Digital formula is conditioned by deformities and footwear characteristics in older people. A comparison between general population and population with psychiatric disorders

Forefoot morphology is determined by toe length. It is hereditary and unlikely to change during a person’s lifetime, although certain factors may lead to modifications. This study examines whether extrinsic factors such as footwear or deformities are associated with changes in the morphology of the forefoot and its pathologies. A study was made of the forefoot morphology, deformities and footwear of 331 participants divided into two populations: a control group (168 participants) and a population of people living in an institution (163 participants with psychiatric disorders). The results show that although Egyptian foot is the most common morphology in both populations, square foot was more prevalent among the women in the control population than among the women in the institution group. In addition, the type of footwear used by the women in the control population was mostly high-heeled constrictive street footwear, compared to the non-constrictive home footwear worn by the women in the institution population, p-value < 0.001. A high prevalence of square feet was observed in the control group women with hallux valgus (HV), p-value 0.008. A relationship was detected between the presence of HV and its prevalence in participants with square foot, concurrent with the use of constrictive footwear and mostly affecting women. The combination of HV and constrictive footwear could explain the high prevalence of the square foot morphology. These footwear characteristics can be considered risk factors in the alteration of the digital formula and aggravation of the deformity suffered in older women

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A radiographic review of the subacromial architecture: a South African study

The subacromial space, which is occupied by the subacromial bursa, rotator cuff complex and the long head of the biceps brachii tendon, is a well-known area of study due to its association with subacromial disease. Although it is demarcated by the coraco-acromial arch and the supraglenoid tubercle, degenerative changes in these osteological components often lead to mechanical narrowing and subsequent tendon abrasion. In addition to the morphological characteristics, the morphometry of the subacromial architecture is considered to play an important role in maintaining glenohumeral stability. Accordingly, the present study outlined the morphometry of the subacromial architecture and the acromial morphology from a radiological perspective. A total of 120 true lateral-outlet view radiographs (n = 120), representative of 58 males and 62 females of the Black (12), Coloured (10), Indian (27) and White (71) race groups, were analysed. In addition to calculation of the standard and population-specific means, the acromial classification scheme of Bigliani et al. (1986) was adopted. A trend of ascending values from Type III (16.7%) to Type II (37.5%) to Type I (45.8%) acromia was noted. Various shapes of the subacromial space were observed, viz. rhomboidal (20.0%), trapezoidal (65.8%) and triangular (14.1%). Since a statistically significant P value of 0.030 was recorded for the comparison of acromial type with the shape of the subacromial space, the shape of the subacromial space appeared to be dependent on the acromial type. While the parameters were determined with regard to the demographic representation of South Africa, this study also provided standard mean values which were not previously reported. Furthermore, the correlation of the acromio-glenoidal length with side, gender and shape of the subacromial space reflected levels of significance and highlighted this parameter as a diagnostic determinant of subacromial disease due to its tendency to change in accordance with the demographic and morphological factors

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