Antibiofilm activity of a lytic Salmonella phage on different Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from broiler farms / Actividad antibiopelícula de un fago lítico de Salmonella en diferentes serovares de Salmonella enterica aislados de granjas de pollos de engorde

Bacteriophages have been mainly used in treating infections caused by planktonic bacterial cells in the veterinary sector. However, their applications as antibiofilm agents have received little attention. Accordingly, a previously isolated Salmonella infecting Siphoviridae phage was investigated for host range against 15 Salmonella enterica isolates (S. Cape, S. Gallinarum, 4 S. Enteritidis, 3 S. Montevideo, S. Uno, S. Oritamerin, S. Belgdam, S. Agona, S. Daula, and S. Aba) recovered from the litters of commercial broiler farms. All S. enterica isolates were examined for their biofilm activity using a microtiter plate assay and for adrA, csgD, and gcpA genes using conventional PCR. The phage efficacy against established biofilms produced by the selected seven S. enterica isolates (S. Gallinarum, S. Enteritidis, S. Montevideo, S. Uno, S. Oritamerin, S. Belgdam, and S. Agona) was assessed using microtiter plate assay and reverse transcriptase real-time PCR over different incubation times of 5 and 24 h. All S. enterica isolates were strong biofilm formers. Moreover, the phage effectively reduced the biofilm activity of the established S. enterica biofilms in the microtiter plate assay using the independent sample t-test (P < 0.050). Furthermore, the relative expression levels of csgD, gcpA, and adrA genes in the biofilm cells of S. enterica isolate after phage treatment were significantly up-regulated to variable degrees using the independent sample t-test (P < 0.050). In conclusion, the present study revealed the potential use of Salmonella phage in reducing established biofilms produced by S. enterica serovars isolated from broiler farms.(AU)

Biofilm formation of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis cocultured with Acanthamoeba castellanii responds to nutrient availability / La formación de biopelículas de Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis cocultivada con Acanthamoeba castellanii responde a la disponibilidad de nutrientes

Acanthamoeba spp. and Salmonella share common habitats, and their interaction may influence the biofilm-forming ability of Salmonella. In this study, biofilm formation of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis cocultured with Acanthamoeba castellanii was examined in nutrient-rich and nutrient-deficient media. Furthermore, transcript copy number of biofilm-related genes in the biofilm cells of S. Enteritidis in monoculture was compared to those in coculture with A. castellanii. Results demonstrated that the presence of A. castellanii in the culture media activates the genes involved in the biofilm formation of S. Enteritidis, regardless of the nutrient availability. However, biofilm formation of S. Enteritidis cocultured with A. castellanii was not consistent with the transcript copy number results. In nutrient-rich medium, the number of Salmonella biofilm cells and the contents of the three main components of the biofilms including eDNA, protein, and carbohydrates were higher in the presence of A. castellanii compared to monocultures. However, in nutrient-deficient medium, the number of biofilm cells, and the amount of biofilm components in coculture conditions were less than the monocultures. These results indicate that despite activation of relevant genes in both nutrient-rich and nutrient-deficient media, biofilm formation of S. Enteritidis cocultured with A. castellanii responds to nutrient availability.(AU)

Investigation of class 1 integrons and virulence genes in the emergent Salmonella serovar Infantis in Turkey / Investigación de integrones de clase 1 y genes de virulencia en Salmonella serovar Infantis emergente en Turquía

The emerging situation of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) in Turkey was investigated in terms of virulence genes and mobile genetic elements such as Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1) and class 1 (C1) integron to see whether increased multidrug resistance (MDR) and ability to cause human cases is a consequence of their possession. Screening of SGI1 (and its variants) and C1 integrons was done with conventional PCR, while screening of gene cassettes and virulence genes was conducted with real-time PCR for 70 S. Infantis isolates from poultry products. SGI1 or its variants were not detected in any of the isolates. Sixty-eight of 70 isolates were detected to carry one C1 integron of size 1.0 kb. These integrons were detected to carry ant(3″)-Ia gene cassette explaining the streptomycin/spectinomycin resistance. Sequence analysis of gene cassettes belongs to four representing isolates which showed that, although their difference in isolation date and place, genetically, they are 99.9% similar. Virulence gene screening was introduced as genotypic virulence profiles. The most dominant profile for S. Infantis isolates, among twelve genes, was gatC-tcfA, which are known to be related to colonization at specific hosts. This study revealed the high percentage of C1 integron possession in S. Infantis isolates from poultry products in Turkey. It also showed the potential of S. Infantis strains to be resistant to more antimicrobial drugs. Moreover, a dominant profile of virulence genes that are uncommon for non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars was detected, which might explain the enhanced growth at specified hosts.(AU)

El ozono no consigue la desinfección de los vehículos de emergencias de virus similares al SARS-CoV-2 / Ozone fails to disinfect emergency vehicles contaminated with viruses similar to SARS-CoV-2

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Vigilancia activa de cepas de Salmonella entericano tifoidea con fenotipo no clásico de resistencia a quinolonas (2014-2019) / Active surveillance of nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica strains with nonclassical quinolone resistance phenotype (2014-2019)

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Detection of Salmonella enterica in stool of immunosuppressed patients using two point of care techniques / Detección en heces de Salmonella enterica en pacientes inmunodeprimidos usando dos técnicas "point of care"

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Pericarditis purulenta por Salmonella enterica en un paciente con enfermedad renal crónica / Purulent pericarditis by Salmonella enteritidis in a patient with chronic kidney disease

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Enteropatógenos y antibióticos / Enteropathogens and antibiotics

La gastroenteritis infecciosa continúa siendo un problema de salud pública. La etiología bacteriana es la responsable de la mayoría de los casos graves. En nuestro país, Campylobacter y Salmonella son los géneros bacterianos más prevalentes, mientras que Yersinia y Shigella son mucho menos frecuentes. La mayoría de los casos suelen ser autolimitados y, en general, el tratamiento antibiótico no está indicado, salvo en pacientes con factores de riesgo de infección grave y en shigelosis. Ciprofloxacino, cefalosporinas de tercera generación, azitromicina, ampicilina, cotrimoxazol y doxiciclina son los fármacos más recomendados. El patrón de sensibilidad de las diferentes bacterias determina la elección del tratamiento antibiótico más adecuado. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar la situación, las novedades y la evolución de la resistencia y la multirresistencia en estos 4 enteropatógenos (AU)

Infectious gastroenteritis remains a public health problem. The most severe cases are of bacterial origin. In Spain, Campylobacter and Salmonella are the most prevalent bacterial genus, while Yersinia and Shigella are much less frequent. Most cases are usually self-limiting and antibiotic therapy is not generally indicated, unless patients have risk factors for severe infection and shigellosis. Ciprofloxacin, third generation cephalosporins, azithromycin, ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and doxycycline are the most recommended drugs. The susceptibility pattern of the different bacteria determines the choice of the most appropriate treatment. The aim of this review is to analyse the current situation, developments, and evolution of resistance and multidrug resistance in these 4 enteric pathogens (AU)

Vigilancia por laboratorio de Salmonella enterica en casos clínicos humanos en Colombia 2005 a 2011 / Laboratory surveillance of Salmonella enterica from human clinical cases in Colombia 2005-2011

Introducción: Salmonella spp. es un enteropatógeno que se transmite a los humanos a través de alimentos o agua contaminada. En 1997, el Grupo de Microbiología del Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia inició el programa de vigilancia de enfermedad diarreica aguda y fiebre tifoidea, que incluye Salmonella spp. Este informe presenta los resultados fenotípicos y genotípicos de los aislamientos recuperados de 2005 a 2011 como parte de la vigilancia. Métodos: Un total de 4.010 aislamientos de Salmonella spp. fueron analizados por serotipificación con el esquema Kauffmann-White-LeMinor, patrones de sensibilidad antimicrobiana y de electroforesis en gel de campos pulsados (PFGE). Resultados: Se identificaron un total de 93 serovares, con 9 predominantes, Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Typhi, Dublin, Panama, Derby, Braenderup, Saintpaul y Uganda. Salmonella spp. presentó altos porcentajes de resistencia a tetraciclina y ácido nalidíxico. El 52,4% (2.101/4.010) de los aislamientos fueron sensibles a todos los antibióticos. La multirresistencia se observó en el 54,9% de los aislamientos de Typhimurium, representada por 81 combinaciones. Por PFGE se analizaron 51,9% aislamientos (2.083/4.010) de 34 serovares, generando 828 patrones electroforéticos XbaI. De estos, 8 se reportaron en al menos 2 países en Latinoamérica. Conclusión: La vigilancia de Salmonella spp. permite conocer la distribución de los serovares, su resistencia y la identificación de clones endémicos en Colombia, aportando bases para un tratamiento óptimo en las infecciones generadas por este patógeno y en el diseño de programas para disminuir la dispersión de aislamientos multirresistentes (AU)

Introduction: Salmonella is an enteropathogen acquired through contaminated food or water. In Colombia, Salmonella spp. is included in the national surveillance of Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases and typhoid fever initiated in 1997. This report shows the phenotype and genotype results obtained from 2005 to 2011. Methods: A total of 4010 isolates of Salmonella enterica were analysed by serotyping with Kauffmann-White-LeMinor, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results: A total of 93 serovars were identified, of which, Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Typhi, Dublin, Panama, Derby, Braenderup, Saintpaul, and Uganda were prominent. The highest levels of resistance were found for tetracycline and nalidixic acid. Susceptibility was observed in 52.4% (2101/4010) of the isolates. Multi-resistance was recorded in 54.9% of Typhimurium isolates, with 81 different combinations. Using PFGE, 51.9% (2083/4010) isolates were analysed in 34 serovars, and 828 electrophoretic patterns were obtained. From these, 8 patterns were found in at least two Latin-American countries. Conclusion: The surveillance of Salmonella spp. provides information on the serovar distribution, antimicrobial resistance, and clonal distribution in Colombia, as well as information to treat this disease and control the spread of antimicrobial bacterial resistance (AU)

Brote de infecciones por Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium asociado al consumo de chorizo en Bizkaia / Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium infections associated with consumption of chorizo in Bizkaia

Describimos un brote de infecciones por Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium que afectó a 6 personas. La investigación epidemiológica y microbiológica asoció el brote al consumo de chorizo de elaboración casera comprado en un mercado ambulante. Se notificó al vendedor y elaborador la prohibición de comercializar productos cárnicos sin autorización sanitaria y el producto se retiró de la venta

A report is presented on an outbreak of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection that affected six people. The epidemiological and laboratory investigation associated the outbreak with the consumption of homemade chorizo purchased at a local street market. The vendor and producer were informed that the sale of meat products without sanitary authorization is prohibited, and the product was withdrawn from sale

Condensación pulmonar versus absceso esplénico por Salmonella / Pulmonary consolidation versus splenic abscess due toSalmonella enterica

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Los riesgos del empleo de reptiles como animales de compañía / Risk of use of reptiles as pets

En los últimos años se ha incrementado el número de familias que tienen animales exóticos como mascotas, que en ocasiones actúan como reservorio de subespecies poco habituales de patógenos gastrointestinales. Se presenta el caso de un niño con gastroenteritis aguda por Salmonella arizonae, una subespecie de la Salmonella enterica cuyo reservorio es principalmente los reptiles (AU)

In the last years the number of families who have exotic animals as pets has been increased, sometimes acting as a reservoir of rare subspecies of gastrointestinal pathogens. We present the case of a child with acute gastroenteritis caused by S. arizonae (Salmonella enterica subspecies), whose main reservoir are reptiles (AU)

Infección por Salmonella enterica subespecie salamae en un paciente ecuatoguineano consumidor de carne de tortuga / Salmonella enterica subspecies salamae infection in a patient from Equatorial Guinea associated with consumption of reptile meat

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IS200 and multilocus sequence typing for the identification of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains from Indonesia

In this work, IS200 and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) were used to analyze 19 strains previously serotyped as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and isolated in Indonesia (16 strains), Mexico (2 strains), and Switzerland (1 strain). Most of the strains showed the most common Typhi sequence types, ST1 and ST2, and a new Typhi genotype (ST1856) was described. However, one isolate from Mexico and another from Indonesia were of the ST365 and ST426 sequence types, indicating that they belonged to serovars Weltevreden and Aberdeen, respectively. These results were supported by the amplification of IS200 fragments, which rapidly distinguish Typhi from other serovars. Our results demonstrate the utility of IS200 and MLST in the classification of Salmonella strains into serovars. These methods provide information on the clonal relatedness of strains isolated worldwide (AU)

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Sensibilidad de tres test inmunocromatográficos para detección de Campylobacter y Salmonella en heces en comparación con el cultivo / Sensitivity of three inmunocromathographic tests in faeces samples for Campylobacter and Salmonella detection in comparison to culture

Introducción. Campylobacter sp. y Salmonella enterica son dos de los principales microorganismos causantes de gastroenteritis en nuestro medio. Las pruebas inmunocromatográficas de detección de antígeno realizadas directamente sobre muestras de heces por su sencillez y rapidez de obtención de resultados pueden hacer de ellas elementos de diagnóstico útiles en el contexto de la atención primaria. Material y métodos. Durante octubre de 2012 se seleccionaron todas las heces en las que se aisló una bacteria enteropatógena de entre las recibidas en el laboratorio de Microbiología del Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves de Granada para coprocultivo. Dichas muestras fueron estudiadas mediante procedimientos estandarizados y en aquellas en las que se aisló un enteropatógeno se investigó simultáneamente la presencia de antígenos de Campylobacter (Campy Leti® y Ridaquick Campylobacter®) y Salmonella (Salmonella Leti®) para determinar su sensibilidad y especificidad. Resultados. Se recibieron 235 muestras de las que se aislaron 8 Salmonella enterica (7 del serogrupo B y 1 del serogrupo D), 7 Campylobacter jejuni, 4 Aeromonas hydrophila y 1 Yersinia enterocolítica. La sensibilidad y especificidad de Campy Leti, Ridaquick Campylobacterscreen y Salmonella Leti fueron respectivamente: 100% y 46%; 100% y 69%; y 75% y 100%. La concordancia entre los test para detección de Campylobacter fue 77, 8%. Conclusiones. En atención primaria las pruebas rápidas inmunocromatográficas pueden ser útiles para el cribado de enteropatógenos en heces (AU)

Introduction. Campylobacter sp. and Salmonella enterica are two of the main organisms causing gastroenteritis in our environment. Immunochromatographic tests for antigen detection performed directly on stool samples for its simplicity and rapid results may make them useful diagnostic elements in the context of primary care. Method. During October 2012 we selected all feces in which enteropathogenic bacteria are isolated from those received for stool culture in the laboratory of Microbiology of the University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves of Granada. After standard management of faeces samples and isolation of any enteropathogen, the commercial kits: Campy Leti, Ridaquick Campylobacterscreen and Salmonella Leti were tested for simultaneous research of Campylobacter and Salmonella antigens. Sensitivity and specificity were determined. Results. Two hundred and thirty five stool samples were received in which 8 Salmonella enterica (7 B serogroup and 1 D serogroup), 7 Campylobacter jejuni, 4 Aeromonas hydrophila and 1 Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated. Campy Leti, Ridaquick Campylobacterscreen and Salmonella Leti presented a sensitivity of 100%, 100% and 75%, respectively. Specificities corresponded to 46%, 69% and 100%, respectively. Conclusion. Immunocromatographic tests can be useful for a first screening of enteropathogen in primary care (AU)

Resistencia a antibióticos y factores de virulencia en aislados clínicos de Salmonella enterica / Antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in clinical Salmonella enterica isolates

INTRODUCCIÓN: El incremento de Salmonella enterica multirresistente a los antibióticos, incluidos β-lactámicos y fluoroquinolonas, es un problema de importancia clínica. La propagación de Salmonella Typhimurium resistente a ampicilina (AMP)-cloranfenicol (CHL)-estreptomicina (STR)-sulfamidas (SUL)-tetraciclina (TET) portadoras de la Isla Genómica de Salmonella de tipo 1 (SGI1) y la captación de material genético transferible han favorecido la multirresistencia en este género. MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron 114 aislados clínicos de S.enterica (período 2009-2010). Se determinó la sensibilidad a 20 antibióticos por difusión en disco y microdilución. Los mecanismos de resistencia e integrones se analizaron por PCR y secuenciación en los aislados AMPR. En los aislados portadores del gen blaPSE-1 se determinó la relación clonal mediante PFGE, y la presencia de la SGI1 y 29 genes de virulencia mediante PCR. RESULTADOS: Entre los 114aislados analizados se detectaron 18serotipos distintos, destacando entre ellos Typhimurium (61%) y Enteritidis (16%). Se observaron altos porcentajes de resistencia a SUL (68%), TET (58%), AMP (55%) y STR (46%). El 92% de los 63 aislados AMPR fueron multirresistentes, siendo el más frecuente el fenotipo AMP-STR-TET-SUL (19aislados) asociado al genotipo blaTEM-1b+strA-strB+tet(B)+sul2. El 48% de los aislados presentaron integrones de clase1 (7 estructuras distintas), destacando la estructura blaOXA-1+aadA1 (8aislados), un integrón vacío e integrones no clásicos (5aislados). El gen blaPSE-1 se detectó dentro de la SGI1 clásica en 13 aislados clonalmente relacionados y portadores del mismo perfil de virulencia: CONCLUSIONES: El alto porcentaje de S.enterica multirresistentes, especialmente asociado a S.Typhimurium, al fenotipo AMP, STR, TET y SUL y al genotipo blaTEM-1b+strA-strB+tet(B)+sul2 evidencia un riesgo importante de posibles fracasos en el tratamiento de infecciones graves producidas por este serotipo

INTRODUCTION: The increase of Salmonella enterica isolates multi-resistant to different antibiotics, including-lactams and fluoroquinolones, is a problem of clinical importance. The dissemination of Salmonella Typhimurium resistant to ampicillin (AMP)-chloramphenicol (CHL)-streptomycin (STR)-sulphonamides and(SUL)-tetracycline (TET), that harbour the Salmonella Genomic Island type 1 (SGI1), and the acquisitionof transferable genetic material have favoured the multi-resistance in this genus.METHODS: A total of 114 clinical S. enterica isolates were studied (period 2009-2010). The The susceptibility to 20 antibiotics was determined by disc diffusion and microdilution. The antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and the integrons were analysed by PCR, and sequencing in the AMPR isolates. In all the blaPSE-1-positive isolates, the clonal relationship was determined by PFGE, as well as the presence of SGI1 and 29 virulence genes by PCR. RESULTS: Eighteen different serotypes were found among the 114isolates studied, Typhimurium (61%) and Enteritidis (16%) being the most prevalent. High percentages of resistance to SUL (68%), TET (58%), AMP (55%) and STR (46%) were observed. The great majority (92%) of 63 AMPR isolates were multi-resistant, with the AMP-STR-TET-SUL phenotype (19 isolates) being the most frequent one and associated with the blaTEM-1b+strA-strB+tet(B)+sul2 genotype. Class1 integrons (7 different structures) were observed in 48% AMPR isolates, highlighting the blaOXA-1+ aadA1 structure (8 isolates), one empty integron and non-classical integrons (5isolates). The blaPSE-1 gene was detected inside the classical SGI1 structure in 13 clonally-related isolates that showed the same virulence profile. CONCLUSIONS: The high percentage of multi-resistant S.enterica isolates, especially associated to S.Typhimurium, to the AMP, STR, TET and SUL phenotype, and to the blaTEM-1b+strA-strB+tet(B)+sul2 genotype, shows an important risk of possible failures in the treatment of serious infections caused by this serotype

Hospitalización por gastroenteritis aguda de etiología bacteriana en menores de 5 años / Bacterial acute gastroenteritis requiring hospital admission in children under 5 years

La gastroenteritis aguda (GEA) es una causa frecuente de hospitalización en la edad pediátrica. Aunque la etiología viral es la predominante, las bacterias pueden ser un agente importante en algunas épocas del año. Se lleva a cabo un estudio descriptivo prospectivo de las GEA de origen bacteriano que requirieron hospitalización en niños menores de 5 años en un hospital de un área suburbana de Madrid, desde enero de 2005 hasta diciembre de 2010. La etiología bacteriana es responsable del 9,3% de los ingresos por GEA en menores de 5 años, con una incidencia de 0,9 ingresos a causa de una GEA bacteriana por 1.000 menores de 5 años, aunque se ha constatado un descenso en 2005 respecto al resto de los años de estudio. El germen más frecuentemente implicado fue Salmonella spp. No se han encontrado parámetros clínicos que diferencien claramente las gastroenteritis bacterianas de las víricas (AU)

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a common cause of hospitalization in the pediatric age. Although viral etiology is predominant, bacteria can occupy an important place at certain times of the year. Between January 2005 and December 2010 a descriptive and prospective survey was carried out analyzing AGE of bacterial origin requiring hospital admission, in children younger than five years in a hospital of a suburban area of Madrid. Bacterial etiology is responsible for 9.3% of revenue by AGE in less than five years, with an hospitalized incidence of 0.9 per thousand under the age of 5, having a decrease from 2005 to the rest of their years studied. Most frequently bacteria isolated was Salmonella spp. We didn't found clinical parameters to distinguish clearly between bacterial or viral gastroenteritis (AU)

Increased bile resistance in Salmonella enterica mutants lacking Prc periplasmic protease

Prc is a periplasmic protease involved in processing of penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3). Lack of Prc suppresses bile sensitivity in Dam-, Wec-, PhoP-, DamX-, and SeqA- mutants of Salmonella enterica, and increases bile resistance in the wild type. Changes in the activity of penicillin binding proteins PBP3, PBP4, PBP5/6 and PBP7 are detected in a Prc-background, suggesting that peptidogly can remodeling might contribute to bile resistance (AU)

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