Effects of antipsychotics on amino acid levels in patients with first-episode schizophrenia: A prospective study

Background and objectives Alterations in the molecular mechanisms of specific amino acids (AAs) may be implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ). However, little is known about antipsychotic drugs influence on levels of AAs. This study aimed to further explore antipsychotics' effects on AAs and serum lipid levels in first-episode SZ. Methods Eighty subjects with the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition (ICD-10) criteria-defined SZ were enrolled. The levels of 31 AAs were measured in plasma samples using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Results Ten AAs (i.e., citrulline, sarcosine, tyrosine, leucine, proline, hydroxyproline, kynurenine, tryptophan, valine and isoleucine) were observed to be higher and three AAs (i.e., GABA, aminobutyric acid and asparaginic acid) were lower in 80 patients with first-episode SZ after various antipsychotics treatment. In addition, there were 1 out of 31 AAs altered after olanzapine treatment and there were only 2 out of 31 AAs altered after risperidone treatment. Furthermore, serum triglyceride (TG) was markedly upregulated after olanzapine treatment, while Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) was generally upregulated after risperidone treatment in patients with first-episode SZ. Conclusions Taken together, antipsychotic treatment can affect the plasma levels of AAs in patients with first-episode SZ, and olanzapine and risperidone have differential effects on the levels of AAs. (AU)

Succinic acid production by wine yeasts and the influence of GABA and glutamic acid / Producción de ácido succínico por levaduras enológicas y la influencia del GABA y el ácido glutámico

As a consequence of alcoholic fermentation (AF) in wine, several compounds are released by yeasts, and some of them are linked to the general quality and mouthfeel perceptions in wine. However, others, such as succinic acid, act as inhibitors, mainly of malolactic fermentation. Succinic acid is produced by non-Saccharomyces and Saccharomyces yeasts during the initial stages of AF, and the presence of some amino acids such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamic acid can increase the concentration of succinic acid. However, the influence of these amino acids on succinic acid production has been studied very little to date. In this work, we studied the production of succinic acid by different strains of non-Saccharomyces and Saccharomyces yeasts during AF in synthetic must, and the influence of the addition of GABA or glutamic acid or a combination of both. The results showed that succinic acid can be produced by non-Saccharomyces yeasts with values in the range of 0.2–0.4 g/L. Moreover, the addition of GABA or glutamic acid can increase the concentration of succinic acid produced by some strains to almost 100 mg/L more than the control, while other strains produce less. Consequently, higher succinic acid production by non-Saccharomyces yeast in coinoculated fermentations with S. cerevisiae strains could represent a risk of inhibiting Oenococcus oeni and therefore the MLF.(AU)

Community development in the production of concentrated flourhigh in amino acids made from a combination of eel and tempe / Desarrollo comunitario en la producción de harina concentrada rica en aminoácidos a partir de una combinación de anguila y tempe

Introduction and Objectives: To date, there are no known supplement products made from a combination of eel and tempe. The development of concentrate from eels in combination with tempe (ETF) aims to create supplements containing the essential amino acid L-arginine, which has many proven health benefits. Methods: The community empowerment was held from June to July 2023 at Cangkringan, Sleman, Yogyakarta. The main agendas consisted of ETF training production and the cooking creation of ETF-based food. Aside from that, there were several secondary agendas such as food halal socialization, accessories design training, patchwork utilization training, computer and Microsoft Office training, English language education, public speaking class, Al-Qur’an and miscellaneous education for children, community service, mutual cinema, and competitions for the community. Results: The community development program in the production of high-amino acid concentrated ETF flour has succeeded in achieving the three main objectives of the program, namely functional product innovation, empowerment of micro, small, and medium enterprises and local communities, as well as increasing demand for local commodities, showing the importance of collaboration between the government, community, and private sector in supporting the development of local products that are economically and health-beneficial and can be used as examples to share similar initiatives in other areas.(AU)

Effects of acute beta-alanine supplementation on post-exertion rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, blood lactate, and physical performance on the 6-minute race test in middle-distance runners / Efectos de la suplementación aguda con beta-alanina sobre el índice de esfuerzo percibido, la frecuencia cardíaca y el lactato sanguíneo posesfuerzo, y el rendimiento físico en la prueba de carrera de 6 minutos en corredores de media distancia

Background: the use of beta-alanine (BA) to increase physical performance in the heavy-intensity domain zone (HIDZ) is widely documented. However, the effect of this amino acid on the post-exertion rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), and blood lactate (BL) is still uncertain. Objectives: a) to determine the effect of acute BA supplementation on post-exertion RPE, HR, and BL in middle-distance athletes; and b) todetermine the effect of acute BA supplementation on physical performance on the 6-minute race test (6-MRT). Material and methods: the study included 12 male middle-distance athletes. The design was quasi-experimental, intrasubject, double-blind& crossover. It had two treatments (low-dose BA [30 mg·kg-1] and high-dose BA [45 mg·kg-1]) and a placebo, 72 hours apart. The effect of BA was evaluated at the end of the 6-MRT and post-exertion. The variables were RPE, HR and BL, and 6-MRT (m) distance. The statistical analysis included a repeated-measures ANOVA (p < 0.05). Results: the analysis evidenced no significant differences at the end of 6-MRT for all variables (p < 0.05). However, both doses of BA generated a lower post-exertion RPE. The high dose of BA caused significant increases in post-exertion BL (p < 0.05). Conclusion: acute supplementation with BA generated a lower post-exertion RPE. This decrease in RPE and the post-exertion BL increase could be related to an increase in physical performance in HIDZ. (AU)

Introducción: el uso de beta-alanina (BA) para aumentar el rendimiento físico en zonas con dominio de alta intensidad (HIDZ) está ampliamente documentado. Sin embargo, el efecto de este aminoácido sobre el índice de esfuerzo percibido (RPE), la frecuencia cardíaca (HR) y el lactato sanguíneo (BL) aún es incierto. Objetivos: a) determinar el efecto de la suplementación aguda de BA sobre el RPE, la HR y el BL posesfuerzo; y b) además del rendimiento en la prueba de carrera de 6 minutos (6-MRT), en atletas de media distancia. Material y métodos: el estudio incluyó a 12 atletas masculinos de media distancia. El diseño fue cuasiexperimental, intrasujeto, doble ciego y cruzado. Incluyó dos tratamientos (BA en dosis baja [30 mg·kg-1] y BA en dosis alta [45 mg·kg-1]) y placebo, con 72 horas de diferencia. El efecto de BA se evaluó al final de los 6-MRT y posesfuerzo. Las variables fueron RPE, HR y BL, y distancia en 6-MRT (m). El análisis estadístico incluyó un ANOVA de medidas repetidas (p < 0,05). Resultados: el análisis no evidenció diferencias significativas al final de los 6-MRT para todas las variables (p > 0,05). Sin embargo, ambasdosis de BA generaron un menor RPE posesfuerzo. La dosis alta de BA generó incrementos significativos en el BL posesfuerzo (p < 0,05). Conclusión: la suplementación aguda con BA generó un menor RPE posesfuerzo. Esta disminución del RPE y el aumento en el BL posesfuerzo podrían estar relacionados con un aumento del rendimiento físico en HIDZ. (AU)

Contenido en Lisina y Arginina en soluciones de aminoácidos comercializadas en España / Comparison of Lysine and Arginine content in amino acid parenteral formulas approved in Spain

Introducción: La terapia basada en péptidos con radionúclidos representa una estrategia terapéutica eficaz frente a tumores neuroendocrinos pero no está exenta de efectos adversos como la nefrotoxicidad. Para prevenir esta nefrotoxicidad se emplean soluciones de aminoácidos de Lisina y Arginina. El objetivo de este artículo es conocer el contenido de L-Lisina, L-Arginina y la osmolaridad en las soluciones de aminoácidos autorizadas en España hasta marzo de 2021 y comparar la composición de éstas con las características de las soluciones nefroprotectoras indicadas en la ficha técnica de Lutecio. Métodos: Revisión de las fichas técnicas de todas aquellas soluciones de aminoácidos comercializadas en España. Las presentaciones comerciales con otros macronutrientes o electrolitos que no tengan una función de estabilidad o conservación de la solución fueron excluidas. Resultados: De las 23.658 presentaciones a marzo de 2021, fueron seleccionadas 90 soluciones. Tras esta primera selección, 18 presentaciones comerciales cumplían los criterios de inclusión. De las soluciones incluidas, al extrapolar el contenido a un volumen máximo de 2000 ml, cumplían con los objetivos de L-Lisina y L-Arginina. El contenido difería entre presentaciones pero contenían más L-Arginina y presentaban una alta osmolaridad. Discusión: Empleando un volumen máximo de 2000 ml, la mayoría de las soluciones incluidas en el estudio cumplían con los requisitos de L-Lisina y L-Arginina indicadas en la ficha técnica, si bien pueden existir problemas de administración por vía periférica por su osmolaridad. El hecho de que incluyan otros aminoácidos podría dar lugar a otro tipo de efectos adversos como toxicidad gastrointestinal. (AU)

Introduction: Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy represents an effective therapeutic strategy against neuroendocrine tumors, but it is not without serious adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity. In order to prevent this nephrotoxicity, Lysine and Arginine amino acid solutions are used. The objectives of this article are to to know the content of L-Lysine, L-Arginine and the osmolarity in commercial amino acid solutions authorized in Spain until march 2021 and to compare their composition with the characteristics of the nephroprotective solutions indicated in the Lutetium technical data sheet. Methods: Review of all the technical sheets of all those amino acid solutions that were marketed in Spain. Commercial presentations with other macronutrients or electrolytes that do not have a stability or solution conservation function were excluded. Results: From the 23,658 commercial presentations as of march 2021, 90 parenteral nutrition solutions were selected. After this first selection, 18 commercial presentations met the inclusion criteria. Of the included solutions, when the content was extrapolated to a maximum volume of 2000 ml, they met the objectives of L-Lysine and L-Arginine. The content varied between solutions and was mostly the highest content in L-Arginine. The solutions studied had a high osmolarity. Discussion: Using a maximum volume of 2000 ml, most of the solutions included in the study fulfilled the requirements of the content of L-Lysine and L-Arginine indicated in the technical data sheet, although there may be problems of administration by peripheral route to the have a high osmolarity. The fact that they include other amino acids could lead to other types of adverse effects such as gastrointestinal toxicity. (AU)

Whole-exome sequencing identified a homozygous novel RAG1 mutation in a child with omenn syndrome

Introduction and objectives Omenn syndrome (OS) is a very rare type of severe combined immunodeficiencies manifested with erythroderma, eosinophilia, hepatosplenomegaly, lymph-adenopathy, and elevated level of serum IgE. OS is inherited with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Germline mutations in the human RAG1 gene cause OS. Materials and methods In this study, we investigated a 2-month-old boy with cough, mild anaemia, pneumonia, immunodeficiency, repeated infection, feeding difficulties, hepatomegaly, growth retardation, and heart failure. Parents of the proband were phenotypically normal. Results Karyotype analysis and chromosomal microarray analysis found no chromosomal structural abnormalities (46, XY) and no pathogenic copy number variations (CNVs) in the proband. Whole-exome sequencing identified a novel homozygous single nucleotide deletion (c.2662delC) in exon 2 of the RAG1 gene in the proband. Sanger sequencing confirmed that both the proband parents were carrying this variant in a heterozygous state. This variant was not identified in two elder sisters and one elder brother of the proband and in the 100 ethnically matched normal healthy individuals. This novel homozygous deletion (c.2662delC) leads to the frameshift, which finally results in the formation of the truncated protein (p.Leu888Phefs*3) V(D)J recombination-activating protein 1 with 890 amino acids compared with the wildtype V(D)J recombination-activating protein 1 of 1043 amino acids. Hence, it is a loss-of-function variant. Conclusion Our present study expands the mutational spectrum of the RAG1 gene associated with OS. We also strongly suggested the importance of whole-exome sequencing for the genetic screening of patients with OS (AU)

Vaccine matching and antigenic variability of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes O and A from 2018 Ethiopian isolates / Coincidencia de vacunas y variabilidad antigénica de los serotipos O y A del virus de la fiebre aftosa de aislamientos etíopes de 2018

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is highly infectious, limits live animal trade, and affects ranchers owing to the loss of animal yield. The present study was designed to perform vaccine matching for field FMD virus isolates from clinically diseased cattle and assess the antigenic properties of the field isolates against the current vaccine strains used for vaccine production at the National Veterinary Institute, Ethiopia. Both sequencing and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions were used for distinguishing between the viral strains. To evaluate the serological relationship of the vaccine strain with these field isolates (r1 value), in vitro cross-neutralization was performed using ETH/6/2000 and ETH/38/2005 antisera. Infectious field FMD viral samples represented serotypes A and O. Sequence analysis showed that serotype A VP1/1D possessed amino acid variability at positions 28 and 42 to 48, 138, 141, 142, 148, 156, 173, and 197 compared with the ETH/6/2000 vaccine strain, whereas serotype O possessed amino acid variability at positions 45, 48, 138, 139, 140, 141, and 197 compared with the ETH/38/2005 vaccine strain. Based on the one-dimensional virus neutralization test, serotypes A and O demonstrated antigenic matching of up to 13/17 (76.47%) with the vaccine strain, except for the isolates ETH/40/2018, ETH/48/2018, ETH/55/2018, and ETH/61/2018, which had r-values less than 0.3. Therefore, the currently used vaccine strains ETH/38/2005 for serotype O and ETH/6/2000 for serotype A protected against all and most field viruses characterized as serotypes O and A, respectively, and amino acid residue variation was observed in different FMD virus B-C loops, G-H loops, and C-termini of VP1 at sites 1 and 3 in both serotypes.(AU)

Etiquetado nutricional y perfil de aminoácidos en lácteos chilenos altos en proteína: nueva alternativa para la salud y el deporte / Nutritional labeling and amino acid profile in high protein Chilean dairy products: a new alternative for health and sports

Introducción: la proteína es un nutriente esencial que se puede obtener a través de diferentes fuentes alimentarias. En los últimos años, un creciente desarrollo de la industria alimentaria de productos lácteos con mayor aporte en proteínas ha surgido en el mercado nacional. Métodos: el presente trabajo analizó la información nutricional, el contenido proteico y el perfil de aminoácidos de una serie de yogures altos en proteína. Se seleccionaron 5 principales marcas de yogures altos en proteína (YP), una muestra de yogur batido (YBAT) y una de proteina de suero de leche aislado (WP) a las que se realizó un análisis proximal y un perfil de aminoácidos por cromatografía líquida de alto rendimiento (HPLC). Resultados: se pudo observar que el contenido de proteína de los YP analizados varió entre 7,2-15,1 g/porción, lo que representa del 6,8 al 11 % del contenido total, el doble del contenido del YBAT (3,4 %). Respecto a los hidratos de carbono y grasas, estos se encontraron entre 6,25 y 13,5 g/porción y 0,9 y 5,3 g/porción, respectivamente. El contenido de leucina de los YP varió entre 0,6 y 1,5 g/porción, con valores superiores a los de los YBAT (0,3 g/porción) e inferiores a los de las WP (2,2 g/porción). La suma de aminoácidos esenciales se encontró entre 3 y 6,9 g/porción en los YP, 1,7 g/porción en los YBAT y 8,5 g/porción en las WP. Conclusión: estos resultados demuestran que los YP son una buena alternativa para promover una correcta ingesta proteica, semejante a las proteínas de uso deportivo, por lo que su recomendación podría ser útil para promover su consumo en diferentes poblaciones según sus necesidades. (AU)

Introduction: protein is an essential nutrient that can be obtained through different food sources. In recent years, a growing development in the food industry of dairy products with higher protein content has emerged in the national market. Métodos: the present work analyzed the nutritional information, protein content, and amino acid profile of high protein yogurts. Five main brands of high-protein yogurt (PY) were selected, as was a sample of regular yogurt (RY), and one of whey protein isolate (WP), which underwent a proximal analysis and amino acid profile by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: it was observed that the protein content of the analyzed YP ranged between 7.2 and 15.1 g/portion, representing 6.8 % to 11 % of total content, twice the content of YBAT (3,4 %). Regarding carbohydrates and fats, these were found to range between 6.25 and 13.5 g/serving and 0.9 and 5.3 g/serving, respectively. Leucine content of the PY varied between 0.6 and 1.5 g/portion, which was higher than RY (0.3 g/portion) and lower than WP (2.2 g/portion). The sum of essential amino acids was found to be between 3 and 6.9 g/portion in PY, 1.7 g/serving and 8.5 g/serving in WP. Conclusion: these results show that PYs are a good alternative to promote a correct protein intake, similar to proteins for sports use, so their recommendation could be useful to promote consumption in different populations according to their needs. (AU)

Precipitado negro en nutrición parenteral / Black precipitate in parenteral nutrition

Introducción: durante la infusión de una nutrición parenteral sin lípidos se observó un precipitado negro en el filtro. Hay hallazgos similares publicados en los que se han detectado cobre y azufre (proveniente de la cisteína) en la composición del precipitado. Objetivo: comprobar que la cisteína y el cobre intervienen en la formación del precipitado. Métodos: se tomaron muestras de la solución de nutrición parenteral antes y después de su paso por el filtro. Se analizaron en ambas muestras las concentraciones de aminoácidos mediante cromatografía de intercambio iónico y derivatización post-columna con ninhidrina en un equipo Biochrom 30 y las de cobre mediante espectrometría de absorción atómica en un equipo PerkinElmer AAnalyst(TM) 200. Resultados: las concentraciones de cisteína y cobre en la solución disminuyeron en un 29,3% y 75,9%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: la disminución de las concentraciones de cisteína y cobre en la solución filtrada sugieren que ambos están involucrados en la formación del precipitado negro observado en el filtro

Introduction: a black precipitate was observed in the filter during the infusion of a parenteral nutrition without lipids. There are similar findings published in which copper and sulphur (from cysteine) were found in the composition of the precipitate. Objective: to determine if copper and cysteine are involved in the formation of the precipitate. Methods: samples of the parenteral nutrition solution were taken before and after its passage through the filter. Amino acids concentrations were analysed in both samples by ion exchange chromatography and post-column derivatization with ninhydrin in a Biochrom 30 device. Copper concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry in a PerkinElmer AAnalyst(TM) 200 device. Results: a decrease in cysteine concentration of 29.3% was found. The concentration of copper decreased by 75.9%. Conclusions: the decrease in the concentrations of cysteine and copper in the filtered solution suggest that both are involved in the formation of the black precipitate observed in the filter

Influence of the type of amino acids in the formation of precipitates of copper and sulphur in parenteral nutrition / Influencia del tipo de aminoácidos en la formación de precipitados de cobre y azufre en nutrición parenteral

Objective: we found a black precipitate during the infusion of a parenteral nutrition without lipids. The objective of this study is to check the composition of the precipitate and the influence of the type of amino acids in its formation. Methods: four PN bags were prepared with the following composition: 1 l of amino acids solution, 150 g glucose, 60 mEq potassium, 217 mEq chloride, 105 mEq sodium, 15 mEq magnesium, 15 mEq calcium, 18.63 mmol phosphorus and trace elements (Addamel(R)). Each bag was prepared using a different type of amino acids solution with different amount of cysteine per litre: Tauramin(R) 10% (0.5 g/l), Primene(R) 10% (1.89 g/l), Tauramin(R) 12.6% (0.62 g/l) or Synthamin(R) 10% (0 g/l). Tauramin(R) 10% and Primene(R) 10% were packaged in glass containers whereas Tauramin(R) 12.6% and Synthamin(R) 10%, in plastic. The contents of each bag were filtered using Pall NEO96E 0.2 micron filters. A 2.25% area of each filter was observed by scanning electron microscopy at 100x magnification. The analysis by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was performed at 1,000x magnification. Results: in the Primene(R) 10% and Tauramin(R) 10% filters, a greater amount of precipitate was observed than with Tauramin(R) 12.6% and Synthamin(R) 10%. The percentage of copper and sulphur in each area of the filters studied was, respectively, 22.9% and 11.5% (Primene(R) 10%), 19.3% and 9.6% (Tauramin(R) 10%), 3.7% and 0% (Tauramin(R) 12.6%), 2.5% y 0% (Synthamin(R) 10%). Conclusions: the observed precipitate contains copper and sulphur. Precipitate formation occurs in high cysteine content amino acids solutions packaged in glass containers. It is important to use filters in the administration of PN to ensure that this type of precipitates are retained and do not pass to the patient. Key words

Objetivo: durante la infusión de una nutrición parenteral (NP) sin lípidos se observó un precipitado negro en el filtro. El objetivo del estudio es comprobar la composición del precipitado y la influencia del tipo de aminoácidos en su formación. Métodos: se prepararon cuatro bolsas de NP con 1.000 ml de solución de aminoácidos, 150 g glucosa, 60 mEq potasio, 217 mEq cloruro, 105 mEq sodio, 15 mEq magnesio, 15 mEq calcio, 18,63 mmol fósforo y oligoelementos (Addamel(R)). Se utilizaron distintos tipos de aminoácidos con concentraciones de cisteína diferentes: Tauramin(R) 10% (0,5 g/l), Primene(R) 10% (1,89 g/l), Tauramin(R) 12,6% (0,62 g/l) o Synthamin(R) 17 (0 g/l). Tauramin(R) 10% y Primene(R) 10% estaban envasados en vidrio y Tauramin(R) 12,6% y Synthamin(R) 17, en plástico. El contenido de cada bolsa se filtró utilizando filtros Pall NEO96E de 0,2 micras. Se estudió un área de 2,25% de cada filtro mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido a 100 aumentos. El análisis mediante espectroscopia de dispersión de energía (EDS) se realizó a 1.000 aumentos. Resultados: en los filtros con Primene(R) 10% y Tauramin(R) 10%, se observó mayor precipitación que con Tauramin(R) 12,6% y Synthamin(R) 10%. El porcentaje de cobre y azufre en cada área de los filtros estudiados fue 22,9% y 11,5% (Primene(R) 10%), 19,3% y 9,6% (Tauramin(R) 10%), 3,7% y 0% (Tauramin 12,6%), 2,5% y 0% (Synthamin 10%). Conclusiones: el precipitado observado contiene cobre y azufre. La formación de precipitados se produce con soluciones de aminoácidos envasadas en vidrio, con gran cantidad de cisteína. Es importante usar filtros en la administración de NP para garantizar que los precipitados se retengan y no se pasen al paciente

Casein-derived peptides as an alternative ingredient for low-phenylalanine diets / Péptidos derivados de la caseína como ingrediente alternativo para las dietas bajas en fenilalanina

Introduction: casein-derived peptides can be liberated both in vivo via normal digestion of casein, as well as in vitro via enzymatic hydrolysis. These peptides were suggested to have biological activity. Objectives: the aim of this study was to describe the production and characterization of casein peptides and to explore the potential of these peptides as an option for low-phenylalanine diets. Methods: peptides were produced by tryptic hydrolysis of sodium caseinate and acid precipitation with HCl, followed by precipitation with ethanol or aggregation of CaCl2 or ZnSO4. Results: the amino acid analysis revealed a significant reduction in the amount of phenylalanine from the original protein. Conclusion: casein-derived peptides could be a future alternative of short chain peptides to low-phenylalanine formulations

Introducción: los péptidos derivados de la caseína se pueden liberar tanto in vivo, a través de la digestión normal de la caseína, como in vitro a través de la hidrólisis enzimática. Se sugirió que estos péptidos tenían actividad biológica. Objetivos: el objetivo de este estudio fue describir la producción y caracterización de péptidos de caseína y explorar el potencial de estos péptidos como una opción para las dietas con bajo contenido de fenilalanina. Métodos: los péptidos se produjeron por hidrólisis tríptica de caseinato de sodio y precipitación ácida con HCl, seguido de precipitación con etanol o agregación de CaCl2 o ZnSO4. Resultados: el análisis de aminoácidos reveló una reducción significativa en la cantidad de fenilalanina de la proteína original. Conclusión: los péptidos derivados de la caseína podrían ser una alternativa futura de los péptidos de cadena corta a las formulaciones con bajo contenido de fenilalanina

Influencia de aminoácidos provenientes de la dieta en la expresión de genes / Influence of amino acids that come from the diet in the expression of genes

Objetivo: realizar una revisión descriptiva sobre la influencia de aminoácidos (AA) provenientes de la dieta en la expresión génica. Materiales y métodos: la investigación bibliográfica incluyó las siguientes fuentes escritas: Scielo, PubMed, Medline, NCBI, Springer, Scopus, Science Direct y Elsevier, recuperadas hasta mayo de 2018, a partir de revisiones críticas de artículos científicos. Se encontraron 105 registros después de la combinación de palabras clave. Se tomaron en cuenta los criterios fundamentales de selección (título, autores, resumen y resultados) usando la reducción razonada de Maeda y PRISMA (elementos de informe preferidos para revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis) como metodología de revisión sistemática. Conclusiones: existen genes que se regulan en varias etapas: transcripción, procesado postranscripcional, exportación nuclear y traducción de los mRNA maduros. Los aminoácidos pueden tener influencia en estos procesos a través de la activación de factores de transcripción. En la traducción, los AA pueden regular la síntesis de proteínas mediante cambios en eI F2B, fosforilación de 4E-BP1 y de proteínas S6. Los AA tienen efecto en la regulación de la expresión de factores de crecimiento, como el factor de crecimiento análogo a la insulina IGF-I en el ser humano

Objective: to make a descriptive review about the influence of the dietary amino acids in gene expression. Materials and method: the bibliographic research included the following written sources: Scielo, PubMed, Medline, NCBI, Springer, Scopus, Science Direct and Elsevier, retrieved until May 2018 from critical reviews of scientific articles. One hundred and five records were found after the combination of key words. Fundamental selection criteria were taken into account (title, authors, summary and results) using Maeda's reasoned reduction and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) as a systematic review methodology. Conclusion: there are genes that are regulated in various stages including transcription, post-transcriptional processing, nuclear export and translation of mature mRNA. Amino acids can influence these processes through the activation of transcription factors. In terms of translation, amino acids can regulate protein synthesis through changes in eIF2B, phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and S6 proteins. In addition, amino acids affect the regulation of the growth factor expression (insulin like grow factor: IGF-I) in humans

Límites de precipitación en nutriciones parenterales pediátricas con fuentes de calcio y fosfato orgánicas / Precipitation limits in pediatric parenteral nutritions with organic sources of calcium and phosphate

Objetivo: conocer si hay precipitación en nutriciones parenterales (NP) con gluconato cálcico y glicerofosfato sódico en las cantidades límites del documento de consenso español de preparación de nutrición parenteral SENPE/SEGHNP/SEFH 2008.Métodos: se prepararon por triplicado siete NP: cinco de 100 ml con concentraciones de aminoácidos, calcio y fósforo similares a las concentraciones máximas de precipitación del documento consenso SENPE/SEGHNP/SEFH y dos controles, uno sin calcio y fósforo y otro con alto contenido de calcio y fósforo y baja concentración de aminoácidos. Las NP no contenían lípidos. Las NP se almacenaron 20 horas a temperatura ambiente y cuatro horas a 35 °C, y se filtraron con un filtro de 0,2 micras. Estos filtros se transportaron y observaron parcialmente por microscopía electrónica. Los cristales observados se analizaron por espectrometría por dispersión de rayos X a 1.000 aumentos. Al observarse gran cantidad de precipitados, que no se correspondían a los estudios publicados, se realizaron estudios complementarios para conocer su origen. Resultados: en todos los casos, a excepción del control sin calcio y fósforo, se observaron precipitados. Sin embargo, estos cristales, según nuestros estudios, se produjeron después de la filtración y en su composición está el calcio, pero no el fósforo. También se observaron partículas provenientes de la preparación de nutrición parenteral. Conclusiones: en nuestro estudio no encontramos precipitados de fosfato cálcico en los límites recogidos en el documento consenso SENPE/SEGHNP/SEFH. Sin embargo, es posible que se formen microprecipitados con calcio en su composición. Es importante fi ltrar las NP previamente a su administración

Objective: to determine if precipitation processes occur in parenteral nutrition solutions (PNs) with calcium gluconate and sodium glycerophosphate in the precipitation threshold limits of the Spanish SENPE/SEGHNP/SEFH 2008 consensus document of PN preparation. Methods: seven PNs with different composition were prepared in triplicate: fi ve 100 ml PNs with different concentrations of amino acids, calcium and phosphorus similar to consensus document maximum concentrations for precipitation, and two control PNs: one without calcium and phosphorus and other with high calcium and phosphorus content and low concentration of amino acids. All PNs did not contain lipids to allow correct detection of precipitates. The no lipid PNs were stored at room temperature for 20 hours, and at 35 °C for four hours. Subsequently, they filtered through a 0.2 μm filter, which was observed by electron microscopy. Because a large amount of not expected precipitates was observed, complementary studies were carried out. Results: precipitates were observed in all PNs except in the control solution without calcium and phosphorus; many of them were greater than 10 μm. However, according to our studies, these crystals were produced after filtration and calcium was found in their composition, but not phosphorus. Particles from the preparation of parenteral nutrition were also observed. Conclusions: in our study we did not fi nd calcium phosphate precipitates in the limits included in the consensus document SENPE/SEGHNP/SEFH. However, it is possible that micro precipitates with calcium are formed. It is important to fi lter PNs prior to their administration

Metabolomic analysis and biochemical changes in the urine and serum of streptozotocin-induced normal- and obese-diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that can affect metabolism of glucose and other metabolites. In this study, the normal- and obese-diabetic rats were compared to understand the diabetes disorders of type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. This was done by evaluating their urine metabolites using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR)-based metabolomics and comparing with controls at different time points, considering the induction periods of obesity and diabetes. The biochemical parameters of the serum were also investigated. The obese-diabetic model was developed by feeding the rats a high-fat diet and inducing diabetic conditions with a low dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (25 mg/kg bw). However, the normal rats were induced by a high dose of STZ (55 mg/kg bw). A partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model showed the biomarkers of both DM types compared to control. The synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, tricarboxylic (TCA) cycles, and amino acid pathways were the ones most involved in the variation with the highest impact. The diabetic groups also exhibited a noticeable increase in the plasma glucose level and lipid profile disorders compared to the control. There was also an increase in the plasma cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and a decline in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) of diabetic rats. The normal-diabetic rats exhibited the highest effect of all parameters compared to the obese-diabetic rats in the advancement of the DM period. This finding can build a platform to understand the metabolic and biochemical complications of both types of DM and can generate ideas for finding targeted drugs

Evolución de la función renal en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica con dieta restringida en proteínas suplementada con una mezcla de aminoácidos y cetoanálogos / Progression of renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease on a low-protein diet supplemented with aminoacids and ketoanalogues

Introducción: la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) es un problema de salud pública. Se ha evaluado el uso de dietas con bajo contenido proteico suplementadas con cetoácidos y aminoácidos esenciales en diferentes estadios de la ERC. Objetivo: observar la evolución de la función renal durante un año en pacientes adultos con ERC estadios 3b y 4 con dieta controlada en proteínas y suplementada con aminoácidos y cetoanálogos. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo de una intervención. Intervención nutricional: aporte proteico-calórico: 0,4-0,6 g/kg/día y 30-35 kcal/kg/día más un comprimido de alfacetoanálogos (Ketosteril(R))/5 kg de peso. Se evaluaron el estado nutricional, el filtrado glomerular (FG), la creatinemia, la uremia y la albuminemia a los 0, 3, 6, 9 y 12 meses. Se utilizó el programa SPSS versión 18 para el análisis estadístico. Resultados: fueron estudiados 33 pacientes, un 67% de ellos masculinos, con un promedio de edad de 59,7 años (r: 24-87). Aporte proteico-calórico: 0,55 ± 0,20 g/kg/día y 34 ± 4,51 kcal/kg/día. Consumo de Ketosteril(R): 11,87 comprimidos diarios (r: 9-14). FG inicial: 24,97 ± 6,64 ml/min/1,73 m2, con un aumento significativo entre los tres y los 12 meses (25,51 ± 8,57 y 29,26 ± 10,33 ml/min/1,73 m2; p = 0,006). Nitrógeno ureico: disminuyó significativamente a los seis meses respecto del valor inicial (p < 0,005). Índice de masa corporal: sin cambios significativos al inicio (26,63 ± 4,08 kg/m2) y al final (26,78 ± 3,98 kg/m2). Albuminemia: 3,53 ± 0,64 g/l y 4,00 ± 0,53 g/l al inicio y al final (p = 0,079).Conclusión: los pacientes con ERC estadios 3b y 4 tratados con una dieta baja en proteínas y cetoanálogos mantuvieron el estado nutricional y el equilibrio mineral, mejoraron significativamente el FG y disminuyeron la uremia

Introduction: chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health problem. Low-protein diets supplemented with ketoacids and essential aminoacids have proved effective at different CKD stages. Aim: to assess the progression of renal failure in adult patients with CKD stages 3b and 4 receiving a protein-controlled diet supplemented with aminoacids and ketoanalogues. Methods: retrospective, descriptive intervention study. The nutritional intervention consisted of a protein/calorie intake of 0.4-0.6 g/kg/day and 30-35 kcal/kg/day plus a tablet of ketoanalogues (KetosterilR)/5 kg weight. We assessed nutritional condition, glomerular filtration (GF) and creatinine, urea and albumin levels at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. SPSS version 18 was used for data statistical analysis. Results: thirty-three patients were studied (67% male; mean age 59.7 years, r: 24-87). Protein/calorie intake was 0.55 +/- 0.20 g/kg/day and 34 +/- 4.51 kcal/kg/day. KetosterilR intake was 11.87 tablets/day (r: 9-14). Initial GF was 24.97 +/- 6.64 ml/min/1.73 m2, showing a significant increase between three and 12 months (25.51 +/- 8.57 and 29.26 +/- 10.33 ml/min/1.73 m2; p = 0.006). Urea nitrogen decreased significantly at six months compared with the initial level (p < 0.005). Body mass index did not change significantly (initial, 26. 63 +/- 4.08 kg/m2; after a year, 26.78 +/- 3.98 kg/m2). Initial and final albumin levels were 3.53 +/- 0.64 g/l and 4.00 +/- 0.53 g/l, respectively (p = 0.79). Conclusion: a low-protein diet supplemented with ketoanalogues administered to patients with CKD stages 3b and 4 preserved nutritional condition and mineral balance, improved GF significantly and decreased urea levels

Hipofosforemia precoz en recién nacidos de riesgo. Frecuencia y magnitud / Early hypophosphataemia in at risk newborns. Frequency and magnitude

OBJETIVO: Conocer la frecuencia y la magnitud de la hipofosforemia neonatal (< 4 mg/dl) en una UCIN y definir los grupos de riesgo. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo en neonatos hospitalizados, en periodo de 44 meses (fase 1). Estudio retrospectivo en < 1.500 g/< 32 semanas de gestación en período posterior de 6 meses (fase 2). Estudio prospectivo en < 1.500 g o CIR con peso 1.500-2.000 g. Determinaciones en días 1, 3, 7 y 14 de vida (fase 3). RESULTADOS: Fase 1: 34 de 1.394 pacientes (2,4%) fueron diagnosticados de hipofosforemia, 76% de ellos ≤ 32 semanas de gestación y < 1.500 g, y 24% > 32 semanas con peso < P10. Fase 2: 12 de 73 pacientes (16,4%) fueron diagnosticados de hipofosforemia, 5 (6,8%) con hipofosofremia< 2mg/dl. De ellos 8 fueron CIR y 4 < 1.000 g. Cinco pacientes asociaron hipopotasemia y 3 hipercalcemia. Fase 3: 9 de 20 pacientes (45%) presentaron hipofosforemia, todos < 1.000 g o con peso al nacer < 1.200 g y percentil < 10. El 33% de las muestras de los días 1, 3 y 7 mostraron hipofosforemia, < 2 mg/dl en 4 muestras. Asociaron hipopotasemia leve 5 casos (55%) e hipercalcemia leve 2 (22%). La hipofosforemia se asoció a menor nutrición enteral y más aporte parenteral de aminoácidos en los primeros días. CONCLUSIONES: La hipofosforemia es frecuente y puede ser crítica en la primera semana en prematuros < 1.000 g y en los nacidos con desnutrición fetal y peso < 1.200 g que reciben aminoácidos en la nutrición parenteral precoz

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and magnitude of neonatal hypophosphataemia (< 4 mg/dL) in a neonatal Intensive Care Unit and to describe risk groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of hospitalised newborns over a 44 month period (phase 1). Retrospective study of < 1,500g /< 32 weeks of gestation newborns over a 6 month period (phase 2). Prospective study of < 1,500 g or 1,550-2,000 g, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) newborns. Measurements were made on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 14th days of life (phase 3). RESULTS: Phase 1: 34 (2.4%) of 1,394 patients had a diagnosis of hypophosphataemia, 76% of them ≤ 32 weeks of gestation and < 1500 grams, and 24% > 32 weeks with weight < P10. Phase 2: 12 (16.4%) of 73 patients had a diagnosis of hypophosphataemia, with < 2 mg/dL in 5 (6.8%). Eight (75%) of those with hypophosphataemia had IUGR, and 4 (25%) weighed < 1,000 g. Five cases had associated hypokalaemia, and three hypercalcaemia. Phase 3: 9 (45%) of 20 patients had hypophosphataemia, all of them < 1,000 g or < 1,200 g and weight percentile < 10. Thirty-three percent of samples on days 1, 3, and 7 showed hypophosphataemia, four of them < 2mg/dL. There was mild hypokalaemia in 5 (55%), and mild hypercalcaemia in 2 (22%) cases. Hypophosphataemia was associated with lower enteral nutrition and higher parenteral amino acid intake in the early days of life. CONCLUSIONS: Hypophosphataemia is common, and can be severe, in the first week of life in premature infants < 1,000 grams, and newborns < 1,200 g with foetal malnutrition and receiving amino acids in early parenteral nutrition

Nutritional practices in very low birth weight infants: a national survey / ¿Cuál es la nutrición que administramos a nuestros recién nacidos de muy bajo peso en las unidades neonatales?: una encuesta nacional

Background: Significant efforts have been made to improve the nutritional support of very preterm infants. Large surveys may help to know the nutritional practices for preterm infants in neonatal units and identify if they are in line with the current guidelines. Methods: A multicentre nationwide web-based survey on clinical feeding practices in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants was conducted in tertiary neonatal hospitals that admit infants with a birth weight < 1,500 g and/or a gestational age of < 32 weeks. Results: The questionnaire was completed by 53 units (response rate, 59%). Over 90% of the units surveyed start amino-acid administration immediately after birth and more than half use novel intravenous fish oil-based lipid emulsions. Enteral nutrition is started within 24 hours of birth in 65% of units and 86% of these are medium-sized or large. Feeding volumes are increased at a rate of 10-30 ml/kg/day in > 90% of units. Monitoring of serum phosphorus was measured more frequently than albumin (p = 0.009) or triglycerides (p = 0.037), but only 28% of centres regularly measure pre-albumin as a nutritional biomarker. Human milk fortification and iron supplementation, starting at four weeks of age, are almost universal. However, only 30% of units administer 800 IU/day of vitamin D. Nearly 50% of the units discharge infants on preterm formula. Conclusion: Most Spanish neonatology units use early amino-acid supplementation and over half use novel fish oil-based lipid emulsions. Post-discharge nutrition practices and vitamin administration vary greatly (AU)

Antecedentes: se han realizado esfuerzos significativos para mejorar la nutrición en los recién nacidos muy prematuros. Las grandes encuestas pueden ayudar a conocer cuál es la nutrición que reciben los recién nacidos prematuros en las unidades neonatales e identificar si están en línea con las directrices actuales. Métodos: se llevó a cabo una encuesta multicéntrica a nivel nacional sobre las prácticas clínicas empleadas en la alimentación en los recién nacidos de muy bajo peso en hospitales de nivel III que ingresan recién nacidos con un peso al nacer < 1.500 g y/o una edad gestacional < 32 semanas. Resultados: el cuestionario fue completado por 53 unidades neonatales (tasa de respuesta del 59%). Más del 90% de las unidades estudiadas inician la administración de aminoácidos inmediatamente después del nacimiento y más de la mitad utilizan nuevas emulsiones lipídicas intravenosas que contienen aceite de pescado. La nutrición enteral se inicia en las primeras 24 horas de nacimiento en el 65% de las unidades y el 86% de ellas son medianas o grandes. El volumen de alimentación aumenta a una velocidad de 10-30 ml/kg/día en > 90% de las unidades. El fósforo sérico se monitoriza con mayor frecuencia que la albúmina (p = 0,009) o los triglicéridos (p = 0,037), pero solo el 28% de los centros miden regularmente la prealbúmina como biomarcador nutricional. La fortificación de la leche humana y la suplementación con hierro, a partir de las cuatro semanas de edad, es casi universal. Sin embargo, solo el 30% de las unidades administran 800 UI/día de vitamina D. Casi el 50% de las unidades utilizan leche de fórmula del prematuro al alta de las unidades. Conclusión: la mayoría de las unidades neonatales españolas administran precozmente los suplementos de aminoácidos y más de la mitad emplean emulsiones de lípidos a base de aceite. Hay una importante variación en las prácticas nutricionales posteriores al alta y en la administración de vitaminas (AU)

Divergent functional roles of D-amino acids secreted by Vibrio cholera

The L-forms of amino acids are used in all kingdoms of life to synthesize proteins. However, the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, produces D-amino acids which are released to the environment at millimolar concentrations. We baptized these D-amino acids as non-canonical D-amino acids (NCDAAs) since they are different from those (i.e. D-alanine and D-glutamate) normally present in the bacterial cell wall. In V. cholerae, production of NCDAAs relies on the BsrV enzyme, a periplasmic broad spectrum racemase. BsrV multispecific activity, produces of a wide range of distinct D-amino acids. Using a combination of genetics and molecular physiology approaches we have demonstrated that NCDAAs target different cellular processes which may function as part of a cooperative strategy in vibrio communities to protect non-producing members from competing bacteria. Because NCDAA production is widespread in bacteria, we anticipate that NCDAAs are relevant modulators of microbial subpopulations in diverse ecosystems (AU)

No disponible

Intestinal dysfunction in the critical trauma patients - An early and frequent event / Disfunción intestinal en los traumatizados críticos. Un suceso precoz y frecuente

Background: Small-bowel dysfunction exerts a relevant prognostic impact in the critically ill patients. Citrullinemia has been used in the evaluation of the intestinal function and it is considered an objective parameter of the functional enterocyte mass. Present study proposes to determine the intestinal dysfunction prevalence and the citrullinemia kinetic profi le in severe trauma patients and to investigate its correlation with severity indicators and clinical outcome. Methods: A prospective study including 23 critical trauma patients was performed. Aminoacidemias were quantified, by ion exchange chromatography, at the admission and at the first and third days. Severity and outcome parameters were registered. Results: In severe trauma patients, severe hypocitrullinemia (< 20 μmol/L) prevalence at admission was high (69.6%) and mean citrullinemia was low (19.5 ± 11.1 μmol/L). Baseline citrullinemia was inversely and significantly correlated with shock index (r = -55.1%, p = 0.008) and extent of invasive ventilation support (r = -42.7%, p = 0.042). Citrullinemia < 13.7 μmol/L at admission, observed in 17.4% of patients, was associated with higher shock index (1.27 ± 0.10 versus 0.75 ± 0.18, p = 0.0001) and longer duration of invasive ventilation support (20.3 ± 7 versus 11.2 ± 7.1 days, p = 0.029) and intensive care unit stay (22 ± 5.9 versus 12.2 ± 8.8 days, p = 0.048). A citrullinemia decrease in the first day after admittance superior to 12.7% constituted a significant predictive factor of in-hospital mortality (75 versus 14.3%, p = 0.044; odds ratio = 7.8; accuracy = 65.2%; specificity = 92.3%; negative predictive value = 85.7%] and lower actuarial survival (69.8 ± 41.6 versus 278.1 ± 37.4 days, p = 0.034). Conclusions: Those results confirm the high prevalence and the prognostic relevance of hypocitrullinemia, considered a biomarker of enterocyte dysfunction, in severe trauma patients (AU)

Introducción: la disfunción intestinal ejerce un importante impacto pronóstico en los pacientes críticamente enfermos. La citrulinemia se ha utilizado en la evaluación de la función intestinal. El presente estudio propone determinar la prevalencia de la disfunción intestinal y el perfil cinético de la citrulinemia en enfermos con trauma grave e investigar su correlación con la gravedad y la evolución clínica. Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo incluyendo 23 pacientes traumatizados críticos. Las aminoacidemias se cuantificaron, mediante cromatografía de intercambio iónico, en la admisión y en el primer y tercer días. Se registraron los parámetros de gravedad y evolución clínica. Resultados: la prevalencia de la hipocitrulinemia grave (< 20 μmol/L) en la admisión fue alta (69,6%) y citrulinemia media fue baja (19,5 ± 11,1 μmol/L). La citrulinemia basal se correlacionó con el índice de choque (r = -55,1%, p = 0,008) y la duración de asistencia ventilatoria invasiva (r = -42,7%, p = 0,042). La citrulinemia < 13,7 μmol/L en la admisión se asoció con mayor índice de choque (1,27 ± 0,1 versus 0,75 ± 0,18, p = 0,0001) y mayor duración de ventilación invasiva (20,3 ± 7 versus 11,2 ± 7,1 días, p = 0,029) y hospitalización en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (22 ± 5,9 versus 12,2 ± 8,8 días, p = 0,048). La disminución de la citrulinemia en el primer día superior al 12,7% fue un factor predictor signifi cativo de mortalidad hospitalaria (75 versus 14,3%, p = 0,044; odds ratio = 7,8; precisión = 65,2%; especificidad = 92,3%; valor predictivo negativo = 85,7%] y menor supervivencia actuarial (69,8 ± 41,6 versus 278,1 ± 37,4 días, p = 0,034). Conclusiones: estos resultados confirman la alta prevalencia y la importancia pronóstica de la hipocitrulinemia, biomarcador de disfunción enterocitaria, en los pacientes con trauma severo (AU)

Componentes de las mezclas de nutrición parenteral para pediatría / Available products for pediatric parenteral nutrition

No disponible