El trasplante de microbiota fecal es un tratamiento sencillo, efectivo y seguro en el manejo de la infección por C. difficile en la práctica clínica diaria / Faecal microbiota transplantation is a simple, effective and safe treatment in the management of C. difficile infection in daily clinical practice

Introducción: El trasplante de microbiota fecal (TMF) es un tratamiento avalado por evidencia científica amplia y muy efectivo en el manejo de la infección por Clostridioides difficile (CD). El objetivo de este estudio es analizar su efectividad y seguridad en un ámbito de práctica clínica real. Métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo, unicéntrico y descriptivo, en el que se recogieron todos los TMF realizados entre mayo de 2016 y diciembre de 2020. Se definió como éxito técnico la administración exitosa del preparado fecal en el tracto gastrointestinal del receptor y éxito clínico la desaparición de la diarrea en las primeras 72 h tras el procedimiento y ausencia de recidiva a las ocho semanas. Resultados: Se realizaron 15 TMF a 13 pacientes. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 73 ± 19,4 años (rango: 40 a 98 años); siendo el 60% mujeres. La indicación del TMF fue la colitis recidivante por CD en el 84,6%. Todos los TMF se realizaron por colonoscopia y de donantes emparentados. Con un primer procedimiento, el TMF fue efectivo en 11 de 13 pacientes (84,61%; IC 95%; 54,55-98,07). El tiempo hasta la resolución de los síntomas fue menos de 48 h en todos los casos. El seguimiento postrasplante fue de 25,66 ± 17,5 meses. No se registraron complicaciones precoces ni tardías significativas en el seguimiento. Conclusión: El TMF es un procedimiento sencillo, eficaz y seguro en la infección por CD, incluso en pacientes de edad muy avanzada o con grandes comorbilidades.(AU)

Introduction: Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a treatment supported by wide scientific evidence and proved to be very effective in the management of Clostridioides difficile (CD) infection. The objective of this study is to analyze its effectiveness and safety in a real clinical practice setting. Methods: Retrospective, single-center and descriptive observational study in which all FMT performed between May 2016 and December 2020 were included. Technical success was defined as the successful administration of the fecal preparation in the patient's gastrointestinal tract and clinical success the disappearance of diarrhea in the first 72 h after the procedure with no relapse within the following 8 weeks after the therapy was started. Results: 15 FMT were performed in 13 patients. The mean age of the patients was 73 ± 19,4 years (range: 40–98 years); being 60% women. The indication for FMT was relapsing colitis due to CD in 84.6%. All FMTs were performed by colonoscopy and from related donors. With a first procedure, the TMF was effective in 11 of 13 patients (84.61%; 95% CI; 54.55–98.07). Time until resolution of symptoms was less than 48h in all cases. Post-transplant follow-up was 25.66 ± 17.5 months. No significant short or long-term complications were recorded at follow-up. Conclusion: TMF is a simple, effective and safe procedure in CD infection, even in elderly patients or those with great comorbidities.(AU)

“Out of the box” new therapeutic strategies for Crohn´s disease: moving beyond biologics

New treatment options beyond immunosuppression have emerged in recent years for patients with Crohn´s disease (CD), a chronic systemic condition affecting primarily the gut with great impact in the quality of life. The cause of CD is largely unknown, and a curative treatment is not yet available. In addition, despite the growing therapeutic armamentarium in recent years almost half of the patients don´t achieve a sustained response over time. Thus, new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. In this review, we discuss the current state of promising new “out of the box” possibilities to control chronic inflammation beyond current pharmacological treatments, including: exclusive enteral nutrition, specific diets, cell therapies using T regs, hyperbaric oxygen, fecal microbiota transplantation, phage therapy, helminths, cannabis and vagal nerve stimulation. The exploration of original and novel therapeutic modalities is key to address their potential as main or complementary treatments in selected CD populations in order to increase efficacy, minimize side effects and improve quality of life of patients (AU)

Stool donor recruitment – A one-year experience / Reclutamiento de donantes de heces: experiencia de un año

Stool donors for fecal microbiota transference (FMT) should be rigorously screened to identify any disorder in health status. The success of our screening protocol to identify eligible donors in the last year and a half was evaluated and compared with the published literature.The target population was medical students who responded to 3 public calls to donate stools. Qualified donors brought stool samples to our lab.Out of the 110 students who responded to the call, 26 were enrolled as study donors and delivered at least one stool sample. The main reason for volunteer exclusion was body mass index (BMI) <18.5kg/m2 or >25kg/m2 (n=11) and for the identification of ESBL Escherichia coli in feces (n=3).Our success rate after the screening protocol was considered high. Understanding the incentives to participate is critical to the success of recruitment strategies as FMT is still a little-known practice for general population.(AU)

Se debe seleccionar rigurosamente a los donantes de heces para la transferencia de microbiota fecal (TMF) para identificar cualquier trastorno en la salud. Se evaluó el éxito de nuestro protocolo de selección para identificar donantes idóneos en el último año y medio y se comparó con la literatura publicada.La población objetivo fueron estudiantes de medicina que respondieron a 3 convocatorias públicas para donar heces. Los donantes aptos llevaron muestras de heces a nuestro laboratorio.De los 110 estudiantes que respondieron a la convocatoria, 26 se inscribieron como donantes del estudio y entregaron al menos una muestra de heces. El principal motivo para la exclusión de voluntarios fue un índice de masa corporal (IMC) <18,5 kg/m2 o >25 kg/m2 (n=11) y la identificación de E. coli BLEE en las heces (n=3).Nuestra tasa de éxito tras el protocolo de selección se consideró alta. Comprender los incentivos para participar es fundamental para el éxito de las estrategias de reclutamiento, ya que la TMF sigue siendo una práctica poco conocida para la población en general.(AU)

Inflammatory bowel disease: The role of commensal microbiome in immune regulation / Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: el rol de microbioma comensal en la regulación inmune

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing. Microbiome is one of the most important factors in its development and affects the different clinical outcomes of IBD patients depending on its composition and different alterations. We conducted a systematic review to discuss the association between microbiome and IBD in terms of immune regulation, and therapies that can modify microbiota. A comprehensive systematic literature search was performed through April 2020 in PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and clinicaltrials.gov. Inclusion criteria required IBD immune regulation and alternate therapeutics for IBD. This analysis helps explain the multifactorial origin of microbiome diversity including normal immune regulation, immune pathophysiology of IBD, and shows the evidence of several therapeutic targets to change microbiome in patients with IBD, such as prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplant, and others.(AU)

La incidencia en enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) va en aumento. El microbioma es uno de los factores más importantes en su desarrollo y afecta los diferentes escenarios clínicos en pacientes con EII dependiendo de su composición y diferentes alteraciones. Se realizó una revisión sistemática para discutir la asociación entre el microbioma y EII relacionado con inmunorregulación y las terapias que pueden modificar la microbiota. Se realizó una búsqueda en la literatura hasta abril de 2020 en Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane library y clinicaltrials.gov. La inclusión del material requiere EII, inmunorregulación y las terapias alternativas para EII. Este estudio ayuda a explicar el origen multifactorial de la diversidad del microbioma incluyendo la inmunorregulación normal, fisiopatología inmuno de EII y muestra la evidencia de diferentes blancos terapéuticos para cambiar el microbioma en pacientes con EII como prebióticos, probióticos, antibióticos, trasplante de materia fecal, entre otros.(AU)

Efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives: the objective of this systematic review andmeta-analysis was to evaluate the outcomes of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) therapy for recurrent Clostridiumdifficile infection (CDI) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)patients.Methods: electronic databases were searched for studiesreporting on the efficacy and/or safety of FMT therapy forrecurrent CDI in IBD. The meta-prop command of the metapackage in R was used to assess efficacy and safety. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore heterogeneityregarding all outcomes.Results: eleven trials were included in the study. A pooledanalysis showed that the initial cure rate of recurrent CDIamong IBD patients was 80 % (95 % CI, 0.76, 0.84), andthe overall cure rate after two or more FMT procedureswas 90 % (95 % CI, 0.84, 0.94). The recurrence rate postFMT therapy was 25 % (95 % CI: 0.20, 0.32). Sub-analysessuggested that the initial cure rate of CDI in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients was higher than in Crohn’s disease (CD)patients (85 % vs. 79 %), with no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). No serious adverse events were notedin any of the patients post-FMT.Conclusions: FMT is an effective and safe treatment forrecurrent CDI in patients with IBD. FMT should be considered early in cases of recurrent or refractory CDI. MultipleFMT procedures can improve the cure rate of CDI. (AU)

Trasplante de microbiota fecal como tratamiento de la infección por Clostridioides difficile recidivante: a propósito de un caso / Fecal transplantation for the treatment of Clostridioides difficile recurrent infection

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Fecal microbiota transplant, its usefulness beyond Clostridioides difficile in gastrointestinal diseases / Trasplante de microbiota fecal, su utilidad más allá de Clostridioides difficile en enfermedades gastrointestinales

Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) is currently recommended for recurrent Clostridioidesdifficile infection. However, it is interesting to acknowledge the potential therapeutic role in other diseases associated with dysbiosis. This review will focus on the current and potential indications of FMT in gastrointestinal diseases, evaluating the available evidence and also exposing the necessary requirements to carry it out.(AU)

El trasplante de microbiota fecal (TMF) está actualmente recomendado en la infección por Clostridioides difficile recurrente; sin embargo, es interesante conocer el potencial rol terapéutico en otras enfermedades asociadas a disbiosis. Esta revisión se enfocará en las indicaciones actuales y potenciales en enfermedades gastrointestinales de TMF, evaluando la evidencia disponible y además exponiendo los requerimientos necesarios para llevarlo a cabo.(AU)

Implicación de la disbiosis intestinal en la etiopatogenia y el tratamiento del trastorno del espectro autista: una revisión bibliográfica / Involvement of intestinal dysbiosis in the etiopathogenesis and treatment of autism spectrum disorder: a bibliographic review

Introducción: El trastorno del espectro autista es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo con heterogeneidad fenotípica y curso sintomático variable de etiología parcialmente desconocida. La prevalencia de trastornos gastrointestinales en este perfil de pacientes invita a investigar el papel que la microbiota intestinal puede tener como factor causal y a plantear intervenciones terapéuticas específicas. El papel de la microbiota en el desarrollo y la función cerebral, demostrado en modelos animales, justifica su investigación en este trastorno neuropsiquiátrico. Objetivo: Investigar la relación entre la alteración en la composición de la microbiota y el trastorno del espectro autista, y evaluar el papel terapéutico de prebióticos, probióticos y trasplante fecal en este trastorno del neurodesarrollo. Desarrollo: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en PubMed, Cochrane Library y Google Scholar con el fin de seleccionar los artículos relevantes relacionados con el tema que se publicaron entre enero de 2012 y abril de 2020. Se seleccionaron 35 artículos relevantes. En 23 de ellos se encontraron diferencias significativas en la composición y la diversidad de la microbiota en niños con TEA, así como en biomoléculas involucradas en determinadas rutas metabólicas. Las otras 12 investigaciones describieron mejorías gastrointestinales y comportamentales tras la intervención terapéutica. Conclusiones:Resulta razonable afirmar que existe evidencia suficiente para apoyar la existencia de una relación entre la microbiota intestinal y los trastornos del espectro autista. Esta vinculación ha de ser explorada en profundidad para perfilar el peso etiopatogénico de la disbiosis y las posibles herramientas terapéuticas.(AU)

Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder with phenotypic heterogeneity and variable symptomatic course of partly unknown etiology. The prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders in autism leads to investigate the role that intestinal microbiota may have as a causal factor and to propose specific therapeutic interventions. The role of microbiota in brain development and function, demonstrated in animal models, justifies its investigation in this neuropsychiatric disorder. Objective: The aim was to investigate the relationship between altered microbiota composition and autism spectrum disorder, and to assess the therapeutic role of prebiotics, probiotics and fecal transplantation in this neurodevelopmental disorder. Development: A literature review was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar to select relevant articles related to the topic that were published between January 2012 and April 2020. Thirty-five relevant articles were selected. In 23 of them, significant differences were found in the composition and diversity of the microbiota in children with ASD, as well as in the biomolecules involved in certain metabolic pathways. The other 12 investigations reported gastrointestinal and behavioral improvements after therapeutic intervention. Conclusions: It is reasonable to state that there is enough evidence to support the existence of a relationship between intestinal microbiota and autism spectrum disorders. This fact should be explored in depth to assess the etiopathogenic burden of dysbiosis and the possible therapeutic tools.(AU)

Fecal microbiota transplantation in the intestinal decolonization of carbapenamase-producing enterobacteriaceae

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is effective for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Intestinal decolonization of carbapenamase-producing enterobacteriaceae (CPE) can prevent transmission and infection by these agents. The aim of this study was to assess CPE decolonization after FMT. METHODS: this was a case-series study that consecutively included all CPE-carriers that underwent FMT between 2014 and 2019. The indications included refractory/recurrent CDI and CPE-decolonization. RESULTS: out of 21 CPE-carriers, eight were excluded due to incomplete post-FMT testing. CPE decolonization was confirmed in 76.9 % (n = 10). The median decolonization time was 16-weeks (IQR-23) and ranged from two to 53 weeks. CONCLUSION: FMT may be used in the clinical practice for CPE-decolonization as an alternative to combined antibiotic regimens

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Prebióticos, probióticos y trasplante de microbiota fecal en el autismo: una revisión sistemática / Prebiotics, probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation in autism: a systematic review

En los últimos años ha habido un aumento en los estudios sobre las implicaciones de la microbiota intestinal (MI) en niños con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA). La hipótesis es que existe una posible relación entre el estado emocional, la abundancia y/o la proporción de diferentes colonias bacterianas intestinales, aunque no haya cambios en la cantidad total, a través del llamado eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro. En este sentido, la MI disbiótica podría ser un factor que contribuye a la aparición del TEA. En este artículo de revisión sistemática se analizan los resultados de la intervención mediante prebióticos (polvo de zanahoria, vitamina A, goma guar parcialmente hidrolizada, galactooligosacáridos, etc.), probióticos (fundamentalmente: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, etc.) y trasplante de microbiota fecal en niños con TEA. En general, los resultados de los estudios iniciales sugieren cambios en los síntomas TEA, síntomas gastrointestinales y composición de la MI intestinal tras las intervenciones. Sin embargo, los resultados deben tomarse con cautela dado que son muy pocos los estudios que analizan la eficacia de los tratamientos a largo plazo y las diferentes combinaciones de los mismos

In recent years, there has been an increase in studies of the implications of the gut microbiota (GM) in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There is a hypothesis which propose a relationship between the emotional state and the abundance of intestinal microbes through the so-called microbiota-intestine-brain axis. In this sense, dysbiotic GM could be a contributing factor to the appearance of ASD. This systematic review article analyzes the results of the intervention using prebiotics (carrot powder, vitamin A, partially hydrolyzed guar gum, galactooligosaccharides, etc.), probiotics (mainly: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, etc.) and transplantation of fecal microbiota in ASD children. In conclusion, the results of the initial studies suggest changes in ASD symptoms, gastro-intestinal symptoms and GM composition after the interventions. However, the results should be taken with caution because there are very few studies that analyze the efficacy of long-term treatments and the different combinations of them

Actualización sobre infección por Clostridium difficile en el paciente mayor / Updated review of Clostridium difficile infection in elderly

La infección por Clostridium difficile es la causa más frecuente de diarrea nosocomial y presenta un incremento en su incidencia con la edad. Las manifestaciones clínicas, la tasa de resistencia, el riesgo de recurrencia y la respuesta a los diferentes tratamientos es diferente en la población adulta joven comparado con la población mayor. El objetivo de esta revisión es actualizar la epidemiología, patogenia, diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la infección por C. difficile en este grupo de edad, con la evidencia que hay hasta el momento actual

Clostridium difficile infection is the most common cause of health care-associated diarrhoea, and its incidence increases with age. Clinical challenges, risk of resistance to treatment, risk of recurrence, and treatment responses are different in elderly. The aim of this review is to discuss the updated epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic management of C. difficile infection in elderly with the available data

Efecto del trasplante de microbiota fecal sobre los síntomas psiquiátricos de los pacientes con enfermedad intestinal inflamatoria: estudio experimental / The effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on psychiatric symptoms among patients with inflammatory bowel disease: an experimental study

INTRODUCCIÓN: Durante la última década, se ha obtenido evidencia que respalda la relación entre el microbiota intestinal y el cerebro. El envejecimiento, el estrés, la nutrición y los medicamentos pueden alterar la composición bacteriana de la microbiota intestinal. Esta condición, llamada disbiosis, se puede reparar con prebióticos, probióticos o con trasplante de microbiota fecal (TMF). El TMF es eficaz en el tratamiento de enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales (EII). La información sobre el uso del TMF en los trastornos psiquiátricos es limitada. Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar los cambios en la severidad de la depresión, la ansiedad y la obsesión de los pacientes que recibieron TMF para el tratamiento de enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales. METODOLOGÍA: Este estudio se realizó con 10 pacientes con EII que se sometieron al TMF entre marzo y septiembre de 2017. El TMF fue realizado por un gastroenterólogo experimentado. Los pacientes completaron el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (IDB), el Listado de Síntomas Revisado (SCL-90-R) y el Inventario Obsesivo-Compulsivo de Maudsley (MOCI) antes del TMF y otra vez un mes después del TMF. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron disminuciones significativas en las puntuaciones del IDB (Z = 2.49, p = 0.013), SCL-90-R (Z = -2.09, p = 0.037) y MOCI (Z = 2.08, p = 0.037) un mes después del TMF. Aunque las puntuaciones de la subescala de ansiedad del SCL-90-R disminuyeron, esta disminución no fue estadísticamente significativa (Z = -1.55, p = 0.121). CONCLUSIONES: La severidad de la ansiedad, la depresión y la obsesión en los pacientes con EII disminuyó después del TMF. La disminución de los síntomas psiquiátricos puede deberse al efecto neuropsiquiátrico directo del TMF (efecto primario), pero también a la mejora de los síntomas gas-trointestinales (efecto secundario). Otra posibilidad es que este resultado sea independiente de estas dos hipótesis. Por lo tanto, los resultados de nuestro estudio no son suficientes para establecer una relación de causa-efecto. Para generalizar estos resultados, se necesitan más ensayos controlados aleatorizados con muestras de más pacientes con ansiedad o depresión, pero sin enfermedades físicas concomitantes

INTRODUCTION: Over the past decade, evidence that supports the relationship between intestinal microbiota and the brain has been obtained. Ageing, stress, nutrition and medi-cines can alter the composition of bacteria in the intestinal microbiota. This condition, called dysbiosis, can be repaired through prebiotics, probiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). FMT is effective in the tratamiento of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Information on FMT's use with psychiatric disorders is limited. This study aims to investigate changes in the severity of depression, anxiety and obsession of patients who received FMT for the tratamiento of inflammatory bowel diseases. METHODS: This study was conducted with 10 patients with IBD who underwent FMT between March and September 2017. FMT was performed by an experienced gastroen-terologist. The patients completed the Beck Depression In-ventory (BDI), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) and Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) be-fore FMT and again at 1 month after FMT. RESULTS: Significant decreases were found in BDI (Z = 2.49, p = 0.013), SCL-90-R (Z = -2.09, p = 0.037) and MOCI (Z = 2.08, p = 0.037) scores after 1 month of FMT. Although he SCL-90-R anxiety subscale scores decreased, this de-crease was not statistically significant (Z = -1.55, p = 0.121). CONCLUSIONS: The severity of anxiety, depression and obsession in IBD patients decreased after FMT. The decrease in psychiatric symptoms may result from the direct neuro-psychiatric effect of FMT (primary effect), but also the im-provement of gastrointestinal symptoms (secondary effect). Another possibility is that this result is independent of these two conditions. Therefore, the results of our study are not sufficient to establish a cause-effect relationship. More ran-domised controlled trials with larger samples from patients with anxiety or depression but without comorbid physical illnesses are needed to generalise these results

¿Bacterias para la tolerancia analgésica a la morfina? / Bacteria for morphine analgesic tolerance?

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Transplante fecal en geriatría / Faecal transplantation in geriatrics

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An altered fecal microbiota profile in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) associated with obesity

Introduction: increasing evidence suggests a role of intestinal dysbiosis in obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The advances in recent years with regard to the role of the gut microbiota raise the potential utility of new therapeutic approaches based on the modification of the microbiome. Objective: the aim of this study was to compare the bacterial communities in obese patients with or without NAFLD to those of healthy controls. Patients and methods: the fecal microbiota composition of 20 healthy adults, 36 obese patients with NAFLD and 17 obese patients without NAFLD was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq system. Results: the results highlighted significant differences in the phylum Firmicutes between patients with and without NAFLD, which was a determining factor of the disease and supported its possible role as a marker of NAFLD. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Blautia, Alkaliphilus, Flavobacterium and Akkermansia was reduced in obese patients, both with or without NAFLD, compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, the number of sequences from the genus Streptococcus was significantly higher in patients with NAFLD in comparison with individuals without the disease, constituting another possible marker. Comparison of bacterial communities at the genus level by a principal coordinate analysis indicated that the bacterial communities of patients with NAFLD were dispersed and did not form a group. Conclusion: in conclusion, these results indicate the role of intestinal dysbiosis in the development of NAFLD associated with obesity. There was a differential microbiota profile between obese patients, with and without NAFLD. Thus, supporting gut microbiota modulation as a therapeutic alternative for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD

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Is it reasonable to perform Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection in patients with liver cirrhosis? / ¿Es razonable realizar trasplante de microbiota fecal a pacientes con infección recurrente por Clostridium difficile en pacientes cirróticos?

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Trasplante de microbiota fecal en niño con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal de inicio muy precoz / Faecal microbiota transplant in a child with very early onset inflammatory bowel disease

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Future prospect of faecal microbiota transplantation as a potential therapy in asthma

There is convincing evidence from both human and animal studies suggesting that the gut microbiota plays an important role in regulating immune responses associated with the development of asthma. Certain intestinal microbial strains have been demonstrated to suppress or impair immune responsiveness in asthma experimental models, suggesting that specific species among gut commensal microbiota may play either a morbific or phylactic role in the progression of asthma. Evidence to date suggests that the intestinal microbiota represent fertile targets for prevention or management of asthma. The faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a rather straightforward therapy that manipulates the human gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota, by which a healthy donor microbiota is transferred into an existing but disturbed microbial ecosystem. The FMT may therefore represent a therapeutic approach for asthma treatment in the foreseeable future. At present, FMT therapy for asthma is very limited and should be actively studied. Considerable efforts are needed to increase our knowledge in the field of FMT therapy for asthma. In this review, we aimed to provide several insights into the development of FMT therapy for asthma

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