A case of an inverted appendiceal stump with dysplastic mucosa mimicking cecal polyp managed by a combined endoscopic laparoscopic approach / Un caso de muñón apendicular invertido con mucosa displásica que imita Pólipo cecal tratado mediante un abordaje laparoscópico endoscópico combinado

Endoscopic finding of invaginated appendiceal stump mimicking polyp is very rare. We present a case of patient with appendiceal stump mimicking cecal polyp covered with dysplastic mucosa which makes it even more rare. Polypoid lesions involving the appendiceal area represent a specific diagnostic-therapeutic dilemma. In these situations simple colonoscopic polypectomy poses increased risk for perforation. In our case biopsy of the polypoid cecal lesion revealed dysplastic mucosa. Due to the non-lifting sign and increased risk of perforation from simple polypectomy, polyp was removed by cecal wedge resection using combined endoscopic laparoscopic approach. Histopathology of the specimen confirmed medium dysplastic epithelium covering lymphoid follicles specific for appendix. In our case, decision on the need to remove the polyp, based on biopsy histology, was quite clear; however, the question is what should we have done if the biopsy finding was negative? In such a situation, conservative approach with endoscopic follow-up of the polyp and regular biopsy specimen analysis, or a more active approach of polyp removal should be considered. This issue can be discussed, however, we do believe that decision on approaching such patients should be made individually, based on the patient's age, comorbidities, general condition and operative risk.(AU)

Pólipo de Nakamura, un hallazgo extraordinariamente infrecuente / Nakamura polyp, an extraordinarily rare finding

El pólipo mioglandular inflamatorio o de Nakamura es un pólipo muy infrecuente, habiendose descrito en la literatura unos 100 casos. Posee unas características tanto endoscópicas como histológicas específicas, cobrando gran importancia su conocimiento para su diagnóstico adecuado. Es de vital importancia su diagnóstico diferencial con otro tipo de pólipos tanto histológicamente como respecto a su seguimiento endoscópico. Presentamos el caso clínico de un pólipo de Nakamura como hallazgo incidental en una colonoscopia de cribado.(AU)

An incidental traditional serrated adenoma of the gallbladder: A case report / Un adenoma serrado tradicional incidental de la vesícula biliar: informe de un caso

Serrated lesions outside the low digestive tract are scarce, with only two traditional serrated adenomas (TSA) reported in the gallbladder, with limited information about the serrated pathway outside the colon. Our case was an incidental finding in a patient undergoing surgery to treat a cholecystitis, when a polypoid lesion was observed. The epithelium formed gland structures with ectopic crypts, serrated slits and eosinophilic cytoplasm. MUC4 and MUC5A were positive, but mismatch repair proteins (MSI) retained nuclear staining. BRAF showed a not mutated profile and NRAS/KRAS was inconclusive due to the absence of remaining tissue. MSI and CpG island (CIMP), the most common genetic hallmarks of the serrated pathway, have been proven in gallbladder carcinomas, although serrated polyps are not recognized as premalignant precursors. Hereby we report one TSA of the gallbladder without the usual genetic drivers. A larger evidence is needed to improve the diagnosis and management.(AU)

Las lesiones serradas no suelen localizarse fuera del tracto digestivo bajo, con solo 2 adenomas serrados tradicionales (TSA) descritos. Por ello, la información sobre la vía serrada fuera del colon es limitada. Nuestro caso trata de un hallazgo incidental en un paciente al que se le realizó una colecistectomía y en el que se observó una lesión polipoide. Esta formaba estructuras glandulares con criptas ectópicas, serración y citoplasma eosinófilo. MUC4 y MUC5A eran positivos, pero las proteínas implicadas en la inestabilidad de microsatélites (MSI) conservaban tinción nuclear. BRAF no estaba mutado y NRAS/KRAS no fue concluyente. La MSI y la metilación de CpG (CIMP) son las vías oncogénicas más comunes de la vía serrada y se ha demostrado en carcinomas de vesícula biliar. Sin embargo, los pólipos serrados no se reconocen como precursores premalignos. Nuestro caso trata de un adenoma serrado tradicional de vesícula biliar sin rasgos genéticos habituales. Se necesita mayor casuística en la literatura.(AU)

¿Es precisa la ecografía para el diagnóstico de pólipos vesiculares? Revisión de las piezas de colecistectomía de pacientes diagnosticados de pólipo vesicular durante un periodo de 14 años / Is ultrasonography accurate for the diagnosis of gallbladder polyps? A review of cholecystectomy specimens from patients diagnosed with gallbladder polyps over a 14 years period

Introducción: La incidencia de pólipos vesiculares es del 0,3-12%. Es importante diferenciar los seudopólipos (pólipos de colesterol, adenomiomatosis o pólipos inflamatorios) de los pólipos verdaderos (adenomas y adenocarcinomas). Los principales factores de riesgo de malignización son el tamaño superior a 6-10mm, crecimiento rápido del mismo, morfología sésil, etnia india y colangitis esclerosante primaria. La ecografía es el gold standard para su diagnóstico. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los pólipos diagnosticados por ecografía son seudopólipos. El objetivo del estudio es analizar si la ecografía es precisa para diagnosticar los pólipos verdaderos en los pacientes cuya indicación quirúrgica ha sido este diagnóstico ecográfico. Métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de los pacientes intervenidos en nuestro centro, desde el año 2007 al 2019, de colecistectomía electiva por presentar pólipos vesiculares. La cirugía se indicó en pacientes sintomáticos y/o con factores de riesgo. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité Ético de Investigación Clínica de nuestro hospital. Resultados: Se han incluido 124 pacientes. En todos ellos se ha realizado colecistectomía laparoscópica. La edad media fue de 55,4 años y el 61% eran mujeres. El 65% tenían síntomas biliares. En nuestro estudio, solo 3 pacientes presentaron pólipos verdaderos (2,4%). Todos ellos, fueron adenomas tubulares. El resto de los pacientes resultaron falsos positivos (97,6%). El tamaño de los adenomas fue de 11, 6 y 5mm. La cirugía se indicó por tamaño o por clínica asociada. Conclusiones: La ecografía no es precisa para el diagnóstico de pólipos vesiculares verdaderos. La validación de otras pruebas complementarias para el diagnóstico de pólipos en pacientes asintomáticos podría ser relevante para evitar cirugías innecesarias. (AU)

Introduction: The incidence of gallbladder polyps is 0,3-12%. It is important to differentiate pseudopolyps (cholesterol polyps, adenomyomatosis, inflammatory polyps), which do not have the potential to become malignant, and true polyps (adenomas and adenocarcinomas). The main risk factors for malignancy are size>6-10mm, rapid growth, sessile morphology, Indian ethnicity and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Ultrasound is the gold standard for diagnosis. However, most polyps diagnosed by ultrasound are pseudopolyps. The main objective of this study is to analyze whether ultrasound is accurate for diagnosing true polyps in patients undergoing surgery for this reason. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study with prospective data entry of patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy for gallbladder polyps from 2007 to 2021. Surgery was indicated in symptomatic patients and in those with risk factors. The study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of our hospital. Results: Our study included 124 patients who had undergone elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Mean age was 55.4 years, and 61% were women. In total, 65% were symptomatic at diagnosis. Only 3 patients had true polyps (2.4%), all of which were tubular adenomas. The remainig patients were false positives (97.6%). The adenoma sizes were 11, 6 and 5mm, respectively. The surgical indication was due to polyp size or due to associated biliary symptoms. Conclusion: Ultrasonography is not accurate for the diagnosis of gallbladder polyps. The validation of other complementary tests for the diagnose gallbladder polyps in asymptomatic patients could be relevant to avoid unnecessary surgeries. (AU)

Ensayo clínico multicéntrico para la resección de pólipos rectales mediante un nuevo dispositivo de acceso transanal híbrido laparoendoscópico / Multicenter clinical trial for the resection of rectal polyps using a new laparoendoscopic hybrid transanal access device

Introducción: Los pólipos complejos requieren el uso de técnicas endoscópicas avanzadas o la cirugía mínimamente invasiva para su abordaje. En los pólipos rectales es de especial relevancia llegar a un consenso de cuál es el mejor abordaje de estos para evitar infratratamientos o sobretratamientos que incrementen una morbimortalidad innecesaria. Métodos: Se describe un ensayo clínico piloto con un producto sanitario de primer uso en humanos multicéntrico y prospectivo. Se plantea la hipótesis que UNI-VEC® facilita la cirugía laparoendoscópica transanal para la extirpación de tumores rectales precoces. El objetivo principal es evaluar que es seguro y cumple los requisitos funcionales establecidos. Los secundarios son evaluar resultados, complicaciones y nivel de satisfacción.Resultados: Se reclutaron 16 pacientes en 12 meses con un seguimiento mínimo de dos meses. El tamaño medio ha sido de 3,4 cm, siendo el pólipo mayor de 6 cm. Respecto a la localización, la media se encontraba a 6,6 cm del margen anal. Se realizó resección endoscópica mucosa (REM) (6,3%), disección submucosa endoscópica (DSE) (43,8%), resección espesor completo (REC) (6,3%) y transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) (43,8%). El tiempo medio fueron 73,25 min; 56,3% utiliza una cámara de 30̊ y 43,8% el endoscopio flexible como instrumento de visión. El 56,3% son lesiones benignas y 43,8% malignas. En 87,5% se consigue resección completa. En cuanto a las complicaciones, se presenta sangrado leve (Clavien I) en 25, 6,3 y 21,4% a las 24 h, 48 h y siete días, respectivamente. La continencia se valora según la Escala de Wexner. A los siete días, 60% presentan continencia perfecta, 26,7% IF leve y 13,3% IF moderada. A los 30 días, 66,7% continencia perfecta, 20% IF leve y 13,3% IF moderada. A los dos meses se revisan cuatro de los pacientes que a los 30 días presentaban un Wexner superior al preoperatorio y se demuestra continencia perfecta en 25% de los pacientes, 50% leve y 25% moderada. (AU)

Introduction: Complex polyps require the use of advanced endoscopic techniques or minimally invasive surgery for their approach. In rectal polyps it is of special relevance to reach a consensus on the best approach to avoid under- or overtreatment that increases unnecessary morbidity and mortality. Methods: We describe a prospective, multicenter, pilot clinical trial with a first-in-human medical device. It is hypothesized that UNI-VEC® facilitates transanal laparoendoscopic surgery for the removal of early rectal tumors. The primary objective is to evaluate that it is safe and meets the established functional requirements. Secondary objectives are to evaluate results, complications and level of satisfaction. Results: Sixteen patients were recruited in 12 months with a minimum follow-up of 2 months. The mean size was 3.4 cm with the largest polyp being 6 cm. Regarding location, the mean was 6.6 cm from the anal margin. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) (6.3%), endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) (43.8%), REC (6.3%) and TAMIS (43.8%) were performed. The mean time was 73.25 min. The 56.3% used a 30° camera and 43.8% used the flexible endoscope as a viewing instrument. The 56.3% were benign lesions and 43.8% malignant. Complete resection is achieved in 87.5%. Regarding complications, mild bleeding (Clavien I) occurred in 25%, 6.3% and 21.4% at 24 h, 48 h and 7 days, respectively. Continence was assessed according to the Wexner scale. At 7 days, 60% showed perfect continence, 26.7% mild FI and 13.3% moderate FI. At 30 days, 66.7% had perfect continence, 20% mild FI and 13.3% moderate FI. At 2 months, 4 patients were reviewed who at 30 days had a Wexner's degree higher than preoperative and perfect continence was demonstrated in 25% of the patients, 50% mild and 25% moderate. (AU)

Pathology of the maxillary sinus and its relationship to dental pathology and treatment. Systematic review / Patología del seno maxilar y su relación con la patología y los tratamientos dentales. Revisión sistemática

Introduction and objective: The aim of this review is to evaluate to what extent sinus pathology originates from dental pathology or treatment, and to assess the occurrence frequency of sinus pathology in its different forms using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Method: The literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus and the Cochrane Library. Forty-two articles were included (25 case series, ten cross- sectional studies, three case-control studies, two cohort studies, one prospective study, and one retrospective study). Results: Forty-two articles involving a total of 13,191 patients and 17,374 CBCTs were included in this review. The most frequent pathological findings were, by a considerable degree, inflammatory diseases, which represented 75.16 % of the total findings, followed by infection (12.13 %), tumours (6.88 %), and high pneumatisation (2.07 %). Within dental pathology, there is a direct Pearson correlation with polyps (1) and opacification (0.999), and an almost direct correlation with retention cysts (0.981) and sinus-associated dental elements (0.972). Conclusions: Our results further support the argument that dental modifications and treatments are an important cause of sinus pathology. For this reason, dental aetiologies must be taken into account by both dentists, maxillofacial surgeons and ENT when considering the most appropriate treatment for patients with maxillary sinusitis. (AU)

Introducción y objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión fue evaluar en qué medida la patología sinusal se origina a partir de patología o tratamiento dental, y evaluar la frecuencia de aparición de la patología sinusal en sus diferentes formas mediante tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT). Método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica utilizando PubMed, Scopus y Cochrane Library. Se incluyeron 42 artículos (25 series de casos, diez estudios transversales, tres estudios de casos y controles, dos estudios de cohortes, un estudio prospectivo y un estudio retrospectivo). Resultados: En esta revisión se incluyeron 42 artículos con un total de 13191 pacientes y 17374 CBCT. Los hallazgos patológicos más frecuentes fueron, en grado considerable, las enfermedades inflamatorias, que representaron el 75,16 % del total de hallazgos, seguida de la infección (12,13 %), los tumores (6,88 %) y la neumatización (2,07 %). Dentro de la patología dental, existe una correlación directa de Pearson con los pólipos (1) y opacificación (0,999), y una correlación casi directa con quistes de retención (0,981) y elementos dentales asociados al seno (0,972). Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos respaldan el argumento de que las patologías y tratamientos dentales son una causa importante de patología sinusal. Por este motivo, tanto los odontólogos como los cirujanos maxilofaciales y otorrinolaringólogos deben tener en cuenta las etiologías dentales a la hora de considerar el tratamiento más adecuado para los pacientes con sinusitis maxilar. (AU)

The role of endoscopic submucosal dissection in the management of gastric inflammatory fibroid polyps: a single-center experience

Background and aim: gastric inflammatory fibroid polypsconstitute only 0.1 % of all gastric polyps. They are usually amenable to resection by snare polypectomy. However,on rare occasions, these lesions may require resection byendoscopic submucosal dissection. This study aimed toevaluate the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection in the management of gastric inflammatory fibroid polyps not amenable to resection with snarepolypectomy.Methods: a retrospective observational study of all consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic submucosaldissection for gastric inflammatory fibroid polyps betweenJanuary 2011 and December 2020 was performed.Results: there were nine cases of gastric inflammatoryfibroid polyps resected by endoscopic submucosal dissection. Most patients were female (7/9) with a mean ageof 62.2 years. All gastric inflammatory fibroid polyps weredescribed as solitary antral subepithelial lesions with amean diameter of 16.7 mm, which appeared well-circumscribed and homogeneous lesions located at muscularismucosa and submucosa without deeper invasion on endoscopic ultrasound. All lesions were successfully resected byen bloc and complete resection with free margins obtainedin 8/9 specimens. Adverse events were reported in 2/9 casesincluding one intra-procedural bleeding successfully controlled with hemostatic clips and one aspiration pneumonia that evolved favorably. Mean follow-up duration was 33.7 months and no delayed complications or cases ofrecurrence were reported.Conclusions: endoscopic submucosal dissection appearssafe and effective for the resection of gastric inflammatoryfibroid polyps that present as large subepithelial lesions,if performed by experienced endoscopists after adequatecharacterization by endoscopic ultrasound, with high ratesof technical success and low recurrence rates. (AU)

Mysterious visitor in the bladder: ureteral fibroepithelial polyp / Visitante misterioso en la vejiga: pólipo fibroepitelial ureteral

Objetives: We present a unique casewith a ureteral fibroepithelial tumor originating from theureter, which could be confused with a bladder tumor onultrasound examination due to its movement in and out ofthe bladder.Methods: In cystoscopy, a papillary tumor lesion emerging from the right ureteral orifice was seen. After scanningthe other quadrants, however, the tumor was not observedat the right ureteral orifice. It was then protruded back intothe bladder. The tumor was seen several times to protrudeinto the bladder and return to the ureter, possibly due toureteral peristalsis. Then, a semirigid ureteroscope was introduced through the right ureteric orifice, and the tumorwas excised in one piece using Holmium laser fiber with 365μm of diameter. The size of the removed tumor wasapproximately 8 cm long. A doublej stent of 4.8 Fr wasplaced in the ureter.Results: The patient was discharged on the first day without complications. The fibroepithelial polyps of the ureter,which consist of the stroma of mesoderm origin, coveredwith histologically normal or hyperplastic urothelial epithelial cells, are extremely rare tumors. It is important to distinguish these polyps from urothelial cancers, since these twoentities are different in treatment and prognosis, althoughsimilar in symptoms and imaging procedures.Cconclusions: Minimally invasive treatment techniquescan be safely applied in the treatment of such exceedinglyrare tumors.(AU)

Objetivo: Presentamos un caso único detumor fibroepitelial ureteral originado en el uréter que sepuede confundir con un tumor vesical por ecografía debido al movimiento dentro y fuera de la vejiga.Métodos: En la cistoscopia, se vió una lesión tumoralpapilar saliendo del meato ureteral. Después de mirar elresto de zona de la vejiga, dejamos de ver el tumor en elmeato ureteral derecho. Una vez más, protuía después,en la vejiga. Se realizó una ureteroscopia semirrígida yse quitó el tumor en una pieza con laser holmium de 365.El tumor tenía una longitud de 8 cm. Se colocó un catéterdoble J 4.8 Fr en el uréter.Resultados: El paciente fue dado de alta en el primerdía postoperatorio sin complicaciones. El pólipo fibroepitelial del uréter consiste en estroma del mesodermo cubiertode histológica normal o hiperplásica. Estos tumores sonextremadamente raros. Es importante diferenciarlos de lostumores uroteliales ya que el tratamiento y pronóstico esdiferente, aunque los síntomas y las técnicas de imagenson parecidas.Conclusiones: Las técnicas mínimamente invasivas sepueden aplicar a estos tumores tan poco comunes.(AU)

Evaluation of recurrence and surgical complementation rates after endoscopic resection of large colorectal non-pedunculated lesions

BACKGROUND AND AIM: the process that leads to the development of colorectal cancer takes many years and most tumors originate from polyps and non-polypoid lesions. Techniques of endoscopic resection are surgical treatment options, even in case of large lesions or with initial invasion. This study aimed to evaluate the recurrence and surgical complementation rates after endoscopic resection of large colorectal non-pedunculated lesions. METHODS: a retrospective, longitudinal and descriptive trial was performed via an analysis of colonoscopies with the resection of non-pedunculated lesions larger than 3 cm, performed between 2014 and 2017. RESULTS: sixty-two lesions were included from 61 patients and 32 (52.5 %) were female. The age ranged from 36 to 89 years, with a mean age of 60.5 years. Lesions had an average diameter of 40.08 mm, ranging from 30 to 80 mm. Regarding the location of the lesions, the most frequent colonic segments were the ascending and rectum, both accounting for 22.6 %. Considering the morphologic endoscopic classification, 67.7 % were granular laterally spreading tumors (LST), 38.8 % were homogeneous granular and 29 % were mixed granular. The most frequent histological types were tubulovillous adenoma (30.7 %) and intramucosal adenocarcinoma (29 %). The resection technique was piecemeal mucosectomy in 85.5 %. Five lesions were removed by en bloc mucosectomy, two (3.2 %) by endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and two (3.2 %) by a hybrid technique. The recurrence rate was 25.8 %. Three patients needed complementary surgical treatment and the clinical success of endoscopic treatment was 95.1 %. CONCLUSION: recurrence rate after endoscopic resection of large colorectal lesions was 25.8 % and surgical complementation rate due to failure in the endoscopic treatment of recurrence was 4.8 %

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