Bullying and Psychological Dating Violence: The Relation Between two Aggressive Peer-Behaviours / Bullying y Violencia Psicológica en el Cortejo: Relación Entre dos Comportamientos Agresivos Entre Iguales

BACKGROUND: Previous research has suggested that bullying could be related to teen dating violence; there may be a psycho-developmental transition between bullying and other forms of violence during adolescence as an evolution of the aggressive pattern. This study attempts to identify the role of bullying as a risk factor for psychological violence in adolescents' dating relationships, and the relationship between these two aggressive behaviours. METHOD: The participants were 3,144 adolescents from Valencia (50.6% girls), enrolled in Primary Education (50.4%) and Secondary Education (49.6%). RESULTS: The results showed rates of involvement in bullying as high as 46.2%, while the rates of psychological dating aggression were 31.4%. The multinomial logistic regression analysis identified aggression in bullying as a predictive variable for psychological aggression during dating, while the predictors of victimization were also linked to those for victimization in bullying. After analysing the interactions, the results showed that particularly in boys, previous experience of indirect perpetration of bullying is a risk variable of later psychological dating aggression, and that this kind of experience in Primary School is a significant predictor variable for both aggression and victimization in dating. CONCLUSIONS: The results are discussed in terms of the psycho-developmental pattern of these aggressive behaviours

ANTECEDENTES: trabajos previos apuntan a una posible relación, como transición psico-evolutiva, entre el bullying y otras formas de violencia durante la adolescencia, en términos de evolución en la manifestación del mismo patrón de comportamiento agresivo. Este estudio trata de identificar el rol del bullying como factor de riesgo para la violencia psicológica en las relaciones sentimentales adolescentes y la relación que se da entre ambos comportamientos agresivos. MÉTODO: 3.144 jóvenes valencianos (50,6% chicas) de Educación Primaria (50,4%) y Secundaria Obligatoria (49,6%) participaron en el estudio. RESULTADOS: las tasas de implicación en bullying alcanzaban el 46,2% y las de violencia psicológica en el cortejo el 31,4%. Análisis de regresiones logísticas multinomiales identificaron como variable predictora de la perpetración psicológica en el cortejo la agresión previa en bullying, mientras que las predictoras de la victimización fueron las relacionadas con la victimización en bullying. El análisis de las interacciones muestra que la experiencia previa en perpetración indirecta de los chicos es una variable predictora de la perpetración psicológica, así como la experiencia en Primaria es una variable predictora significativa para ambas formas de implicación. CONCLUSIONES: estos resultados son discutidos en términos del carácter psicoevolutivo del comportamiento agresivo durante la adolescencia

Tramas de la constitución subjetiva y la complejidad del diagnóstico de niños desde un enfoque relacional / Paths of subjetive constitution and the complexity of child diagnosis from a relational approach

Este trabajo amplia uno precedente. Aporta al abordaje del diagnóstico y sus enlaces con las vicisitudes de la recomendación terapéutica; en términos de diferenciar entre dificultades por déficits, conflictos o reconstrucciones subjetivas en curso. Para trazar ejes conceptuales que delinean estas diferencias, como figura didáctica, puntualizamos observables evolutivos, organizados en torno a las primeras ligazones amorosas, un segundo tiempo de diferenciaciones amorosas y un tercero de descubrimiento de la alteridad del otro. Observables que se constituyen las capas profundas de la mente, coexisten y transforman a lo largo de la vida. En pos de señalar la importancia de elaborar diagnósticos que den cuenta de lo constituido y sus transformaciones, de déficits y/o dificultades nos focalizamos en la niñez. Dos supuestos básicos guían esta presentación; en la vida de una persona el diagnóstico nunca resulta neutro, es terapéutico o iatrogénico, tanto desarrollo como trauma devienen en la dimensión relacional intersubjetiva

This work expands one precedent. It contributes to the approach of the diagnosis and its links with the vicissitudes of the therapeutic recommendation; In terms of differentiating between difficulties due to ongoing deficits, conflicts or subjective reconstructions.As a didactic device, we decided to consider developmental aspects observable across childhood in order to outline core concepts that allow us to improve our analysis of these aspects. Said observable developmental aspects relate to the first affectionate bonds, a second stage of affectionate differentiations and a third stage of the discovery of otherness. These dimensions are pointed out as emergent in the frame of complex networks of nonlinear subjective constitution processes. These observable developmental aspects exist in the deep layers of our minds, coexist and transform along life. In this work, our descriptions focus on the first two dimensions. Our purpose is to highlight the importance of making diagnoses that account for what is established and its transformations, deficiencies and/or difficulties. Two basic assumptions guide this presentation: that in a person’s life, a diagnosis is never neutral; it is either therapeutic or iatrogenic, and that both development and trauma occur in an intersubjective relational dimension

Romantic relationship quality in the digital age: a study with young adults

Recent studies suggest that the online and offline behaviors young people display in romantic relationships are closely related. However, the differential effects of the dimensions of couple quality in the online context have not yet been explored in depth. The aim of this study was to explore online couple quality in young-adult relationships, and its association with romantic relationship satisfaction, also looking at effects of gender, age, and length of the relationship. 431 university students currently in a romantic relationship (68.2% females; mean age = 21.57) participated in this study. They completed different self-report measures to tap the online quality of their romantic relationships (online intimacy, control, jealousy, intrusiveness, cyberdating practices, and communication strategies) and level of satisfaction with those relationships. Results showed that participants more often reported online intimacy (Mmen = 2.49; Mwomen = 2.38) than the negative scales of online quality (mean ranged from .43 to 1.50), and all the online quality scales decreased with age (correlations ranged from -.12 to -.30) and relationship length (correlations ranged from -.02 to -.20). Linear regression analyses indicated that online intimacy (b = .32, p = .001) and intrusiveness (b = .11, p = .035) were positively related to relationship satisfaction, while cyberdating practices (b = -.20, p = .001) and communication strategies (b = -.34, p = .001) were negatively correlated with relationship satisfaction. Moreover, gender and relationship length moderated some of these associations. Results indicate that while online quality and relationship satisfaction are related, the impact of different online quality dimensions on relationship satisfaction differs depending on a participant's sex, age, and relationship length (AU)

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Psichometrics properties of Psychological Dating Violence Questionnaire: a study with young couples / Propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Violencia Psicológica en el Cortejo: un estudio con parejas jóvenes

This instrumental study examines the psychometric properties of the Psychological Dating Violence Questionnaire (PDV-Q). The scale was developed with the aim of evaluating subtle and overt psychological abuse among dating couples, and its possible bi-directionality in the implication as victim and as aggressor. A sample group of 670 heterosexual university students (62.8% women), aged between 19 and 25 years old (M = 22; SD = 1.78), took part in the study. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis revealed a satisfactory index of reliability with two different scales: Victimization and Aggression. The external validity was checked with a physical violence measure (modified Conflict Tactic Scale-2). The results indicated a significant but low correlation between psychological and physical scales. The PDV-Q joins dating and intimate violence instruments potentialities and tries to overcome their limitations. It includes a wide range of violent behaviors and it is adapted to specific characteristics from young couples (AU)

Este estudio instrumental presenta las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Violencia Psicológica en el Cortejo (PDV-Q). El cuestionario se diseñó con el objetivo de evaluar el abuso psicológico sutil y manifiesto presente en parejas de jóvenes universitarios y su posible bidireccionalidad en la implicación como víctima y como agresor. Se contó con una muestra de 670 estudiantes universitarios heterosexuales (62,8% mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre los 19 y 25 años (M = 22; DT = 1,78). Los análisis exploratorios y confirmatorios mostraron índices de fiabilidad satisfactorios con dos escalas, Victimización y Agresión. La validez externa fue evaluada con la violencia psicológica, medida a través de una versión modificada del Conflict Tactic Scale-2. Los resultados mostraron correlaciones significativas, aunque bajas, entre las escalas de violencia psicológica y física. El PDV-Q aúna las potencialidades de los instrumentos de cortejo y los de violencia en la pareja marital, salvando las principales dificultades recogidas. Incluye un amplio rango de comportamientos violentos, adaptándolos a las características concretas de las parejas jóvenes (AU)

Intensity of love in a community sample of Spanish couples in the region of Madrid

Intensity of love was examined in a representative community sample of 2,988 couples, from the Region of Madrid (Spain). Gender differences revealed no significant differences in intensity of love. Twenty-five percent of the participants who were in a relationship of less than 10 years and eleven percent of the participants in a relationship of more than 30 years reported being «very intensely in love» F(3, 5.972) = 191.32, p < .001, ηp2 = 0.08. The cognitive variables, thinking positively about the partner and thinking about the partner when apart, were significant predictors of the intensity of long-term love for both men and women. Affection was also positively associated with intense love for men (r = .47, p < .001) and women (r = .52, p < .001); sexual intercourse was for women (r = .36, p < .001) but not for men. Wanting to know the whereabouts of partner was associated with the intensity of love for women (r = .15, p < .05), but not for men. Engaging in novel activities with partner was not associated with intense love for male or females. As predicted, love declined significantly in the first decade of marriage, but not much after that. The percentage of men and women who reported being intensely in love was lower than that obtained in the U.S (AU)

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El amor primitivo: empuje de creación y conquista / Primitive love, the motor of creation and conquest

Se concibe como valor esencial para el ser humano la relación objetal que aporte significatividad a la existencia. Se parte la hipótesis de que la libido es buscadora del objeto y del vínculo significativo que consiga una auténtica experiencia humana de satisfacción, imprescindible para la adquisición de un self verdadero. Se define la pulsión vital como fuerza y potencial evolutivo que empuja a ser y que, a través de sus dos raíces, erótica y agresiva, tiende a crear al objeto de gratificación (para fusionarse) por un lado y a conquistarle como objeto simultaneidad y alternancia adecuada de gratificación y frustración para que sea posible la constitución del mundo psíquico, del aparato para pensar pensamientos y del self. Es imprescindible además que junto al ello del niño esté presente el yo materno, como garantía de significatividad. El vaivén exitoso de creación y conquista (con su dosis de agresión) dará lugar al objeto y fenómenos transicionales, dentro del espacio potencial. La falla precoz en la experiencia de ilusión-conquista (por intolerancia objetal), traerá como consecuencia la amenaza de aniquilación del self y la puesta en marcha de soluciones para asegurar la supervivencia. En la clínica se podrá observar el miedo al derrumbe, basado en las experiencias de agonía primitiva por deprivación (AU)

It is essential for the human being to participate in an object relationship taht provides meaning to existence. The author uses the hypothesis that libido is searching for the object and the significant link with this object provides an authentic human experience of satisfaction, which is in basic for de acquisition of a ture self. The vital drive is defined as the force and the potential for growth which pushes the individual to be and through its two roots, erotic and aggressive, tends to create the object of gratification (to merge with it) and conquests it as a real object (as a means of sensing it as separate). Both processes must occur simultaneously and with and equilibrium between gratification and frustration, so that the constitution of the psychic world is made possible, as well as the formation of the apparatus to think thoughts and the establishment of the self. It is vital that together with the id of the child, there exists the maternal ego, as a guaranty of existential meaning. The positive fluctuation between creation and conquest (with its dose of aggression) will constitute the object as well as the transitional phenomenon within the potential space. The precocity of the failure in the experience of illusion-conquest (due to object intolerance) will bring as a consequence, the threat of the annihilation of the self as well as the creation of solutions in order to insure survival. In the clinical setting the fear of breakdown will appear, based on experiences of primitive agony due to deprivation (AU)