Common mechanism of recognition and binding of the complementary molecules, carbohydrate-lectin, in the verticillium disease of Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated mushrooms

Se compara la interacción carbohidrato-lectina entre el glucogalactomananoaislado de las paredes celulares de Verticillium fungicola y las lectinas de los carpóforosde Agaricus bisporus o de Pleurotus ostreatus, para establecer el mecanismomolecular de la «mole seca» o verticiliosis de los cultivos comerciales de ambassetas comestibles. La interacción entre las moléculas complementarias, «moléculasdiana», parece ser debida a la galactosa terminal unida en (1-4) al esqueleto demanosa unido en (1-6) de la molécula del glucogalactomanano de V. fungicola

The carbohydrate-lectin interaction between the isolated glucogalactomannanof Verticillium fungicola cell walls, and lectins, either from Agaricus bisporus orPleurotus ostreatus fruit bodies, was compared in order to establish the molecularmechanism of the «dry bubble» or verticillium disease exhibited in the commercialcultures of both edible mushrooms. This interaction between complementarymolecules, «target molecules», appears to be due to the terminal galactose linkedat (1-4) to the (1-6) mannose bone of the V. fungicola glucogalactomannan molecule

Efecto del fungicida procloraz-manganeso en la verticiliosis del champiñón cultivado / The effect of the fungicide prochloraz-manganese on the verticillium disease of the cultivated white mushroom

El procloraz-manganeso, fungicida usado rutinariamente para controlar la verticiliosis o «mole seca» de los cultivos comerciales de champiñón producida por el hongo Hifomiceto Verticillium fungicola, en la DL50 calculada para el patógeno, inhibe parcialmente la síntesis de proteínas de sus paredes celulares, reestructurando al mismo tiempo, ciertos polisacáridos neutros de las mismas paredes celulares. El hongo hospedador, el Basidiomiceto Agaricus bisporus cultivado para la alimentación humana, tratado con su correspondiente DL50 de procloraz-manganeso, modifica también parcialmente las proteínas y determinados polisacáridos de las paredes celulares de su micelio vegetativo. Sin embargo las paredes celulares del micelio agregado (carpóforos) de A. bisporus, utilizando la citada DL50 o la DL50 x1000 de dicho fungicida, reestructuran de forma algo distinta sus componentes mayoritarios de acuerdo con la dosis empleada. El efecto progresivo del proclorazmanganeso se manifiesta también inhibiendo parcialmente la producción industrial de champiñón y modificando ligeramente la morfología de la superficie de los carpóforos

The prochloraz-manganese, fungicide routinarily used to control the verticillium disease or «dry bubble» of the white mushroom commercial cultures, produced by the fungus Hyphomycete Verticillium fungicola, in the presence of the LD50 calculated for the pathogen, partially inhibits the protein synthesis of its cell walls, while at the same time, restructuring certain neutral polysaccharides of the same cell walls. The host fungus, the Basidiomycete Agaricus bisporus cultivated for human nutrition, treated with its corresponding LD50 of prochloraz-manganese also partially modifies its vegetative mycelial cell walls with regard to the proteins and determined polysaccharides. However the aggregated mycelial cell walls of the A. bisporus fruit bodies using the cited LD50 or the LD50 x1000 of the same fungicide, restructure their major components in a rather distinct way according to the amounts employed. The progressive effect of the prochloraz-manganese is also evidenced by the partial inhibition of the industrial production of white mushrooms and the slight modifications of the surface morphology of the fruit bodies

El micoparasitismo de Verticillium fungicola sobre los carpóforos de Agaricus bisporus: la verticiliosis o «mole seca» del champiñón / The Verticillium fungicola mycoparasitism on the Agaricus bisporus fruit bodies: the Verticillium disease or dry bubble of mushrooms

La presente revisión contempla diferentes aspectos de la micosis producida por Verticillium fungicola en los cultivos comerciales de Agaricus bisporus o champiñón. Las diferentes interacciones producidas por la estructura química característica de las paredes celulares de ambos organismos: a) la adhesión inespecífica debida a la presencia de la proteína hidrofobina en las tres clases de paredes celulares estudiadas (micelios vegetativo y agregado de A. bisporus y micelio de V. fungicola), b) el reconocimiento y unión específicos entre el polisacárido glucogalactomanano de las paredes celulares de V. fungicola y la glicoproteína lectina del micelio agregado de A. bisporus, y c) finalmente la degradación enzimática selectiva de las paredes celulares del micelio agregado o carpóforos de este último organismo por las enzimas líticas de V. fungicola, constituyen los puntos desarrollados

The present review describes different aspects of the mycosis produced by Verticillium fungicola on the industrial cultures of Agaricus bisporus or common white buttom mushroom. The different interactions produced by the characteristic chemical structure of the cell walls of both organisms: a) the unspecific adhesion due to the presence of the protein hydrophobin in the three kinds of cell walls studied (A. bisporus vegetative and aggregated mycelia and V. fungicola mycelium), b) the specific recognition and binding between the polysaccharide glucogalactomannan from the V. fungicola cell walls with the A. bisporus aggregated mycelium glycoprotein lectin, and c) finally the selective enzymatic degradation of the fruit body cell walls of this last organism by the V. fungicola lytic enzymes, constitute the points developed

Effect of the fungicide Prochloraz-Mn on the cell wall structure of Verticillium fungicola

The chemical structure of the cell wall of two isolates of Verticillium fungicolacollected from diseased fruit bodies of the commercial mushroom Agaricus bisporus treated with the fungicide Prochloraz-Mn was analyzed. The isolates were obtained during different periods of time and grown in the absence and presence of the LD(50) values of the fungicide for V. fungicola. In addition, another V. fungicola isolate collected previous to the routine utilization of Prochloraz-Mn but grown under the same conditions was also analyzed. The overall chemical composition of the cell wall from the three isolates showed detectable differences in their basic components, with a significant decrease in the protein content in fungicide-treated cells. This inhibitory effect was partially compensated by an increase in neutral and/or aminated carbohydrates and was accompanied by appreciable modifications of polysaccharide structure, as deduced after methylation analysis and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GLC-MS). Moreover, differences in hyphal morphology caused by the fungicide were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (AU)

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