Endothelial NOX5 overexpression induces changes in the cardiac gene profile: potential impact in myocardial infarction?

Cardiovascular diseases and the ischemic heart disease specifically constitute the main cause of death worldwide. The ischemic heart disease may lead to myocardial infarction, which in turn triggers numerous mechanisms and pathways involved in cardiac repair and remodeling. Our goal in the present study was to characterize the effect of the NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5) endothelial expression in healthy and infarcted knock-in mice on diverse signaling pathways. The mechanisms studied in the heart of mice were the redox pathway, metalloproteinases and collagen pathway, signaling factors such as NFκB, AKT or Bcl-2, and adhesion molecules among others. Recent studies support that NOX5 expression in animal models can modify the environment and predisposes organ response to harmful stimuli prior to pathological processes. We found many alterations in the mRNA expression of components involved in cardiac fibrosis as collagen type I or TGF-β and in key players of cardiac apoptosis such as AKT, Bcl-2, or p53. In the heart of NOX5-expressing mice after chronic myocardial infarction, gene alterations were predominant in the redox pathway (NOX2, NOX4, p22phox, or SOD1), but we also found alterations in VCAM-1 and β-MHC expression. Our results suggest that NOX5 endothelial expression in mice preconditions the heart, and we propose that NOX5 has a cardioprotective role. The correlation studies performed between echocardiographic parameters and cardiac mRNA expression supported NOX5 protective action. (AU)

Effect of doramectin on programmed cell death pathway in glioma cells

Purpose Doramectin (DRM) is a kind of avermectin drugs, and it has been shown that DRM has anti-cancer effects. However, the molecular mechanism of DRM in programmed cell death (PCD) aspects is still unclear. The objective of this study was to confirm whether DRM induced PCD in glioma cells. Methods In this experiment, the MTT assay and Ki-67 assay were used to detect in vitro cell viability and in vivo tumor proliferation. Then, the effect of DRM on PCD was analyzed by transcriptome comparison. Next, Endogenous apoptosis was detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the DNA gel electrophoresis, JC-1 assay, western blotting and qRT-PCR. Meanwhile, necroptosis was detected by TEM, Hoechst 33342, FITC and PI staining assay, western blotting. Results We found DRM induced apoptosis through Bcl-2/Bax/Caspase-3 pathway. And, DRM induced ROS overproduction, then ROS caused necroptosis through RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway, Mitochondria acted as a bridge between the two pathways. Conclusion Our research provided new insight with the function of anti-cancer of DRM. These results demonstrated DRM may be used as potential therapeutic agents inducing apoptosis and necroptosis for cancer therapy (AU)

Tong Jing Yi Hao Formula Alleviates Ornidazole-Induced Oligoasthenospermia in Rats by Suppressing ROS/MAPK/HIF-1 Pathway

Background: Tong Jing Yi Hao Formula (TJYHF) is a Traditional Chinese medicine used for oligoasthenospermia (OAS) treatment. However, the role of TJYHF against OAS is unclear. This study was an initial attempt to solve this problem. Methods: Rats were randomly allocated to normal, ornidazole (Orn), levocarnitine (450 mg/kg), low-dose TJYHF (6.5 g/kg) and high-dose TJYHF (26 g/kg) groups, each consisting of six rats. Oral administration of Orn (400 mg/kg) for 4 weeks was used to induce OAS, followed by oral doses of the respective drugs for an additional 4 weeks. Parameters, including the testicular index, epididymis index, testicular volume, sperm parameters, sex hormone levels, histological changes and markers of oxidative stress, were evaluated to assess the effects of treatment. The potential mechanism involved in the therapeutic effects of TJYHF was studied by evaluating the activity and expression levels of key molecules within the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) pathway.Results: Compared with healthy rats, the Orn-induced rats demonstrated decreases in testicular index, epididymis index, testicular volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, percentage of forwarding sperm motility, total sperm motility, testosterone, spermatogenic epithelium, reproductive cell, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione and increases in sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation index, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and malondialdehyde (AU)

Therapeutic potential of testosterone on sperm parameters and chromatin status in fresh and thawed normo and asthenozoospermic samples / Potencial terapéutico de la testosterona sobre los parámetros espermáticos y el estado de la cromatina en muestras frescas y descongeladas de normo y astenozoospermia

Background: Hormonal changes alter the physiological level of ROS and cause oxidative stress in the cell. As estimated, hormonal deficiencies, environmental and ideological factors make up about 25% of male infertility. Pathogenic reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a chief cause of unexplained infertility. Limited studies exist on the effects of testosterone on human sperm culture. Therefore, in the current study, the effect of different doses of testosterone on sperm parameters and chromatin quality was investigated. Materials and methods: Semen samples from 15 normospermic and 15 asthenospermic patients were prepared by swim up method, and then were divided into four groups by exposing to different concentrations of testosterone (1, 10, and 100nM) for 45min. Samples without any intervention were considered as control group. All samples were washed twice. Sperm parameters and chromatin protamination were assessed in each group and the remains were frozen. After two weeks, all tests were repeated for sperm thawed. Also, the MSOM technique was used to determine the sperm morphology of class 1. Results: Although sperm parameters were not show any significant differences in normospermic and asthenospermic samples exposed to different concentrations of testosterone before and after freezing, chromatin protamination was significantly decreased in the normospermic samples exposed to 10nM of testosterone before freezing (p<0.006), as well as 1 and 10nM of testosterone after freezing compared to control samples (p=0.001 and p=0.0009, respectively). (AU)

Antecedentes: Los cambios hormonales alteran el nivel fisiológico de las especies reactivas de oxígeno (reactive oxygen species [ROS]) patógenas y provocan estrés oxidativo en la célula. Según estimaciones, las deficiencias hormonales, los factores ambientales y los ideológicos constituyen alrededor del 25% de la infertilidad masculina. Las ROS son una causa principal de infertilidad inexplicable. Existen estudios limitados sobre los efectos de la testosterona en el cultivo de esperma humano. Por lo tanto, en el estudio actual se ha investigado el efecto de diferentes dosis de testosterona sobre los parámetros del esperma y la calidad de la cromatina. Materiales y métodos: Se prepararon muestras de semen de 15 pacientes normospérmicos y 15 astenospérmicos mediante el método swim up, y luego se dividieron en cuatro grupos exponiéndolos a diferentes concentraciones de testosterona (1, 10 y 100nM) durante 45min. Las muestras sin ninguna intervención se consideraron como grupo control. Todas las muestras se lavaron dos veces. En cada grupo se evaluaron los parámetros espermáticos y la protaminación de la cromatina, y los restos se congelaron. Dos semanas después se repitieron todas las pruebas de esperma descongelado. Asimismo, se utilizó la técnica MSOM para determinar la morfología espermática de clase 1. Resultados: Aunque los parámetros espermáticos no mostraron diferencias significativas en las muestras normospérmicas y astenospérmicas expuestas a diferentes concentraciones de testosterona antes y después de la congelación, la protaminación de la cromatina disminuyó significativamente en las muestras normospérmicas expuestas a 10nM de testosterona antes de la congelación (p<0,006), así como a 1 y 10nM de testosterona después de la congelación, en comparación con las muestras de control (p=0,001 y p=0,0009, respectivamente). (AU)

miR-146a aggravates cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease-like pathology by triggering oxidative stress through MAPK signalingmi / R-146a empeora el deterioro cognitivo y la patología tipo Alzheimer al promover el estrés oxidativo a través de la vía de señalización MAPK

Introduction: Mir-146a-5p has been widely recognized as a critical regulatory element in the immune response. However, recent studies have shown that miR-146a-5p may also be involved in the development of Alzheimer disease (AD). Regrettably, the related mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of miR-146a in mice models and SH-SY5Y cells treated with amyloid β (Aβ)1–42. Methods: To create a model of AD, SH-SY5Y cells were treated with Aβ1–42 and mice received intracerebroventricular injections of Aβ1–42. Then, the transcriptional levels of miR-146a were estimated by real-time PCR. We transiently transfected the miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor into cells and mice to study the role of miR-146a. The role of signaling pathways including p38 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was studied by using specific inhibitors. Aβ and amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP)levels were measured by immunoblotting. Furthermore, Aβ expression was analyzed by immunofluorescence and histochemical examinations. Results: Aβ1–42-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells displayed increased transcriptional levels of miR-146a and APP. Moreover, the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and ROS production were activated upon stimulation with a miR-146a-5p mimic. However, treatment with a miR-146a-5p inhibitor decreased the levels of APP, ROS, and p-p38 MAPK. A similar phenomenon was also observed in the animals treated with Aβ1–42, in which miR-146a upregulation increased the expression of Aβ, p-p38, and ROS, while the inhibition of miR-146a had the opposite effect. This suggests that miR-146a increases Aβ deposition and ROS accumulation via the p-p38 signaling pathway. Conclusions: Our research demonstrates that miR-146a-5pa increases Aβ deposition by triggering oxidative stress through activation of MAPK signaling.(AU)

Introducción: miR-146a-5p es un elemento regulador clave en la respuesta inmune. Sin embargo, estudios recientes sugieren que miR-146a-5p también está involucrado en el desarrollo de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), aunque aún no se conoce con exactitud el mecanismo por el que esto sucede. Analizamos los efectos de miR-146a en un modelo animal y en células SH-SY5Y expuestas a β-amiloide (Aβ)1-42. Métodos: Tratamos células SH-SY5Y con Aβ1-42 e inyectamos Aβ1-42 en los ventrículos cerebrales de ratones para generar un modelo celular y otro animal de EA. Estimamos los niveles transcripcionales de miR-146a mediante PCR en tiempo real. Al mismo tiempo, transfectamos temporalmente las células y los ratones con imitador/inhibidor de miR-146a-5p para evaluar el papel de miR-146a. Estudiamos el papel de algunas vías de señalización, como la de p38, y los niveles de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ERO) con inhibidores específicos. Los niveles de Aβ y de proteína precursora amiloidea (APP) se determinaron con inmunoblot. También se analizó la expresión de Aβ mediante inmunofluorescencia y análisis histoquímico. Resultados: Las células SH-SY5Y expuestas a Aβ1-42 mostraron altos niveles transcripcionales de miR-146a y APP. La vía de señalización p-38 MAPK y la producción de EROs se activaron al utilizar un imitador de miR-146a-5p. Sin embargo, el bloqueo de miR-146a-5p con un inhibidor redujo los niveles de APP, EROs y p-p38 MAPK. Se observó un fenómeno similar en los ratones tratados con Aβ1-42: la sobrerregulación de miR-146a aumentó la expresión de Aβ, p-p38 y EROs, mientras que la inhibición de miR-146a tuvo el efecto contrario. Esto sugiere que miR-146a está involucrado en el aumento de acumulación de Aβ y de producción de EROs por medio de la vía de señalización p-p38. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio muestra que miR146a-5p aumenta la acumulación de Aβ al promover el estrés oxidativo a través de la activación de la vía de señalización MAPK.(AU)

ALKBH5 decreases SLC7A11 expression by erasing m6A modification and promotes the ferroptosis of colorectal cancer cells

Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the major subtype of gastrointestinal malignancy and involves cancer-related genes and signaling pathways to regulate ferroptosis. The present study was conducted to analyze the role of alkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) in the ferroptosis of CRC cells and provide novel targets for CRC treatment. Methods The transcriptional and protein levels of ALKBH5 and solute carrier family 7 members 11 (SLC7A11) in tissues and cells were determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot assay. HCT116 and SW620 cells were transfected with ALKBH5 overexpression vectors to determine cell viability and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Fe+, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase 4 using cell counting kit-8, colony formation, fluorescence probe, assay kits, and Western blot assay. The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) level and the enrichment of m6A on SLC7A11 mRNA were measured by m6A quantitative analysis and m6A methylated RNA immunoprecipitation-qPCR, and the mRNA stability was determined after actinomycin D treatment. CRC cells were treated with the combination of SLC7A11 and ALKBH5 overexpression vectors to confirm the mechanism. Nude mice were subcutaneously injected with CRC cells overexpressing ALKBH5. Results ALKBH5 was downregulated in CRC and ALKBH5 overexpression promoted ROS release and ferroptosis. ALKBH5 erased the m6A modification on SLC7A11 mRNA to reduce the mRNA stability of SLC7A11, further reducing SLC7A11 expression. SLC7A11 overexpression reversed the promotive role of ALKBH5 overexpression in ferroptosis. ALKBH5 upregulation mitigated tumor growth in vivo. Conclusions ALKBH5 reduced SLC7A11 transcription by erasing m6A modification, thus promoting the ferroptosis of CRC cells (AU)

Leptin and prolactin reduce cryodamage in normozoospermic human semen samples during cryopreservation / La leptina y la prolactina reducen el criodaño en muestras de semen humano normozoospérmico durante la criopreservación

Objectives: Cryopreservation has destructive effects on the function and structure of spermatozoa. It is known that leptin and prolactin play an active role in decreasing the rates of reactive oxygen species and DNA fragmentation, as well as enhancing sperm motility. Hence, this experiment aimed to investigate the effects of leptin and prolactin as pro-survival factors on the normozoospermic human semen samples during cryopreservation. Material and methods: Semen samples were collected from 15 healthy, fertile men ranging from 25 to 40 years. Cryopreservation of the samples was performed in liquid nitrogen over a period of two weeks, using five varying concentrations of leptin/prolactin, 0, 10, 100, 500, and 1000ng/ml respectively. Sperm motility, total caspase activity, and mitochondrial and cytosolic ROS were measured by flowcytometry, TUNEL, and other appropriate tests after thawing of the samples. Results: Both hormones were observed to have positive effects on the motility of the samples post-cryopreservation, the highest improvement being in the 100ng/ml concentration leptin and prolactin in comparison to the control group (P=0.01 and P=0.041, respectively). A significant reduction of mitochondrial ROS was also observed in 100 and 1000ng/ml of leptin (P=0.042), and there was a considerable decrease in the cytosolic ROS in the 100ng/ml of prolactin in comparison to the control group (P=0.048). Total caspase activity was also highly reduced in the 100, 500, and 1000ng/ml of leptin compared to the control group (P=0.039). Interestingly, both hormones also significantly decreased DNA fragmentation in 1000ng/ml compared to the control group (P=0.042). (AU)

Objetivos: La criopreservación tiene efectos destructivos sobre la función y estructura de los espermatozoides. Se sabe que la leptina y la prolactina desempeñan un papel activo en la disminución de las tasas de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS) y la fragmentación del ADN, así como en la mejora de la motilidad de los espermatozoides. Por lo tanto, este experimento tuvo como objetivo investigar los efectos de la leptina y la prolactina como factores de supervivencia en las muestras de semen humano normozoospérmico durante la criopreservación. Material y métodos: Se recolectaron muestras de semen de 15 hombres sanos y fértiles de entre 25 y 40 años. La crioconservación de las muestras se realizó en nitrógeno líquido durante un período de 2 semanas, utilizando 5 concentraciones variables de leptina/prolactina: 0, 10, 100, 500 y 1000ng/ml respectivamente. La motilidad de los espermatozoides, la actividad de caspasa total y las ROS mitocondriales y citosólicas se midieron mediante citometría de flujo, TUNEL y otras pruebas apropiadas después de descongelar las muestras. Resultados: Se observó que ambas hormonas tienen efectos positivos sobre la motilidad de las muestras después de la crioconservación, la mayor mejora se encuentra en la concentración de leptina y prolactina de 100ng/ml en comparación con el grupo de control (p=0,01 y p=0,041, respectivamente). También se observó una reducción significativa de las ROS mitocondriales en 100 y 1000ng/ml de leptina (p=0,042), y hubo una disminución considerable en las ROS citosólicas en los 100ng/ml de prolactina en comparación con el grupo de control (p=0,048). La actividad de la caspasa total también se redujo considerablemente en los 100, 500 y 1000ng/ml de leptina en comparación con el grupo de control (p=0,039). Curiosamente, ambas hormonas también redujeron significativamente la fragmentación del ADN en 1000ng/ml en comparación con el grupo de control (p=0,042). (AU)

Extracellular histones trigger oxidative stress-dependent induction of the NF-kB/CAM pathway via TLR4 in endothelial cells

Extracellular histones have been reported to aggravate different pathophysiological processes by increasing vascular permeability, coagulopathy, and inflammation. In the present study, we elucidate how extracellular histones (10–100 µg/mL) concentration dependently increase cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, we identify cyclooxygenase (COX) and NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity as sources of ROS production in extracellular histone-treated HUVEC. This COX/NOX-mediated ROS production is also involved in enhanced NF-kB activity and cell adhesion molecules (VCAM1 and ICAM1) expression in histone-treated HUVEC. Finally, by using different toll-like receptor (TLR) antagonists, we demonstrate the role of TLR4 in CAMs overexpression triggered by extracellular histones in endothelial cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that through TLR4 signaling, extracellular histones increase endothelial cell activation, a mechanism involving increased COX- and NOX-mediated ROS. These findings increase our understanding on how extracellular histones enhance systemic inflammatory responses in diseases in which histone release occurs as part of the pathological processes. (AU)

Liraglutide provides cardioprotection through the recovery of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in aging hearts

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists improve cardiovascular dysfunction via the pleiotropic effects behind their receptor action. However, it is unknown whether they have a cardioprotective action in the hearts of the elderly. Therefore, we examined the effects of GLP-1R agonist liraglutide treatment (LG, 4 weeks) on the systemic parameters of aged rats (24-month-old) compared to those of adult rats (6-month-old) such as electrocardiograms (ECGs) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP). At the cellular level, the action potential (AP) parameters, ionic currents, and Ca2+ regulation were examined in freshly isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes. The LG treatment of aged rats significantly ameliorated the prolongation of QRS duration and increased both SBP and DBP together with recovery in plasma oxidant and antioxidant statuses. The prolonged AP durations and depolarized membrane potentials of the isolated cardiomyocytes from the aged rats were normalized via recoveries in K+ channel currents with LG treatment. The alterations in Ca2+ regulation including leaky-ryanodine receptors (RyR2) could be also ameliorated via recoveries in Na+/Ca2+ exchanger currents with this treatment. A direct LG treatment of isolated aged rat cardiomyocytes could recover the depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential, the increase in both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), and the cytosolic Na+ level, although the Na+ channel currents were not affected by aging. Interestingly, LG treatment of aged rat cardiomyocytes provided a significant inhibition of activated sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) and recoveries in the depressed insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) and increased protein kinase G (PKG). (AU)

Structure, regulation, and physiological functions of NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5)

NOX5 is the last member of the NADPH oxidase (NOXs) family to be identified and presents some specific characteristics differing from the rest of the NOXs. It contains four Ca2+ binding domains at the N-terminus and its activity is regulated by the intracellular concentration of Ca2+. NOX5 generates superoxide (O2•−) using NADPH as a substrate, and it modulates functions related to processes in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved. Those functions appear to be detrimental or beneficial depending on the level of ROS produced. For example, the increase in NOX5 activity is related to the development of various oxidative stress-related pathologies such as cancer, cardiovascular, and renal diseases. In this context, pancreatic expression of NOX5 can negatively alter insulin action in high-fat diet-fed transgenic mice. This is consistent with the idea that the expression of NOX5 tends to increase in response to a stimulus or a stressful situation, generally causing a worsening of the pathology. On the other hand, it has also been suggested that it might have a positive role in preparing the body for metabolic stress, for example, by inducing a protective adipose tissue adaptation to the excess of nutrients supplied by a high-fat diet. In this line, its endothelial overexpression can delay lipid accumulation and insulin resistance development in obese transgenic mice by inducing the secretion of IL-6 followed by the expression of thermogenic and lipolytic genes. However, as NOX5 gene is not present in rodents and human NOX5 protein has not been crystallized, its function is still poorly characterized and further extensive research is required. (AU)

Especies reactivas de oxígeno: papel en la función vascular y en la disfunción endotelial asociada a la enfermedad metabólica / Reactive oxygen species: role in vascular function and in metabolic disease-associated endothelial dysfunction

El estrés oxidativo, alteración de la homeostasis REDOX en células y tejidos con un incremento de los niveles de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS), es un mecanismo patogénico común a múltiples patologías como las enfermedades cardiovasculares, los desórdenes neurodegenerativos, la inflamación y el cáncer, razón por la cual ha existido una investigación intensa en las últimas décadas sobre los posibles efectos protectores de las terapias antioxidantes en estas enfermedades. No obstante, la señalización REDOX juega, por otra parte, un papel crítico en la homeostasis y supervivencia celular, y las ROS son producidas en pequeñas cantidades durante la función celular normal. Las investigaciones llevadas a cabo en nuestro grupo han estado enfocadas al estudio del estrés oxidativo como factor patogénico clave en la disfunción endotelial en la obesidad y en otros estados de resistencia a la insulina. La disfunción endotelial subyace a las complicaciones vasculares de la diabetes y la obesidad, y representa un fenotipo endotelial mal adaptado con alteración de la función vasodilatadora, angiogénica y de barrera del endotelio, lo que conduce a un estado vasoconstrictor, proinflamatorio y protrombótico de la pared vascular. Debido a su capacidad de inhabilitar el óxido nítrico (NO), las ROS son en parte responsables de la disfunción endotelial. Por otra parte, nuestros estudios durante estos años han permitido caracterizar el papel clave de ROS como el H2O2 en la función endotelial de arterias de resistencia renales y coronarias, y su participación en la función vascular mediante la modulación de canales iónicos y enzimas implicados en vías de señalización de la pared arterial. (AU)

Oxidative stress, impairment of REDOX homeostasis in cells and tissues leading to increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is a pathogenic mechanism underlying numerous pathologies including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and inflammation. Therefore, there has been an intensive investigation during the last decades on the potential protective effects of antioxidant therapies on these disorders. Nevertheless, REDOX signaling plays a critical role in homeostasis and cell survival, and ROS are produced in small amount during normal cell function. Investigations carried out in our group during the last decade have been focused on the study of oxidative stress as a key pathogenic factor in endothelial and vascular dysfunction of resistance arteries in obesity and other insulin resistant states. Endothelial dysfunction underlies vascular complications of diabetes and obesity, and represents a maladapted endothelial phenotype consisting of impaired vasodilatation, angiogenesis and barrier function leading to a vasoconstrictor, pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic state of the vascular wall. ROS are involved in endothelial dysfunction since they reduce bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO). On the other hand, our investigations have provided evidence for a key role of ROS such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the endothelial function of healthy coronary and renal resistance arteries, and its involvement in vascular function through modulation of ion channels and enzymes involved in signalling pathways of the arterial wall. (AU)

Evidence for the effect of soluble uric acid in augmenting endoplasmic reticulum stress markers in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

There is evidence regarding the association of hyperuricemia with inflammatory disorders. Hence, it has been of particular interest to dissect the exact role of alteration in uric acid (UA) levels in the context of inflammation. Recently, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway has come into the forefront as a possible mechanism linking hyperuricemia to inflammation. Here, we intended to examine the role of UA in the presence or absence of a second stimulus, LPS, in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and analyzed ROS production as well as expression of ER stress markers: GRP78 and CHOP, and inflammatory cytokines.PBMCs were isolated using Ficoll gradient centrifugation from healthy volunteers. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. PBMCs were treated with an increasing concentration of soluble UA (0, 5, 12, and 20 mg/dl) for 20 h, followed by the addition of 100 ng/mL of LPS or vehicle for another 4 h. Real time-PCR was performed to investigate the mRNA expression of GRP78, CHOP, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and western blot was used to investigate the protein levels of GRP78 and CHOP. Moreover, ELISA was used to evaluate the protein levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Finally, intracellular ROS production was determined using fluorescent probes (DCFH-DA).High concentrations of UA either alone or combined with LPS increased the protein levels of GRP78 and CHOP. On the other hand, LPS alone increased the protein levels of GRP78 and CHOP. However, there was no significant difference between the mRNA expression of GRP78, CHOP, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 when PBMCs were treated with UA. High concentrations of UA augmented LPS-stimulated IL-1β transcript and protein levels as well as TNF-α protein levels in PBMC culture. Moreover, high concentrations of UA along with LPS significantly increased intracellular ROS production. (AU)

Oxidative damage and mitochondrial functionality in hearts from KO UCP3 mice housed at thermoneutrality

The antioxidant role of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) is controversial. This work aimed to investigate the effects of UCP3 on the heart of mice housed at thermoneutral temperature, an experimental condition that avoids the effects of thermoregulation on mitochondrial activity and redox homeostasis, preventing the alterations related to these processes from confusing the results caused by the lack of UCP3. WT and KO UCP3 mice were acclimatized at 30 °C for 4 weeks and hearts were used to evaluate metabolic capacity and redox state. Tissue and mitochondrial respiration, the activities of the mitochondrial complexes, and the protein expression of mitochondrial complexes markers furnished information on mitochondrial functionality. The levels of lipid and protein oxidative damage markers, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, the reactive oxygen species levels, and the susceptibility to in vitro Fe-ascorbate-induced oxidative stress furnished information on redox state. UCP3 ablation reduced tissue and mitochondrial respiratory capacities, not affecting the mitochondrial content. In KO UCP3 mice, the mitochondrial complexes activities were lower than in WT without changes in their content. These effects were accompanied by an increase in the level of oxidative stress markers, ROS content, and in vitro susceptibility to oxidative stress, notwithstanding that the activities of antioxidant enzymes were not affected by UCP3 ablation. Such modifications are also associated with enhanced activation/phosphorylation of EIF2α, a marker of integrated stress response and endoplasmic reticulum stress (GRP778 BIP). The lack of UCP3 makes the heart more prone to oxidative insult by reducing oxygen consumption and increasing ROS. Our results demonstrate that UCP3 helps the cell to preserve mitochondrial function by mitigating oxidative stress. (AU)

Exosome-mediated delivery of SCD-1 siRNA promoted the death of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells via regulating ROS level

PurposeAnaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is one of the most aggressive cancers in the world. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) is one of major enzymes in the de novo synthesis of fatty acids and is related to cancer aggressiveness and poor patient prognosis. The study aimed to construct exosomes loaded SCD-1 interference, investigate its effects and mechanisms on the cell proliferation and apoptosis of ATC cells.MethodsThe expressions of SCD-1 in normal thyroid cell line and ATC cell lines were determined by qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Exosomes were prepared and purification then loaded with SCD-1 siRNA by electroporation and observed by transmission electron microscopy. Higher SCD-1 mRNA and protein levels were found in ATC cell lines compared than normal thyroid cell line (P < 0.05), and both Hth-7 and FRO cells could uptake PKH67-labeled exosomes. The effects of exosomes loaded SCD-1 siRNA on ATC cells were measured by CCK8 assay and apoptosis detection kit.ResultsWhen compared with control group, the cell viability significantly decreased in both two ATC cell lines taken up exosomes loaded SCD-1 siRNA (P < 0.001), and apoptotic and necrotic cells obviously increased (P < 0.05). In order to explore the mechanism of exosomes loaded SCD-1 on ATC, the ROS level was detected by fluorescence reagent. It was found that exosomes loaded SCD-1 siRNA significantly increased intracellular ROS level of ATC cells (P < 0.05).ConclusionsExosomes loaded SCD-1 siRNA inhibited ATC cellular proliferation and promoted cellular apoptosis, and the mechanisms involved maybe the regulation of fatty acids metabolism and ROS level. Our study provides a promising therapeutic strategy for ATC.

Medical ozone induces proliferation and migration inhibition through ROS accumulation and PI3K/AKT/NF-kB suppression in human liver cancer cells in vitro

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies and leading cancer-associated deaths worldwide. Ozone has been proposed as a promising therapeutic agent in the treatment of various disorders. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the potential anticancer effects of the ozone on liver cancer cells. Method The liver cancer cell line of bel7402 and SMMC7721 was used in this study. Proliferation was evaluated using the CCK-8 and the colony formation assay. Wond healing assay and transwell assay without Matrigel were used to evaluate their migration ability. Flow cytometry was used for cell cycle analysis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) determination. Glutathione detection kit was used for measurement of glutathione level. Protein expression was estimated by western blot analysis. Results Ozone treatment inhibited liver cancer cell proliferation, colony formation. Ozone induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, which could be elucidated by the change of protein levels of p53, p21, Cyclin D1, cyclin B1, cdc2, and CDK4. We also found that ozone treatment inhibited migration ability by inhibiting EMT-relating protein. Ozone also induced ROS accumulation and decreased glutathione level decreased, which contributed to the inactivation of the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway. Finally, we found that pre-treatment of liver cancer cells with N-acetylcysteine resisted ozone-induced effects. Conclusions Ozone restrains the proliferation and migration potential and EMT process of liver cancer cells via ROS accumulation and PI3K/AKT/NF-κB suppression (AU)

DNA and RNA oxidative damage are associated to mortality in patients with cerebral infarction / El daño oxidativo del ADN y ARN se asocian con la mortalidad en los pacientes con inf0arto cerebral

OBJECTIVE: Secondary injury due to oxidation may occur during ischemic stroke, possibly leading to oxidative damage to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Higher blood concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) (through the oxidation of guanosine from DNA) have been found in ischemic stroke patients than in healthy subjects, and in patients with versus without post-ischemic stroke depression. The present study was carried out to explore the possible association between serum DNA and RNA oxidative damage and mortality in patients with cerebral infarction. METHODS: A prospective, multicenter observational study was carried out in the Intensive Care Units of 6 Spanish hospitals. We included patients with severe malignant middle cerebral artery infarction (MMCAI) defined as ischemic changes evidenced by computed tomography in more than 50% of the middle cerebral artery territory and a Glasgow Coma Score (GCS)<9. Serum concentrations of the three oxidized guanine species (OGS) (8-hydroxyguanine from DNA or RNA, 8-hydroxyguanosine from RNA, and 8-OHdG from DNA) on the day of MMCAI diagnosis were determined. The study endpoint was 30-day mortality. RESULTS: We found higher serum OGS levels (p < 0.001) in non-surviving (n=34) than in surviving patients (n=34). Logistic regression analyses showed serum OGS levels to be associated to 30-day mortality controlling for lactic acid, GCS and platelet count (OR=1.568; 95%CI=1.131-2.174; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The novel observation in this study is the association between global serum OGS concentration and mortality in ischemic stroke patients

OBJETIVO: En el infarto cerebral puede aparecer una lesión cerebral secundaria debido a la oxidación del ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN) y del ácido ribonucleico (ARN). Se han encontrado concentraciones sanguíneas de 8-hidroxi-2'-desoxiguanosina (8-OHdG) (por la oxidación de la guanosina del ADN) más altas en pacientes con infarto cerebral que en individuos sanos, y en pacientes con depresión tras un infarto cerebral. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue determinar si existe una asociación entre el daño oxidativo del ADN y del ARN, y la mortalidad de los pacientes con infarto cerebral. MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo, observacional y multicéntrico realizado en unidades de cuidados intensivos de 6 hospitales españoles. Se incluyeron pacientes con un infarto maligno grave de la arteria cerebral media (MMCAI), definido como la presencia de cambios isquémicos en la tomografía en más del 50% del territorio de la arteria cerebral media y menos de 9 puntos en la escala Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Se determinaron los niveles séricos de las 3 especies oxidadas de la nucleobase guanina (OGS) (8-hidroxiguanina del ADN o ARN, 8-hidroxiguanosina del ARN y 8-OHdG del ADN) en el día del diagnóstico del MMCAI. La variable principal fue la mortalidad a 30 días. RESULTADOS: Encontramos concentraciones séricas de OGS (p < 0,001) más altas en los pacientes fallecidos (n=34) que en los supervivientes (n=34). La regresión logística mostró que los niveles séricos de OGS se asociaban con la mortalidad a los 30 días controlando por ácido láctico, GCS y recuento plaquetario (odds ratio=1,568; IC 95%=1,131-2,174; p = 0,01). CONCLUSIONES: El nuevo hallazgo de nuestro estudio fue la asociación entre los niveles séricos de OGS globales y la mortalidad de los pacientes con infarto cerebral

Topotecan induces hepatocellular injury via ASCT2 mediated oxidative stress / El topotecán induce una lesión hepatocelular a través del estrés oxidativo mediado por el ASCT2

BACKGROUND: Topotecan is an anti-cancer chemotherapy drug with common side effects, including hepatotoxicity. In this study, we aim to investigate the mechanisms of topotecan-induced hepatocellular injury beyond conventional DNA damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to detect the inhibitory effect of topotecan on cell proliferation. Western blot was used to detect protein expression. Flow cytometry assay was performed to determine apoptosis rate under topotecan treatment. ASCT2 overexpression was addressed using adenovirus vector. qRT-PCR and western blot assay were used to detect the expression of ASCT2. Glutamine uptake, intracellular glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level were detected by glutamine detection kit, GSH detection kit and ROS detection kit respectively. RESULTS: MTT results showed that topotecan had an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in both L02 and HepG2 cell lines. Topotecan inhibited the expression of glutamine transporter ASCT2 and the uptake of glutamine in both L02 and HepG2 cell lines. The uptake of glutamine and the GSH level was increased in both L02 and HepG2 cell lines after ASCT2 overexpression. The ROS level was inhibited by ASCT2 overexpression upon topotecan treatment in both L02 and HepG2 cell lines. Topotecan-induced hepatocellular apoptosis and proliferation inhibition were attenuated by ASCT2 overexpression in both L02 and HepG2 cell lines. CONCLUSION: Topotecan-induced hepatocytes death is dependent on ASCT2 down-regulation, which causes oxidative stress via inhibiting GSH production

ANTECEDENTES: El topotecán es un fármaco quimioterapéutico antineoplásico con efectos secundarios frecuentes, incluida la hepatotoxicidad. En este estudio nos proponemos investigar los mecanismos de la lesión hepatocelular inducida por el topotecán más allá del daño convencional del ADN. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizó el ensayo de metil tiazolil tetrazolio (MTT) para detectar el efecto inhibitorio del topotecán sobre la proliferación celular. Se utilizó inmunoelectrotransferencia para detectar la expresión de las proteínas. Se realizó un ensayo de citometría de flujo para determinar la tasa de apoptosis con el tratamiento con topotecán. La sobreexpresión del ASCT2 se abordó utilizando un vector adenoviral. Se utilizaron la qRT-PCR y el ensayo de inmunoelectrotransferencia para detectar la expresión del ASCT2. La absorción de glutamina, el nivel de glutatión intracelular (GSH) y el nivel de especies reactivas del oxígeno (ERO) se detectaron mediante un equipo de detección de glutamina, un equipo de detección de GSH y un equipo de detección de ERO, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Los resultados del ensayo de MTT mostraron que el topotecán tenía un efecto inhibitorio sobre la proliferación celular y que inducía la apoptosis en las estirpes celulares L02 y HepG2. El topotecán inhibió la expresión del transportador de glutamina ASCT2 y la absorción de glutamina en las estirpes celulares L02 y HepG2. La absorción de glutamina y el nivel de GSH aumentaron en las estirpes celulares L02 y HepG2 después de la sobreexpresión del ASCT2. El nivel de ERO fue inhibido por la sobreexpresión del ASCT2 tras el tratamiento con topotecán en las estirpes celulares L02 y HepG2. La apoptosis hepatocelular y la inhibición de la proliferación inducidas por el topotecán fueron atenuadas por la sobreexpresión del ASCT2 en las estirpes celulares L02 y HepG2. CONCLUSIÓN: La muerte de hepatocitos inducida por el topotecán depende de la regulación descendente del ASCT2, que causa estrés oxidativo al inhibir la producción de GSH

Antioxidantes en el varón con deseos genésicos: El silencio de los corderos / Antioxidants in the male with reproductive desires: The silence of the lambs

El relativamente bajo coste de los multivitamínicos y su aparente bajo riesgo suponen un reclamo terapéutico muy atractivo que han situado al clínico en una posición vulnerable frente a la agresiva e innovadora dinámica de la empresa farmacéutica. Por eso conviene tener respuestas frente a ciertas preguntas tales como: a) ¿Deberíamos tratar a todos los varones con antioxidantes? b) En el caso de indicar un antioxidante, ¿qué requisitos debería cumplir y cuánto tiempo deberían usarse? y c) ¿Existen efectos negativos derivados de su uso indiscriminado? Nuestro silencio y falta de juicio crítico en su utilización podrían contribuir aún más a nuestra indefensión

The relatively low cost of multivitamins and their apparent low risk represent an attractive therapeutic claim and it experts have become vulnerable to the aggressive and innovative dynamics of pharmaceutical business. It is necessary to answer questions such as: a) Should all men be treated with antioxidants? b) Which characteristics should have the antioxidant, how long should they be used? c) What are the possible negative effects of indiscriminated use of these drugs? Our silence and lack of critical judgment in this matter could contribute to our helplessness

Especies reactivas de oxígeno: papel en la función vascular y en la disfunción endotelial asociada a la enfermedad metabólica / Reactive oxygen species: role in vascular function and in metabolic disease-associated endothelial dysfunction

El estrés oxidativo, alteración de la homeostasis REDOX en células y tejidos con un incremento de los niveles de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS), es un mecanismo patogénico común a múltiples patologías como las enfermedades cardiovasculares, los desórdenes neurodegenerativos, la inflamación y el cáncer, razón por la cual ha existido una investigación intensa en las últimas décadas sobre los posibles efectos protectores de las terapias antioxidantes en estas enfermedades. No obstante, la señalización REDOX juega, por otra parte, un papel crítico en la homeostasis y supervivencia celular, y las ROS son producidas en pequeñas cantidades durante la función celular normal. Las investigaciones llevadas a cabo en nuestro grupo han estado enfocadas al estudio del estrés oxidativo como factor patogénico clave en la disfunción endotelial en la obesidad y en otros estados de resistencia a la insulina. La disfunción endotelial subyace a las complicaciones vasculares de la diabetes y la obesidad, y representa un fenotipo endotelial mal adaptado con alteración de la función vasodilatadora, angiogénica y de barrera del endotelio, lo que conduce a un estado vasoconstrictor, proinflamatorio y protrombótico de la pared vascular. Debido a su capacidad de inhabilitar el óxido nítrico (NO), las ROS son en parte responsables de la disfunción endotelial. Por otra parte, nuestros estudios durante estos años han permitido caracterizar el papel clave de ROS como el H2O2 en la función endotelial de arterias de resistencia renales y coronarias, y su participación en la función vascular mediante la modulación de canales iónicos y enzimas implicados en vías de señalización de la pared arterial. Estas investigaciones sugieren la necesidad de valorar el papel de las ROS en los procesos fisiológicos de los distintos lechos vasculares y de revisar los esfuerzos en la búsqueda de terapias antioxidantes para las complicaciones vasculares de estados de resistencia a la insulina teniendo en cuenta la implicación de las ROS en la función endotelial normal. Palabras clave: especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS), endotelio vascular, hiperpolarización derivada del endotelio (EDH), estrés oxidativo, obesidad, disfunción endotelial

Oxidative stress, impairment of REDOX homeostasis in cells and tissues leading to increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is a pathogenic mechanism underlying numerous pathologies including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and inflammation. Therefore, there has been an intensive investigation during the last decades on the potential protective effects of antioxidant therapies on these disorders. Nevertheless, REDOX signaling plays a critical role in homeostasis and cell survival, and ROS are produced in small amount during normal cell function. Investigations carried out in our group during the last decade have been focused on the study of oxidative stress as a key pathogenic factor in endothelial and vascular dysfunction of resistance arteries in obesity and other insulin resistant states. Endothelial dysfunction underlies vascular complications of diabetes and obesity, and represents a maladapted endothelial phenotype consisting of impaired vasodilatation, angiogenesis and barrier function leading to a vasoconstrictor, pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic state of the vascular wall. ROS are involvedin endothelial dysfunction since they reduce bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO). On the other hand, our investigations have provided evidence for a key role of ROS such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the endothelial function of healthy coronary and renal resistance arteries, and its involvement in vascular function through modulation of ion channels and enzymes involved in signalling pathways of the arterial wall.These investigations suggest the need to assess the functional role of ROS in the different vascular beds and to revise the efforts in the search of antioxidant therapies for vascular complications of metabolic diseases by taking into account ROS involvement in endothelial function

Role of the antioxidant defense system during the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by fungi

Fungi are used for the production of several compounds and the efficiency of biotechnological processes is directly related to the metabolic activity of these microorganisms. The reactions catalyzed by lignocellulolytic enzymes are oxidative and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excess of ROS can cause serious damages to cells, including cell death. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the lignocellulolytic enzymes produced by Pleurotus sajor-caju CCB020, Phanerochaete chrysosporium ATCC 28326, Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30, and Aspergillus niger IZ-9 grown in sugarcane bagasse and two yeast extract (YE) concentrations and characterize the antioxidant defense system of fungal cells by the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Pleurotus sajor-caju exhibited the highest activities of laccase and peroxidase in sugarcane bagasse with 2.6 g of YE and an increased activity of manganese peroxidase in sugarcane bagasse with 1.3 g of YE was observed. However, P. chrysosporium showed the highest activities of exoglucanase and endoglucanase in sugarcane bagasse with 1.3 g of YE. Lipid peroxidation and variations in SOD and CAT activities were observed during the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes and depending on the YE concentrations. The antioxidant defense system was induced in response to the oxidative stress caused by imbalances between the production and the detoxification of ROS

No disponible