La dieta como fuente de sulfuro de hidrógeno y sus efectos en la salud y la enfermedad / Diet as a source of hydrogen sulfide and its effects on health and disease

Conocido originalmente por sus efectos deletéreos en la salud, recientemente se ha reconocido al sulfuro de hidrógeno (H2S) como un gasotransmisor de importancia biológica, al igual que el óxido nítrico y el monóxido de carbono. El H2S puede producirse de forma endógena en lascélulas de mamíferos por dos vías: la vía enzimática y la vía no enzimática. Cuando se produce por la vía enzimática, su síntesis se lleva a cabo apartir de los aminoácidos L-cisteína o metionina mediante transulfuración y transmetilación. También se puede producir el H2S a partir donadores de grupos sulfuro como, por ejemplo, compuestos orgánicos que se encuentran presentes en algunos vegetales. Actualmente es bien conocido el papel del H2S como protector a nivel cerebral y cardiaco, y cada vez adquiere mayor relevancia su estudio como coadyuvante terapéutico en padecimientos metabólicos como la obesidad y la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2. El objetivo de esta revisión es examinar cómo impacta el aporte de donadores y precursores del sulfuro de hidrógeno por la dieta en la salud y la enfermedad. (AU)

Initially known for its deleterious health effects, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has recently been recognized as a biologically important gas carrier, likenitric oxide and carbon monoxide. H2S is produced endogenously in mammalian cells by enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways. When it isproduced by the enzymatic pathway, its synthesis is carried out from the amino acid L-cysteine through the transsulfuration pathway. It can alsobe produced endogenously from exogenous compounds that function as H2S donors as, for example, the naturally occurring organic donors foundin some plants. Currently, the role of H2S is well known as brain and cardiac protector, and its research as a therapeutic adjuvant in metabolicdiseases such as obesity and type-2 diabetes is becoming increasingly important. The objective of this review is to examine how the contributionof donors and precursors of hydrogen sulfide by the diet impacts health and disease. (AU)

Study of hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis in synovial tissue from diabetes-associated osteoarthritis and its influence on macrophage phenotype and abundance

Type 2 diabetes (DB) is an independent risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA). However, the mechanisms underlying the connection between both diseases remain unclear. Synovial macrophages from OA patients with DB present a marked pro-inflammatory phenotype. Since hydrogen sulphide (H2S) has been previously described to be involved in macrophage polarization, in this study we examined H2S biosynthesis in synovial tissue from OA patients with DB, observing a reduction of H2S-synthetizing enzymes in this subset of individuals. To elucidate these findings, we detected that differentiated TPH-1 cells to macrophages exposed to high levels of glucose presented a lower expression of H2S-synthetizing enzymes and an increased inflammatory response to LPS, showing upregulated expression of markers associated with M1 phenotype (i.e., CD11c, CD86, iNOS, and IL-6) and reduced levels of those related to M2 fate (CD206 and CD163). The co-treatment of the cells with a slow-releasing H2S donor, GYY-4137, attenuated the expression of M1 markers, but failed to modulate the levels of M2 indicators. GYY-4137 also reduced HIF-1α expression and upregulated the protein levels of HO-1, suggesting their involvement in the anti-inflammatory effects of H2S induction. In addition, we observed that intraarticular administration of H2S donor attenuated synovial abundance of CD68+ cells, mainly macrophages, in an in vivo model of OA. Taken together, the findings of this study seem to reinforce the key role of H2S in the M1-like polarization of synovial macrophages associated to OA and specifically its metabolic phenotype, opening new therapeutic perspectives in the management of this pathology. (AU)

Down-regulation of endogenous hydrogen sulphide pathway in nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis in guinea pigs

Background The present study was designed to explore the possible changes in endogenous hydrogen sulphide (H2S), a novel gasotransmitter, on the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods AR guinea pig model was established by nasal ovalbumin sensitisation. Guinea pigs were divided into four groups: Saline control, AR sensitised, sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS) treated, and propargylglycine (PPG) treated group. The frequency of sneezing and nose rubbing was recorded. Leukocyte infiltration in nasal lavage fluid (NLF) and plasma H2S level were measured. Expression of Cystathionine-â-synthase (CBS) and Cystathionine-ã-lyase (CSE) mRNA as H2S-producing enzymes in nasal mucosa was determined by real time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Results The frequency of sneezing and nose rubbing, and levels of leukocyte infiltration in NLF were higher than those of control (P<0.01), but plasma H2S in sensitised guinea pigs was lower than those of control (P<0.05). From the results of RT-PCR, it was found that the expression of CSE was higher than CBS in nasal mucosa, and in sensitised guinea pigs it was lower than that of control (P<0.05). NaHS successfully increased the level of H2S and alleviated the symptoms of AR accompanied by up-regulation of CSE as compared with AR group (P<0.05). PPG significantly suppressed the expression of CSE and decreased the H2S level, yet also aggravated the symptoms of AR. Conclusion H2S level may be negatively correlated with the process of inflammation and positively correlated with expression of CSE in nasal mucosa. The endogenous H2S pathway is down-regulated in AR (AU)

Secuelas neurológicas irreversibles causadas por una exposición al sulfuro de hidrógeno en un accidente laboral / Irreversible neurological sequelae caused by exposure to hydrogen sulfide in an occupational accident

Un varón de 49 años de edad presentó una intoxicación aguda por sulfuro de hidrógeno mientras realizaba tareas de mantenimiento en una industria de refinado de hidrocarburos, sin utilizar ningún tipo de equipo de protección individual. A los seis meses de la intoxicación presenta secuelas neurológicas irreversibles de tipo cerebeloso y cognitivo, reuniendo además criterios diagnósticos del síndrome de fatiga crónica. El paciente ha quedado en una situación de invalidez absoluta para cualquier tipo de actividad laboral. Se destacan los aspectos preventivos de las intoxicaciones por sulfuro de hidrógeno, ya que ocasionan un número elevado de casos mortales y los pacientes que sobreviven pueden quedar con secuelas neurológicas irreversibles(AU)

A 49-year-old male presented acute hydrogen sulfide poisoning while carrying out maintenance work without any type of protective equipment in a hydrocarbon refining plant. Six months after the poisoning, the patient presents irreversible cerebellar and cognitive neurological sequelae and also fulfils the criteria for diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome. He has been declared permanently work-disabled. We stress the importance of preventive measures against hydrogen sulfide poisonings, a large percentage of which result in death, with surviving patients often suffering irreversible neurological sequelae(AU)

Selección e implantación de cepas de levadura del género Sccharomyces en la producción de vinos de la Denominación de Origen (DO) Chacolí de Vizcaya/Bizkaiko Txacolina / Selection and implantation of yeast strains of genus Saccharomyces at a winery regulated by Appellation Contrôlée "Chacolí de Vizcaya/Bizkaiko Txakolina"

El Chacolí de Vizcaya/Bizkaiko Txaxolina es un vino blanco característico del País Vaso con denominación de origen (BOPV 14/6/94). El objetivo del presente estudio fue seleccionar cepas de levaduras autóctonas para mejorar las condiciones de elaboración manteniendo las características propias de los vinos de esta región. Se aislaron levaduras identificadas como Saccharomyces bayanus durante las campañas 1996-1998 y se sometieron a un proceso selectivo en función de sus características enológicas y su comportamiento fermentativo. Tres de las cepas seleccionadas se inocularon a escala de bodega sobre mostos monovarietales de las dos variedades de uva aceptadas en esta denominación de origen, Hondarrabi Zuri y Folle Blanche. La implantación de las cepas inoculadas en las respectivas vinificaciones fue controlada mediante el análisis del polimorfismo de restricción ADN mitocondrial (REAmt) con la comparación con la enzima Alul, dada su especificidad, rapidez y sencillez tecnológica en comparación con otras técnicas de tipificación molecular utilizadas también en este estudio: cariotipificación cromosómica mediante electroforesis en campo pulsado, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-pCR (RAPD-pCR) y análisis del polimorfismo de restricción originado por la enzima Sfil de corte infrecuente (REA infrecuente). Este estudio ha demostrado que cepas con comportamientos fenotípicos diferentes presentan los mismos patrones de restricción con REAmt, pero pueden ser diferenciadas con otras técnicas aplicadas en este estudio, como RAPD-PCR, que pese a su baja reproductibilidad pueden ser una herramienta complementaria a REAmt. Nuestros resultados demuestran que, a pesar de utilizar cepas autóctonas seleccionadas, la inoculación de una caldo con una cepa no es garantía de que doina y dirija la fermentación del mosto, ya que una misma cepa puede imponerse o no dependiendo del tipo de mosto y de la campaña de que se trate. De las levaduras estudiadas, la cepa 2 fue la que mejores resultados proporcionó tanto en cata como en implantación, por lo que podría ser utilizada para la producción de Chacolí de Vizcaya con fines comerciales, sobre todo de mostos procedentes de Folle Blanche(AU)

The white wine Chacolía de Vizcaya/Bizkaiko Txakolina is characteristic from The Basque Country region and regulated under Appellation Contrôlée standards (BOPV 14/6/94). The objective of this study was the identification and selection of autochthonous yeast strains, to improve the conditions used to maintain the typical characteristics of this region wines. Yeasts identified as Saccharomyces bayanus isolated around these fields from 1996 to 1998, were subjected to a selective procedure based on enological characteristics and fermentative behaviour. Three of the selected strains were used to inoculate, at winery scale, two grape juice varieties accepted by the Appellation Contrôlée (Hondarrabi Zuri and Folle Blanche). The inoculated strains on the respective vinifications was followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA (REAmt) method with AluI enzyme, due to their specificity, short outcome, and technological simplicity compared with other molecular typing methods such as: chromosomal karyotyping analyzed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism using the infrequently cutting enzyme SfiI (REA infrequent). This study demonstrated that strains with different phenotypic traits could show indistinguishable restriction patterns with REAmt, but could be discriminated using other typing methods such as RAPD-PCR, which although showing low reproducibility could be used as complementary to REAmt. Our results demonstrate that in spite of using autochthonous selected strains, the inoculation of musts with a particular strain do not guarantee its predominance and driving fermentation features. Of all yeast strains studied, strain no. 2 showed the best results in sensory testing and at the implantation process. Therefore, it could be used with commercial purposes for the production of Chacolí de Vizcaya/Bizkaiko Txakolina, especially when using musts from Folle Blanche(AU)