Protective effect of black mulberry (Morus nigra L) fruit hydroalcoholic extract against testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats / Efecto protector del extracto hidroalcohólico de las moras (Morus nigra L) en la hiperplasia prostática benigna no inducida por testosterona, en ratas

BACKGROUND: Finding new agents for prevention and/or treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) especially from natural sources is a demanding field. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of black mulberry (BM) (Morus nigra) fruit hydroalcoholic extract on the establishment of BPH in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-nine adult male rats were randomly assigned into 7 equal groups: I: Sham control (SC), a sham surgery was performed. II: positive control (PC), rats were castrated and received testosterone propionate, at 10mg/kg/day S.C. for BPH induction. III: comparative control (CC), BPH was induced and the rats received finasteride at 5mg/kg/day P.O. IV-VII: (T1-T4): BPH was induced and the rats received BM extract at 25, 50, 100 and 200mg/kg/day P.O. for 4 consecutive weeks. RESULTS: Finasteride and/or BM extract especially at the two higher dosages, significantly affected prostate weight, prostatic index, percent of inhibition, serum and prostatic levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), antioxidant parameters of prostatic tissue as well as histopathological and histomorphometric parameters (epithelial thickness and acinar area) of prostate. CONCLUSIONS: BM extract has protective effects against experimentally-induced BPH in rats with regard to histopathological and biochemical parameters which may be related to its antioxidant as well as DHT reducing properties in prostatic tissue

ANTECEDENTES: El hallazgo de nuevos agentes para prevenir y/o tratar la hiperplasia prostática benigna (HBP), procedentes especialmente de fuentes naturales, es un campo exigente. OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del extracto hidroalcohólico de las moras (Morus nigra) sobre el establecimiento de HBP en ratas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se asignaron aleatoriamente 49 ratas adultas macho en 7 grupos iguales: I: grupo control (GC), en el que se practicó cirugía de control; II: control positivo (CP), en el que se castró a las ratas y se les administró propionato de testosterona, a una dosis de 10mg/kg/día sc para inducción de BPH. III: control comparativo (CC), en el que se indujo BPH y se administró a las ratas finasterida a una dosis de 5mg/kg/día po; IV-VII: (T1-T4), en el que se indujo BPH y se administró a las ratas extracto de moras a una dosis de 25, 50, 100 y 200mg/kg/día po durante 4 días consecutivos. RESULTADOS: La finasterida y/o el extracto de moras, especialmente en 2 dosis elevadas, afectaron significativamente al peso prostático, al índice prostático, al porcentaje de inhibición, a los niveles séricos y prostáticos de dihidrotestosterona (DHT), al antígeno prostático específico sérico (PSA), a los parámetros antioxidantes del tejido prostático, así como a los parámetros histopatológicos e histomorfométricos (espesor epitelial y área acinar) de la próstata. CONCLUSIONES: El extracto de mora tiene efectos protectores frente a HPB experimentalmente inducido en ratas, con respecto a sus parámetros histopatológicos y bioquímicos, y que pueden guardar relación con sus propiedades antioxidantes y reductoras de DHT en el tejido prostático

The effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza in a mouse model of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome induced by Gynura segetum

Background and aims: to investigate the potential effect and mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza in Gynura segetum-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS). Methods: the mice were gavaged with PBS, Gynura segetum or Gynura segetum, along with 100 or 200 mg/kg Salvia miltiorrhiza. Histological scoring and liver function were performed. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alfa), vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and nuclear transcription factor P65 (NF-κBp65) were determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot. Results: liver function were effectively improved in the Salvia miltiorrhiza groups. The levels of TNF-alfa, VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and NF-κBp65 were significantly lower in the Salvia miltiorrhiza groups than in the Gynura segetum group. Conclusions: Salvia miltiorrhiza has a therapeutic effect on Gynura segetum-induced HSOS

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The possible protective effect of Bougainvillea spectabilis leaves extract on estradiol valerate-induced polycystic ovary syndrome in rats (biochemical and histological study)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a reproductive and metabolic disorder in which the level of oxidative elements in blood rises. Bougainvillea spectabilis is a plant with a potent antioxidant effect, since it contains flavonoids. The aim of this work is to explore the possible protective potency of Bougainvillea spectabilis leaves (BSL) extract on ovarian folliculogenesis using a rat model of estradiol valerate (EV) - induced PCOS. Thirty six mature female rats were divided into four groups: 1. Control group (six rats). 2. EV group (ten rats), singly injected with 2mg/kg EV subcutaneously. 3. BSL group (ten rats), given 100mg/kg BSL extract orally for 30 days. 4. EV + BSL group (ten rats), singly injected with EV subcutaneously and given 100mg/kg BSL extract orally for 30 days. Biochemical measurements of serum levels of estrogen, testosterone, LH, FSH, glucose, totals lipids, and total antioxidants were done using ELISA method. Histological (using hematoxylin & eosin and Masson's trichrome stains) and immunohistochemical (using anti cyclooxygenase 2 {COX 2}) studies were performed. This was followed by morphometric measurements and statistical analysis. PCOS caused massive primordial follicle loss and development of cystic follicles with increase in fibrosis, COX 2 immunoexpression. There was a significant reduction in LH, estrogen and glucose serum levels and increase in FSH and the antioxidant serum levels between the EV + BSL-extract-treated group compared to EV-treated group. Histomorphometric studies also showed the significant changes in the number of follicles and decreased cyst formation in the combined therapy group. There was a significant role of BSL extract in restoration of ovarian folliculogenesis and reduction of biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical changes in EV treated group

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Pleiotropic effects of heparins: does anticoagulant treatment increase survival in cancer patients?

The association between venous thromboembolism (VTE) and cancer has been recognized for more than 100 years. Numerous studies have been performed to investigate strategies to decrease VTE incidence and to establish whether treating VTE impacts cancer progression and overall survival. Accordingly, it is important to understand the role of the hemostatic system in tumorigenesis and progression, as there is abundant evidence associating it with cell survival and proliferation, tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and dissemination, and metastasis formation. In attempts to further the scientific evidence, several studies examine survival benefits in cancer patients treated with anticoagulant therapy, specifically treatment with vitamin K antagonists, unfractionated heparin, and low-molecular-weight heparin. Several studies and meta-analyses have been conducted with a special focus on brain tumors. However, no definitive conclusions have been obtained, and more well-designed clinical trials are needed

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Ginger and vitamin C as protective agents against oxidative stress and liver injury induced by methyl parathion

Methyl parathion is one of the highly toxic organophosphorus (OP) compounds. It induces hepatotoxicity, which might be related to generation of reactive oxygen species. This study was carried out to investigate the protective roles of vitamins C and ginger against hepatotoxicity induced by methyl parathion in male albino rats.Sixty male albino rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (ten rats each). Group I was considered as controls. Animals of groups II, III and IV were given methyl parathion (2 mg/kg), ginger (200 mg/kg) and vitamin C (100 mg/kg) respectively. Groups V and VI were given ginger (200 mg/kg) and vitamin C (100 mg/kg) respectively 2 hours before methyl parathion administration. All animals were treated orally, once daily, for four weeks. Blood and liver samples were obtained for biochemical, immunohistochemistry and histopathological examinations.Administration of either ginger or vitamin C along with methyl parathion significantly reduced the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in rats compared to those only treated with methyl parathion. Treatment with either ginger or vitamin C in combination with methyl parathion resulted in increased level of reduced glutathione compared to the methyl parathion treated group. However, oral ginger significantly increased glutathione-S-transferase levels compared to the control group, and this may outbalance the protective value of ginger over vitamin C to guard against liver injury and oxidative stress. The immunohistochemical and histopathological examinations showed that ginger or vitamin C combination with methyl parathion resulted in less hepatocytes degeneration and milder portal tract infiltration compared to the methyl parathion group.In conclusion, pre-treatment with either ginger or vitamin C appears to alleviate methyl parathion-inducted hepatotoxicity. However, their protective role is still limited and needs further investigation

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Low dose treatment of mice with bacterial extract (OM-85) for attenuation of experimental atopic asthma in mice - Reply

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Açai improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by fructose / El açai mejora la enfermedad de hígado graso no alcohólico (NAFLD) inducida por la fructosa

Introduction: the excessive consumption of fructose can cause liver damage, characteristic of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) associated with changes in lipid metabolism and antioxidant defenses. Açai, the fruit of Euterpe oleracea Mart., has demonstrated numerous biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and lipid metabolism modulating action. Objective: we evaluated the benefits of açai supplementation on liver damage caused by replacing starch with fructose in rats. Methods: thirty male Fischer rats were divided into two groups, the control group (C, 10 animals), which consumed a standard diet (AIN-93M), and the fructose (F, 20 animals) group, which consumed a diet containing 60% of fructose. After eight weeks, 10 animals from the fructose group received 2% of lyophilized açai, and were called the açai fructose group (FA). The animals were fed ad libitum with these diets for another ten weeks. Serum, hepatic and fecal lipid profile, antioxidant enzymes and carbonylated protein were assessed and histopathological characterization of the liver was performed. Results: açai promoted the reduction of ALT activity in relation to the fructose group (F), reduced alkaline phosphatase to a level similar to that of the control group (C) in relation to the fructose group (F), and reduced catalase activity. The fruit also increased the ratio of total/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and reduced the degree of macrovesicular steatosis and the number of inflammatory cells. Conclusion: the replacement of starch by fructose during this period was effective in promoting NAFLD. Açai showed attenuating effects on some markers of hepatic steatosis and inflammation

Introducción: el consumo excesivo de fructosa puede causar daño hepático, característico de la enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica (EHGNA), asociada con cambios en el metabolismo de los lípidos y defensas antioxidantes. El açai, fruto del Euterpe oleracea Mart., ha demostrado desempeñar numerosas actividades biológicas, incluidas acciones antiinflamatorias, antioxidantes y moduladoras del metabolismo lipídico. Objetivo: se evaluaron los beneficios de la suplementación con açai en el daño hepático causado por la sustitución del almidón por fructosa en ratas. Métodos: se distribuyeron 30 ratas Fischer macho en dos grupos: 10 ratas en el grupo control (C), que consumía una dieta estándar (AIN-93M), y 20 ratas en el grupo fructosa (F), que consumía una dieta que contenía un 60% de fructosa. Después de ocho semanas, diez animales del grupo fructosa recibieron un 2% de açai liofilizado, por lo que pasaron a integrar el grupo açai fructosa (FA). Los animales fueron alimentados ad libitum con estas dietas durante otras diez semanas. Se analizaron el perfil lipídico hepático y fecal, las enzimas antioxidantes y la proteína carbonilada, y se realizó la caracterización histopatológica del hígado. Resultados: el açai promovió la reducción de la actividad de ALT en relación al grupo de fructosa (F) y la reducción de la fosfatasa alcalina a niveles similares a los hallados en el grupo control (C) en relación con el grupo de fructosa (F). El fruto también aumentó la proporción de glutatión total/oxidado (GSH/GSSG) y redujo el grado de esteatosis macrovesicular y el número de células inflamatorias. Conclusión: la sustitución de almidón por fructosa durante este periodo fue eficaz en la promoción de NAFLD. El açai mostró efectos atenuantes en algunos marcadores de esteatosis hepática y de inflamación

Prevention of oral mucositis secondary to antineoplastic treatments in head and neck cancer by supplementation with oral glutamine / Prevención de la mucositis oral secundaria a los tratamientos antineoplásicos en el cáncer de cabeza y cuello mediante suplemento con glutamina oral

Objectives: to evaluate the efficacy of glutamine in the prevention of the incidence of oral mucositis secondary to cancer therapies in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). Secondary objectives were to know the incidence of odynophagia, interruptions of treatment and the requirements of analgesia and nasogastric tube. Material and methods: prospective cohort study of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of HNC treated with radiotherapy ± concomitant chemotherapy. We compared 131 patients receiving glutamine orally at a dose of 10 g/8 hours with 131 patients who did not receive it. Results: patients not taking glutamine had a hazard ratio 1.78 times higher of mucositis (95% CI [1.01-3.16], p = 0.047). Regarding odynophagia, patients not taking glutamine had a hazard ratio 2.87 times higher (95% CI [1.62-5.18], p = 0.0003). The 19.8% of patients who did not take glutamine discontinued treatment versus 6.9% of patients who took (p = 0.002). Regarding support requirements, 87.8% of patients without glutamine required analgesia versus 77.9% of patients with glutamine (p = 0.03) and nasogastric tube was indicated in 9.9% and 3.1% respectively (p = 0.02). Conclusion: oral glutamine in patients receiving cancer treatments for HNC prevents the incidence of oral mucositis and odynophagia, and decreases treatment interruptions and the use of analgesia and nasogastric tube

Objetivos: evaluar la eficacia de la glutamina en la prevención de la incidencia de mucositis secundaria a las terapias oncológicas en pacientes con carcinoma de cabeza y cuello. Los objetivos secundarios fueron conocer la incidencia de odinofagia e interrupciones de los tratamientos y los requerimientos de analgesia y sonda nasogástrica. Material y métodos: estudio prospectivo de cohortes de pacientes con carcinoma epidermoide de cabeza y cuello tratados con radioterapia ± quimioterapia concomitante. Se compararon 131 pacientes que recibieron glutamina oral a una dosis de 10 g/8 horas con 131 pacientes que no la recibieron. Resultados: los pacientes que no tomaron glutamina tuvieron una hazard ratio 1,78 veces mayor de mucositis (IC 95% [1,01-3,16], p = 0,047). Respecto a la odinofagia, los pacientes que no tomaron glutamina tuvieron una hazard ratio 2,87 veces mayor (IC 95% [1,62-5,18], p = 0,0003]. El 19,8% de los pacientes que no tomaron glutamina interrumpieron el tratamiento versus 6,9% de los pacientes que la tomaron (p = 0,002). En cuanto a los tratamientos de soporte, el 87,8% de los pacientes sin glutamina requirieron analgesia versus 77,9% de los pacientes con glutamina (p = 0,03) y la sonda nasogástrica fue indicada en un 9,9% y 3,1% respectivamente (p = 0,02). Conclusión: la glutamina oral en pacientes que reciben tratamiento por carcinoma de cabeza y cuello, previene la incidencia de mucositis oral y odinofagia y disminuye las interrupciones de tratamientos y el uso de analgesia y sonda nasogástrica

Epilepsia, cognición y dieta cetogénica / Epilepsy, cognition and ketogenic diet

Introducción. Aunque generalmente se controlan bien con medicación, hasta un 20-30% de las epilepsias infantiles son refractarias al tratamiento farmacológico. Los efectos adversos cognitivos de los fármacos antiepilépticos son frecuentes y pueden afectar negativamente la tolerabilidad, el cumplimiento y el mantenimiento a largo plazo del tratamiento antiepiléptico. La dieta cetogénica es un tratamiento eficaz y bien tolerado para las epilepsias infantiles refractarias y no muestra efectos adversos negativos sobre cognición o conducta. Objetivo. Revisar la evidencia actual existente con respecto a los estudios experimentales y clínicos que analizan los efectos neuroprotectores y cognitivos de la dieta cetogénica, tanto en humanos como en animales de experimentación. Desarrollo. La dieta cetogénica muestra efectos neuroprotectores y estabilizadores del estado de ánimo en diversos modelos animales, con o sin epilepsia. En los estudios observacionales en epilepsia infantil se refieren mejorías en cognición y conducta durante el tratamiento con dieta cetogénica, especialmente evidentes en atención, nivel de alerta y actividad, socialización y calidad del sueño. En un estudio aleatorizado controlado en pacientes con epilepsia infantil refractaria, la dieta cetogénica mostró una activación evolutiva evidente sobre la cognición y el estado de ánimo. Conclusiones. La dieta cetogénica tiene un impacto positivo sobre el funcionamiento conductual y cognitivo en niños y adolescentes con epilepsia refractaria. Esta mejoría es más evidente con respecto a estado de ánimo, atención sostenida e interacción social (AU)

Introduction. Most individuals with epilepsy will respond to pharmacologic treatment; however, approximately 20-30% will develop medically refractory epilepsy. Cognitive side effects of antiepileptic drugs are common and can negatively affect tolerability, compliance, and long-term retention of the treatment. Ketogenic diet is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for these children with refractory epilepsy without any negative effect on cognition or behavior. Aim. To review the current state of experimental and clinical data concerning the neuroprotective and cognitive effects of the ketogenic diet in both humans and animals. Development. In different animal models, with or without epilepsy, the ketogenic diet seems to have neuroprotective and mood-stabilizing effects. In the observational studies in pediatric epilepsy, improvements during treatment with the ketogenic diet are reported in behavior and cognitive function, particularly with respect to attention, alertness, activity level, socialization, and sleep quality. One randomized controlled trial in patients with pediatric refractory epilepsy showed a mood and cognitive activation during ketogenic diet treatment. Conclusions. Ketogenic diet shows a positive impact on behavioral and cognitive functioning in children and adolescents with refractory epilepsy. More specifically, an improvement is observed in mood, sustained attention, and social interaction (AU)

The effect of darbepoetin alfa on renal fibrosis in rats with acute unilateral ureteral obstruction / Efecto de darbepoyetina alfa sobre la fibrosis renal en ratas con obstruccion ureteral unilateral agud

Objectives: The most important treatment strategy for obstructive nephropathy is to protect renal tissue from the deleterious effects of fibrosis. Therefore, we sought to investigate the renoprotective effects of darbepoetin alfa on unilateral ureteral obstructions. Methods: We used 12 female and 12 male 3-monthold Wistar rats weighing between 250 and 350 g. The rats were divided equally into sham, darbepoetin and control groups. With the exception of the sham group, left unilateral obstructions were applied to all of the rats. The darbepoetin group received perioperative darbepoetin alfa at a dose of 10 μg/kg. The rats were sacrificed on postoperative day 7, and 3-cc blood samples and bilateral renal specimens were collected from each rat. Results: Renal ectasia was observed significantly less frequently in the darbepoetin group than the obstruction group (p<0.001). Additionally, the uptake rates of cortical TNF and medullary SMA in the darbepoetin group were comparable to those in the sham group but lower than those in the ureteral obstruction group (p<0.001 and p<0.008, respectively). When biomarkers of renal injury, including cystatin-C, malondialdehyde, and B2 microglobulin, were evaluated in combination, B2 microglobulin was found at higher levels in the ureteral obstruction group (p<0.004). Conclusion: As we know pelvicalyceal ectasia reflects intrapelvic pressure into renal tubular system via renal reflux. Therefore pelvicalyceal ectasia can be used as an indicator of renal tubular pressure. Although as a limitation of our study, renal tubular pressure was not quantitatively evaluated, parallelism between levels of renal ectasia detected in the rats of the sham, and DPO groups can predict that this drug (darbepoetin-) can decrease renal tubular pressure in acute ureteral obstruction. Moreover, B2 microglobulin levels in the sham, and DPO groups differed from those of ureteral obstruction group, which suggested that DPO does not impair renal perfusion in addition to its decreasing effects on renal tubular pressure. We think that in countries with higher incidence rates of stone disease similar to our country, DPO may be used among medical treatment alternatives, which aim to preserve renal reserve (AU)

Objetivo: La estrategia más importante para la nefropatía obstructiva es la protección del tejido renal de los efectos deletéreos de la fibrosis. Por lo tanto, intentamos investigar los efectos renoprotectores de la darbepoyetina alfa en la obstrucción ureteral unilateral. Metodos: Utilizamos 12 ratas Wistar macho y 12 hembras, de tres meses de edad, con un peso entre 250 y 350 g. Las ratas fueron divididas en tres grupos simulación, darbepoyetina y control. Con la excepción del grupo de simulación, se realizó obstrucción ureteral izquierda a todas las ratas. El grupo de darbepoyetina recibió darbepoyetina alfa peroperatoria a una dosis de 10 μg/kg. Las ratas fueron sacrificadas en el 7º día postoperatorio, y de cada rata se extrajeron muestras de sangre de 3 cc y ambos riñones. R: Se observó que la ectasia renal era significativamente menos frecuente en el grupo de darbepoyetina que en el de obstrucción (p<0,001). Adicionalmente, las tasas de captación de TNF cortical y SMA medular eran comparables entre el grupo de darbepoyetina y el de simulación, pero menores que las del grupo de obstrucción ureteral (p<0,001 y p<0,008, respectivamente). Cuando los biomarcadores de daño renal, incluyendo cistatina C, malondialdéhido y microglobulina B12 fueron evaluados en combinación, se encontró que la microglobulina B2 tenía niveles más altos en el grupo de obstrucción ureteral (p<0,004). Conclusión: Como es sabido la ectasia pielocalicial refleja la presión intrapiélica en el sistema tubular renal por la vía del reflujo renal. Por lo tanto, la ectasia pielocalicial puede utilizarse como indicador de la presión tubular renal. Aunque es una limitación de nuestro estudio que no se evaluara cuantitativamente la presión tubular renal, el paralelismo entre los niveles de ectasia renal detectada en las ratas de los grupos de simulación y DPO puede predecir que este fármaco (darbepoyetina-) pueda disminuir la presión tubular en la obstrucción ureteral aguda. Además, los niveles de microglobulina B2 en el grupo de simulación y DPO diferían de los del grupo de obstrucción ureteral, lo que sugiere que la DPO, adicionalmente a sus efectos disminuyendo la presión tubular renal, no empeora la perfusión renal. Pensamos que en países con incidencias más altas de enfermedad litiásica, como en nuestro país, la DPO puede utilizarse entre las alternativas del tratamiento médico, que busca conservar la función renal (AU)

Carbohydrate intake results in lower suppression of salivary immunoglobulin A in judokas / La ingesta de carbohidratos induce una menor supresión de la inmunoglobulina A salival en yudocas / Ingestão de carboidrato resulta em menor supressão da imunoglobulina A salivar em judocas

Objective. This study investigated the salivary immunoglobulin A response to carbohydrate supplementation during judo training. Method. Sixteen judokas were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: Carbohydrate solution and Placebo solution in a double-blind design. Saliva samples were collected at rest, immediately after the training session and 1h after the training session. Results. The concentration of the salivary immunoglobulin A decreased during the training session in both conditions (p=0.0002) as well as at 1h after the training session in the placebo solution condition (p=0.035). The rate of salivary flow decreased during the training session in the placebo solution condition (p=0.04). Conclusion. Carbohydrate solution consumption during training session did not affect the athletes oral immunity, however, in the recovery period an upper-respiratory tract protection was observed (AU)

Objetivo. El presente estudio investigó la respuesta de la inmunoglobulina A salival a la suplementación de hidrato de carbono durante el entrenamiento de judo. Método. Dieceiséis yudocas fueron asignados de forma aleatoria a una de dos condiciones: solución de carbohidratos y solución de placebo en un diseño doble ciego. Las muestras de saliva fueron recogidas en reposo, inmediatamente después de la sesión de entrenamiento y una hora después de la sesión de entrenamiento. Resultados. La concentración de inmunoglobulina A salival disminuyó durante la sesión de entrenamiento en ambas condiciones (p=0.0002), al igual que una hora después de la sesión de entrenamiento en la condición de solución de placebo (p=0.035). La tasa de flujo salival decreció durante la sesión de entrenamiento en la condición de solución de placebo (p=0.04). Conclusión. El consumo de la solución de carbohidratos durante la sesión de entrenamiento no afectó a la inmunidad oral de los atletas; sin embargo, en el período de recuperación se observó una protección del tracto respiratorio superior (AU)

Objetivo. O presente estudo investigou a resposta imunoglobulina A Salivar frente a suplementação de carboidrato durante o treino de judô. Método. Dezesseis judocas foram aleatoriamente randomizados, em delineamento duplo-cego nas condições: solução carboidrato e solução placebo. Para mensuração da imunoglobulina A Salivar, a saliva foi coletada no início da sessão de treino, imediatamente após o término e uma hora após o término (1-h Pós-E). Resultados. A concentração de imunoglobulina A Salivar diminuiu logo após o treino, independente da solução (p=0.0002). No momento uma hora apos o termino frente ao imediatamente apos o termino, houve menor concentração de imunoglobulina A Salivar somente para a condição solução placebo (p=0.035). A taxa de fluxo salivar diminuiu significativamente somente na condição solução placebo (p=0.04). Conclusão. A Ingestão de solução carboidrato durante a sessão de treino não impediu a imunodepressão da imunoglobulina A Salivar de judocas imediatamente após o treino, mas exerceu proteção à imunidade do trato respiratório superior 1-h após (AU)

Role of intestinal microbiome in American ginseng-mediated colon cancer prevention in high fat diet-fed AOM/DSS mice

Objective. Chronic intestinal inflammation is a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and development. Diets that are rich in Western style fats have been shown to promote CRC. This study was conducted to investigate the role of intestinal microbiome in American ginseng-mediated CRC chemoprevention in a mouse model. The population and diversity of enteric microbiome were evaluated after the ginseng treatment. Methods. Using an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced gut inflammation and tumorigenesis mouse model, the effects of oral American ginseng on high fat diet-associated enteric pathology were determined. After establishment of a 16S rRNA illumina library from fecal samples, MiSeq sequencing was carried out to reveal the microbial population. The alpha and beta diversities of microbiome were analyzed. Results. American ginseng significantly attenuated AOM/DSS-induced colon inflammation and tumorigenesis by reducing the colitis score and colon tumor multiplicity. The MiSeq results showed that the majority of sequences fell into three phyla: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia. Further, two significant abundance shifts at the family level, Bacteroidaceae and Porphyromonadaceae, were identified to support ginseng’s anti-colitis and anti-tumor effects. In addition, alpha and beta diversity data demonstrated that ginseng led to a profound recovery from the AOM/DSS-induced dysbiosis in the microbial community. Conclusion. Our results suggest that the CRC chemopreventive effects of American ginseng are mediated through enteric microbiome population-shift recovery and dysbiosis restoration. Ginseng’s regulation of the microbiome balance contributes to the maintenance of enteric homeostasis (AU)

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Efecto de los compuestos fenólicos en el metabolismo de los carbohidratos / Effect of phenolic compounds on carbohydrate metabolism

Fundamentos: Una dieta basada en alimentos y bebidas con alto contenido en azúcar y almidón digestible se considera un factor de riesgo de padecer enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles tales como obesidad y diabetes tipo 2. El objetivo es resumir las evidencias disponibles sobre la efectividad de los compuestos fenólicos en el metabolismo de carbohidratos y en la reducción del riesgo y el tratamiento de estas patologías. Métodos: Revisión bibliográfica mediante los sistemas de búsqueda PubMed y WOS para la identificación de compuestos fenólicos con efecto en el metabolismo de carbohidratos y las patologías metabólicas relacionadas. Resultados: Los compuestos fenólicos actúan a diferentes niveles: vía formación de complejos compuesto fenólico-carbohidrato, vía inhibición enzimática, modulación del transporte y regulación de la liberación de hormonas relacionadas con el metabolismo de los carbohidratos. Su efectividad puede ser igual o superior a la de fármacos utilizados comúnmente en el tratamiento de la diabetes, sin los efectos secundarios que se asocian a estos últimos. Conclusiones: Los flavonoides son los compuestos fenólicos de la dieta que podrían ser más efectivos en la regulación del metabolismo de carbohidratos. Estos pueden inhibir enzimas, modular transportadores; así como, estimular la secreción de hormonas de saciedad

Background: A diet based on foods and beverages with high sugar content and digestible starch is considered a risk factor of non-communicable chronic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The aim is to summarize the evidence available on the effect of phenolic compounds in the metabolism of carbohydrates and in the reduction of risk and treatment of these pathologies. Methods: Literature search using PubMed and WOS as search systems for the identification of phenolic compounds with an effect on carbohydrate metabolism and related metabolic pathologies. Results: Phenolic compounds act at different levels: via complex formation of phenolic-carbohydrate compounds, via enzymatic inhibition, modulation of transporters and regulation of the release of hormones related to carbohydrate metabolism. Their effectiveness may be equal or superior to that of drugs commonly used in the treatment of diabetes, but without the side effects that are associated with the latter. Conclusions: Flavonoids are the phenolic compounds found in diet that are effective in regulating carbohydrate metabolism. They can inhibit enzymes, modulate transporters; as well as, stimulate the secretion of satiety hormones

Papel del tabaquismo en la colitis ulcerosa: ¿el hábito tabáquico protege del desarrollo de la enfermedad? / Role of smoking habit in ulcerative colitis: does smoking habit protect the development of the disease?

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High fat diet and high polyphenols beverages effects in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity / Efectos de dieta con alto contenido de grasa y bebidas ricas en polifenoles en la actividad antioxidante enzimática y no enzimática

Background: High fat diets have been implicated in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Polyphenols from grapes may reduce ROS and restore oxidative balance. The aim of this study is to investigate the antioxidant properties of high polyphenols beverages associated with a high fat diet in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity. Material and methods: Fifty female rats were divided into five groups: a) control group (CG) - control diet (4% fat); b) high fat diet group (HFD) - high fat diet (20% fat); c) grape juice group (GJ) - grape juice (15 ml/day) + high fat diet; d) red wine group (RW) - red wine (10 ml/day) + high fat diet; and e) resveratrol solution group (RS) - resveratrol solution (15 ml/day) + high fat diet. Eight weeks later, the superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were measured. Superoxide dismutase activity was assayed by measuring the inhibition of adrenaline auto-oxidation, catalase by the decrease rate in hydrogen peroxide and glutathione peroxidase by monitoring the oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Non-enzymatic antioxidant activity was assessed by oxygen radical absorbance capacity and DDPH (free radical sequestration 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydracil) method in the animal’s plasma. Results: GC and GJ presented the lowest glutathione peroxidase activity, pointing to a possible protective effect of grape juice against high levels of ROS (p < 0.05). RW increased catalase activity when compared to the RS (p <0 .05). Superoxide dismutase activity and non-enzymatic antioxidant plasma activity were similar in all groups. Conclusion: Grape juice showed to be the most effective in minimizing the deleterious effects of a high fat diet. Resveratrol did not present any benefit and red wine possibly shows a harmful effect due to ethanol content (AU)

Introducción: las dietas ricas en grasas se han implicado en la generación de especies reactivas del oxigeno (ROS). Los polifenoles de las uvas pueden reducir el ROS y restaurar el equilibrio oxidativo. El objetivo de este estudio es investigar las propiedades antioxidantes de las bebidas ricas en polifenoles asociadas con una dieta rica en grasa en la actividad antioxidante enzimática y no enzimática. Material y métodos: cincuenta ratas fueron divididas en cinco grupos: a) grupo control (CG) - dieta de control (4% de grasa); b) grupo rica en grasa (HFD) - dieta con 20% de grasa; c) jugo de uva (GJ) - jugo (15 ml/día) + dieta rica en grasas; d) vino tinto (RW) - vino tinto (10 ml/día) + dieta rica en grasas; y e) grupo solución de resveratrol (RS) - solución de resveratrol (15 ml/día) + dieta rica en grasas. Se midieron superoxido dismutasa, catalasa y glutation peroxidasa. La actividad de superoxido dismutasa para la inhibición de la auto-oxidación de adrenalina, la catalasa por la tasa de disminución de peróxido de hidrogeno y glutation peroxidasa monitorizando la oxidación de nicotinamida adenina dinucleotido fosfato. La actividad antioxidante no enzimatica se midió por el método de capacidad de absorción de radicales de oxígeno y DDPH (moléculas estables de radicales libres 2,2-difenil-1-picrihidrazilo). Resultados: GC y GJ presentaron la menor actividad de glutation peroxidasa, señalando un posible efecto protector del jugo de uva frente a altos niveles de ROS (p < 0,05). RW aumento la actividad de catalasa en comparación con RS (p < 0,05). Superoxido dismutasa y la actividad antioxidante no enzimatica fueron similares. Conclusiones: el jugo demostró ser el más eficaz para minimizar los efectos deletereos de una dieta rica en grasas. Resveratrol no presento ningún beneficio y el vino tinto posiblemente muestra un efecto perjudicial debido al contenido de etanol (AU)

Chewing gum is more effective than saline-solution gargling for reducing oral mucositis

Objective: This quasi-experimental study compared the effectiveness of chewing gum and gargling with a saline solution as two types of intervention to reduce oral mucositis scores. Method: The sample consisted of 44 children who were divided into two groups, one of which chewed gum, and the other gargled with a saline solution. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the data. Results: There was a significant difference (p = 0.001) in post-intervention oral-mucositis scores. The significant mean difference between the groups indicated that the decreased oral mucositis scores for the chewing gum group was more substantial than for the group gargling with a saline solution (p = 0.001). Conclusions: The data showed that chewing gum is more effective than gargling with a saline solution, and it can be incorporated into the nursing protocol for treating pediatric cancer patients

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The potential roles of bacteria to improve radiation treatment outcome

Many combined therapies have been proposed to enhance radiotherapy outcome, but they have several limitations. As a new feasible strategy, combination of radiotherapy with bacteria showed a significant positive impact on the tumor treatment and metastasis inhibition. Although probiotic bacteria and radiotherapy alone can be effective in the treatment of different cancers, the combination of these two therapies seems to enhance therapeutic outcome and is cost-effective. Bacterial cells can act as therapeutic/gene/drug delivery vehicles as well as theranostic agents. In this communication, we reviewed current evidences, studies, suggestions, and future-based directions on combination of radiotherapy and bacteria. In another sections, an overview on tumor hypoxia, bacteria in cancer therapy, and combination of radiotherapy and bacteria is presented. A brief overview on trials and animal studies which used bacteria to protect normal tissues against radiotherapy-induced complications is also included (AU)

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Influence of the Mediterranean diet during pregnancy in the development of wheezing and eczema in infants in Pamplona, Spain

Background: This study examined the relationship between different food groups and the adherence to a Mediterranean diet during pregnancy and the risk of wheezing and eczema in children aged 12-15 months. Methods: The study involves 1087 Spanish infants from the International Study of Wheezing in Infants (Estudio Internacional de Sibilancias en Lactantes, EISL). The study of the association of the different food consumption and Mediterranean diet with wheezing, recurrent wheezing and eczema was performed using different models of unconditional logistic regression to obtain adjusted prevalence odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: No association was found between a good adherence to the Mediterranean diet during pregnancy and the development of wheezing (p = 0.372), recurrent wheezing (p = 0.118) and eczema (p = 0.315). The consumption once or twice a week of white fish (OR: 1.95[1.01-3.75]), cooked potatoes (OR: 1.75[1.22-2.51]) and industrial pastry (OR: 1.59[1.13-2.24]), and the consumption more than three times a week of industrial pastry (OR: 1.47 [1.01-2.13]) during pregnancy increases the risk of "wheezing" at 12 months. Instead, high fruit consumption during the pregnancy has a protective effect against "wheezing" in 12-month-old infants (OR: 0.44 [0.20-0.99]). No statistically significant differences were observed between food intake during pregnancy and "recurrent wheezing". No statistically significant differences were observed between the consumption of any food during pregnancy and the presence of eczema at 12 months. Conclusions: The present study showed that the consumption of Mediterranean diet during pregnancy did not have a protective effect for wheezing, recurrent wheezing or eczema (AU)

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Sinomenine ameliorates the airway remodelling, apoptosis of airway epithelial cells, and Th2 immune response in a murine model of chronic asthma

Background: Sinomenine (SIN), an alkaloid isolated from the root of Sinomenium acutum which has a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammation, immunosuppression and anti-angiogenesis. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of SIN on airway remodelling, epithelial apoptosis, and T Helper (Th)-2 derived cytokine levels in a murine model of chronic asthma. Methods: Twenty-two BALB/c mice were divided into four groups; I (control), II (placebo), III, IV. Mice in groups III and IV received the SIN (100 mg/kg), and dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) respectively. Epithelium thickness, sub-epithelial smooth muscle thickness, number of mast and goblet cells of samples isolated from the lung were measured. Immunohistochemical scorings of the lung tissue for matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEG-F), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick endlabeling (TUNEL) and cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific proteases (caspase)-3 were determined. IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, Nitric oxide in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E in serum were quantified by standard ELISA protocols. Results: The dose of 100 mg/kg SIN treatment provided beneficial effects on all of the histopathological findings of airway remodelling compared to placebo (p < 0.05). All cytokine levels in BALF and serum and immunohistochemical scores were significantly lower in 100 mg/kg SIN treated group compared to the placebo (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggested that the dose of 100 mg/kg SIN improved all histopathological changes of airway remodelling and its beneficial effects might be related to modulating Th-2 derived cytokines and the inhibition of apoptosis of airway epithelial cells (AU)

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Uso de sibutramina e epigalocatequina-3-galato em ratos com excesso de peso corporal / Use of sibutramine and epigallocatechin-3-gallate in rats with excess body weight

Introdução: Potenciais compostos fitoterápicos extraídos de plantas, sem toxicidade comprovada ou de baixa toxicidade, podem impactar no controle e tratamento da obesidade. Neste contexto, destaca-se a Camellia sinensis, que, devido a quantidade de polifenóis, com destaque para a Epigalocatequina-3-galato, tem se tornado alvo de investigação devido a seus possíveis efeitos sobre o emagrecimento. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito tóxico do uso da Epigalocatequina- 3-galato e comparar seu poder de emagrecimento com a sibutramina em ratos Wistar obesos. Métodos: 57 filhotes oriundos de 13 ratas Wistar foram divididos em 2 grupos de acordo com as condições nutricionais: grupo controle, com 9 filhotes por ninhada, e, grupo ocidentalizado, com 3 filhotes por ninhada. Da gestação ao 12º dia de lactação todos os animais receberam dieta padrão comercial. Do 13º dia de vida até o final do experimento, o grupo ocidentalizado recebeu alimentação com maior teor de açúcar, sódio e gordura. Foram avaliados o crescimento somático, consumo alimentar, peso de órgãos, histologia hepática e parâmetros bioquímicos. Após se tornarem obesos, 4 meses após desmame, os animais do grupo ocidentalizado receberam por gavagem, durante 8 dias, solução salina (NaCl 0,9%) ou sibutramina (7,5mg/kg/dia) ou epigalocatequina-3-galato (50mg/kg/dia). Resultados: As drogas não demonstraram toxicidade, mas promoveram significante redução do consumo alimentar e de peso corporal. A dieta ocidentalizada repercutiu em alterações bioquímicas, esteatose hepática e infiltrado de linfócitos, mas que não foram observadas no grupo que recebeu a Epigalocatequina- 3-galato. Discussão: As catequinas do chá verde parecem estar envolvidas na regulação da expressão de diversos compostos metabólicos como PPAR-gamma, LPL e FAS, entre outros, levando a sua redução no tecido adiposo branco. Adicionalmente, a EGCG tem importante papel na apoptose de adipócitos maduros, podendo essas vias estarem envolvidas, isoladamente ou associadas, nas repercussões observadas. Conclusão: A Epigalocatequina-3-galato parece exercer efeito protetor contra os efeitos do consumo da dieta ocidentalizada e obesidade, podendo ser utilizada como via alternativa ao uso de sibutramina no controle do excesso de peso corporal

Introduction:Potential phytotherapeutic compounds extracted from plants, without proven toxicity or low toxicity, may have an impact on the controland treatment of obesity. In this context, we high light Camellia sinensis, which, due to the amount of polyphenols, especially Epigallocatechin-3- gallate, has become the target of investigation due to its possible effects on weight loss. Objective: To evaluate the toxic effect of Epigallocatechin- 3-gallate and to compare its weight-loss power with sibutramine in obese Wistar rats. Methods: 57 pups from 13 Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups according to nutritional conditions: control group, with 9 pups per litter, and westernized group with 3 pups per litter. From gestation to the 12th day of lactation, all animals received commercial standard diet. From the 13th day of life until the end of the experiment, the Westernized group received food with higher sugar, sodium and fat content. Somatic growth, food consumption, organ weight, liver histology and biochemical parameters were evaluated. After the animals became obese, 4 months after weaning, animals from the Westernized group received saline (NaCl 0.9%) orsibutramine (7.5mg / kg / day) or epigallocatechin- 3-gallate 50mg / kg / day). Results: The drugs did not demonstrate toxicity, but they promoted significant reduction of food consumption and body weight. The Westernized diet had repercussions on biochemical changes, hepatic steatosis and lymphocyte infiltrate, which were not observed in the group receiving epigallocatechin- 3-gallate. Discussion: Green tea catechins appear to be involved in regulating the expression of various metabolic compounds such as PPAR-gamma, LPL and FAS, among others, leading to their reduction in white adipose tissue. In addition, EGCG plays an important role in the apoptosis of mature adipocytes, and these pathways may be involved, either alone or in association, with the observed repercussions. Conclusion: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate seems to exert a protective effect against the effects of westernized diet and obesity, and maybe used as an alternative route to the use of sibutramine in the control of excess body weight

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