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2.
Int. microbiol ; 26(1): 43-50, Ene. 2023. graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-215915

RESUMO

The production of proteases by white rot fungi, such as those of the genus Pleurotus, is related to the degradation of wood proteins, the substrate on which these fungi grow in the environment. From the point of view of production, they are still little explored for this purpose. A selection of agro-industrial residues highlighted corn bagasse as the best substrate for solid-state protease production using the basidiomycete Pleurotus pulmonarius. The enzyme production was maximized through a factorial design, where the enzyme activity increased from 137.8 ± 1.9 to 234.1 ± 2.7 U/mL. Factors such as temperature stability, pH, and chemical reagents were evaluated. The optimum temperature was 45 °C, showing low thermal stability at higher temperatures. The enzyme inhibition occurred by Mn2+ (50.3%) and Ba2+ (76.4%); SDS strongly inhibited the activity (82.4%), while pepstatin A partially inhibited (56%), suggesting an aspartic protease character. Regarding pH, the highest protease activity was obtained at pH 5.5. Partial characterization resulted in apparent values of the KM and Vmax constants of 0.61 mg/mL and 1.79 mM/min, respectively.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Pleurotus , Peptídeo Hidrolases , Fungos , Ativação Enzimática , Temperatura , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Pepstatinas , Microbiologia
3.
Int. microbiol ; 25(3): 495-502, Ago. 2022. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-216209

RESUMO

Laccases are enzymes produced by plants and white rot fungi, such as Pleurotus ostreatus, with industrial applications. Fungal laccases have been widely studied, and investigations, such as those involving recombinant DNA technology or adding inducers, have been made to increase laccase production. On the other hand, it has been proposed that extracellular proteases could decrease laccase activity when both types of enzymes are produced by P. ostreatus. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of proteases on the activity of extracellular laccases produced by P. ostreatus PoB in submerged culture. Results showed that P. ostreatus PoB produced alkaline, acidic, and neutral proteases. Protease activity was quantified, and the highest activity at alkaline pH (9.0) was 5.63 IU/L (192 h), that at acidic pH (2.0) was 3.38 IU/L (192 h), and that at neutral pH (7.0) was 6.20 IU/L (312 h). The protease activity decreased in the presence of different protease inhibitors, as phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), EDTA, pepstatin A, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors. Laccase activity was determined in cultures with and without protease inhibitors. In the control culture (without inhibitor), the highest laccase specific activity was 99.88 IU/mg protein. In cultures with PMSF, pepstatin A, or a cocktail of protease inhibitors, laccase activity increased by approximately 1.35-fold (138 IU/mg protein) with respect to the control culture. The inhibitor EDTA did not produce a positive effect on extracellular laccase activity. These results suggest that laccase activity is affected by the actions of acidic and neutral extracellular proteases.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Peptídeo Hidrolases , Lacase , Pleurotus , Fenol , Microbiologia
4.
Int. microbiol ; 25(3): 649-659, Ago. 2022. graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-216222

RESUMO

Surface protein display C (SpdC) protein was described as a novel virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus that affects biofilm formation and pathogenesis and favors resistance to antimicrobials targeting cell wall. We evaluated the possible correlation between spdC gene expression level and virulence as well as antibiotic resistance phenotypes in S. aureus clinical isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility of S. aureus clinical isolates (n = 100) was determined by the disk diffusion method. Vancomycin susceptibility was determined by the broth microdilution method. The level of the extracellular proteases and delta-hemolysin was evaluated by measuring the proteolysis and hemolysis zone diameters in skim milk and blood agar plates, respectively. Biofilm formation was assayed using the 96-well microtiter plate method. Most of the isolates (81%) were multidrug-resistant and about half of the isolates (49%) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Hemolysin, protease, and biofilm production were detectable in 79%, 71%, and 96% of the isolates. No significant correlation was detectable between the level of spdC gene expression and the activity of tested virulence factors or the antimicrobial resistance phenotype. Therefore, the role of SpdC protein as a virulence regulator in S. aureus needs further evaluation together with the determination of the predominant regulators for each virulence factor.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Virulência , Fatores de Virulência , Peptídeo Hidrolases , Proteínas Hemolisinas , Biofilmes , Anti-Infecciosos , Proteína C , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Microbiologia
6.
Cir. plást. ibero-latinoam ; 46(supl.1): S75-S84, abr. 2020. tab, ilus, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-193496

RESUMO

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: El desbridamiento enzimático ha demostrado ser eficaz y rápido en su aplicación sobre quemaduras, a la vez que conservador con el tejido sano. Su uso sobre quemaduras inferiores al 15% ha mostrado reducir la cantidad de injertos, el sangrado y las escarotomías quirúrgicas. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar 2 grupos de pacientes grandes quemados, uno tratado mediante desbridamiento enzimático frente a otro tratado mediante tratamiento estándar, y su impacto en la estancia hospitalaria, necesidades de escarotomías, tiempo hasta desbridamiento, uso de hemoderivados y cantidad de cirugías durante el ingreso. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivas con 197 pacientes (SCQ 20-50%), mayores de 18 años, tratados entre 2012 y 2017, con 2 grupos: 32 pacientes tratados con Nexobrid® para el desbridamiento enzimático, y 165 pacientes en el grupo control con desbridamiento tangencial convencional. Ambos homogéneos para SCQ, edad, sexo, mecanismo de lesión y comorbilidades. RESULTADOS: La edad media fue de 48.4 ± 19.4 años, con una SCQ media de 29.5 ± 9.4%. Observamos disminución del tiempo hasta el inicio del desbridamiento de la quemadura (5.1 ± 4.9 días en el grupo control frente a 0.8±0.9 en el grupo de desbridamiento enzimático, p < 0.05). El grupo de Nexobrid® presentó una reducción de la cantidad de tiempos quirúrgicos durante su ingreso, siendo de 1.9±2.0 frente a 2.6±2.1 en el grupo control. El uso de hemoderivados se redujo en un 95% durante el desbridamiento. La necesidad de escarotomías se redujo un 60%. Finalmente, el grupo de Nexobrid® tuvo un 36% menos de estancia en la Unidad de Quemados Críticos, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas. CONCLUSIONES: La aplicación precoz del desbridamiento enzimático en grandes quemados (20-50% SCQ), permite la escarectomía completa del paciente reduciendo la necesidad de hemoderivados, el número de tiempos quirúrgicos, las escarotomías y la estancia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Use of enzymatic debridement has demonstrated be fast and efficient after its application over burn wounds, being more delicate over healthy tissue. Its use in burns under 15% TBSA has shown less grafting procedures, bleeding and surgical escharotomies. The aim of this study was compare 2 groups of major burns; one treated by enzymatic debridement and other treated by standard of care. Length of stay, escharotomies, time until debridement, use of blood packs and number of surgeries during hospitalization were evaluated. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was designed with 197 patients (TBSA 20-50%), older than 18 years old, treated between 2012 and 2017, and divided in 2 groups: 32 patients were debrided using Nexobrid®, and 165 patients were included in the control group. Both groups were homogeneous for TBSA, age, gender, mechanism and comorbidities index. RESULTS: Mean age was 48.4±19.4 years, with a 29.5±9.4% of TBSA. A reduction of the number of days until the burns debridement were found, with 5.1±4.9 in the control group and 0.8±0.9 days in the enzymatic debridement group (p < 0.05). The number of surgeries during the hospitalization were less in the Nexobrid® group, with a reduction of 2.6±2.1 surgeries to 1.9±2.0. The number of blood packs was a 95% lower in the enzymatic debridement, and a 60% less escharotomies were observed. Finally, a shorter length of stay in the intensive care unit were found in the Nexobrid® group, with 36% less days, this difference were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Early application of enzymatic debridement in major burns (20-50% TBSA) allows a complete removal of eschar reducing the blood packs use, number of surgeries, escharotomies and length of stay in the intensive care unit


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Queimaduras/cirurgia , Desbridamento/métodos , Úlcera Cutânea/terapia , Estudos de Coortes , Bromelaínas/uso terapêutico , Peptídeo Hidrolases/uso terapêutico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tempo de Internação , Cicatriz/cirurgia
7.
Rev. lab. clín ; 12(3): 137-146, jul.-sept. 2019. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-187168

RESUMO

Las proteasas de serina son enzimas ampliamente distribuidas en la naturaleza, responsables de múltiples e importantes procesos biológicos. Durante las infecciones bacterianas los patógenos secretan y usan sus proteasas de serina como factores de virulencia para combatir contra el huésped, a través de diversos efectos como la desorganización de tejidos, la proteólisis de efectores inmunológicos o la inactivación de componentes relevantes para la fisiología del huésped; sin embargo, desde hace algunos años se ha observado que las proteasas de serina podían modular procesos fisiológicos por un mecanismo altamente específico, a través de la activación de los receptores activados por proteasas. En este artículo resumimos el conocimiento reciente sobre las proteasas de serina bacteriana y su relevancia en la fisiopatología de la infección, y destacamos la oportunidad de nuevas intervenciones antimicrobianas basadas en la inhibición de la interacción receptores activados por proteasas-proteasa


Serine proteases are enzymes widely distributed in nature, and are responsible for multiple and important biological processes. During bacterial infection, pathogens secrete and use their serine proteases as virulent factors to combat against the host, through diverse mechanisms, such as tissue disruption, proteolysis of immunological effectors or inactivation of relevant components for the host physiology. However, some years ago it was observed that serine proteases could modulate physiological processes by a highly specific mechanism, through the activation of protease activated receptors (PARs). In this paper, we review recent knowledge about bacterial serine proteases and their relevance in the pathophysiology of infection. The opportunity for new antimicrobial interventions based on the inhibition of PAR-protease interaction, is also highlighted


Assuntos
Humanos , Serina Proteases/análise , Bactérias/enzimologia , Infecções Bacterianas/fisiopatologia , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacocinética , Inibidores de Serino Proteinase/farmacocinética , Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Peptídeo Hidrolases/classificação , Fatores de Virulência
8.
Nutr. hosp ; 36(1): 159-166, ene.-feb. 2019. tab, graf, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-183202

RESUMO

Introducción: los hidrolizados de proteína de semillas de plantas son una fuente de péptidos bioactivos. Sin embargo, no se han publicado estudios sobre la actividad cicatrizante de heridas. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto cicatrizante in vivo (en ratones) de hidrolizados enzimáticos de Phaseolus lunatus empleando pepsina, pancreatina, el sistema secuencial pepsina-pancreatina y las fracciones peptídicas de cada hidrolizado, mayores y menores de 10 kDa. Métodos: las pruebas de cicatrización se realizaron en ratones divididos en grupos de cinco ratones por tratamiento. Las heridas se observaron en un estereomicroscopio (Stemi(TM) DV4), midiendo el área con fotografías los días 0, 1, 3, 6, 8 y 10. Se calculó el tiempo transcurrido desde la formación de cada herida hasta el 80% de reducción de su área. Por último, los residuos aminoacídicos de la fracción o hidrolizado que mostró mayor actividad cicatrizante fueron identifi cados por cromatografía HPLC (Agilent 1100 series). Resultados: las heridas tratadas con hidrolizado de pancreatina (PanH) y su fracción mayor de 10 kDa (PanF1) mostraron un avance del 80% de cicatrización a los 2,86 y 3,03 días, respectivamente, mientras que con el control fueron 5,04 días. Estos representaron la mayor actividad cicatrizante de todos los tratamientos. El análisis de aminoácidos determinó una presencia importante de residuos hidrofóbicos y básicos que contribuyeron de manera notable a la cicatrización de heridas. Conclusión: el hidrolizado PanH, obtenido del concentrado proteico de Phaseolus lunatus, y su fracción mayor de 10 kDa podrían ser usados para favorecer la cicatrización de heridas


Introduction: protein hydrolysates from plant seeds are a source of bioactive peptides. However, no studies on wound healing activity have been published. Objective: to evaluate the healing effect in vivo (in mice) of enzymatic hydrolysates of Phaseolus lunatus using pepsin, pancreatin, the pepsin-pancreatin sequential system and the peptide fractions of each hydrolysate, greater and less than 10 kDa. Methods: the wound healing tests were performed on mice divided in groups of fi ve mice per treatment. The wounds were monitored with a stereomicroscope (Stemi(TM) DV4), measuring the area with photographs on days 0, 1, 3, 6, 8 and 10. The time elapsed from the formation of each wound to 80% reduction of its area was calculated. Finally, the fraction or hydrolysate amino acid residues that showed greater wound healing activity were identifi ed by HPLC chromatography (Agilent 1100 series). Results: the wounds treated with pancreatin hydrolysate (PanH) and with its fraction greater than 10 kDa (PanF1) showed 80% of healing at 2.86 and 3.03 days, respectively, while this occurred using the control at 5.04 days. These represented the greatest wound healing activity of all the treatments. The analysis of the amino acids determined an important presence of hydrophobic and basic residues that contributed significantly to wound healing. Conclusion: the PanH hydrolysate, obtained from the protein concentrate of Phaseolus lunatus, and its fraction greater than 10 kDa could be used to encourage wound healing


Assuntos
Animais , Camundongos , Cicatriz/tratamento farmacológico , Peptídeo Hidrolases/uso terapêutico , Phaseolus/química , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/farmacologia , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacos , Hidrólise , Peptídeo Hidrolases/química , Ferimentos e Lesões/tratamento farmacológico , Ferimentos e Lesões/patologia
9.
Rev. iberoam. micol ; 35(1): 32-38, ene.-mar. 2018. tab, graf, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-170920

RESUMO

Background. Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by the Sporothrix schenckii complex. The adhesion of the fungus to the host tissue has been considered the key step in the colonization and invasion, but little is known about the early events in the host-parasite interaction. Aims. To evaluate the proteolytic activity of S. schenckii on epithelial cells. Methods. The proteolytic system (at pH 5 and 7) was evaluated using azocoll and zymograms. The host-parasite interaction and epithelial cell response were also analyzed by examining the microfilament cytoskeleton using phalloidin-FITC and transmission electron microscopy. Finally, the metabolic activity was determined using an XTT assay. Results. The zymograms showed that S. schenckii yeast cells possess high intracellular and extracellular proteolytic activities (Mr≥200, 116, 97, and 70kDa) that are pH dependent and are inhibited by PMSF and E64, which act on serine and cysteine-type proteases. During the epithelial cell-protease interaction, the cells showed alterations in the microfilament distribution, as well as in the plasma membrane structure. Moreover, the metabolic activity of the epithelial cells decreased 60% without a protease inhibitor. Conclusions. Our data demonstrate the complexity of the cellular responses during the infection process. This process is somehow counteracted by the action of proteases inhibitors. Furthermore, the results provide critical information for understanding the nature of host-fungus interactions and for searching a new effective antifungal therapy, which includes protease inhibitors (AU)


Antecedentes. La esporotricosis es una infección fúngica causada por el complejo Sporothrix schenckii. La adhesión del hongo al tejido hospedero se ha considerado un paso clave en la colonización e invasión, sin embargo poco se conoce de los eventos tempranos en la interacción hospedero-parasito. Objetivos. Evaluar la actividad proteolítica de S. schenckii en células epiteliales. Métodos. El sistema proteolítico (bajo los valores pH 5 y 7) fue evaluado mediante azocoll y zimogramas. Además, la interacción hospedero-parasito y la respuesta celular fueron analizadas con el examen de los microfilamentos del citoesqueleto mediante faloidina-FITC y microscopia electrónica de transmisión. Finalmente, la actividad metabólica (viabilidad celular) fue determinada por un ensayo de XTT. Resultados. Los zimogramas de S. schenckii muestran que posee una alta actividad proteolítica intracelular y extracelular (Mr≥200, 116, 97 y 70kD) dependientes de pH e inhibidas por PMSF y E64, que actúan sobre serin- y cistein proteasas. Durante la interacción de las células epiteliales-proteasas, las células mostraron alteraciones en la distribución de los microfilamentos y la estructura de la membrana plasmática. Además, la actividad metabólica (viabilidad celular) de las células epiteliales disminuyó un 60% sin inhibidores de proteasas. Conclusiones. Nuestros datos demuestran la complejidad de la respuesta celular durante el proceso de infección, proceso que puede ser en parte contrarrestado por la acción de los inhibidores de proteasas. Además, los resultados proporcionan información crítica para el entendimiento de la naturaleza en la interacción hospedero-hongo y para una nueva terapia antifúngica eficaz que incluya inhibidores de proteasas (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Esporotricose/microbiologia , Peptídeo Hidrolases/isolamento & purificação , Sporothrix/isolamento & purificação , Citoesqueleto/microbiologia , Células Epiteliais/microbiologia , Dermatomicoses/microbiologia
10.
Gastroenterol. hepatol. (Ed. impr.) ; 41(3): 191-204, mar. 2018. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-171134

RESUMO

El único tratamiento aceptado para la enfermedad celiaca es el seguimiento de forma estricta de la dieta sin gluten. Este tipo de dieta puede ocasionar una disminución de la calidad de vida de los pacientes, dificultades sociales y económicas. Por lo tanto, son frecuentes las transgresiones dietéticas que pueden perpetuar el daño intestinal. En los últimos años se han desarrollado numerosos tratamientos, dirigidos hacia diferentes dianas en la patogenia de la enfermedad celiaca: modificación del gluten para conseguir un gluten no inmunogénico, terapias endoluminales que degraden el gluten en la luz intestinal, favorecer la tolerancia al gluten, modulación de la permeabilidad intestinal o regulación de la respuesta inmune adaptativa. En esta revisión se evalúan estas líneas terapéuticas que se están investigando para la enfermedad celiaca y los tratamientos enfocados al control de las complicaciones de la enfermedad, como la enfermedad celiaca refractaria (AU)


The only accepted treatment for coeliac disease is strict adherence to a gluten-free diet. This type of diet may give rise to reduced patient quality of life with economic and social repercussions. For this reason, dietary transgressions are common and may elicit intestinal damage. Several treatments aimed at different pathogenic targets of coeliac disease have been developed in recent years: modification of gluten to produce non-immunogenic gluten, endoluminal therapies to degrade gluten in the intestinal lumen, increased gluten tolerance, modulation of intestinal permeability and regulation of the adaptive immune response. This review evaluates these coeliac disease treatment lines that are being researched and the treatments that aim to control disease complications like refractory coeliac disease (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Doença Celíaca/complicações , Doença Celíaca/terapia , Enteropatias Perdedoras de Proteínas/complicações , Dieta Livre de Glúten/métodos , Glutens/uso terapêutico , Peptídeo Hidrolases/uso terapêutico , Imunomodulação/fisiologia , Ancylostoma , Ancylostoma/imunologia
11.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 35(10): 630-637, dic. 2017. tab, ilus, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-169562

RESUMO

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important human pathogen that causes severe infections in a wide range of immunosuppressed patients. Herein, we evaluated the proteolytic profiles of 96 Brazilian clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa recovered from diverse anatomical sites. Methods: Cell-associated and extracellular proteases were evidenced by gelatin-SDS-PAGE and by the cleavage of soluble gelatin. Elastase was measured by using the peptide substrate N-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Ala-p-nitroanilide. The prevalence of elastase genes (lasA and lasB) was evaluated by PCR. Results: Bacterial extracts were initially applied on gelatin-SDS-PAGE and the results revealed four distinct zymographic profiles as follows: profile I (composed by bands of 145, 118 and 50kDa), profile II (118 and 50kDa), profile III (145kDa) and profile IV (118kDa). All the proteolytic enzymes were inhibited by EDTA, identifying them as metalloproteases. The profile I was the most detected in both cellular (79.2%) and extracellular (84.4%) extracts. Overall, gelatinase and elastase activities measured in the spent culture media were significantly higher (around 2-fold) compared to the cellular extracts and the production level varied according to the site of bacterial isolation. For instance, tracheal secretion isolates produced elevated amount of gelatinase and elastase measured in both cellular and extracellular extracts. The prevalence of elastase genes revealed that 100% isolates were lasB-positive and 85.42% lasA-positive. Some positive/negative correlations were showed concerning the production of gelatinase, elastase, isolation site and antimicrobial susceptibility. Conclusion: The protease production was highly heterogeneous in Brazilian clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, which corroborates the genomic/metabolic versatility of this pathogen (AU)


Antecedentes: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) es un importante patógeno humano que causa graves infecciones en diversos tipos de pacientes inmunodeprimidos. En este trabajo evaluamos los perfiles proteolíticos de 96 aislamientos clínicos brasileños de P. aeruginosaaislados de diferentes localizaciones anatómicas. Métodos: Las proteasas extracelulares y de extractos celulares fueron analizadas por SDS-PAGE copolimerizada con gelatina y a través de clivaje de gelatina en solución. La elastasa fue medida usando el substrato peptídico N-succinil-Ala-Ala-Ala-p-nitroanilida. La prevalencia de genes codificantes para elastasa (lasA y lasB) fue evaluada por PCR. Resultados: En primer lugar, los extractos de las bacterias fueron aplicados en geles de SDS-PAGE-gelatina, los cuales, después de revelados, revelaron 4 perfiles enzimográficos, así: perfil I(compuesto por bandas de 145, 118 y 50kDa), perfil II (118 y 50kDa), perfil III (145kDa) y perfil IV (118kDa). Todas las enzimas proteolíticas fueron inhibidas por EDTA, siendo, por tanto, identificadas como metaloproteasas. El perfil I fue el más detectado tanto en los extractos celulares (79,2%) como en los extracelulares (84,4%). Las actividades de gelatinasa y elastasa medidas en el medio de cultivo fueron significativamente más elevadas (cerca de 2 veces) que en los extractos celulares y el nivel de producción varió de acuerdo al sitio del cual fue aislada la cepa. Por ejemplo, cepas aisladas de secreción traqueal produjeron cantidades elevadas de gelatinasa y elastasa medidas tanto en el extracto celular como en los extractos extracelulares. La prevalencia de los genes de elastasa reveló que el 100% de los aislamientos fueron lasB positivos y 85.42% lasA positivos. En algunos casos se observó una correlación positiva/negativa respecto a la producción de gelatinasa, elastasa, sitio de aislamiento y susceptibilidad antimicrobiana. Conclusión: La producción de proteasas fue altamente heterogénea en los aislamientos clínicos brasileños de P. aeruginosa, lo cual corroboran la versatilidad genómica/metabólica de este patógeno (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/enzimologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolamento & purificação , Peptídeo Hidrolases/isolamento & purificação , Gelatinases/isolamento & purificação , Análise de Variância
12.
Allergol. immunopatol ; 45(6): 579-591, nov.-dic. 2017. graf, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-168467

RESUMO

Proteolytic activity is fundamental to survival, so it is not surprising that all living organisms have proteases, especially seine protease. This enzyme in its numerous isoforms and homologues, constitutes the quintessential offence and defence factors, in the form of surface proteins, secreted molecules, gut digestive enzymes, venom in specialised glands or plant latex, among other manifestations. Occurring as trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, collagenase, thrombin, subtilisin etc., it mediates a diverse array of functions, including pathological roles as inflammatory, coagulatory to haemorrhagic. This review emphasizes that despite the superficial differences in mechanisms, most health issues, be they infectious, allergic, metabolic, or neural have a common conduit. This enzyme, in its various glycosylated forms leads to signal misinterpretations, wreaking havoc. However, organisms are endowed with serine protease inhibitors which might restrain this ubiquitous yet deleterious enzyme. Hence, serine proteases-driven pathogenesis and antagonising role of inhibitors is the focal point of this critical review (AU)


No disponible


Assuntos
Humanos , Serina Proteases/imunologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade/imunologia , Peptídeo Hidrolases/imunologia , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacocinética , Glicosilação , Mediadores da Inflamação/imunologia
13.
Rev. iberoam. micol ; 33(1): 26-33, ene.-mar. 2016. tab, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-149371

RESUMO

Background. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae vacuole is actively involved in the mechanism of autophagy and is important in homeostasis, degradation, turnover, detoxification and protection under stressful conditions. In contrast, vacuolar proteases have not been fully studied in phylogenetically related Candida glabrata. Aims. The present paper is the first report on proteolytic activity in the C. glabrata vacuole. Methods. Biochemical studies in C. glabrata have highlighted the presence of different kinds of intracellular proteolytic activity: acid aspartyl proteinase (PrA) acts on substrates such as albumin and denatured acid hemoglobin, neutral serine protease (PrB) on collagen-type hide powder azure, and serine carboxypeptidase (CpY) on N-benzoyl-tyr-pNA. Results. Our results showed a subcellular fraction with highly specific enzymatic activity for these three proteases, which allowed to confirm its vacuolar location. Expression analyses were performed in the genes CgPEP4 (CgAPR1), CgPRB1 and CgCPY1 (CgPRC), coding for vacuolar aspartic protease A, neutral protease B and carboxypeptidase Y, respectively. The results show a differential regulation of protease expression depending on the nitrogen source. Conclusions. The proteases encoded by genes CgPEP4, CgPRB1 and CgCPY1 from C. glabrata could participate in the process of autophagy and survival of this opportunistic pathogen (AU)


Antecedentes. La vacuola de Saccharomyces cerevisiae está involucrada activamente en el mecanismo de autofagia, desarrollando una labor importante en la homeostasis, degradación, recambio proteico, desintoxicación y protección de la célula en condiciones de estrés. Por el contrario, las proteasas vacuolares de Candida glabrata aún no han sido estudiadas por completo. Objetivos. El presente trabajo describe por primera vez la actividad proteolítica vacuolar en C. glabrata. Métodos. Los estudios bioquímicos realizados en C. glabrata pusieron de manifiesto la presencia de diferentes actividades proteolíticas: aspartil proteinasa ácida, que actúa sobre sustratos como la albúmina y la hemoglobina ácida desnaturalizada; serín proteasa neutra, con actividad sobre el substrato de tipo colágeno hide powder azure, y serín carboxipeptidasa, que actúa sobre N-benzoil-tyr-pNa. Resultados. La obtención de una fracción subcelular mostró una elevada actividad enzimática específica de las tres proteasas, lo que permitió confirmar su localización vacuolar. Se realizaron análisis de la expresión de los genes CgPEP4 (CgAPR1), CgPRB1 y CgCPY1 (CgPRC1), codificantes de las actividades proteolíticas aspartil proteasa A, proteasa neutra B y carboxipeptidasa Y, respectivamente. Los resultados reflejan una regulación diferencial de la expresión de la proteasa, dependiendo de la fuente de nitrógeno. Conclusiones. Las proteasas codificadas por los genes CgPEP4, CgPRB1 y CgCPY1 podrían participar en el proceso de autofagia y supervivencia de este patógeno oportunista (AU)


Assuntos
Peptídeo Hidrolases/análise , Candida glabrata , Candida glabrata/isolamento & purificação , Candida glabrata/patogenicidade , Carboxipeptidases/análise , Carboxipeptidases , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/isolamento & purificação , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/patogenicidade , Vacúolos/virologia , Candida glabrata/enzimologia , Ácido Aspártico Proteases/análise , Ácido Aspártico Proteases/isolamento & purificação , Autofagia , Homeostase , Benzoilarginina Nitroanilida/análise , Infecções Oportunistas/microbiologia , Vacúolos , Vacúolos/microbiologia , Vacúolos/patologia
14.
Rev. iberoam. micol ; 32(2): 122-125, abr.-jun. 2015. tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-137315

RESUMO

Background: cases of superficial and invasive mycoses caused by emerging species of Candida have been increasingly reported over the last thirty years. The production of hydrolytic enzymes plays a central role in the fungal infective process. In Candida infections the secretion of both proteases and phospholipases are well-known virulence attributes. Aims: to determine the protease and phospholipase production from 58 human clinical isolates of Candida obtained from individuals with cutaneous candidiasis seen in the Human and Veterinary Diagnostic Mycology Sector from Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Brazil, from November 2008 to August 2009. Methods: fungal identification was performed using biochemical tests. Proteolytic activity was detected on agar plates containing bovine serum albumin, and phospholipase production was determined on egg-yolk plates. Results: the Candida species isolated were Candida parapsilosis (27.59%), Candida famata (18.96%), Candida albicans (15.52%), Candida haemulonii (12.06%), Candida ciferri (8.62%), Candida guilliermondii (6.90%), Candida tropicalis (5.17%) and Candida lipolytica (5.17%). All isolates of C. albicans produced both protease and phospholipase. As regards the isolates of non-C. albicans Candida species, 53.06% and 4.08% were able to produce protease and phospholipase, respectively. For example, the majority of isolates of C. parapsilosis (15/16) produced protease, while 40% of C. ciferri isolates (2/5) were phospholipase producers. This study shows, for the first time, that C. ciferri and C. haemulonii strains were able to produce protease. Conclusions: collectively, our results showed that different species of Candida isolated from cutaneous lesions were able to produce proteases and/or phospholipases, which are multifunctional molecules directly involved in the infectious process of these fungi


Antecedentes: Los casos de micosis superficiales e invasoras relacionados con las especies emergentes de Candida se han reportado progresivamente durante las últimas tres décadas. La producción de enzimas hidrolíticas juega un papel central en varios contextos de la patogenicidad fúngica. Con respecto a la infección por Candida, la secreción de proteasas y fosfolipasas son atributos de virulencia bien conocidos. Objetivos: Determinar y comparar la producción de proteasa y fosfolipasa de 58 aislamientos clínicos humanos de diferentes especies de Candida obtenidos de pacientes con candidiasis cutánea, atendidos en el Sector de Diagnóstico Micológico Humano y Veterinario de la Universidad Federal Fluminense (UFF), durante el período de noviembre de 2008 a agosto de 2009. Métodos: La identificación de las especies de Candida se realizó mediante pruebas bioquímicas, la actividad proteolítica se detectó en placas de agar que contenían albúmina de suero bovino y la actividad fosfolipasa se determinó utilizando el método de la placa de yema de huevo semi-cuantitativa. Resultados: Las especies aisladas fueron Candida parapsilosis (27,59%), Candida famata (18,96%), Candida albicans (15.52%), Candida haemulonii(12,06%), Candida ciferri(8,62%), Candida guilliermondii(6,90%), Candida tropicalis (5,17%) y Candida lipolytica (5,17%). Todos los aislamientos de C. albicans produjeron tanto proteasa como fosfolipasa. El 53,06% de los aislamientos de Candida no-C. albicans fueron capaces de producir proteasa y el 4,08% fosfolipasa. La mayoría de los aislamientos de C. parapsilosis (15/16) produjo proteasa, mientras que el 40% de los aislamientos de C. ciferri (2/5) fueron productores de fosfolipasa. Se describe por primera vez en la literatura científica la producción de proteasas por cepas de C. haemulonii y C. ciferri. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados muestran el potencial que tienen los aislamientos de Candida provenientes de lesiones cutáneas para producir proteasas y fosfolipasas (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Candidíase Cutânea/microbiologia , Candida/patogenicidade , Fosfolipases/análise , Peptídeo Hidrolases/análise , Candida/enzimologia , Fatores de Virulência
15.
Rev. iberoam. micol ; 31(2): 137-140, abr.-jun. 2014.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-121255

RESUMO

Antecedentes. Candida albicans posee una variedad de factores de virulencia, entre los que se encuentran las enzimas aspartil proteinasas, que constituyen un factor determinante en la patogénesis de esta levadura en pacientes inmunodeprimidos. Objetivos. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la actividad de la proteinasa de cepas de C. albicans aisladas de la cavidad oral de pacientes inmunodeprimidos con cáncer, diabéticos y seropositivos a VIH, con candidiasis oral y sujetos sanos. Métodos. Se analizaron 250 cepas de C. albicans distribuidas en 5 grupos diferentes: pacientes con cáncer, diabéticos, seropositivos a VIH, con candidiasis oral y sujetos sanos. Resultados. El 46% de las cepas provenientes de pacientes con cáncer, el 54% de VIH, el 60% de diabéticos, el 70% de candidiasis oral y el 42% de sujetos sanos presentaron actividad proteolítica. Las cepas de los pacientes inmunodeprimidos y con candidiasis oral presentaron una mayor actividad proteolítica que las de los sujetos sanos. Se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos de candidiasis-sanos, candidiasis-VIH y diabéticos-sanos. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las cepas de los pacientes con candidasis oral, diabéticos y con cáncer; tampoco entre los pacientes diabéticos y con VIH, ni entre los pacientes con cáncer, VIH y sujetos sanos. Conclusiones. Con estos hallazgos se puede inferir que a pesar de que las enzimas aspartil proteinasas juegan un papel importante en la patogénesis de C. albicans, su actividad depende de las condiciones del huésped (AU)


Background. Candida albicans has a variety of virulence factors, including secreted aspartyl proteases, which are determinant factors in the pathogenesis of this yeast in immunocompromised patients. Aims. Proteinase activity was identified in C. albicans strains isolated from the oral cavity of immunocompromised patients with cancer, diabetes and HIV+, with oral candidiasis and in healthy subjects. Methods. Two hundred and fifty C. albicans strains were analyzed, distributed in 5 different groups: patients with cancer, diabetes, HIV+, with oral candidiasis and healthy subjects. Results. Proteolytic activity was identified in 46% of the strains from cancer patients, 54% from HIV+ patients, 60% from diabetics, 70% from oral candidiasis patients, and 42% from healthy subjects. Activity was higher in strains from immunocompromised and oral candidiasis patients than in healthy subjects. Differences were observed between the candidiasis-healthy, candidiasis-HIV+, and diabetic-healthy groups. No differences were observed between the oral candidiasis, diabetes and cancer patients, between the diabetes and HIV+ patients, or between the cancer patients, HIV+ patients and healthy subjects. Conclusions. The present results suggest that although secreted aspartyl proteases are important in the pathogenesis of C. albicans, their activity depends on host conditions (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Peptídeo Hidrolases , Peptídeo Hidrolases , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Candida albicans , Candida albicans/isolamento & purificação , Candida albicans/patogenicidade , Candidíase Bucal/diagnóstico , Candidíase Bucal/imunologia , Boca/microbiologia , Boca/patologia , Boca/fisiopatologia , Candidíase Bucal/tratamento farmacológico , Candidíase Bucal/fisiopatologia , Virulência , Fatores de Virulência/análise , Fatores de Virulência/isolamento & purificação , Sorodiagnóstico da AIDS/métodos , Sorodiagnóstico da AIDS/normas
16.
Int. microbiol ; 16(2): 87-92, jun. 2013. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-126423

RESUMO

Prc is a periplasmic protease involved in processing of penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3). Lack of Prc suppresses bile sensitivity in Dam-, Wec-, PhoP-, DamX-, and SeqA- mutants of Salmonella enterica, and increases bile resistance in the wild type. Changes in the activity of penicillin binding proteins PBP3, PBP4, PBP5/6 and PBP7 are detected in a Prc-background, suggesting that peptidogly can remodeling might contribute to bile resistance (AU)


No disponible


Assuntos
Humanos , Peptídeo Hidrolases/análise , Salmonella enterica/patogenicidade , Proteínas Periplásmicas/análise , Proteínas de Ligação às Penicilinas , Peptidoglicano
17.
Rev. esp. cardiol. Supl. (Ed. impresa) ; 13(supl.B): 2b-7b, 2013. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-166359

RESUMO

Las plaquetas tienen un papel fundamental tanto en la hemostasia como en la patogenia de la aterotrombosis. Después de producirse la rotura de la placa de ateroma, diferentes proteínas se expresan en la plaqueta que interviene tanto en la unión de la plaqueta a la pared vascular dañada como en la interacción con nuevas plaquetas y otras células sanguíneas para formar el trombo final. Diferentes agonistas, entre ellos el difosfato de adenosina, el tromboxano A2 y la trombina, se sintetizan y se liberan para llamar a más plaquetas a formar parte del trombo. Además, diferentes inhibidores endógenos de las plaquetas tratan de formar los agonistas plaquetarios anteriormente mencionados. Las plaquetas jóvenes y las micropartículas derivadas de las plaquetas también participan en la formación del trombo. Este artículo trata de revisar los mecanismos fisiológicos implicados en la activación y la inactivación plaquetarias (AU)


Platelets play a fundamental role in both hemostasis and the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis. After rupture of an atheromatous plaque, platelets express a number of adhesive proteins that influence both platelet adhesion at the damaged vessel wall and interactions with new platelets and other blood cells, all of which eventually result in clot formation. Several agonist, including adenosine diphosphate, thromboxane A2 and thrombin, are then synthesized and released to attract additional platelets to form part of the clot. Moreover, various endogenous platelet inhibitors act against the above-mentioned platelet agonists. In addition, young platelets and platelet-derived microparticles also participate in clot formation. This article provides an overview of the physiological mechanisms involved in platelet activation and antiplatelet processes (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Ativação Plaquetária/fisiologia , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/farmacocinética , Complexo Glicoproteico GPIIb-IIIa de Plaquetas/fisiologia , Receptores de Trombina , Peptídeo Hidrolases/farmacocinética
18.
Farm. hosp ; 35(4): 191-196, jul.-ago. 2011. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-107332

RESUMO

Objetivo El objetivo es describir la tasa de mutaciones de resistencia en los genes de la proteasa y la transcriptasa inversa y la sensibilidad de los diferentes antirretrovirales en nuestro medio. Métodos Estudio observacional, descriptivo en el cual se estudiaron las muestras remitidas al laboratorio de inmunología clínica desde abril de 2004 hasta abril de 2009. Se analizaron tanto los test de resistencias, como el análisis de sensibilidad a los diferentes fármacos de pacientes en fracaso terapéutico mediante Trugene Hiv-1 Genotyping Kit®. Resultados Se registraron las muestras de 242 pacientes, en 61 de ellos no se detectaron resistencias. Las mutaciones más prevalentes según familia de fármacos fueron: para los inhibidores de la transcriptasa inversa análogos nucleosídicos T215a/C/D/F/L/N/S/Y (24,10%), M184g/I/V/W (14,66%), M41j/L/R/T/W (11,24%) y K219e/G/H/N/R/T/W (10,24%). La estavudina y la lamivudina/emtricitabina fueron los que más resistencias presentaron, y el tenofovir es el que tiene menos resistencias en nuestro medio. En cuanto a los no análogos fueron K103N/R (23,98%), V179d/E/I/M/T (10,82%), A98e/G/S (10,53%) y K101e/P/Q/R (9,06%). Nevirapina presentó más resistencias que efavirenz. Respecto a los inhibidores de la proteasa fueron L10F/I/V (15,95%), M36I/L (13,81%), A71I/T/V (13,10%) y I54l/S/V (7,38%). La combinación darunavir/ritonavir fue la que menos resistencias presentó junto con tipranavir/ritonavir, en contraposición lopinavir/ritonavir fue el que más resistencias obtuvo. Conclusión La resistencia y sensibilidad al tratamiento antirretroviral en nuestro medio fueron similares a las de otros estudios realizados en nuestro país, pero difiere y destaca un alto grado de resistencia a lamivudina/emtricitabina y lopinavir/ritonavir (AU)


Objectives The objective is to describe the resistance mutation rate in protease and reverse transcriptase genes and sensitivity to different antiretrovirals in our environment. Methods We performed an observational descriptive study in which we examined the samples provided at the Clinical Immunology Laboratory between April 2004 and April 2009. We analysed both the resistance tests and the sensitivity to different drugs in patients with therapeutic failure using Trugene HIV-1 Genotyping Kits®. Results We registered samples from 242 patients, 61 of which had no detectable resistance. The most prevalent mutations according to drug families were: for nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors T215A/C/D/F/L/N/S/Y (24.10%), M184G/I/V/W (14.66%), M41J/L/R/T/W (11.24%) and K219E/G/H/N/R/T/W (10.24%). The highest levels of resistance corresponded to stavudine and lamivudine/emtricitabine, and tenofovir produced the least resistance in our environment. The non-analogues were K103N/R (23.98%), V179D/E/I/M/T (10.82%), A98E/G/S (10.53%) and K101E/P/Q/R (9.06%). Nevirapine presented greater resistance than efavirenz. Protease inhibitors were L10F/I/V (15.95%), M36I/L (13.81%), A71I/T/V (13.10%) and 154L/S/V (7.38%). The darunavir/ritonavir combination was that which presented the least resistance, and tipranavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir the most resistance. Conclusions Antiretroviral resistance and sensitivity to retroviral treatment in our environment was similar to results from other studies in Spain, but differed in the high level of resistance to lamivudine/emtricitabine and lopinavir/ritonavir (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Técnicas de Genotipagem , Antirretrovirais/farmacocinética , Retroviridae/genética , Farmacorresistência Viral , Mutação/genética , Peptídeo Hidrolases/análise , RNA Polimerases Dirigidas por DNA/análise
19.
Rev. iberoam. micol ; 26(3): 202-205, sept. 2009. tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-75542

RESUMO

Se aislaron 110 cepas que pertenecían a siete especies de Candida procedentes de pacientes diabéticos con distintas formas de candidiasis, encontrándose 53 aislamientos de Candida albicans (47%), 36 de Candida tropicalis (33%), 9 de Candida glabrata (8%), 4 de Candida parapsilosis (4%), 2 de Candida guilliermondii (2%), 5 de Candida krusei (5%) y 1 de Candida kefyr (1%). En las 53 cepas de C. albicans aisladas se estudió la expresión de factores de virulencia tales como la hidrofobicidad de la superficie celular (CSH), adherencia a células epiteliales bucales humanas (BEC) y actividad enzimática. La actividad proteolítica se detectó en el 100% de las cepas de C. albicans, mientras que la producción de fosfolipasa se detectó en 52 cepas (98%). Se estudió la variación fenotípica y su influencia en factores de patogenicidad en dos cepas de C. albicans, procedentes de boca y vagina respectivamente, y en la cepa patrón C. albicans NCPF 3153A. Se les indujo la variación fenotípica mediante exposición a luz UV y se valoró el grado de expresión de los factores de virulencia por las diversas formas morfológicas obtenidas. Se obtuvieron tres variaciones morfológicas de C. albicans: forma de estrella (S), rugosa (W) y anular (R), a partir de la variedad lisa original (O). La actividad proteinasa fue mayor en el tipo W, seguida por el tipo R, y por el tipo O; el tipo S fue el de menor actividad proteolítica. La actividad fosfolipasa fue mayor en el tipo O, seguida por el tipo R; los tipos W y S presentaron una actividad fosfolipasa menor. La expresión de la CSH y de la adherencia fue superior en el tipo O, seguida por el tipo R y el tipo W, y finalmente el tipo S. Las variaciones fenotípicas de C. albicans presentan una expresión diferenciada de factores de virulencia y ello puede proveer a un tipo morfológico particular de ciertas ventajas, facilitando el inicio de una candidiasis(AU)


A total of 110 strains belonging to seven species of Candida were isolated from various forms of candidiasis in diabetic patients. They were Candida albicans 53 (47%), Candida tropicalis 36 (33%), Candida glabrata 9 (8%), Candida parapsilosis 4 (4%), Candida guilliermondii 2 (2%), Candida krusei 5 (5%) and Candida kefyr 1 (1%). All 53 strains of C. albicans isolated were observed to express virulence factors such as cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), adherence to human buccal epithelial cell (BEC) and proteinase activity (100%), while phospholipase activity was observed in 52 (98%). Phenotypic switching and its influence on the pathogenicity of C. albicans were studied. Two C. albicans strains isolated from oral and vaginal thrush, respectively, in diabetic individuals, and the control strain C. albicans NCPF 3153A were induced to undergo phenotypic switching by exposure to UV light and the degree of expression of virulence factors by the different morphological forms was determined. Three different morphological forms of C. albicans were obtained, namely Star (S), Wrinkled (W) and Ring (R) types from the original Smooth (O) variety. It was found that proteinase activity was greatest with the W type followed by the R type then the O type. The S type produced the least proteinase. The phospholipase activity was greatest with O type followed by R type. The W and S types produced the least phospholipase. Expression of CSH and adherence was greatest in the O type followed by the R and then the W type and finally the S type. Differential expression of virulence factors occurs with different phenotypic forms of C. albicans and this may provide a particular morphological type with a distinct advantage over other types in causing candidiasis(AU9


Assuntos
Candida albicans/patogenicidade , Candida albicans/isolamento & purificação , Candidíase/microbiologia , Fenótipo , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Peptídeo Hidrolases/análise , Fosfolipases/análise
20.
J. physiol. biochem ; 65(2): 137-146, abr.-jun. 2009. tab, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-75574

RESUMO

The proteasome inhibitors are used as research tools to study of the ATP-dependentubiquitin-proteasome system. Some of them are at present undergoing clinicaltrials to be used as therapeutic agents for cancer or inflammation. These diseases areoften accompanied by muscle wasting. We herein demonstrate findings about newproteasome inhibitors, belactosin A and C, and their direct effect on protein metabolismin rat skeletal muscle. M. soleus (SOL) and m. extensor digitorum longus(EDL) were dissected from both legs of male rats (40-60g) and incubated in a buffercontaining belactosin A or C (30 ìM) or no inhibitor. The release of amino acids intothe medium was estimated using high performance liquid chromatography to calculatetotal and myofibrillar proteolysis. Chymotrypsin-like activity (CTLA) of proteasomeand cathepsin B, L activity were determined by fluorometric assay. Proteinsynthesis and leucine oxidation were detected using specific activity of L-[1-14C]leucine added to medium. Inhibited and control muscles from the same rat were comparedusing paired t-test. The results indicate that after incubation with both belactosinA and C total proteolysis and CTLA of proteasome decreased while cathepsinB, L activity did not change in both SOL and EDL. Leucine oxidation was significantlyenhanced in SOL, protein synthesis decreased in EDL. Myofibrillar proteolysiswas reduced in both muscles in the presence of belactosin A only. In summary,belactosin A and C affected basic parameters of protein metabolism in rat skeletalmuscle. The response was both muscle- and belactosin-type-dependent(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Peptídeo Hidrolases , Músculo Esquelético , Proteínas , Proteínas/metabolismo , Aminoácidos , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Atrofia Muscular , Ubiquitina , Neoplasias/terapia , Inflamação/terapia
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