Risk identification of heavy metals in well water surrounds watershed area of Pangkajene, Indonesia

Objective: This study wants to evaluate heavy metals pollution and ecological risk level of well water in Pangkajene watershed area. Methods: The total concentration of Cd, Cr(VI), Pb and Ni were determined using AAS. We used heavy metal pollution index (HPI), metal index (MI), hazard quotient (HQ) used to estimate metals pollution and ecological risk level. Pearson correlation analysis is executed to evaluate the relationship between all measured parameters. Result: The concentration of Cd, Ni and Pb are below detection limit value. The mean concentration of Cr(VI) 0.0017 ± 0.0006 mg L−1. The mean of HPI and MI value are 3.06 and 0.06, respectively. The upstream area of Pangkajene has HQ value for Cr(VI) is higher than 1, it indicates that exposure of Cr(VI) may cause adverse effects to the ecological system and human health. Conclusion: The Cr(VI) is the main risk factor for well water contamination surrounds Pangkajene watershed area. (AU)

Métodos para medir el grado de la obesidad en perros: entre la física y la bioquímica / Methods for obesity grade measurement in dogs: between physics and biochemistry

La obesidad se define como un acumulo excesivo de tejido adiposo en el cuerpo. La causa de obesidad normalmente es una excesiva ingesta o un metabolismo inadecuado, que ocasiona un balance positivo de energía. Además de las múltiples enfermedades que se asocian con la obesidad en el perro, se ha visto que los animales obesos viven hasta dos años menos en comparación con animales sanos. Esto hace que, hoy en día, sea de gran importancia la correcta determinación, valoración y tratamiento de los perros obesos. Para medir grado de obesidad se han descrito muchos métodos que pueden ser divididos en dos grupos: físicos y bioquímicos. En este trabajo se van a analizar los métodos mas utilizados en veterinaria para medir grado de obesidad en el perro; así dentro de los métodos físicos se estudiarán el peso corporal, las medidas antropométricas, escalas morfológicas, absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA) y dilución de isótopos de oxido de deuterio (D2O). Por otra parte dentro de los métodos bioquímicos, nos centraremos en dos proteínas que en el futuro podrán ser utilizados como biomarcadores de la obesidad: la leptina y adiponectina (AU)

Obesity is defined as an exesive accumulation of adipose tissue in the body. Frequently the main cause of obesity in dogs is an execive ingest or an inadequate metabolism, that causes positive energy balance. Besides of the high number of associated diseases that obesity can cause, longevity of obese animals is two years shorter than normal weight animals. For these reasons the correct determination, valoration and treatment of obesity in dogs is of great importance nowadays in routine practice. In this review we will deal with several methods for obesity grade measurement that can be divided into two groups: physical and biochemical. In physical we will include body weight, morphometric methods, tape measurements, dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), deuterium isotope dilution (D2O). Regarding the biochemicalmethods, we will focus on two proteins: leptin and adiponectin that in the future could be used as biomarkers of obesity in canine species (AU)