reduction percentages of 68.43% and 47.05% with P. lilacinus, and 56.43% with T. harzianum, when crude macerate extract was used. The reduction with the macerate extract of T. virens was slightly lower (52.25%) than that for the filtered macerate (53.64%). Conclusions. The results showed that all extracts were effective in reducing the hatchability of Ancylostoma eggs. The ovicidal effect observed is likely to have been caused by the action of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the fungi (AU)


Antecedentes. Las especies del género Ancylostoma son de gran importancia debido a su potencial zoonótico. El uso de antihelmínticos es el método habitual en la prevención de la contaminación ambiental por huevos y larvas del género Ancylostoma. Los hongos nematófagos se utilizan ampliamente en el control biológico de aquellos, debido a su capacidad de capturar y digerir nematodos libres. Objetivo. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de cuatro extractos diferentes de hongos (Paecilomyces lilacinus [n=2], Trichoderma harzianum [n=1] y Trichoderma virens [n=1]) en la eclosionabilidad de huevos de especies de Ancylostoma. Métodos. Los extractos de hongos constaban del sobrenadante del cultivo en caldo fúngico sin filtración (extracto crudo) y caldo filtrado (extracto filtrado), micelio macerado (macerado crudo) y micelio macerado sometido a filtración (macerado filtrado). Los huevos de Ancylostoma se obtuvieron a partir de heces de perros infectados de manera natural. Se realizaron cinco repeticiones de los ensayos in vitro con cuatro tratamientos y un grupo control. Resultados. La actividad de los extractos fúngicos de cada hongo evaluado difiere (p<0,05) de la de aquellos del grupo control, lo que demuestra una actividad ovicida significativa. Con el extracto crudo macerado, la reducción de la eclosión mostró porcentajes del 68,43 y el 47,05% en el caso de P. lilacinus y del 56,43% para el caso de T. harzianum. El porcentaje de reducción en el uso del macerado crudo en T. virens fue del 52,25%, algo inferior respecto al macerado filtrado (53,64%). Conclusiones. Los resultados mostraron que todos los extractos fueron eficaces en la reducción de la eclosionabilidad de huevos de Ancylostoma. Es probable que el efecto ovicida observado haya sido causado por la acción de enzimas hidrolíticas secretadas por los hongos (AU)


Assuntos
Paecilomyces/isolamento & purificação , Trichoderma/isolamento & purificação , Hypocrea/isolamento & purificação , Ancylostoma/isolamento & purificação , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Nematoides/isolamento & purificação , Técnicas In Vitro/instrumentação , Técnicas In Vitro/métodos , Técnicas In Vitro/normas , Estudos de Intervenção
7.
Actas dermo-sifiliogr. (Ed. impr.) ; 107(5): 407-413, jun. 2016. tab, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-152641

RESUMO

INTRODUCCIÓN: Larva migrans cutánea (LM) es una erupción serpiginosa causada por helmintos nematodos que circulan por la epidermis. Se adquiere cuando la piel entra en contacto con tierra contaminada por heces de animales infestados por estos nematodos. Hasta ahora se consideraba como enfermedad importada de zonas tropicales y subtropicales. El objetivo fue estudiar los casos de LM diagnosticados como autóctonos por no haber salido de la provincia de Guipúzcoa recientemente. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional transversal retrospectivo de los casos diagnosticados de LM en el Hospital Universitario Donostia de 2011 a 2015, sin viaje previo a ninguna zona endémica de este cuadro. El diagnóstico fue clínico ante las lesiones características. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, género, localización de las lesiones, fecha de inicio de los síntomas, posible fuente de contagio, datos anatomo-patológicos, tratamiento y evolución. RESULTADOS: Se han recogido 4 casos, todos varones, con una media de edad de 60 años. Tres casos presentaron lesiones en las extremidades inferiores, mientras que uno lo hizo en el tronco. Todos nuestros pacientes habían estado en contacto con tierra que pudiera estar contaminada por heces, siendo este el mecanismo de transmisión más probable. Se instauró tratamiento con albendazol oral, con resolución de las lesiones. CONCLUSIONES: La aparición de nuevos casos de LM de origen autóctono en Europa obliga al estudio de la/s especie/s causal/es, a una revisión epidemiológica de esta infestación y a planificar qué medidas se deberían tomar para evitar que una enfermedad considerada hasta ahora como importada, se convierta en autóctona


INTRODUCTION: Cutaneous larva migrans (LM) infection forms a serpiginous eruption caused by the migration of nematode helminths through the epidermis. The parasites are acquired when the skin comes into contact with soil contaminated by the feces of infected animals. Until now, infections have been believed to be imported from tropical and subtropical regions. Our aim was to study cases of cutaneous LM diagnosed in residents of the Spanish province of Guipúzcoa who had not recently traveled to such regions. Material and methods; Cross-sectional observational study of LM cases diagnosed in Hospital Universitario Donostia from 2011 to 2015 in patients who had not visited a region where this nematode infection is endemic. Clinical diagnoses were based on characteristic lesions. We studied the following variables: age, sex, site of lesions, date of onset of symptoms, possible source of contagion, pathologic findings, treatment, and clinical course. RESULTS: We found 4 cases, all in men (mean age, 60 years). Lesions were on the lower extremities in 3 patients and on the trunk in 1 patient. All had been in contact with soil that could have been contaminated by feces and was the most likely source of the parasite. The lesions disappeared after treatment with oral albendazole. CONCLUSIONS: The appearance of cases of autochthonous LM in Europe requires investigation of the culprit species, a review of the epidemiology of this infection, which was once considered imported, and the planning of public health measures to prevent it from becoming endemic


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Larva Migrans/diagnóstico , Larva Migrans/epidemiologia , Larva Migrans/patologia , Nematoides/patogenicidade , Diagnóstico , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Incidência , Resultado do Tratamento , Período de Transmissibilidade , Prevenção de Doenças , Meteorologia/instrumentação , Meteorologia/métodos , Doenças Endêmicas/prevenção & controle , Estudo Observacional , Estudos Transversais/instrumentação , Estudos Transversais/métodos , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Espanha/epidemiologia , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia
9.
Nutr. hosp ; 32(3): 1180-1183, sept. 2015. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-142483

RESUMO

Crocodiles are susceptible to infection with a wide array of external and internal gastrointestinal helminths, yet little is known on the histopathology following infection or the effects of these parasites. The present study was aimed at evaluating the impact of infection by Ortleppascaris sinensis (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) on the stomach of captive Alligator sinensis. The histological examination of the stomach revealed presence of superficial ulcer in mucous layer and granulomatous inflammation in submucous layer at entire gastric walls of the Alligator sinensis. Our findings also confirm that development of Ortleppascaris sinensis is in close association with the wall of the stomach (AU)


Los cocodrilos son susceptibles a la infección con una amplia gama de helmintos gastrointestinales externos e internos; sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre la histopatología tras la infección o los efectos de estos parásitos. El presente estudio pretende evaluar el impacto de la infección por Ortleppascaris sinensis (Nematodos: Ascaridoidea) sobre el estómago del Alligator sinensis en cautividad. El examen histológico del estómago reveló la presencia de úlcera superficial en la capa mucosa e inflamación granulomatosa en la capa submucosa del conjunto de las paredes gástricas del Alligator sinensis. Nuestros resultados confirman también que el desarrollo de Ortleppascaris sinensis está estrechamente relacionado con la pared del estómago (AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Estômago/ultraestrutura , Nematoides/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Nematoides/diagnóstico , Úlcera Gástrica/microbiologia , Histocitoquímica , Jacarés e Crocodilos
10.
Rev. iberoam. micol ; 30(4): 226-230, oct.-dic. 2013.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-116765

RESUMO

Background. Visceral toxocariasis is a parasitic zoonosis caused by Toxocara canis. The prevalence of this parasite in dogs, soil contamination and the resistance of eggs increase human exposure to the disease. Moreover, the difficulties of the control measures justify the need for alternative ones. Aims. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro ovicidal activity of fungi isolated from soils from public places in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, on Toxocara canis. Methods. Samples of soil from ten localities were inoculated onto Petri dishes with 2% water–agar (WA) that contained antibiotics, and incubated at 25 °C/21 days. Isolated fungi were tested in vitro for ovicidal activity, with five replicates. One mL of an embryonated Toxocara canis egg suspension (103 eggs) was poured over the fungal cultures after 10 days of growth. At intervals of 7, 14 and 21 days, 100 eggs were removed from each plaque and evaluated by optical microscopy. Results. Acremonium, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Fusarium, Gliocladium, Mucor and Trichoderma were isolated from the soil. A significant ovicidal type 3 effect was observed in Trichoderma, Fusarium solani complex and Acremonium. Those isolates from the genus Trichoderma showed their ovicidal effect on the 14th day of fungus–egg interaction. The other fungal genera tested showed a type 2 effect. Conclusions. These results suggest that the use of Trichoderma and Fusarium solani complex in biological control of T. canis is promising; however, further studies should be performed (AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Cães , Toxocara canis/isolamento & purificação , Toxocara canis/patogenicidade , Nematoides/isolamento & purificação , Nematoides/microbiologia , Infecções por Nematoides/epidemiologia , Infecções por Nematoides/microbiologia , Trichoderma/isolamento & purificação , Trichoderma/patogenicidade , Microbiologia do Solo , Aspergillus/isolamento & purificação , Microscopia/métodos , Microscopia/normas , Microscopia , Nematoides/patogenicidade , Toxocara canis , Acremonium/isolamento & purificação , Fusarium/isolamento & purificação
11.
Rev. iberoam. micol ; 28(4): 143-147, oct.-dic. 2011.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-91054

RESUMO

En la actualidad el control de los nematodos gastrointestinales se realiza casi exclusivamente con moléculas antihelmínticas. La inadecuada utilización ha generado resistencia en algunos géneros parasitarios. Sumado a la preocupación de consumir alimentos inocuos en pro de la salud humana, se ha estimulado el desarrollo de otros métodos de control para las parasitosis gastrointestinales, tales como el control biológico, basado en el uso de enemigos naturales de las larvas en el medio ambiente. Entre los enemigos naturales de las larvas de nematodos gastrointestinales el más frecuentemente utilizado es el hongo Duddingtonia flagrans. Este tiene la capacidad de reducir el número de larvas de nematodos en materia fecal, y sus clamidosporas, así como de atravesar el tracto gastrointestinal y mantener su capacidad germinativa, facilitando así la posibilidad de desarrollar diferentes formas de administración. En esta revisión se mencionan las especies de hongos utilizadas hasta el momento y se discuten las distintas formas de administración de hongos nematófagos ensayadas hasta el momento(AU)


The control of gastrointestinal nematodes relies at present mostly on antihelmintic treatments using synthetic molecules. This approach, however, has led to the appearance of resistance to some types of antihelmintics which, together with the need to cut down on the use of chemicals, has fostered the development of other control methods, such as biological control, which is the use of living organisms that are naturally antagonistic to an unwanted species. Among the natural enemies of nematode parasitic larvae is the microfungus Duddingtonia flagrans. Research has shown the ability of this fungus to reduce the number of nematode larvae in faeces, the ability of its chlamydospores to survive the passage through the gastrointestinal tract of livestock and, moreover, to keep its germinative ability, thus facilitating the development of formulations. The present review looks at the species currently used and the different ways of administering already tested nematophagous fungi(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Nematoides/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Nematoides/epidemiologia , Infecções por Nematoides/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Antinematódeos/administração & dosagem , Antinematódeos/uso terapêutico , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Ovinos , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico
12.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 29(supl.5): 27-37, dic. 2011. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-97417

RESUMO

Las filariasis son un conjunto de enfermedades infecciosas que afectan fundamentalmente al tejido linfático y la piel. Están causadas por distintas especies de nematodos y son transmitidas mediante la picadura de insectos. Están catalogadas como enfermedad desatendida, afectan a millones de personas, y producen gran invalidez y problemas sociosanitarios. Para su desarrollo suelen precisar de la permanencia en zona endémica durante largos períodos, por lo que son infrecuentemente diagnosticadas en viajeros de corta estancia. Aunque habitualmente cursan de manera asintomática, la aparición de sintomatología viene determinada, fundamentalmente, por el grado de respuesta inmune del huésped a la infección y por la carga parasitaria. El diagnóstico se basa en la demostración de las microfilarias correspondientes en muestras de sangre o de piel, aunque otros métodos pueden apoyar el diagnóstico. El tratamiento individual es efectivo, pero las medidas a nivel comunitario, sobre todo la administración de tratamiento en masa, son las más efectivas para disminuir la incidencia de las filariasis (AU)


Filariases are infections caused by distinct species of nematodes. These infections are transmitted through insect bites and primarily affect lymph nodes and skin. Filariases are classified as neglected diseases and affect millions, producing severe disability and social stigma. This type of infection is rarely diagnosed in travellers, as prolonged stays in endemic areas are usually required acquire infection. Infections may be asymptomatic, and clinical manifestations depend on the host immune response to the infection and the parasite burden. Diagnosis is based on the demonstration of microfilariae in blood or skin, but there are other methods that support the diagnosis. Individual treatment is effective, but community interventions, mostly mass drug administration, have helped to diminish the incidence of filariases (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Filariose/microbiologia , Nematoides/patogenicidade , Infecções por Nematoides/epidemiologia , Microfilárias/patogenicidade , Insetos Vetores/patogenicidade , Antinematódeos/administração & dosagem
14.
Med. mil ; 60(4): 241-246, oct.-dic. 2004. tab, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-112876

RESUMO

Antecedentes: La infestación del ser humano por ciertos parásitos con frecuencia se debe al consumo de pescado, cangrejos y crustáceos parasitados, especialmente en regiones o países en donde existe la costumbre de consumir el pescado crudo o poco cocinado. Objetivos: Revisar las distintas parasitosis adquiridas por el hombre con la ingesta de pescado crudo o poco cocinado. Desarrollo: Se revisaron las principales parasitosis originadas por las clases nematodos, trematodos y cestodos. Comentario: Debido a las características de nuestra sociedad actual, estas parasitosis se consideran como patologías emergentes y como tales, deben ser incluidas en el diagnóstico diferencial de procesos digestivos y alérgicos; y deben ser tenidas en cuenta en campañas de educación sanitaria (AU)


BACKGROUND: Human parasitic diseases are due, mostly cases, to the inadequate consum of fishes, crabs and contaminated scramps and other crustaceans, when eated without cook or not sufficiently bowled. OBJECTIVES: We review human adquired parasitic diseases due to bad cooked fishes ingestion. DEVELOPMENT: The main human parasitosis were reviewed, in the nematodes’, trematodes’, and cestodes’ pathogenic effects. COMMENTS: In our social recent way of life this parasites are considered as emergent pathologies, and they must be included for the differential diagnosis of diggestive and allergic processes, as much as being added to sanitary educational campaigns (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Produtos Pesqueiros/efeitos adversos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/transmissão , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Nematoides/isolamento & purificação , Gnathostoma/isolamento & purificação , Paragonimíase/epidemiologia , Clonorquíase/epidemiologia , Opistorquíase/epidemiologia , Cestoides/isolamento & purificação
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