Absceso pulmonar en relación con un patógeno inusual / Lung abscess in relation with unusual pathogen

Un hombre de 57 años acudió a urgencias con astenia, mareo y tos con expectoración purulenta. Ingresó a cargo del Servicio de Neumología, y se objetivó en la imagen de tomografía axial computarizada un espacio aéreo grande en el lóbulo superior derecho. Esta lesión se atribuyó a un absceso pulmonar y se aisló Streptomyces albus en las muestras respiratorias. El género Streptomyces a menudo causa infecciones de la piel y tejidos blandos. Bacteriemia, neumonía y otros cuadros son raros. En nuestro caso, el paciente presentó un absceso pulmonar de gran tamaño, a pesar de los escasos síntomas descritos. La presentación del caso es atípica, dado que S. albus no suele causar abscesos pulmonares de manera aislada. (AU)

A 57-year-old man presented with asthenia, dizziness, and cough with purulent expectoration. He was admitted to the Pulmonology Unit, and a big air space in the right upper lobe was observed in computed tomography, which was characterized as a lung abscess, and Streptomyces albus was isolated. Streptomyces usually causes superficial skin and soft tissue infections. Bacteriemia, pneumonia, and other diseases are rarely seen. Our case is presented as a big lung abscess; nonetheless, our patient was paucisymptomatic. This case presentation describes the unusual phenomenon of a lung abscess caused by S. albus solely. (AU)

Fosfomycin: 50 Years of A Great Discovery (1969-2019)

Introduction and Objectives: Fosfomycin has been with us for more than 50 years; however the history of its discovery is largely unknown. The objective of this article is to recover and make known its lost history. Material and Methods: Retrospective review study on the history of the discovery of fosfomycin based on articles and documents located in Medline/PubMed and Google between 1945 and 2020. For the search of articles in PubMed the MeSH keywords fosfomycin OR fosfomycin history, fosfomycin discovery, Streptomyces fradiae, and in Google the free terms; fosfomycin, fosfomycin history, fosfomycin discovery, Streptomyces fradiae were used. All the papers found were reviewed and those containing any historical review of interest to this research were selected for study. Results: We found 3500 articles on fosfomycin, of which 32 (0.9%) dealt with some aspect related to its discovery, and 21 corresponded to its history (0.6%), divided between 13 publications and 7 press releases, 8 to the genus Streptomyces (0.2%) and 3 to fosfomycin (0.1%). Conclusions: The story of the discovery of fosfomycin begins with the finding of the bacterium Streptomyces fradiae in a soil sample from mount Montgó between Dénia and Jávea (Alicante). There is little published literature and the existing one is mostly incomplete. Some medical publications and press releases have made it possible to recover its history (AU)

Introducción y Objectivos: La fosfomicina lleva entre nosotros más de 50 años; sin embargo la historia de sudescubrimiento es una gran desconocida. El objetivo deeste artículo es recuperar y dar a conocer su perdida historia.Material y Metodos: Estudio de revisión retrospectivo sobre la historia del descubrimiento de la fosfomicina basado en artículos y documentos localizados en Medline/PubMed y Google entre 1945 y 2020. Para la búsquedade artículos en PubMed se emplearon las palabras claveen términos MeSH fosfomycin OR fosfomycin history, fosfomycin discovery, Streptomyces fradiae y en Google lostérminos libres; fosfomicina, fosfomicina historia, fosfomicina descubrimiento, Streptomyces fradiae. Se revisaron todos los trabajos encontrados y se seleccionaron paraestudio los que contenían cualquier reseña histórica de interés para esta investigación.Resultados: Se encontraron 3500 artículos sobre fosfomicina, de los cuales 32 (0,9%) trataban algún aspectorelacionado con su descubrimiento y correspondían 21 a suhistoria (0,6%), repartidos entre 13 publicaciones y 8 notasde prensa, 7 al género Streptomyces (0,2%) y 4 a fosfomicina (0,1%).Conclusiones: La historia del descubrimiento de lafosfomicina comienza con el hallazgo de la bacteria Streptomyces fradiae en una muestra de tierra procedente delmonte Montgó entre Dénia y Jávea (Alicante). Existe escasa literatura publicada y la existente es la mayoría de veces incompleta. Algunas publicaciones médicas y notas deprensa han permitido recuperar su historia. (AU)

Peroxidase-producing actinobacteria from Algerian environments and insights from the genome sequence of peroxidase-producing Streptomyces sp. S19 / Actinobacteria productora de peroxidasa de ambientes argelinos y perspectivas de la secuencia genómica de Streptomyces sp. S19

Unique environments often serve as a source of novel microorganisms with novel chemistries. In this study, telluric samples collected from different regions of Algeria were processed for the isolation of novel peroxidase-producing actinobacterial strains. An agar-based screening identified 45 isolates with the ability to produce peroxidase. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that most of the strains belong to the genus Streptomyces. Optimization of cultivation conditions was performed for the top five peroxidase-producing strains. Apart from strain 36 (optimal growth temperature of 30 °C) and strain 45 (optimal medium pH of 6.0), the strains exhibited optimal peroxidase production when cultivated for 5 days at 37 °C and in a medium at pH 7.0. Extracellular peroxidase production was induced by ferulic acid in three of the five strains, while the presence of canola lignocellulosic waste (CLW) induced peroxidase production in all strains. Strain 19 (S19) was selected for further optimization and the extracellular peroxidase purified using acid and acetone precipitation, followed by size exclusion chromatography. The purified fraction showed a single band on the polyacrylamide gel with an estimated molecular weight of 21.45 kDa. Genome analysis confirmed the assignment of S19 to the genus Streptomyces, the presence of genes encoding for peroxidases, and the presence of genes encoding for carbohydrate-active enzymes. The presence of biosynthetic gene clusters potentially encoding for biosurfactants further highlighted the great biotechnological potential of the strain.(AU)

Assessment of the phylogenetic analysis and antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer activities of marine endophytic Streptomyces species of the soft coral Sarcophyton convolutum / Evaluación del análisis filogenético y las actividades antimicrobiana, antiviral y anticancerígena de las especies marinas endófitas de Streptomyces del coral blando Sarcophyton convolutum

In the present work, the extensive biological activities of marine endophytic Streptomyces strains isolated from marine soft coral Sarcophyton convolutum have been demonstrated. Within fifty-one Streptomyces isolates evaluated for their hydrolytic enzymes and enzyme inhibitors productivities, six isolates showed the hyperactivities. Pharmaceutical metabolites productivities evaluated include enzymes (alkaline protease, L-asparaginase, L-glutaminase, tyrosinase, and L-methioninase) and enzyme inhibitors (inhibitors of α-amylase, hyaluronidase, β-lactamase, α-glucosidase, and β-glucosidase). These isolates were identified based on their morphological, biochemical, and genetic characteristics as Streptomyces sp. MORSY 17, Streptomyces sp. MORSY 22, Streptomyces sp. MORSY 25, Streptomyces sp. MORSY 36, Streptomyces sp. MORSY 45, and Streptomyces sp. MORSY 50. Moreover, in further evaluation, these strains exhibited wide spectrum of antimicrobial (against bacteria and fungi), antiviral (against hepatitis C virus), antibiofilm against biofilm-forming bacteria (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas species), and anti-proliferative activities (against liver and colon carcinoma cell lines). The GC–MS analysis of the hyperactive strains MORSY 17 and MORSY 22 revealed the presence of different bioactive agents in the ethyl acetate extract of both strains.(AU)

Actinobacteria-a promising natural source of anti-biofilm agents

A biofilm is a community of microorganisms attached to a surface and embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. Biofilms confer resistance towards conventional antibiotic treatments; thus, there is an urgent need for newer and more effective antimicrobial agents that can act against these biofilms. Due to this situation, various studies have been done to investigate the anti-biofilm effects of natural products including bioactive compounds extracted from microorganisms such as Actinobacteria. This review provides an insight into the anti-biofilm potential of Actinobacteria against various pathogenic bacteria, which hopefully provides useful information, guidance, and improvements for future antimicrobial studies. Nevertheless, further research on the anti-biofilm mechanisms and compound modifications to produce more potent anti-biofilm effects are required

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Characterisation of Two Polyketides from Streptomyces sp. SKH1-2 Isolated from Roots of Musa (ABB) cv. 'Kluai Sao Kratuep Ho'

An endophytic actinomycete strain SKH1-2 isolated from Musa (ABB) cv. 'Kluai Sao Kratuep Ho' collected in Suphan Buri province (14° 54′ 22.5″ N/100° 04′ 50″ E), Thailand, was identified as Streptomyces pseudovenezuelae based on phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, and 16S rRNA sequence analyses. A chemical investigation led to the isolation of two polyketide molecules from the n-butanol crude extract of the strain SKH1-2 culture broth. The compounds were purified using various chromatographic techniques and identified using spectroscopic methods compared with earlier published data. Compound 1, chartreusin, is known as an anti-Gram (+) bacterial compound and was active against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Kocuria rhizophila ATCC 9341 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538p with MIC values of 3.1, 1.6 and 12.5 μg/mL, respectively. Compound 2, lumichrome, did not show activity against all tested microbes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of chartreusin and lumichrome isolated from S. pseudovenezuelae. Taken together, it could be proved that Thai plant species are valuable reservoirs of interesting endophytic actinomycetes producing several interesting biologically active compounds

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Antifungal potential of bacterial rhizosphere isolates associated with three ethno-medicinal plants (poppy, chamomile, and nettle)

The objective of the present study was to isolate Actinobacteria, preferably Streptomyces spp. from the rhizosphere soils of three ethno-medicinal plants collected in Serbia (Papaver rhoeas, Matricaria chamomilla, and Urtica dioica) and to screen their antifungal activity against Candida spp. Overall, 103 sporulating isolates were collected from rhizosphere soil samples and determined as Streptomyces spp. Two different media and two extraction procedures were used to facilitate identification of antifungals. Overall, 412 crude cell extracts were tested against Candida albicans using disk diffusion assays, with 42% (43/103) of the strains showing the ability to produce antifungal agents. Also, extracts inhibited growth of important human pathogens: Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida glabrata. Based on the established degree and range of antifungal activity, nine isolates, confirmed as streptomycetes by 16S rRNA sequencing, were selected for further testing. Their ability to inhibit Candida growth in liquid culture, to inhibit biofilm formation, and to disperse pre-formed biofilms was assessed with active concentrations from 8 to 250 μg/mL. High-performance liquid chromatographic profiles of extracts derived from selected strains were recorded, revealing moderate metabolic diversity. Our results proved that rhizosphere soil of ethno-medicinal plants is a prolific source of streptomycetes, producers of potentially new antifungal compounds

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Actividad in vitro of 5-(2, 4-dimetilbencil) pirrolidin-2-uno extraído de Streptomyces VITSVK5 sp. marino frente a patógenos fúngicos y bacterianos humanos / In vitro activity of 5-(2, 4-dimethylbenzyl) pyrrolidin-2-one extracted from marine Streptomyces VITSVK5 spp. against fungal and bacterial human pathogens

Antecedentes: El cribado farmacológico y el uso de productos naturales para el tratamiento de las enfermedades humanas tiene un largo historial que comienza en la medicina tradicional y se extiende hasta los fármacos modernos. La mayoría de los fármacos modernos proceden principalmente de productos naturales. Objetivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue valorar la actividad inhibidora of 5-(2,4-dimetilbencil) pirrolidin-2-uno (DMBPO) extraído de Streptomyces VITSVK5 sp. marino aislado de muestras de sedimento recolectadas en la costa de Marakkanam de la bahía de Bengala, India. Métodos. El compuesto principal se aisló mediante extracción bioactiva guiada y se purificó mediante cromatografía de columna de gel de sílice. La dilucidación estructural del compuesto principal se efectuó utilizando datos espectrales de las técnicas UV, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT y HR-MS. Resultados. El cribado sistemático de los aislamientos en busca de actividad antimicrobiana dio lugar a la identificación de una cepa potencial, Streptomyces VITSVK5 sp. (GQ848482). Con la extracción bioactiva guiada se obtuvo un compuesto DMBPO y su actividad inhibidora se examinó frente a cepas bacterianas y fúngicas seleccionadas. DMBPO mostró una actividad máxima frente a Escherichia coli con un valor de la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) de 187mg/ml, seguida de Klebsiella pneumoniae (CIM de 220mg/ml y zona de inhibición de 10,3mm), Staphylococcus aureus (CIM>1.000mg/ml y zona de inhibición de 4,4mm) y Bacillus subtilis (CIM de 850mg/ml y zona de inhibición de 2,6mm). Además, se puso de relieve que DMBPO también fue un inhibidor potente de los patógenos fúngicos oportunistas. Se demostró una actividad máxima frente a Aspergillus niger con un valor de CIM de 1mg/ml y una zona de inhibición de 28mm. Conclusión. El resultado del presente estudio indica que DMBPO posee actividad antibiótica frente a patógenos bacterianos y fúngicos seleccionados y exhibió una mejor actividad frente a hongos que bacterias(AU)

Background. Pharmacological screening and usage of natural products for the treatment of human diseases has had a long history from traditional medicine to modern drugs. The majority of modern drugs are reported to be mostly from natural products. Objective. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the inhibitory activity of 5-(2,4-dimethylbenzyl) pyrrolidin-2-one (DMBPO) extracted from marine Streptomyces VITSVK5 spp. isolated from sediment samples collected at Marakkanam coast of Bay of Bengal, India. Methods. The lead compound was isolated by bioactive guided extraction and purified by silica gel column chromatography. Structural elucidation of the lead compound was carried out by using UV, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT and HR-MS spectral data. Results. Systematic screening of isolates for antimicrobial activity lead to identification of a potential strain, Streptomyces VITSVK5 spp. (GQ848482). Bioactivity guided extraction yielded a compound DMBPO and its inhibitory activity was tested against selected bacterial and fungal strains. DMBPO showed maximal activity against Escherichia coli with a MIC value of 187mg/ml, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC of 220mg/ml and 10.3mm zone of inhibition), Staphylococcus aureus (MIC of >1000mg/ml and 4.4mm zone of inhibition) and Bacillus subtilis (MIC of 850m/ml and 2.6mm zone of inhibition). Furthermore, DMBPO was found to be a potent inhibitor of opportunistic fungal pathogens too. It showed a maximum activity against Aspergillus niger with a MIC value of 1mg/ml and 28mm zone of inhibition. Conclusion. The result of this study indicates that DMBPO possess antibiotic activity to selected bacterial and fungal pathogens and exhibited better activity against fungi than bacteria(AU)

Detoxification of azo dyes by a novel pH-versatile, salt-resistant laccase from Streptomyces ipomoea

A newly identified extracellular laccase produced by Streptomyces ipomoea CECT 3341 (SilA) was cloned and overexpressed, and its physicochemical characteristics assessed together with its capability to decolorize and detoxify an azotype dye. Molecular analysis of the deduced sequence revealed that SilA contains a TAT-type signal peptide at the N-terminus and only two cupredoxine domains; this is consistent with reports describing two other Streptomyces laccases but contrasts with most laccases, which contain three cupredoxine domains. The heterologous expression and purification of SilA revealed that the homodimer is the only active form of the enzyme. Its stability at high pH and temperature, together with its resistance to high concentrations of NaCl and to typical laccase inhibitors such as sodium azide confirmed the unique properties of this novel laccase. The range of substrates that SilA is able to oxidize was found to be pH-dependent; at alkaline pH, SilA oxidized a wide range of phenolic compounds, including the syringyl and guayacil moieties derived from lignin. The oxidative potential of this enzyme to use phenolic compounds as natural redox mediators was shown through the coordinated action of SilA and acetosyringone (as mediator), which resulted in the complete detoxification of the azo-type dye Orange II (AU)

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The phylogeny of uptake hydrogenases in Frankia

Uptake hydrogenase is an enzyme that is beneficial for nitrogen fixation in bacteria. Recent studies have shown that Frankia sp. has two sets of uptake hydrogenase genes, organized in synton 1 and synton 2. In the present study, phylogenetic analysis of the structural subunits of hydrogenase syntons 1 and 2 showed a distinct clustering pattern between the proteins of Frankia strains that were isolated from different host plants and non-Frankia organisms. The structural subunits of hydrogenase synton 1 of Frankia sp. CpI1, Frankia alni ACN14a, and F. alni AvCI1 were grouped together while those of Frankia spp. CcI3, KB5, UGL140104, and UGL011102 formed another group. The structural subunits of hydrogenase synton 2 of F. alni ACN14a and Frankia spp. CcI3 and BCU110501 grouped together, but those of Frankia spp. KB5 and CpI1, F. alni ArI3, and F. alniAvCI1 comprised a separate group. The structural subunits of hydrogenase syntons 1 and 2 of Frankia sp. EAN1pec were more closely related to those of non-Frankia bacteria, i.e., Streptomyces avermitilis and Anaeromyxobacter sp., respectively, than to those of other Frankia strains, suggesting the occurrence of lateral gene transfer between these organisms. In addition, the accessory Hyp proteins of hydrogenase syntons 1 and 2 of F. alni ACN14a and Frankia sp. CcI3 were shown to be phylogenetically more related to each other than to those of Frankia EAN1pec (AU)

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Xylan-binding xylanase Xyl30 from Streptomyces avermitilis: cloning, characterization, and overproduction in solid-state fermentation

A DNA fragment from the lignocellulolytic actinomycete Streptomyces avermitilis CECT 3339 was cloned using a DNA probe from the xylanase gene xysA of Streptomyces halstedii. The nucleotide sequence analysis revealed two potential ORFs, xyl30 and hd30, encoding a deduced multimodular F/10 xylanase with a binding domain and a secreted glycoxyl hydrolase, respectively. In Streptomyces lividans carrying the subcloned DNA fragment, two xylanase activity bands with estimated molecular masses of 42.8 and 35 kDa (named Xyl30 forms «h» and «l», respectively), were detected by zymograms and SDS-PAGE. The two xylanases had identical N-terminal sequences, suggesting that Xyl30 «l» derived from Xyl30 «h» by C-terminal processing in the culture supernatant. No transcripts of hd30 were detected by RT-PCR. Characterization of the partially purified Xyl30 «h» confirmed the presence of a modular endoxylanase containing a xylan-binding domain, which after processing in the culture supernatant loses the aforementioned domain and thus its capacity to bind xylan (Xyl30 «l»). Xyl30 «h» achieved maximal activity at pH 7.5 and 60 degrees C, retaining more than 50% of its activity from pH 3 to 9 and more than 40% after a 1-h incubation at 70 masculineC. Moreover, in the recombinant host strain up to 400 U xylanase/g medium (dry weight) was produced in solid-state fermentation (SSF) using cereal bran as substrate. The high production yields of this enzyme and its biochemical features make it a good candidate for use in industrial applications (AU)

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Influence of a Streptomyces lividans SecG functional analogue on protein secretion

The membrane protein complex translocase mediates the translocation of bacterial proteins. In this complex, the SecY, SecE, and SecG proteins constitute an integral membrane domain. Sequence comparison revealed a potential secG-like gene in the gram-positive soil bacterium Streptomyces lividans. Chromosomal deletion of this gene resulted in a sporulation defect and an overall deficiency in secretion. The SecG-depleted strain was able to overproduce and secrete alpha-amylase, but the appearance of the oversynthesized protein outside the cell was delayed compared to the protein produced by the wildtype strain. SecG deficiency was found to result in more pronounced effects in S. lividans than in Bacillus subtilis or Escherichia coli (AU)

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Infección asociada a catéter por Streptomyces: significado clínico del aislamiento de Streptomyces en cultivos / Catheter-related bactermia due to Streptomyces: clinical significance of Streptomyces isolation in cultures

Objetivo. Evaluar el significado clínico del aislamiento de Streptomyces en distintas muestras clínicas. Material y métodos. Se revisaron historias clínicas de los pacientes con aislamiento de Streptomyces en cualquier muestra clínica durante un período de siete años en un hospital terciario. Resultados. Se aisló Streptomyces en 13 pacientes. todos tenían enfermedades subyacentes. Sólo en un paciente Streptomyces fue considerado responsable del cuadro clínico. Se presenta el tercer caso de infección asociada a catéter por este microorganismo. Conclusiones. Streptomyces habitualmente se aísla en pacientes con patología subyacente. Su aislamiento debe interpretarse en el contexto clínico del paciente para considerarlo significativo

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical significance of Streptomyces isolates in different clinical samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of the records of all cases of Streptomyces isolated from any clinical sample at a tertiary Hospital, during a seven-year period. RESULTS: Streptomyces was isolated from 13 patients. All of them had underlying diseases. Only in one patient Streptomyces was considered to have a pathogenic role in the clinical picture. We report the third case of catheter-related infection caused by this microorganism. CONCLUSIONS: Streptomyces is usually isolated from patients with underlying diseases. Before considering them significative, Streptomyces isolates must be interpreted in the clinical context

Tacrolimus: farmacología y usos terapéuticos en dermatología / Tacrolimus: pharmacology and therapeutic uses in dermatology

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