Role of the antioxidant defense system during the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by fungi

Fungi are used for the production of several compounds and the efficiency of biotechnological processes is directly related to the metabolic activity of these microorganisms. The reactions catalyzed by lignocellulolytic enzymes are oxidative and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excess of ROS can cause serious damages to cells, including cell death. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the lignocellulolytic enzymes produced by Pleurotus sajor-caju CCB020, Phanerochaete chrysosporium ATCC 28326, Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30, and Aspergillus niger IZ-9 grown in sugarcane bagasse and two yeast extract (YE) concentrations and characterize the antioxidant defense system of fungal cells by the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Pleurotus sajor-caju exhibited the highest activities of laccase and peroxidase in sugarcane bagasse with 2.6 g of YE and an increased activity of manganese peroxidase in sugarcane bagasse with 1.3 g of YE was observed. However, P. chrysosporium showed the highest activities of exoglucanase and endoglucanase in sugarcane bagasse with 1.3 g of YE. Lipid peroxidation and variations in SOD and CAT activities were observed during the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes and depending on the YE concentrations. The antioxidant defense system was induced in response to the oxidative stress caused by imbalances between the production and the detoxification of ROS

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New Anticancer Target Identified: Cancer cells need MTH1 enzyme to thrive; inhibiting it kills them

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Screening Brazilian Macrophomina phaseolina isolates for alkaline lipases and other extracellular hydrolases

Macrophomina phaseolina, phylum Ascomycota, is a phytopathogenic fungus distributed worldwide in hot dry areas. There are few studies on its secreted lipases and none on its colony radial growth rate, an indicator of fungal ability to use nutrients for growth, on media other than potato-dextrose agar. In this study, 13 M. phaseolina isolates collected in different Brazilian regions were screened for fast-growth and the production of hydrolases of industrial interest, especially alkaline lipases. Hydrolase detection and growth rate determination were done on citric pectin, gelatin, casein, soluble starch, and olive oil as substrates. Ten isolates were found to be active on all substrates tested. The most commonly detected enzymes were pectinases, amylases, and lipases. The growth rate on pectin was significantly higher (P < 0.05), while the growth rates on the different media identified CMM 2105, CMM 1091, and PEL as the fastest-growing isolates. The lipase activity of four isolates grown on olive oil was followed for 4 days by measuring the activity in the cultivation broth. The specific lipolytic activity of isolate PEL was significantly higher at 96 h (130 mU mg protein(-1)). The broth was active at 37 °C, pH 8, indicating the potential utility of the lipases of this isolate in mild alkaline detergents. There was a strong and positive correlation (0.86) between radial growth rate and specific lipolytic activity (AU)

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Análisis mutacional de GNPTAB para el diagnóstico molecular de mucolipidosis tipo II (I-cell disease). Descripción de dos nuevas mutaciones sin sentido asociadas con la enfermedad / GNPTAB mutational analysis for the molecular diagnosis of mucolipidosis type II (I-cell disease). Description of two novel nonsense disease-associated mutations

Introducción. La mucolipidosis tipo II alfa/beta, también conocida como I-cell disease (MIM 252500), es una enfermedad metabólica consistente en una alteración en el tráfico de las hidrolasas lisosomales, causada por la actividad deficiente de la N-acetilglucosaminil 1-fosfo (NAcGlc-1-P) transferasa, responsable del paso inicial en la generación del marcador molecular manosa-6-fosfato. NAcGlc-1-P-transferasa es una enzima multimérica compuesta de tres subunidades polipeptídicas codificadas por dos genes diferentes (afa, Beta y Gamma), el gen que codifica las subunidades alfa y Beta (GNPTAB), localizado en el cromosoma 12q23.3, se encuentra alterado en MLII. Hasta la fecha, han sido descritas al menos 20 mutaciones missense/nonsense en GNPTAB relacionadas con esta enfermedad autosómica recesiva. En este estudio, caracterizamos las alteraciones moleculares de un nuevo caso de mucolipidosis II, que presentaba importantes defectos esqueléticos. Materiales y métodos. Determinación de la actividad de las hidrolasas lisosomales en fibroblastos del paciente, plasma y medio de cultivo de los fibroblastos, mediante los correspondientes sustratos fluorogénicos. Secuenciación de todos los exones y de las regiones intrón-exón del gen GNPTAB, tras la amplificación del DNA genómico del paciente. Además, se analizó el exón 11 de todos los familiares por enzimas de restricción. Resultados. La actividad residual hallada de las hidrolasas lisosomales en los fibroblastos del paciente fue de aproximadamente 14% frente a los controles, mientras que la actividad de estas enzimas se multiplicó por 32 en plasma y por 9 en el líquido extra celular de los fibroblastos en cultivo del paciente, con respecto a los valores normales. Se identificaron dos nuevas mutaciones nonsense en GNPTAB asociadas con MLII, c.1383C>A (p.Cys461X) y c.3410T>A (p.Leu1136X), para las que el paciente fue heterocigoto compuesto. Conclusiones. Caracterización de los defectos moleculares de GNPTAB en un nuevo caso de MLII y la identificación de dos mutaciones noveles sin sentido, que facilitarán el diagnóstico prenatal de la enfermedad en la familia del paciente (AU)

Introduction: Mucolipidosis type II alpha/beta (MLII or I-cell disease) (MIM 252500) is a rare inborn lysosomal hydrolase trafficking disorder caused by the deficient activity of Nacetylglucosaminyl 1-phospho (NAcGlc-1-P) transferase, the enzyme responsible for the initial step in the generation of the mannose 6-phosphate recognition marker. NAcGlc-1-P-transferase is a multimeric enzyme composed of 3 polypeptide subunits (alpha Beta and gamma) encoded by 2 different genes. The gene encoding for the alpha/Beta subunits (GNPTAB), located on chromosome 12q23.3, is altered in MLII. To date, at least 20 missense/nonsense GNPTAB mutations have been described and incriminated in this autosomal recessive disorder. In this study, we characterized the molecular defect of a new case of MLII, presenting important skeletal abnormalities. Material and methods: The activity of lysosomal hydrolases in the patient’s fibroblasts, plasma and cell culture medium was determined using appropriate fluorogenic substrates. All exons, as well as exon-intron boundaries, of the GNPTAB gene were sequenced after PCR amplification of the patient’s genomic DNA. GNPTAB exon 11 was also studied by enzyme restriction analysis in the whole family. Results: In the patient’s fibroblasts, a residual activity of lysosomal hydrolases averaging 14% of control values was found, while a 32 and 9-fold increase in the activity of these enzymes was detected in plasma and the fibroblast culture medium, respectively. Two novel nonsense disease-associated GNPTAB mutations, c.1383C > A (p.Cys461X) and c.3410T > A (p.Leu1136X) were identified, the patient being a compound heterozygote. Conclusions: Characterization of the GNPTAB molecular defects in a new case of MLII and the identification of two novel nonsense mutations facilitated the prenatal diagnosis of this disease in the patient’s family (AU)

The role of two families of bacterial enzymes in putrescine synthesis from agmatine via agmatine deiminase

Putrescine, one of the main biogenic amines associated to microbial food spoilage, can be formed by bacteria from arginine via ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), or from agmatine via agmatine deiminase (AgDI). This study aims to correlate putrescine production from agmatine to the pathway involving N-carbamoylputrescine formation via AdDI (the aguA product) and N-carbamoylputrescine amidohydrolase (the aguB product), or putrescine carbamoyltransferase (the ptcA product) in bacteria. PCR methods were developed to detect the two genes involved in putrescine production from agmatine. Putrescine production from agmatine could be linked to the aguA and ptcA genes in Lactobacillus hilgardii X1B, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 11700, and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579. By contrast Lactobacillus sakei 23K was unable to produce putrescine, and although a fragment of DNA corresponding to the gene aguA was amplified, no amplification was observed for the ptcA gene. Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 produces putrescine and is reported to harbour aguA and aguB genes, responsible for agmatine deiminase and N-carbamoylputrescine amidohydrolase activities. The enzyme from P. aeruginosa PAO1 that converts N-carbamoylputrescine to putrescine (the aguB product) is different from other microorganisms studied (the ptcA product). Therefore, the aguB gene from P. aeruginosa PAO1 could not be amplified with ptcA-specific primers. The aguB and ptcA genes have frequently been erroneously annotated in the past, as in fact these two enzymes are neither homologous nor analogous. Furthermore, the aguA, aguB and ptcA sequences available from GenBank were subjected to phylogenetic analysis, revealing that gram-positive bacteria harboured ptcA, whereas gram-negative bacteria harbour aguB. This paper also discusses the role of the agmatine deiminase system (AgDS) in acid stress resistance (AU)

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Utilización de hidrolasas en la preparación de fármacos e intermedios homoquirales / Hydrolases use in the preparation of drugs and homochiral intermediates

La exquisita regio y estereoselectividad que presentan los biocatalizadores,amén de la buena sostenibilidad inherente a su empleo,permiten la realización de protocolos sintéticos difícilmente alcanzablespor las metodologías clásicas, a menos que se lleven a cabocostosos procesos de protección y desprotección. En este trabajo serevisan algunos ejemplos en los cuales las hidrolasas (las enzimas másempleadas dentro del ámbito de las Biotransformaciones) están implicadascomo biocatalizadores para la obtención del eutómero (esteroisómeroactivo, que presenta la actividad terapéutica deseada) biende diferentes fármacos quirales, o bien de precursores a través de loscuales se puedan sintetizar. Así, se comentarán distintos tipos de biotransformacionespara la obtención de compuestos con diferentesactividades: antivirales, anticancerosos, antihipertensivos, antiinflamatorios,etc, haciendo hincapié en la versatilidad y comodidad delempleo de los biocatalizadores en los pasos sintéticos descritos(AU)

The excellent regio and steroselectivity of biocatalysts, combinedwith their environmental friendly behaviour, make possible to carryout under biocatalytical conditions many processes which, conductedon strictly classical methodologies, would demand expensive andtedious protection and de-protection steps. In this work we reviewsome examples in which hydrolases (the most useful enzymes in theBiotransformations field) catalyse different reactions for synthesizingonly the therapeutically essential stereoisomer of differenthomochiral building blocks for drugs. Thus, processes leading toantiviral, anticancer, antihypertensive or antiinflammatory drugs,along with many others, are described, remarking the versatility andutility of the biocatalysts in the above-mentioned processes(AU)