Evaluation of lymph node findings in patients with and without odontogenic infection: A clinical and ultrasonographic study / Evaluación de hallazgos ganglionares en pacientes con y sin infección odontogénica: un estudio clínico y ecográfico

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate the ultrasonographic findings of submandibular and submental lymph nodes in patients with and without odontogenic infection. Material and Methods: Systemically healthy patients aged 18-30 years old with or without odontogenic infections were included in this study. Clinical examinations were performed on all patients; those with any odontogenic infection were placed in the study group, and those without were placed in the control group. Ultrasonographic examinations of bilateral submental and submandibular lymph nodes were performed for both groups. The data were statistically analyzed using Pearson’s Chi-square test and Student’s t-test.Results: A total of 150 patients voluntarily participated (female: n=86 (57%), male: n=64 (43%)), 75 in the study group and 75 in the control group. During the ultrasonographic examination, patients in the study group had more than one lymph node the same patient was mostly detected, in the study group (right submandibular: n=42, 56%, and left submandibular: n=43, 57.3%). The long-axis diameter of the submandibular lymph nodes was 9.30±5.30 mm and 5.50±5.20 mm in the study and control groups, respectively. Conclusions: Ultrasonography revealed that the presence, number, and long-axis diameter of the submandibular lymph nodes in the patients with and without odontogenic infection were statistically different.(AU)

Apoptosis and cell cycle aberrations in epithelial odontogenic lesions: An evidence by the expression of p53, Bcl-2 and Bax

Background: Ameloblastoma (AMB), odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) are epithelial odontogenic lesions with diverse biologic profiles. Defects in regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle may be involved in the development and progression of those lesions, therefore we aimed to investigate the expression of Bcl-2, Bax and p53 to better understand the possible role of these proteins in AMBs, OKCs and AOTs. Material and Methods: The studied sample consisted of 20 AMBs, 20 OKCs and 20 AOTs. Immunohistochemistry technique was performed for the antibodies p53, Bcl-2 and Bax. Immunoreactivity was observed in the epithelial component and positive cells were counted in five fields (100x magnification). Statistical analysis was performed with Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman tests (p< 0.05). Results: All lesions exhibited staining for the three studied proteins. There was no statistically significant associations between the expression of proteins and the lesions, however we identified a positive correlation between the expression of p53 and Bcl-2 (r = 0.200) and a negative correlation between p53 and Bax expressions (r = -0.100). In addition, p53 and Bax were similarly expressed between AMBs and OKCs. Bcl-2 was similarly expressed in AMBs and AOTs. Conclusions: Apoptosis regulatory proteins, as well as cell cycle proteins, are differently expressed in epithelial odontogenic lesions and their expression is possibly related to the biological behavior of AMB, OKC and AOT (AU)

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Non-invasive visual tools for diagnosis of oral cancer and dysplasia: A systematic review

BACKGROUND: Gold standard for the diagnosis of oral dysplasia (OD) oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and malignant lesions is the histological examination. Several adjunctive diagnostic techniques have been proposed in order to increase the sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) of conventional oral examination and to improve the diagnostic first level accuracy. The aim of this study is to perform a systematic review on non-invasive tools for diagnosis of OD and early OSCC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Medline, Scopus, Web of Knowledge databases were searched, using as entry terms "oral dysplasia AND diagnosis" / "oral cancer AND diagnosis". Data extracted from each study included number of lesions evaluated, histopathological diagnosis, SE, SP, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), diagnostic accuracy (DA) and the main conclusions. RESULTS: After title and abstract scanning of 11.080 records, we selected 35 articles for full text evaluation. Most evaluated tools were autofluorescence (AF), chemiluminescence (CL), toluidine blu (TL) and chemiluminescence associated with toluidine blue (CLTB). CONCLUSIONS: There is a great inhomogeneity of the reported values and there is no significant evidence of superiority of one tool over the other. Further clinical trials with a higher level of evidence are necessary in order to assess the real usefulness visual diagnostic tools

Anomalías y displasias dentarias de origen genético-hereditario / Inherited dental abnormalities and dysplasias

Las alteraciones del desarrollo embriológico de la dentición provocan anomalías y displasias dentarias. Los factores etiopatogénicos implicados en las alteraciones del desarrollo dentario son básicamente dos: genéticos y ambientales. Según la fase del desarrollo en que afecten al órgano del esmalte y a los tejidos dentarios, aparecerán diferentes anomalías y/o displasias dentales. El control genético del desarrollo dentario se lleva a cabo mediante dos procesos: a) control de la histogénesis del esmalte y la dentina, y b) la especificación del tipo, tamaño y posición de cada diente. La mutación de los genes implicados en la amelogénesis (AMELX, ENAM, MMP20 y KLK4) o en la dentinogénesis (DSPP) produce alteraciones del desarrollo dentario aisladas o no sindrómicas. Por el contrario, las mutaciones de los genes reguladores morfogenéticos involucrados en la determinación de la posición y el desarrollo precoz de los órganos dentarios (genes homeobox), además de alterar la morfodiferenciación dentaria, tienen efectos pleiotrópicos y afectan a otros órganos, provocando síndromes hereditarios en los que uno de sus rasgos es la alteración dentaria. En este artículo se revisan las principales anomalías y displasias dentarias de causa genético-hereditaria (AU)

Alterations of the embryologic development of the dentition cause dental anomalies and dysplasias. The causing factors involved in the disturbances of tooth development are basically two: genetic and environmental factors. Depending on the phase of tooth development when the factors act, they will appear different dental anomalies and dysplasias. Genetic control of tooth development is carried out through two processes: a) control of amelogenesis and dentinogenesis, and b) the specification of the type, size and position of each tooth. Mutation of genes involved in amelogenesis (AMELX, ENAM, MMP20 and KLK4) and dentinogenesis (DSPP) produces non-syndromic alterations of tooth development. On the contrary, mutations in morphogenetic regulatory genes involved in determining the position and the early development of the teeth (homeobox genes), not only alter teeth morpho differentiation, but also have pleiotropic effects affecting other organs, causing hereditary syndromes in which one of its features is the presence of dental abnormalities. Dental anomalies and dysplasias of genetic origin are reviewed in this article (AU)

Displasia oculodentodigital: consejo genético, opciones reproductivas y estudio molecular de un caso clínico referido para diagnóstico preimplantacional / Oculodentodigital dysplasia: genetic counselling, reproductive expectatives and molecular assay of a clinical case referred to preimplantational diagnosis

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Pansinusitis y afectación intracraneal por implante dental / Pansinusitis and intracranial impact of a dental implant

Las sinusitis odontógenas son una patología relativamente frecuente causada por infecciones dentales, quistes periapicales así como tras procedimientos bucodentales como una endodoncia, una elevación sinusal o la colocación de un implante. A continuación se presenta un caso extremo de una pansinusitis derecha con fistulización a espacio epidural causada por un implante osteointegrado. Ante la sospecha de una sinusitis maxilar de origen odontogénico se debe iniciar rápidamente un tratamiento antibiótico correcto y un seguimiento estrecho ya que pueden tener consecuencias fatales como la pérdida de un ojo, abscesos cerebrales o incluso la muerte(AU)

Odontogenic sinusitis is a relatively common disease caused by dental infections, periapical cysts and oral procedures such as root canal, sinus lift or implant placement. We report an extreme case of a right pansinusitis with an epidural space fistula caused by osseointegrated implants. When maxillary sinusitis of odontogenic origin is suspected, we should quickly start effective antibiotic treatment and monitor the patient closely because odontogenic sinusitis can have serious consequences, such as the loss of an eye, brain abscess or death(AU)

Etiology of burning mouth syndrome: A review and update

Introduction: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by an oral burning sensation in the absence of anyorganic disorders of the oral cavity. Although the cause of BMS is not known, a complex association of biologicaland psychological factors has been identified, suggesting the existence of a multifactorial etiology.Material and Method: A PubMed/Medline search was used to identify articles describing the different hypothesesregarding the etiology of BMS, as well as the psychological and anatomical data upon which such hypotheses arefundamented.Results: A review and update was made of the different hypotheses relating to the etiology of BMS (psychogenicfactors, hormone disorders, neuropathic alterations, oral phantom pain, neuroplasticity and neuroinflammation),with a view to globally establishing possible relationships among them.Conclusions: In-depth investigation is needed to clarify the etiopathogenic mechanisms of BMS and its triggeringfactors, in order to develop effective and individualized management strategies that can be extended to patients ineach different BMS subgroup (AU)

Regional odontodysplasia of the deciduous and permanent teeth associated with eruption disorders: A case report

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Regional odontodysplasia (RO) is an unusual, non-hereditary anomaly of the dental hard tissues with characteristic clinical, radiographic and histological findings. Clinically, RO affects the primary and permanent dentition in the maxilla and mandible or both jaws. Radiographically, there is a lack of contrast between the enamel dentin, both of which are less radiopaque than unaffected counterparts. Additionally, enamel and dentin layers are thin, giving theteeth a “ghost-like” appearance. Histologically, areas of hypocalcified enamel are visible and enamel prisms appear irregular in direction. Coronal dentin is fibrous, consisting of clefts and a reduced number of dentinal tubules; radicular dentin is generally more normal in structure and calcification.The RO etiology is uncertain; numerous factors have been suggested and considered as local trauma, irradiation,hypophosphatasia, hypocalcemia, hyperpyrexia. The treatment of RO has given rise to controversy. These cases require a continuous and multidisciplinary approach. Most clinicians advocate extracting the affected teeth as soon as possible and inserting a prosthetic replacement. Other clinicians prefer restorative procedures, if possible, to protectthe affected erupted teeth.A case of RO in an 8 year-old male whose chief complaint was the absence of eruption of permanent teeth is presented. Clinical, radiographic and histological findings are described (AU)

La leucoplasia oral. Su implicación como lesión precancerosa / Oral leukoplakia. A precancerous lesion

La leucoplasia es definida actualmente en base a un concepto esencialmente clínico. En este sentido, se propone un diagnóstico provisional de leucoplasia basado en criterios clínicos y un diagnóstico definitivo para el que se requiere la eliminación de los factores etiológicos y, ante lesiones persistentes, el examen histopatológico. La consideración de la leucoplasia como lesión precancerosa proviene esencialmente de los estudios de seguimiento en los que se constata su transformación maligna. Pese a que el diagnóstico de displasia es esencialmente subjetivo y a la existencia de algún trabajo reciente que no encuentra relación entre ésta y la evolución posterior de las leucoplasias, la presencia de displasia epitelial en el examen histológico se considera actualmente como el indicador más importante de una mayor probabilidad de transformación maligna de la leucoplasia. Entre otros factores relacionados con un peor pronóstico se consideran el que se trate de una leucoplasia idiopática, las formas clínicas no homogéneas, la localización en cara ventrolateral de la lengua y suelo de boca y un tamaño mayor de 1 centímetro (AU)

The current definition of leukoplakia is based on an essentially clinical concept. Therefore, both a provisional diagnosis of leukoplakia based on clinical criteria and a definite diagnosis for which etiological factors need to be eliminated and, should there be persistent lesions, a histological examination is required, are accepted. Follow up studies in which a malignant transformation has been observed have resulted in leukoplakia being considered as a precancerous disorder. Despite the fact that the diagnosis of dysplasia is subjective and certain recent studies have not found any association between this and the development of leukoplakia, the presence of epithelial dysplasia in the histological examination is currently considered to be the most important indicator of a higher possibility of malignant transformation of the leukoplakia. Among other factors that may indicate a worse prognosis are: if the leukoplakia is idiopathic, if clinical forms are non-homogenous, if it is located on the ventrolateral side of the tongue and the floor of the mouth, and if it is over 1 cm. (0.40 inches) in size (AU)

Displasia epitelial. Concepto y significación / Epithelial dysplasia. Concept and significance

Hablamos de displasia epitelial (DE) ante la presencia microscópica de una combinación variable de fenómenos indicativos de un desorden de la maduración epitelial y de una alteración de la proliferación celular. La DE de la mucosa oral constituye todavía la mejor aproximación diagnóstica en la valoración de la capacidad de malignización de las lesiones premalignas. No obstante, su estimación es un proceso subjetivo y no existen todavía parámetros patognomónicos e incuestionables. Existen numerosas controversias en relación con su cualificación y cuantificación. Todavía no disponemos de marcadores definitivos que nos puedan predecir su existencia y lo que es más importante, la evolución de las lesiones orales premalignas. En este trabajo revisamos los aspectos más importantes de la valoración de la DE oral y aportamos nuestras consideraciones (AU)

We use the term epithelial dysplasia (ED) when we’re in the presence of a variable combination of phenomena that indicate loss in maturation and an incorrect cellular proliferation. Nowadays oral ED is the best diagnostic approach in the assessment of the malignant capacity of premalignant lesions. Nevertheless, its quantification is a subjective process; with none patognomonic or unquestionable parameters are set. There’s some controversy in its quantification and qualification. We still don’t have the definitive markers than can predict its existence, but more important its evolution in premalignant oral lesions. In this paper we review the most important aspects in the evaluation of oral ED, and contribute with our considerations (AU)

Malignización del liquen plano oral / Oral lichen planus malignancy

La complicación más importante del Liquen Plano Oral (LPO), es el desarrollo de un carcinoma oral de células escamosas (COCE). Desde 1910 en que se comunicó el primer caso en una paciente con LP, se han publicado numerosos casos, y series de casos de malignización, que nos aportan cifras que varían entre el 0 y el 12,5%de LPO malignizados, con periodos de seguimiento también muy variables, que oscilan entre 0,5 y 20 años. Pero estos estudios han sido refutados por un grupo de autores, que se cuestionan los criterios diagnósticos utilizados. Por todo ello, el potencial maligno del liquen plano oral, es un tema actualmente muy controvertido en Medicina Oral. Se realiza una revisión crítica de la literatura más actual sobre los conceptos clave, implicados en esta controversia (AU)

The most important complication of oral lichen planus (OLP), is the development of oral squamous cellcarcinoma (OSCC).From 1910 when was reported the first case in a woman suffered OLP, many cases and cases series have been reported with values from 0 to 12,5%, and with follow-up ranking from 0,5 to 20 years. But many of this cases not had been accepted by some authors who disagree with the diagnostic criteria employed. By all previously cited, the cancerization of OLP is a very controversial topic in Oral Medicine. It has been performed a critical review of the recent literature about it (AU)