Low percentages of regulatory T cells in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients with autoimmune diseases and its association with increased numbers of CD4+CD45RO+ T and CD21low B cells

Background: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous group of primary antibody deficiencies defined by marked reductions in serum IgG, IgA and/or IgM levels and recurrent bacterial infections. Some patients are associated with defects in T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), resulting in recurrent viral infections and early-onset autoimmune disease. Methods: We analyzed whether there is an association between Tregs cells (CD4+CD25+CD127low and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+); memory T cells (CD4+CD45RO+); memory B cells (CD19+CD27-IgD-); and CD21low B cells (CD19+CD38lowCD21low); as well as autoimmune manifestations in 36 patients with CVID (25 women and 11 men, mean age 24 years), all by flow cytometry. Results: Fourteen patients presented with autoimmune diseases (AI) (39%), including 11 with autoimmune thrombocytopenia (ITP) (31%); two with vitiligo (6%); one with systemic lupus erythematosus (LES) (3%); and one with multiple sclerosis (MS) (3%). CVID patients with AI had a reduced proportion of Tregs (both CD4+CD25+CD127low and FoxP3+ cells) compared with healthy controls. CVID patients with AI had expanded CD21low B cell populations compared with patients who did not have AI. A correlation between increased CD4+CD45RO T cell populations and reduced Tregs was also observed. Conclusions: Our results showed that 39% of patients with CVID had AI and reduced Tregs populations. Research in this area might provide noteworthy data to better understand immune dysfunction and dysregulation related to CVID

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Influence of ovarian cancer type I and type II microenvironment on the phenotype and function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of ovarian cancer cell lysates isolated from type I or type II ovarian cancer (OC) on the phenotype of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) and the cytokine profile. We also determined whether the Mo-DCs and tumor microenvironment, reflected by peritoneal fluid (PF) from type I or II ovarian cancer, could promote regulatory T cell (Tregs) differentiation from naive CD4+ lymphocytes in vitro. RESULTS. Our results show a significant role of the ovarian cancer microenvironment reflected by PF from type I or II OC in the inhibition of the DC differentiation process. Interestingly, the percentage of cells co-expressing CD45 and CD14 antigens in the cultures stimulated with PF from both type I and type II OC was higher than in the control. Furthermore, the percentage of cells expressing CD1a, i.e., a marker of immature DCs, was significantly reduced in the cultures stimulated with PF from type I and type II OC. The results obtained show that ovarian cancer type II lysates induce differentiation of monocytes into macrophage-like cells with a CD1a+/HLA-DR+/CD83− phenotype and significantly higher CD86/HLA-DR expression. We show that ovarian cancer type II Mo-DCs are able to prevent an immune response by release of IL-10, whereas OC type I Mo-DCs can promote the generation of Tregs. CONCLUSIONS. We demonstrate that each type of ovarian cancer can induce a unique phenotype of DCs and differentiation of Tregs, both associated with immune-suppressive function, which may be an obstacle while developing effective anticancer dendritic cell vaccination (AU)

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Mesenchymal circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and OCT4 mRNA expression in CTCs for prognosis prediction in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer

Purpose. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotypes might be related to tumor progression while OCT4 expression is involved in tumor metastasis and poor prognosis. But the possible clinical significance of EMT phenotypes of CTCs from non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients has still to be demonstrated. Furthermore, none has been investigated the expression of OCT4 in CTCs. We therefore identified the EMT phenotype-based subsets of CTCs and determined the OCT4 expression status of CTCs in NSCLC patients, to explore their possible clinical relevance. Methods. 37 NSCLC patients and ten healthy volunteers were enrolled, respectively. The Canpatrol(TM) CTC enrichment technique was used to isolate and identify the EMT phenotype-based subsets of CTCs. OCT4 expression in each CTC was also determined. Results were correlated with patients’ clinico-pathological features. Results. CTCs were detected in 33 of 37 (89.2%) NSCLC patients, and no CTCs were identified in ten healthy volunteers. Three CTCs phenotypes, including epithelial, biophenotypic, and mesenchymal CTCs were identified based on the expression of EMT markers. Mesenchymal CTCs were more commonly found in patients with distant metastasis. Patients with distant metastasis tended to have a higher median CTCs number. OCT4-positive was observed in 21 of 28 (75.0%) patients. High expression of OCT4 tended to occur in advanced patients as well as in distant metastatic patients. Conclusions. The findings suggest that identification of CTCs by EMT markers as well as evaluation of OCT4 expression status by assessment of OCT4 expression in CTCs could serve as potential adjuncts for evaluating metastasis and prognosis in NSCLC patients (AU)

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Efectos divergentes del factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular, VEGF y el fragmento N-terminal de la proteína relacionada con la parathormona, PTHrP en células madre mesenquimales derivadas de tejido adiposo humano / No disponible

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Influence of different types of pulp treatment during isolation in the obtention of human dental pulp stem cells

BACKGROUND: Different methods have been used in order to isolate dental pulp stem cells. The aim of this study was to study the effect of different types of pulp treatment during isolation, under 3% O2 conditions, in the time needed and the efficacy for obtaining dental pulp stem cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty dental pulps were used to isolate dental pulp stem cells treating the pulp tissue during isolation using 9 different methods, using digestive, disgregation, or mechanical agents, or combining them. The cells were positive for CD133, Oct4, Nestin, Stro-1, CD34 markers, and negative for the hematopoietic cell marker CD-45, thus confirming the presence of mesenchymal stem cells. The efficacy of dental pulp stem cells obtention and the minimum time needed to obtain such cells comparing the 9 different methods was analyzed. RESULTS: Dental pulp stem cells were obtained from 97 of the 120 pulps used in the study, i.e. 80.8% of the cases. They were obtained with all the methods used except with mechanical fragmentation of the pulp, where no enzymatic digestion was performed. The minimum time needed to isolate dental pulp stem cells was 8 hours, digesting with 2mg/ml EDTA for 10 minutes, 4mg/ml of type I collagenase, 4mg/ml of type II dispase for 40 minutes, 13ng/ ml of thermolysine for 40 minutes and sonicating the culture for one minute. CONCLUSIONS: Dental pulp stem cells were obtained in 97 cases from a series of 120 pulps. The time for obtaining dental pulp stem cells was reduced maximally, without compromising the obtention of the cells, by combining digestive, disgregation, and mechanical agents

Comparison of major lymphocyte subpopulations and recent thymic emigrants in patients with ataxia telangiectasia and age-matched healthy groups

BACKGROUND: Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a genetic disorder caused by the homozygous mutation of the A-T mutated gene. It is frequently associated with variable degrees of cellular and humoral immunodeficiency. However, the immune defects in A-T patients are not well characterized. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have focused on the major lymphocyte subpopulations and recent thymic emigrants of A-T patients in comparison with age-matched healthy controls. METHODS: Following the European Society for Immunodeficiencies criteria, 17 patients diagnosed with A-The, and 12 age-matched healthy children were assigned to the study. Both patients and healthy controls were grouped as 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, and 15+ years. By using a flow cytometer, major lymphocyte subpopulations and CD4+CD45RA+CD31+ recent thymic emigrants were determined as percentage and absolute cell numbers and compared. RESULTS: No significant differences in all lymphocyte subpopulations were observed between the age groups of A-T patients. Compared to the healthy controls, there was a decrease in T cells, effector memory T4 cells, B cells, naïve B cells, naïve T4 cells, switched B cells, and recent thymic emigrants and an increase in active T8 cells and non-switched B cells in the percentage and absolute number of some cell populations in the A-T group. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that effector functions in some cell lymphocyte populations were decreased in A-T patients

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Mastocitosis sistémica: comunicación de 2 casos con presentación clínica semejante a linfoma / Two cases of systemic mastocytosis with a lymphoma-like presentation

Las mastocitosis son un grupo de trastornos neoplásicos clonales caracterizados por proliferación tisular de mastocitos morfológica y/o molecularmente anormales; son sistémicas cuando tienen localización extracutánea. El cuadro clínico es variable e inespecífico. Se han descrito casos asociados a otras neoplasias hematológicas, especialmente las de tipo mieloide y, en menor medida, linfoide. En la presente revisión informamos los casos de 2 mujeres en la sexta y séptima décadas de la vida con mastocitosis sistémica que involucraba la médula ósea, el ganglio linfático y la piel, con diagnóstico clínico inicial de linfoma en el que tras la reevaluación histológica con la coloración de Giemsa se identificaron mastocitos, agregados en acúmulos, morfológicamente anormales que fueron confirmados mediante la positividad para CD117, CD25 y CD45. Uno de los casos presentó una evolución clínica rápidamente desfavorable(AU)

Mastocytosis is a group of clonal neoplastic disorders characterized by tissue proliferation of mastocytes morphologically and/or molecularly abnormal, being systemic when it has extracutaneous location. The clinical picture is variable and nonspecific. Cases have been described associated to other hematological neoplasms, especially those of myeloid and, to a lesser extent, lymphoid type. We present two cases of systemic mastocytosis involving bone marrow, lymph nodes and skin in elderly female patients which were initially diagnosed clinically as lymphoma. However, an abnormal proliferation in cumulus of mastocytes was identificated histologically using Giemsa and confirmed by CD117, CD25 and CD45. One of the patients had a rapid, unfavorable clinical evolution(AU)

The effect of royal jelly on CD3+, CD5+, CD45+ T-cell and CD68+ cell distribution in the colon of rats with acetic acid-induced colitis

Background: Traditional medicines and health supplements have historically been used to treat many illnesses but most of them have not been evaluated objectively to prove their efficacy. We have been investigating the effects of royal jelly (RJ) supplements on acetic acid-induced colitis on the distribution of CD3+, CD5+, CD45+ T-cell and CD68+ cells in rats. Methods: The rats were divided into four equal groups: control group, royal jelly-treated (RJ - 150mgkg−1 body weight), acetic acid-treated (colitis) and acetic acid-treated (colitis) +royal jelly (CRJ - 150mgkg−1 body weight). Colitis was induced by intracolonic instillation of 4% acetic acid; the control group received physiological saline (10mLkg−1). Colon samples were obtained under deep anaesthesia from animals in four groups. Tissues were fixed in 10% formalin neutral buffer solution for 24h and embedded in paraffin. Results: The proliferative response of CD3+ and CD45+ T cells stimulated with colitis was affected by colitis treated with RJ. No differences were found in CD5+ T cells and CD68+ macrophages in the colitis treated with RJ. Conclusions: This study has shown that RJ has anti-inflammatory and cell regeneration effect in the colon of rats with acetic acid induced colitis(AU)

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Aging and asthma - changes in CD45RA, CD29 and CD95 T cells subsets

Background Aging is associated with thymus involution leading to a reduction in naive T cells and to an accumulation of effector-memory cells. Apoptosis is a key mechanism to clear the immune system from activated and harmful cells. In asthma the stimulation of T cells by environmental antigens can decrease naive cells and sustain activated cells. The aim of this work was to evaluate the imbalance between CD45RA and CD29 cells during the aging process and their changes in elderly asthma and to evaluate how elderly and chronic diseases like asthma can affect susceptibility to apoptosis. Methods Elderly and young adult healthy volunteers and elderly asthmatic patients were submitted to skin prick tests, immunoglobulin determination and flow cytometry analyses of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45RA, CD29, and CD95. Results Serum IgE was increased in allergic patients (p=0.0001). Asthmatics presented an increase in CD4 cells (p<0.05). CD45RA was significantly decreased in elderly individuals (p<0.05) and this decrease was higher in asthmatics (p<0.05). CD29 was increased in elderly healthy individuals compared to the control young group (p=0.0001). A negative correlation between CD29 and CD45RA (p<0.05) was observed. CD95 lymphocytes increased in elderly (p=0.0001) and a positive correlation between age and CD95 (p<0.05) was found. Asthmatic patients showed significant decreases in CD95 (p=0. 0001). Conclusions Naive cells are key cells in the defence against infections and their decrease in the elderly and in asthma is a bad prognosis factor. The reduction of apoptosis markers can promote the persistence of activated cells involved in chronic conditions(AU)

Sarcoma histiocítico. Estudio inmunohistoquímico de 6 casos / Immunohistochemical study of 6 cases of histocytic sarcoma

Introducción. El sarcoma histiocítco (SH) es una neoplasia poco frecuente con características morfológicas e inmunohistoquímicas de diferenciación histiocítica. Material y métodos. Presentamos 6 casos de SH. Se estudiaron cortes con hematoxilina y eosina y con inmunohistoquímica para CD45, CD163, CD68, lisozima, CD21, EMA, CD1a, S-100, CD20, Ki-67, HMB45 y CK AE1-3. Resultados. Cuatro pacientes fueron hombres y dos mujeres (edad promedio, 25,7 años; rango, 8 meses-64 años). Dos tumores se originaron en ganglios linfáticos, y los demás fueron extraganglionares (glándula parótida, meninges, tejidos blandos de tibia derecha y yeyuno). Los tumores estaban compuestos por células epitelioides medianas a grandes, pleomórficas, con abundante citoplasma eosinófilo, núcleos irregulares y nucléolos prominentes con áreas fusiformes focales y citofagocitosis. Las mitosis variaron con una media de 10 por campo de ×40. Un tumor presentó infiltrado inflamatorio prominente. Todos los tumores fueron positivos a CD45, CD163 y CD68 (KP1 y PGM-1), y 5 expresaron lisozima. Dos tumores fueron focal y débilmente positivos para S-100 y uno para CD1a; todos fueron negativos al CD 20, CD21, HMB45 y a CKAE1-3. Discusión. Para el diagnóstico de SH debe utilizarse CD45 además de dos antígenos asociados a macrófagos y ausencia de marcadores B, T, de melanoma y citoqueratinas(AU)

Introduction. Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is a rare malignant neoplasm showing the morphologic and immunohistochemical features of histiocytic differentiation. Material and methods. We present 6 cases of HS diagnosed in 4 female and 2 male patients with ages ranging from 8 months to 64 years (medium age of 25.7 years). Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry was performed using CD45, CD163, CD68, lysozyme, CD21, EMA, CD1a, S-100, CD20, Ki-67, HMB45 and CK AE1-3. Results. Two tumours arose from lymph nodes and 4 were extranodal (parotid gland, meninges, soft tissues and jejunum); all were composed of sheaths of medium to large pleomorphic epithelioid cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, irregular nuclei and prominent nucleoli with focal spindle cell features and cytophagocytosis. Mitotic features varied from case to case with a medium of 10 per 10 HPF. All tumours were positive for CD45, CD163 and CD68 (KP1 and PGM-1), 5 expressed lysozyme, 2 showed weak focal positivity for S-100 and 1 for CD1a. All were negative for CD 20, CD21, HMB45 and CK AE1-3. Discussion. It is important that the diagnosis of HS be based on immunohistochemical markers that should include CD45 plus two specific macrophage-associated antigens and the lack of the B-cell, T-cell, as well as cytokeratins and melanoma markers(AU)

Linfoma del manto / Mantle cell lymphoma

El linfoma del manto representa el 7% de los linfomas no Hodgkin del adulto. Se trata de una neoplasia de células B monomorfas de talla pequeña o mediana con núcleo irregular. Las células tumorales expresan fuertemente IgM e IgD, así como los antígenos de clase B. La proteína nuclear ciclina D1 está presente en todos los casos, y es el “gold estándar” para el diagnóstico. La traslocación t(11;14) (q13;q32) en la mayoría de los casos da lugar a un reordenamiento del locus BCL-1 y una sobreexpresión del gen de ciclina D1. La mayoría de los pacientes presentan estadios avanzados. El linfoma del manto es una neoplasia incurable, pero puede ser tratada con diferentes esquemas de quimioterapia (R-Hyper-CVAD, R-CHOP, bortezomib) y los pacientes jóvenes podrían ser sometidos a quimioterapia de alta dosis y trasplante de médula ósea autólogo o alogénico

Mantle cell lymphoma accounts for approximately 7% of adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas. It is a neoplasm of monomorphous small to medium-sized B cells with irregular nuclei. The tumor cells express strong IgM and IgD, and B-cell-associated antigens. Nuclear cyclin D1 protein is present in all cases and is the gold standard for the diagnosis. The t(11;14) (q13;q32) in the majority of the cases results in rearrangement of the BCL-1 locus and overexpression of the cyclin D1 gene. Most patients present with disseminated disease. Mantle cell lymphoma is an incurable neoplasm, but it may be treated with different chemotherapy regimen (R-Hyper-CVAD, R-CHOP, bortezomib) and young patients should be considered for high-dose therapy and autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

La importancia clínica de los polimosfirmos del gen CD45 / The clinical importance of the polymorphisms of CD45 gene

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Cell-mediated and not humoral immune response is responsible for partial protection against toxoplasmosis in SCID mice reconstituted with human PBMC

El objetivo de este estudio fue profundizar en el conocimientode la respuesta inmunológica específica contra Toxoplasma enhumanos. Usamos ratones SCID reconstituidos con PBMC dedonantes sanos con y sin antígenos séricos de Toxoplasma (PBMCToxo+ and PBMC Toxo-, respectivamente) y subsecuentementeinfectados con cistos de parásito. La proliferación linfocitaria especifica(LPR) fue mayor en los PBMC de los donantes immunes aToxoplasma y éstos PBMC secretaron más citocinas Th1 que losobtenidos de donantes no immunes a Toxoplasma. La implantaciónde células inmunológicas de humanos infectados augmentósignificativamente la supervivencia después de la infección silo comparamos con la de los animales no reconstituidos. Sinembargo, la implantación de células inmunológicas de humanosno infectados no alteró la supervivencia. Se encontraron anticuerposespecíficos humanos anti- Toxoplasma en los dos gruposde animales humanizados, lo que sugiere que la respuesta inmunológicahumoral no juega un papel determinante en ésta protección.Diez días después de la infección, los estudios de citometríarevelaron que había más células humanas CD45+ en el bazoy peritoneo de los ratones del grupo PBMC Toxo+ que en los delgrupo Toxo-. Además, los niveles plasmáticos de óxido nítrico(NO) alcanzaron un máximo en un estadío más temprano de lainfección en animales resistentes. Finalmente, no se encontróRNAm de CD4 o IFN-gama humanos en el cerebro durante la infección.Nuestros resultados sugieren que la respuesta humana inmunológicacellular aporta una protección parcial contra la encephalitistoxoplásmica (TE) en este modelo. Sin embargo, los mecanismosefectores involucrados podrían estar localizados fuera delsistema nervioso central (CNS)

The aim of this study was to further our understanding of thehuman Toxoplasma-specific immune response. We used severecombined immune deficiency (SCID) mice that had been reconstitutedwith peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) fromhealthy donors with and without serum Toxoplasma antigens(PBMC Toxo+ and PBMC Toxo-, respectively) and subsequentlyinfected with parasite cysts. The specific lymphocyte proliferationrate (LPR) was higher for PBMC from Toxoplasma-immunedonors and these PBMC secreted more Th1 cytokines than thoseobtained from Toxoplasma-non-immune donors. The engraftmentof human parasite-immune cells significantly increased the survivalrate following infection compared to in unreconstituted animals,whereas the engraftment of human non-parasite-immunecells did not alter the survival rate. Specific human anti-Toxoplasmaantibodies were found in both groups of humanised animals, suggestingthat the humoral immune response does not play a majorrole in this protection. Ten days after infection, cytometry revealedthat there were more human CD45+ cells in the spleen andperitoneum of mice from the PBMC Toxo+ group than from thePBMC Toxo- group. Furthermore, plasma levels of nitric oxide(NO) peaked at an early stage of infection in resistant animals.Finally, no human CD4 mRNA or IFN-gamma mRNA was found in thebrain during infection. All together, our results suggest that thehuman cell-mediated immune response provides partial protectionagainst toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) in this model. However,the effector mechanisms involved may be located outsideof the central nervous system (CNS)

Carcinoma de células pequeñas de glándula salival submaxilar / Small cell carcinoma of the submaxillary gland

El carcinoma de células pequeñas de la glándula salivalsubmaxilar es una entidad rara en esta localización. Para sudiagnóstico definitivo es importante realizar estudio inmunohistoquímicoy descartar la posibilidad de metástasis. Eneste artículo presentamos un nuevo caso en un paciente de76 años, sin patología pulmonar conocida y revisamos laliteratura publicada hasta la fecha

Background: Small cell carcinoma in the submaxillarygland is a very rare entity. To achieve a correct pathologicaldiagnosis it is very important to perform a detailed clinicopathologicalcorrelation and a precise immunohistochemicalstudy. Patients and methods: A case in a 76 years oldman with no previous pulmonary pathology is reported. Areview of literature is included

Prevalencia del polimorfismo C77G en el exón 4 del gen CD45 en la población española / Prevalence of C77G polymorphism in exon 4 of the CD45 gene in the Spanish population

Fundamento y objetivo: El cambio C77G en el exón 4 del gen CD45 produce un splicing anormal frecuente en poblaciones sanas europeas y relacionado con la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la frecuencia de C77G en la población española. Pacientes y método: Se incluyeron 517 muestras de sangre anticoagulada con ácido etilendiaminotetraacético procedentes de donantes sanos, en las que se determinó la expresión de CD45RA y CD45RO sobre linfocitos T circulantes mediante citometría de flujo. Se realizó asimismo la secuenciación del exón 4 de CD45 en las muestras con coexpresión anormal de ambas isoformas de CD45. Resultados: En 6 de 517 individuos se detectó persistencia de la expresión de CD45RA en los linfocitos T memoria; todos ellos eran heterocigotos para C77G. La frecuencia alélica es del 0,58% (intervalo de confianza del 95%, 0,23-1,32). Conclusiones: La mutación C77G está presente en la población sana española. Establecer su significado clínico requiere estudios con grupos de pacientes

Background and objective: A mutation (C77G) in exon 4 of the CD45 gene is the most common cause of CD45 abnormal splicing in European populations, which has been associated with an increased susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus infection. We aimed to analyze the C77G frequency in the Spanish population. Patients and method: 517 healthy donors. CD45RA and RO expression was determined in circulating T lymphocytes by flow cytometry. CD45 exon 4 sequencing was carried out in individuals with an abnormal coexpression of CD45 isoforms. Results: 6/517 individuals presented CD45RA persistence on memory T cells; all of them were heterozygous for C77G mutation. The resulting allelic frequency was 0,58% (95% confidence interval, 0.23-1.32). Conclusions: C77G is present in the Spanish population. Further studies to elucidate its clinical significance are needed

Unremitting early stage Hodgkin disease: report of 7 cases and bone marrow tissue immunohistochemical marker study

Es infrecuente la implicación de la médula ósea en la enfermedad de Hodgkin temprana. Estudiamos la composicióninmunohistoquímica del tejido de la médula ósea en 7 de 20 casos de enfermedad de Hodgkin temprana,de la variante de celularidad mixta, diagnosticada en la presentación inicial por biopsia de los ganglios linfáticos,que no respondieron a la radioterapia sola, con objeto de examinar la posible afectación de la médulaósea. Se encontró una frecuencia estadísticamente significativa de infiltrados positivos para CD45, CD45RO yCD4 asociados a la falta de remisión de la enfermedad. El predominio de células positivas para CD4 en lacomposición de la médula ósea: 1) podrían corresponder a su compromiso en el proceso, 2) podrían explicar laproducción anormal de citoquinas que llevan a una reducción de la capacidad inmunológica de las células T ya la ineficacia de las respuestas antitumorales, a pesar de que la gran mayoría de las células infiltrantes son célulasinmunológicamente reactivas

Bone marrow is infrequently implicated in early stage Hodgkin’s disease. We studied theimmunohistochemical bone marrow tissue of 7 out of 20 cases with early stage Hodgkin’s disease of the mixedcellularity variant, diagnosed by lymph node biopsy at initial presentation, not responding to radiotherapyalone, in order to examine possible marrow attack. A statistically significant prevalence of CD45, CD45RO,and CD4 positive infiltrates, to the advantage of unremitting hosts, was found. The predominance of CD4-positive cells in the bone marrow space: 1) might be suggestive of involvement in the process, 2) could explainthe abnormal cytokine production leading to reduced T-cell immunity and inefficient antitumor responsedespite the existence of a vast majority of reactive infiltrating immune cells

Técnicas de desenmascaramiento antigénico e inmunohistoquímica. Estudio dirigido a anticuerpos con especiales dificultades de inmunodetección / Antigenic unmasking techniques in immunohistochemistry

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