Non-suicidal self-injury in young adults with and without borderline personality disorder: the role of emotion dysregulation and negative urgency / Autolesión no suicida en adultos jóvenes con y sin trastorno límite de la personalidad: el papel de la desregulación emocional y la urgencia negativa

La Autolesión No Suicida (ANS) se define como un dolor auto-infligido que se utiliza como un mecanismo para aliviar la angustia psicoló-gica. Aunque ANS es común en el trastorno límite de la personalidad (TLP), también es un problema creciente en estudiantes universitarios. Si bien la desregulación emocional y la urgencia negativa están asociadas con ANS, poco se sabe sobre las dimensiones específicas que predicen la moti-vación (funciones) y la frecuencia de las autolesiones. Se exploró la relación entre la desregulación emocional, la urgencia negativa, y ANS en 86 adultos jóvenes, divididos en tres grupos: estudiantes universitarios con ANS, pa-cientes TLP con ANS y un grupo de control sano sin ANS. Realizamos análisis de regresión múltiple para predecir las funciones y frecuencia de ANS. La no aceptación de las emociones, una dimensión especifica de la desregulación emocional, predijo de manera única las funciones intraperso-nales de ANS, pero no las funciones interpersonales. Por último, la falta de estrategias de regulación emocional predijo la frecuencia de ANS solo en individuos con una alta urgencia negativa, es decir, individuos que tienden a actuar impulsivamente cuando experimentan emociones negativas, pero no en aquellos con una baja urgencia negativa. Los hallazgos resaltan las moti-vaciones subyacentes a la autolesión y revelan facetas de la desregulación emocional relevantes para el tratamiento de ANS.(AU)

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is defined as self-inflicted pain, and it is used as a mechanism to alleviate psychological distress. Although NSSI is prevalent in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), it is also an increasing concern among college student populations. While emotion dysregulation and negative urgency are associated with NSSI, little is known about which dimensions specifically predict the motivations (NSSI-functions) and frequency of self-harm. The current study explored the rela-tionship between emotion dysregulation, negative urgency, and NSSI in 86 young adults, divided into three groups: college students with NSSI, BPD patients with NSSI, and a healthy control group without NSSI. We con-ducted multiple regression analyses to predicted NSSI-functions and NSSI-frequency. Non-acceptance of emotions, a specific dimension of emotion dysregulation, uniquely predicted intrapersonal NSSI-functions (e.g., regu-lating distressing emotions), but not interpersonal NSSI-functions (e.g., communicating distress). Lastly, poor emotion regulation strategies pre-dicted NSSI-frequency only in individuals with high negative urgency, that is, individuals who tend to act impulsively when experiencing negative emotions, but not in those with low negative urgency. Findings shed light on the underlying motivations for engaging in self-injury, and they reveal facets of emotion dysregulation relevant for NSSI treatment.(AU)

Translation, cultural adaptation, and psychometric validation of the Persian hypertension self-management questionnaire in South Sumatera, Indonesia

Background: Poor self-management has been associated with uncontrolled blood pressure in hypertensive patients. A valid instrument is needed to assess the self-management of hypertensive patients, especially to measure self-management changes after health workers’ intervention. Objective: To examine the psychometric properties Persian Hypertension Self-Management Questionnaire among patients with hypertension in Indonesia. Methods: Data collection was carried out cross-sectionally using convenience sampling; obtained 407 hypertensive patients in ten primary health centers in South Sumatra Province. The translation of the questionnaire has been carried out by applying forward-backward methods. The Face validity test based on respondents’ responses to each question item was evaluated descriptively. We evaluated content validity by an expert with qualitative and quantitative; known group validity was analyzed using chi-square. Internal consistency reliability test using Cronbach alpha and test-retest reliability using Pearson correlation test or Pearson Spearman rank correlation. Results: Content validity by the expert shows sentence improvement, and CVI value = 1.00. Face validity shows that respondents can understand well to the questionnaire, and the known group validity was considered very good, as indicated by a significant relationship between the level of self-management and blood pressure control (p <0.001). The reliability assessment on internal consistency was 0.823 with a range of values for each domain, namely 0.710 - 0.823, and Test-retest reliability of 0.707 (p <0.001) with values ranging from 0.600 - 0.906. Conclusions: The Persian Hypertension Self-Management Questionnaire has been translated into the Indonesian version and has satisfactory validity and reliability for assessing self-management in hypertensive patients in Indonesia. (AU)

The Role of Self-monitoring and Self-efficacy on the Athletes' Motivation and Performance: Evidence from Athlete Training Institutions in Indonesia / El papel del autocontrol y la autoeficacia en la motivación y el rendimiento de los atletas: evidencia de instituciones de formación de atletas en Indonesia

Self-efficacy and self-monitoring are crucial for achieving an athlete's motivation and performance, which is the most important factor for the team's success. This feature deserves the attention of researchers, and the current work explores the effect of self-efficacy and self-monitoring on the performance of athletes in Indonesian training institutes. The study also investigates the mediating effect of self-monitoring between self-efficacy, self-monitoring, and athlete performance in Indonesian athletic training institutes. The study also utilized the primary data collected via survey questionnaires from the athletes. The study also employed smart PLS to examine the relationship between the understudy constructs. Self-efficacy and self-monitoring were found to have a good relationship with athletes' performance in Indonesian training institutes. The results also demonstrated that athlete motivation strongly influences the relationship between self-efficacy, self-monitoring, and athlete performance in Indonesian athletic training institutes. This research focuses on using self-efficacy and self-monitoring to enhance an athlete's performance, which guides policymakers.(AU)

Perfiles de autoconcepto físico percibidos: intención de ser físicamente activo y regulación emocional / Perceived physical self-concept profiles: intention to be physically active and emotional regulation

Los objetivos del estudio fueron identificar perfiles de autoconcepto físico y examinar su rol sobre la intención de ser físicamente activo y la regulación emocional. Una muestra de 606 practicantes de actividad física (Medad= 34,19; DT= 13,05) completó una serie de medidas de autoinforme que evaluaban el autoconcepto físico, la intención de ser físicamente activo y la regulación emocional Los análisis de conglomerados revelaron tres perfiles de autoconcepto físico. El perfil b con autoconcepto físico relativamente alto experimentó diferencias significativas en la intención de ser físicamente activo, autoculpa y reevaluación positiva. El perfil a con autoconcepto físico bajo mostró diferencias significativas en aceptación, rumiación y catastrofización. El perfil c con autoconcepto físico muy bajo reveló diferencias significativas en culpar a los demás. Como conclusión, el perfil b con autoconcepto físico relativamente alto está asociado con la mayor intencionalidad de ser físicamente activo y el uso de estrategias de regulación emocional funcionales. (AU)

The objectives of the study were to identify physical self-concept profiles and examine their role in the intention to be physically active and emotional regulation. A sample of 606 physical activity practitioners (Mage= 34.19, SD=13.05), completed a series of self-report measures that evaluated physical selfconcept, the intention to be physically active, and emotional regulation. Cluster analyzes revealed three profiles of physical self-concept. Profile b with relatively high physical self-concept experienced significant differences in intention to be physically active, self-blame, and positive reappraisal. Profile a with low physical self-concept showed significant differences in acceptance, rumination, and catastrophizing. Profile c with a very low physical self-concept revealed significant differences in blaming others. In conclusion, profile b with relatively high physical self-concept and with optimal scores in condition, attractiveness and strength is associated with a higher intention to be physically active and the use of functional emotional regulation strategies. (AU)

Determinants associated with self-management behavior among type 2 diabetes patients in China: A structural equation model based on the theory of planned behavior

Background: Diabetes self-management (DSM) is essential for patients to achieve better health outcomes. However, previous studies have demonstrated that the performance of DSM is not optimal. This study was designed to identify the significant determinants of self-management behavior in type 2 diabetes(T2DM) patients to improve DSM. Method: A convenient sampling method was employed in this study. Data were collected from a community health center from January to February 2021 in Nanjing city, China. A total of 431 patients completed the self-administered questionnaires. A structural equation model based on the theory of planned behavior(TPB) was adopted for analysis. Results: TPB model presents excellent goodness of fit of data. Attitude (β=0.161, P < 0.01), subjective norms (SN) (β=0.239, P < 0.001), and perceived behavior control (PBC) (β=0.197, P < 0.001) were strong predictors of intention. Intention (β=0.230, P < 0.001) and PBC (β=0.259, P < 0.001) had a direct effect on self-management behavior. The impact of attitude and SN on behavior was significantly mediated via behavioral intention. Conclusion: The application of TPB to self-management behavior in T2DM patients can significantly enhance our understanding of theory-based self-management behavior. This predictive model could potentially be a valuable tool and provide a feasible approach for formulating more targeted and population-specific DSM interventions in future research. (AU)

Efectividad del portafolio virtual autorreflexivo en el aprendizaje autodirigido de los estudiantes de Cirugía I de la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego en Trujillo, Perú / Effectiveness of the self-reflective virtual portfolio in the self-directed learning of Surgery I students of the School of Medicine of the Antenor Orrego Private University in Trujillo, Peru

Introducción: El portafolio educativo sirve como instrumento usado en el proceso de desarrollo de capacidades reflexivas y de aprendizaje autodirigido (AAD) en la formación de profesionales de la salud. El objetivo de la presente investigación de tipo pretest y postest de un solo grupo fue evaluar la efectividad del portafolio virtual autorreflexivo en el aprendizaje autodirigido en los estudiantes del curso de Cirugía I en el semestre académico 2019-I de la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego.Material y métodos.Se analizó una base de datos que incluyó a 189 estudiantes (75 hombres y 114 mujeres). Para la evaluación del AAD se utilizó la escala validada de Fisher, King y Tague, conformada por tres dimensiones y 40 ítems (autogestión: 13 ítems; deseo de aprendizaje: 12 ítems, y autocontrol: 15 ítems).Resultados.En esta cohorte de estudiantes hubo un incremento significativo en la puntuación global del AAD al final del curso, en comparación con su nivel inicial después de la aplicación del portafolio virtual autorreflexivo (p = 0). Asimismo, este instrumento fue efectivo en la mejora en las dimensiones autogestión (p = 0), deseo de aprendizaje (p = 0) y autocontrol (p = 0).ConclusiónEl portafolio autorreflexivo es una herramienta educativa efectiva en la mejora del AAD. (AU)

Introduction: The educational portfolio serves as an instrument used in the process of development of reflective capacities and self-directed learning (SDL) in the training of health professionals. The objective of the present investigation of a single group pre-test and post-test type was to evaluate the effectiveness of the self-reflective virtual portfolio in self-directed learning in students of the Surgery I course in the academic semester 2019-I of the Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego School of Medicine, Trujillo, Perú.Material and methods.A database that included 189 students (75 men and 114 women) was analyzed. For the evaluation of the SDL, the validated scale of Fisher, King and Tague was used, made up of three dimensions and 40 items (self-management: 13 items, desire to learn: 12 items, and self-control: 15 items).Results.In this cohort of students, there was a significant increase in the overall SDL score at the end of the course, compared to its initial level, after the application of the self-reflective virtual portfolio (p = 0). Likewise, this instrument was effective in improving the dimensions of self-management (p = 0), desire to learn (p = 0) and self-control (p = 0).Conclusion.The self-reflective portfolio is an effective educational tool in enhancing SDL. (AU)

Experiencias de vida de personas con Covid-19 durante el periodo de cuarentena / Life experiences of people with Covid-19 during the quarantine period

Objetivo principal: comprender las experiencias de vida de personas con diagnóstico de Covid-19 durante el periodo de cuarentena en Santiago de Chile. Diseño: estudio cualitativo descriptivo de carácter fenomenológico y exploratorio. Metodología: Los participantes fueron personas entre 18 y 65 años, con infección previa por Covid-19 y PCR positivo. Se utilizó un muestreo intencional con 11 informantes. La información se recogió́ a través de entrevistas en profundidad vía online, grabadas y transcritas manualmente. Para el análisis se siguió́ la metodología de Colaizzi. Resultados principales: emociones intensas, apoyo de familiares y vecinos, estigma y autocuidado, fueron las cuatro categorías surgidas del análisis. Conclusión principal: las personas con Covid-19 tuvieron en general un alto riesgo de tener problemas emocionales y sociales. Sin embargo, la pandemia también tuvo un efecto positivo sobre las relaciones familiares, el sentido a la vida, el autocontrol y el autocuidado.(AU)

Main objective: to understand the life experiences of people diagnosed with Covid-19 during the quarantine period in Santiago de Chile city. Design: a descriptive phenomenological qualitative study with an exploratory approach. Methodology: Participants aged between 18 and 65 years, with previous Covid-19 infection and positive PCR. Purposive sampling with 11 informants was used. The information was collected through in-depth online interviews, recorded, and manually transcribed. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step method. Main results: intense emotions, support from family and neighbors, stigma and self-care were the four categories that emerged from the analysis. Main conclusion: people with Covid-19 had a high risk for emotional and social problems. However, the pandemic also had a positive effect on family relationships, meaning of life, self-control, and self-care.(AU)

Relationships between test anxiety, self-regulation and strategies for coping with stress, in professional examination candidates / Relaciones entre ansiedad evaluativa, autorregulación y estrategias de afrontamiento del estrés en universitarios opositores

The research objective was to establish relationships of association, interdependence and structural prediction between the variables of test anxiety, self-regulation and stress coping strategies. The theoretical framework of reference was the Competence for Studying, Learning and Performing under Stress (CSLPS) model. Participating were 142 students who were preparing for professional examinations to attain a post as public school teacher (primary education), enrolled at academies in Almería (Spain) for this purpose. Previously validated questionnaires were administered for data collection. The study design was linear ex post-facto, with bivariate, inferential analyses of association (ANOVAs and MANOVAs) and of structural prediction. Results showed a negative relationship between test anxiety self-regulation, especially in students with high emotionality, and a negative impact on decision making. Positive relationships were found between test anxiety and strategies for coping with stress. Finally, a positive predictive relationship was verified between self-regulation and coping strategies, while associative and inferential analyses highlighted the role of goals as determining factors in strategies used for coping with stress, especially strategies that focuson problem solving. Results are discussed and implications for improving these processes in professional examination candidates are established

El objetivo de la investigación fue establecer relaciones de asociación, interdependencia y predicción estructural entre las variables ansiedad evaluativa, authorregulación y estrategias de afrontamiento del estrés. El marco teórico de referencia fue el modelo de la competencia de Studying, Learning, and Performing under Stress (SLPS). Participaron 142 estudiantes, que se estaban preparando en academias de Almería (España) para obtener plaza como maestros en centros públicos. Para la recogida de datos se administraron cuestionarios escritos previamente validados. El diseño fue ex post-facto lineal, con análisis de asociación bivariada, inferenciales (ANOVAs y MANOVAs) y de predicción estructural. Los resultados mostraron una relación negativa entre la ansiedad evaluativa y la autorregulación, especialmente en los estudiantes con alta emocionalidad, con un impacto negativo para la toma de decisiones. También se encontraron relaciones positivas entre la ansiedad evaluativa y las estrategias de afrontamiento del estrés. Por último, se constató la relación de predicción positiva entre la autorregulación y las estrategias de afrontamiento, a la vez que los análisis asociativos e inferenciales destacaron el papel de las metas como determinantes de las estrategias usadas para afrontar el estrés, especialmente, las referidas a la focalización en la resolución de problemas. Se discuten los resultados y se establecen implicaciones para las mejoras de estos procesos en los estudiantes opositores

Personalidad emprendedora, responsabilidad, autocontrol y grit: El lado psicológico del autoempleo / Entrepreneurial personality, conscientiousness, self-control, and grit: The psychological side of self-employment

El enfoque psicológico en torno a la actividad emprendedora contribuye a explicar por qué las personas deciden o no emprender. El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar diferentes perfiles de personalidad emprendedora, así como identificar las variables de personalidad que puedan explicar el convertirse en trabajador por cuenta propia. Empleando una muestra de 586 participantes (Medad= 39,31; DTedad = 14,66), se analizaron diferentes perfiles de personalidad emprendedora mediante técnicas de análisis de perfiles latentes. Además, se analizó si había diferencias en otras variables psicológicas en función del perfil de personalidad emprendedora. Finalmente, se estudió, mediante un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, si la responsabilidad, el autocontrol, el grit y la personalidad emprendedora ayudan a explicar que las personas se conviertan en trabajadores por cuenta propia. Los resultados apoyan la existencia de tres perfiles latentes de personalidad emprendedora (baja, media y alta), siendo el perfil alta personalidad emprendedora el que muestra mayores puntuaciones en otras variables psicológicas, así como mayor proporción de trabajadores por cuenta propia. El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales planteado explica un 2,6% de la varianza de la variable ser trabajador autónomo, por lo que las variables de personalidad ayudan a explicar una pequeña parte de la actividad emprendedora

The psychological approach to entrepreneurial activity helps to explain why people decide or not to undertake. The objective of this study is to analyze different entrepreneurial personality profiles, as well as to identify the personality variables that can explain becoming a self-employed. Using a sample of 586 participants (Mage = 39.31; SDage = 14.66), different entrepreneurial personality profiles were analyzed using la-tent profile analysis techniques. In addition, it was analyzed whether there were differences in other psychological variables based on the entrepreneurial personality profile. Finally, it was studied, using a structural equation model, if conscientiousness, self-control, grit and entrepreneurial personality help to explain why people become self-employed. The results support the existence of three latent profiles of entrepreneurial personality (low, medium and high), being high entrepreneurial personality the one profile that shows higher scores in other psychological variables, as well as a higher proportion of self-employed. The proposed structural equation model explains 2.6% of the variance of the variable being self-employed, so the personality variables help to explain a small part of entrepreneurial activity

Keeping a Keen Eye on Unsanctioned Aggression in Contact Sports in China: Do Personal, Aggressive and Moral Factors Count in it? / Mantener un ojo atento a la agresión no autorizada en los deportes de contacto en China: ¿Cuentan los factores personales, agresivos y morales?

This research reviews the factors related to the socio-cognitive self-regulatory processes influential on the unsanctioned aggression which may have received only limited attention in sports psychology; however, the present study has been designed with a view to rectify this gap. The primary purpose of the present study is to evaluate the unsanctioned aggression prevalent in contact sports. For this purpose the self-enhancement values, resistive self-regulatory efficacy and the self-transcendence values are considered as personal factors where moral disengagement and aggressive provocative tendency have been considered as well. The study adopts a quantitative design and online questionnaires have been used to generate a sample from 334 respondents. The data has been collected from people involved in different contact sports in China. Structural equation modelling is used for the evaluation of the variable relationships. The influence of the personal self-transcendence is found to lead to an increase in unsanctioned aggression in the contact sports players where the moral disengagement and aggressive provocative tendency effectively mediated the association. The results show that the self-transcendence, moral disengagement and aggressive provocative tendency govern the unsanctioned aggression of the contact sports players of China. The study produces a number of key practical, theoretical and policy-oriented implications. The present carries a number of design limitations that may be overcome in the work of future researchers. The findings of the study can be used by coaches, athletes, sports psychologists and decision-makers for the purpose of sports coaching as well as to lower the level of aggressiveness in contact sport players. By and large, the key limitation of the study is that it only considers the contact sports players in the context of China.(AU)

Anxiety and psychological variables of sports performance related to injuries in high-performance sportsmen

Introduction: The aim of this research is to analyze the relationships between anxiety and the psychological variables of sports performance, with the history of injuries in high-performance sportsmen.Material and MethodsA cross-sectional and correlational study was designed selecting 63 sportsmen through a stratified random sampling (n= 21 softball, soccer and baseball respectively). To obtain the information and measure the variables, the Questionnaire on Sports Aspects and Injuries, the State -Trait Anxiety Inventory, the State in Competition Anxiety Inventory and the Psychological Inventory of Sports Execution were used. The analysis was carried out using the percentage distribution, mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, Kolmogorov - Smirnov, HSD Tukey de Anova and the Pearson correlation coefficient (p≤0.05).ResultsSoftball sportsmen present greater anxiety in competitions (baseball .000; soccer .003) and soccer players have suffered more serious injuries (baseball .008; softball .027). The psychological variables of sports performance that established a relationship with injuries showed an inverse and significant direction such as self-confidence (number of injuries .020), attention control (number .034 and severity .009), negative coping control (number .008 and severity .008) and positive coping control (number .005 and severity .012).ConclusionsA low self-confidence and limited skills to control attention and emotions, make up the vulnerability of the sportsmen studied, which means that a psychological preparation focused on these psychological processes will contribute to the prevention of injuries. (AU)

La influencia del apego sobre el bienestarel rol mediador de la regulación emocional en jóvenes españoles. Español / The influence of attachment on well-being: the mediating role of emotion regulation in Spanish youth

Las personas construyen y mantienen vínculos emocionales a lo largo de todo su desarrollo vital. El modo de vincularse, es decir, el estilo de apego, es consecuencia de los modelos mentales de relación construidos durante las experiencias afectivas. Los individuos con apego inseguro informan de elevada ansiedad y/o elevada evitación al establecer relaciones interpersonales. Estas personas podrían beneficiarse especialmente del aprendizaje de estrategias adecuadas para regular sus emociones, y así, aumentar su grado de bienestar. El objetivo del presente trabajo es estudiar la relación entre el apego y el bienestar subjetivo en jóvenes españoles, contemplando la regulación emocional como variable mediadora. Participaron 126 jóvenes (61.9% mujeres) entre 19 y 26 años (Medad = 24.16; DTedad = 3.54). Se utilizó el cuestionario Experiencias en Relaciones Íntimas (ECR-S), la Escala Española de Meta-Estado de Ánimo (TMMS-24), la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) y la Escala de Experiencias Positivas y Negativas (SPANE). Se realizaron análisis de correlación y de mediación mediante SPSS versión 24.0 y PROCESS. Los resultados indican que la regulación emocional media la relación entre la ansiedad de vinculación y el bienestar. La evitación de la intimidad no se relaciona con la regulación emocional ni con el bienestar. Se pone de manifiesto la importancia de potenciar el bienestar en la juventud a través de la educación emocional, especialmente en aquellos jóvenes con rasgos ansiosos en su estilo de apego

People build and maintain emotional bonds throughout their entire life cycle. Their way of bonding, i.e. their style of attachment, is a consequence of the mental relationship models constructed during their affective experiences. Individuals with insecure attachment report high anxiety and/or high avoidance when establishing interpersonal relationships. These people could benefit above all from learning appropriate strategies for regulating their emotions, and thus increase their level of well-being. This paper studies the relationship between attachment and subjective well-being in Spanish young people, considering emotion regulation as a mediating variable. Participants were 126 young people (61.9% female) aged between 19 and 26 (Mage = 24.16; SDAge = 3.54). The Experiences in Close Relationships questionnaire (ECR-S), the Spanish Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS-24), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) and the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE) were used. Correlation and mediation analyses were performed using SPSS version 24.0 and PROCESS. The results indicate that emotion regulation mediates the relation-ship between attachment anxiety and well-being. Avoidance of intimacy is not related to emotion regulation or well-being. The importance of enhancing well-being in youth through emotional education is remarkable, especially among young peoplewith anxious attachment traits

El consumo de sustancias y su relación con la dependencia emocional, el apego y la regulación emocional en adolescentes / Substance abuse and its relationship to emotional dependence, attachment and emotional regulation in adolescents

El consumo de sustancias entre los adolescentes supone un grave problema social que podría relacionarse con la dependencia emocional, estilos de apego y dificultades en la regulación emocional. De esta forma, los objetivos del presente estudio fueron analizar la relación y el papel predictivo de la dependencia emocional, apego y regulación emocional sobre el consumo de sustancias el último mes. Además, se analizaron las diferencias en función del género y edad en todas las variables del estudio. Igualmente, se comprobó el papel mediador de la regulación emocional y los estilos de apego en la relación entre la dependencia emocional y el consumo de sustancias. La muestra empleada estaba compuesta por 1.533 adolescentes escolarizados, 826 hombres y 707 mujeres con edades entre los 13 y los 22 años (M = 15.76, DT = 1.25). Los resultados mostraron una relación positiva entre el consumo de sustancias y la dependencia emocional. Del mismo modo, las personas consumidoras de sustancias manifestaron relaciones positivas con las dificultades de regulación emocional, así como, con los estilos de apego de permisividad parental, autosuficiencia y rencor contra los padres y traumatismo infantil y relaciones negativas con la seguridad, preocupación familiar, interferencia parental y valor a la autoridad parental

Substance use among adolescents is a serious social problem that may be related to emotional dependence, attachment styles and diffi-culties in emotional regulation. Thus, the objectives of this study were to analyse the relationship and predictive role of emotional dependence, at-tachment and emotional regulation on substance use in the last month. In addition, gender and age differences were analysed in all variables of the study. The mediating role of emotional regulation and attachment styles in the relationship between emotional dependence and substance use was al-so verified. The sample used was made up of 1.533 schooled adolescents, 826 men and 707 women with ages ranging from 13 to 22 years (M = 15.76, SD = 1.25). The results showed a positive relationship between sub-stance use and emotional dependence. Similarly, substance users showed positive relationships with the difficulties of emotional regulation, as well as, with the attachment styles of parental permissiveness, self-sufficiency and resentment against parents and child trauma, and negative relation-ships with secure attachment, family concern, parental interference and value to parental authority

Measuring self-regulation after nutrition education modules with Self Determination Theory (SDT) intervention among teachers with or at Risk Metabolic Syndrome

Objective: This study aims to measure changes in autonomy in groups that have been given nutrition education by applying the SDT concept. Methods: The non-randomized pre-post intervention study design involved 63 teachers in the intervention group and 60 teachers in the control group. Nutrition education by applying the SDT concept and measurement is carried out using the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (TRSQ). Results: The results showed that there was a significant change in support autonomy in the intervention group (p = 0.034) and not in the control group. Controlled variables and amotivation did not show significant differences in the two groups, but changes for the better occurred in the intervention group. Conclusion: The application of the SDT concept can increase support for autonomy. This is expected to support sustainable behavior change. (AU)

Online Homework Distraction Scale: A Validation Study / Online Homework Distraction Scale: un Estudio de Validación

BACKGROUND: Increasingly, postsecondary students enroll in distance learning courses and complete homework online, which extends their learning opportunities regardless of where they are. Online homework requires self-control from students to cope with conventional and tech-related distractors, however research on this topic is scarce. There is a need to develop an instrument to assess online homework distractions in higher education. METHOD: This study examined the psychometric properties of the Online Homework Distraction Scale (OHDS) based on 612 undergraduates in China. After randomly dividing the sample into two groups, we carried out a principal component analysis (PCA) with one group and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with another group. RESULTS: Both PCA and CFA findings indicated that tech-related distraction and conventional distraction were empirically indistinguishable for college students. Given acceptable measurement invariance, the latent factor mean was examined over gender for all participants and found that men were more distracted while doing online homework. Concerning validity evidence, in line with theoretical predictions, the OHDS was negatively related to online homework expectancy, value, effort, and time management. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides strong evidence that the OHDS is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring online homework distraction

ANTECEDENTES: el aprendizaje online requiere del autocontrol para hacer frente a los distractores convencionales y los relacionados con las nuevas tecnologías. En la Educación Superior, existe la necesidad de desarrollar un instrumento para evaluar los distractores a la hora de realizar las tareas para casa en modo online. MÉTODO: el estudio examinó las propiedades psicométricas de la Online Homework Distraction Scale (OHDS). Participaron 612 estudiantes universitarios de China. La muestra fue dividida aleatoriamente en dos grupos. Se realizó Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) con un grupo y Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC) con el otro grupo. RESULTADOS: los resultados del ACP y del AFC indicaron que la distracción relacionada con la tecnología y la distracción convencional eran empíricamente indistinguibles. Constatada una invariancia de medida aceptable, se examinó la media del factor latente sobre el género para todos los participantes. Los hombres se distraen más que las mujeres mientras realizan las tareas online. Con respecto a la evidencia de validez, el OHDS se relacionó negativamente con la expectativa, el valor, el esfuerzo y la gestión del tiempo. CONCLUSIONES: hay evidencia sólida de que el OHDS es un instrumento válido y fiable para medir el nivel de distracción en tareas online

Regulation of cognition: Validation of a short scale for Portuguese first-year university students / Regulación de la cognición: Validación de una escala corta para estudiantes universitarios portugueses de primer año

The quality of learning in Higher Education is particularly dependent on students' skills in regulating their cognition. This regulation requires cognitive and metacognitive skills as well as motivational dimensions. Due to its relevance in explaining students' academic achievement and developing lifelong learning skills, it´s important to increase research in the area. This study aims to adapt and validate a short version of the Regulation of Cognition of Metacognitive Awareness Inventory to first-year Portuguese university students. A sample of 360 students was considered and was identified a three-dimensional structure (Planning, 4 items; Strategies, 7 items; and Monitoring and evaluation, 7 items) with a second-order factor (Regulation of Cognition). The internal consistency values of the reduced scale are within the acceptable parameters for a self-report scale and the correlations with academic achievement at the end of the first year of the university guarantee the predictive validity of the scale. This short version of regulation of cognition measure allows its use in research with other instruments in larger studies and can function as a diagnostic / screening tool to help students in higher education learning challenges

La calidad del aprendizaje en la Educación Superior depende, especialmente, de las habilidades de los estudiantes para regular su cognición. Esta regulación requiere habilidades cognitivas y metacognitivas, así como dimensiones motivacionales. Dada su relevancia en el rendimiento académico y el desarrollo de habilidades para el aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida, es importante aumentar la investigación en el campo. Este estudio pretende adaptar y validar una versión abreviada de la dimensión Regulación de la Cognición del Metacognitive Awareness Inventory para estudiantes universitarios portugueses de primer año. Se empleó una muestra de 360 estudiantes y se identificó una estructura tridimensional (Planificación, 4 ítems; Estrategias, 7 ítems; y Monitoreo y evaluación, 7 ítems) con un factor de segundo orden (Regulación de la cognición). Los valores de consistencia interna de la escala reducida son aceptables para una escala de auto-informe y las correlaciones con el logro académico al final del primer año de la universidad garantizan su validez predictiva. Esta versión abreviada para medir la regulación de la cognición puede usarse en investigación junto con otros instrumentos en estudios más amplios y puede funcionar como una herramienta de diagnóstico para ayudar a los estudiantes en los desafíos del aprendizaje en la enseñanza superior

Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Generalized Tracking Questionnaire-children

Self-report measures of generalized patterns of rule-following are being developed in the last years including the Generalized Pliance Questionnaire (GPQ) and the Generalized Tracking Questionnaire (GTQ). Specifically, the GTQ is a 11-item self-report developed for adults that has shown excellent psychometric properties, a one-factor structure, and criterion validity in view of its positive correlations with executive functions tests. This study aims to develop the children's version of the GTQ (i.e., Generalized Tracking Questionnaire-Children, GTQ-C). In so doing, we adapted the vocabulary of some of the GTQ items and added an additional item (i.e., the GTQ-C consisted of 12 items). Afterward, the GTQ for children (i.e., GTQ-C) was administered to a sample of 730 Colombian children and adolescents from 7 to 17 years. A cross-validation study was conducted to analyze the factor structure of the questionnaire. The analysis showed that a one-factor structure showed a good fit to the data. All items of the GTQ-C showed good discrimination indexes and the whole questionnaire showed adequate internal consistency. The GTQ-C showed measurement invariance across gender and age group. In conclusion, the GTQ-C seems to be a valid and reliable measure of generalized tracking for children that might be used to analyze the developmental trajectories of tracking and its relationship with other relevant behavioral processes

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Construcción y validación de la escala de predicción y valoración del riesgo de violencia (EPERV-55) en trastorno mental grave / Construction and validation of the violence risk prediction and assessment scale (EPERV-55) in severe mental disorder

OBJETIVO: diseñar y validar la Escala de Predicción y Evaluación de Riesgo de Violencia (EPERV-55) en personas con trastorno mental grave (TMG) hospitalizadas en unidades de media y larga estancia. MÉTODO: se elaboró un cuestionario EPERV-55, con 55 ítems, en función de la literatura revisada y del conocimiento del equipo investigador sobre diferentes herramientas de predicción y evaluación de violencia en TMG. Se integraron datos clínicos de predicción y de gestión del riesgo, incluyendo la taxonomía NANDA/NOC. Para la validez de constructo se obtuvieron datos de pacientes ingresados en Unidades de Salud Mental del Hospital Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu (Barcelona). Se valoró la consistencia interna de la escala con el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. La validez convergente se evaluó mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Rho de Spearman comparando la EPERV-55 con la Escala de Riesgo de Violencia de Plutchik. Para medir la sensibilidad y especificidad se utilizó el test U de Mann-Whitney. Los análisis se realizaron con los programas estadísticos R 2.13 y SPSS 19. RESULTADOS: participaron 177 sujetos. A escala presentó un alpha de Cronbach de 0,92. La fiabilidad test-retest fue buena en 23 ítems de la escala y moderado en 32 ítems. La validez convergente fue significativa con las escalas EPERV-55-RV (correl. Spearman: -0,348 y -0,458 respectivamente; p < 0,001). En la sensibilidad y especificidad se objetivaron diferencias significativas en violencia general (p < 0,004) y violencia heteroagresiva (p < 0,005). El índice de la curva de Roc fue significativa en violencia heteroagresiva, hacia objetos y general. CONCLUSIONES: la escala EPERV-55 es un instrumento válido para evaluar y predecir el riesgo de violencia en personas con TMG hospitalizadas en unidades de media y larga estancia

OBJECTIVE: to design and validate the Violence Risk Prediction and Assessment Scale (EPERV-55) in persons with severe mental disorder (SMD) hospitalized in medium and long-stay units. METHOD: an EPERV-55 questionnaire was prepared, including 55 items, based on the literature reviewed and the knowledge by the research team about different tools for violence prediction and evaluation in SMD. Clinical data on risk prediction and management were incorporated, including the NANDA/NOC taxonomy. For construction validity, data were collected from patients hospitalized in Mental Health Units of the Hospital Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu (Barcelona). The internal consistency of the scale was assessed with Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient. Convergent validity was evaluated through Spearman's Rho Correlation Coefficient, comparing EPERV-55 vs. the Violence Risk Scale by Plutchik. Mann-Whitney's U Test was used in order to measure sensitivity and specificity; analyses were conducted with the R 2.13 and SPSS 19 statistic programs. RESULTS: the study included 177 subjects. The model presented 0.92 in Cronbach's alpha. Test-retest accuracy was good in 23 items of the scale, and moderate in 32 items. Convergent validity was significant with the EPERV-55-RV scales (Spearman's Correlation: -0.348 and -0.458 respectively; p < 0.001). Regarding sensitivity and specificity, significant differences were observed in Overall Violence (p < 0.004) and Hetero-aggressive Violence (p < 0.005). The Roc Curve index was significant in Hetero-aggressive Violence, against objects, and general. CONCLUSIONS: the EPERV-55 scale is a valid tool to evaluate and predict the risk of violence in persons with SMD hospitalized in medium and long-stay units

Promoting self-control in overweight and obese children / Promoción del autocontrol en niños con sobrepeso y obesos

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: impulsiveness might affect the ability of an individual to plan meals, eat regularly, and resist impulses to enjoy foods that are high in fat and sugars in a particular way. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a fading strategy regarding a reinforcer dimension to promote the development of self-control and decrease impulsive choice among 14 overweight and obese children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: to meet this objective, an experimental procedure of choice behavior was used to evaluate the impulsivity and self-control choices influenced by four reinforcer dimensions on a computer: reinforcement rate, reinforcer quality, immediacy of the reinforcement, and response effort. RESULTS: the results indicate that the children's decisions were influenced primarily by the immediacy of the reinforcement and the reinforcement rate; therefore, the children's behavior can be classified as impulsive. Based on these results, a fading procedure was implemented for self-control training in which the immediacy values of the reinforcement and other influential dimensions that devalued the reinforcer were progressively increased. CONCLUSIONS: after this fading strategy, a change in preference was observed among the children with regard to the proportion of alternative responses that produced high rates of reinforcement or were of higher quality compared with the allocation of choices associated with immediate reinforcement, which required less effort and were of lower quality. It is possible to design strategies regarding the development of self-control based on the contrasting qualities of these dimensions and the gradual training of tolerance of restrictions on access to the reinforcer

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: la impulsividad puede afectar a la capacidad de la persona para planificar su alimentación, comer con regularidad y resistir los impulsos para disfrutar de alimentos con alto contenido de grasas y azúcares en particular. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la efectividad de una estrategia de desvanecimiento con respecto a una dimensión del reforzador para promover el desarrollo del autocontrol y disminuir la elección impulsiva entre 14 niños con sobrepeso y obesos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: para cumplir con este objetivo se utilizó un procedimiento experimental sobre la conducta de elección para evaluar los comportamientos impulsivos y autocontrolados influenciados por cuatro dimensiones del reforzador (tasa de reforzamiento, calidad del reforzador, inmediatez del refuerzo y esfuerzo de la respuesta) en una tarea computarizada. RESULTADOS: los resultados indican que las decisiones de los niños fueron influenciadas principalmente por la inmediatez del refuerzo y la tasa de refuerzo; por lo tanto, el comportamiento de los niños puede clasificarse como impulsivo. Sobre la base de estos resultados se implementó un procedimiento de desvanecimiento para el entrenamiento del autocontrol en el que los valores de inmediatez del refuerzo y otras dimensiones influyentes que devaluaron el reforzador aumentaron progresivamente. CONCLUSIONES: después de esta estrategia de desvanecimiento se observó un cambio en la preferencia de los niños con respecto a la proporción de respuestas alternativas que produjeron altas tasas de refuerzo o fueron de mayor calidad en comparación con la asignación de opciones asociadas con el refuerzo inmediato, que requirieron menos esfuerzo y fueron de menor calidad. Fue posible diseñar estrategias con respecto al desarrollo del autocontrol basado en el contraste de las cualidades de estas dimensiones y el entrenamiento gradual de la tolerancia a las restricciones de acceso al reforzador

Intervención en flexibilidad parental a través de una intervención grupal en familias / Intervention in parental flexibility through a group family training

El objetivo del presente estudio fue valorar la eficacia de una intervención en familias a través de estrategias de las terapias de tercera generación para el fomento de la flexibilidad psicológica en las madres. Participaron siete madres de entre 31 y 50 años de edad. Para valorar los efectos de la intervención se emplearon instrumentos de flexibilidad psicológica parental, evitación, regulación emocional, estrés parental y satisfacción con la vida, al finalizar la intervención y a los tres meses. Se evaluó el estado de ánimo y afrontamiento como medida de proceso. Se valoraron los efectos en los hijos con la escala de fortalezas y dificultades. La intervención tuvo una duración de cuatro sesiones de dos horas cada una. Los resultados muestran efectos positivos en flexibilidad psicológica y regulación emocional de las madres y en los hijos se observa una reducción de síntomas emocionales y de hiperactividad. Así se aportan pruebas sobre la eficacia de la intervención en familias a través de terapias de tercera generación

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the preliminary efficacy of a family intervention with third-wave therapy strategies to promote parental psychological flexibility. Seven mothers aged 31-50 years participated. To assess the effects of the intervention, parental psychological flexibility, avoidance, emotional regulation, parental stress, and satisfaction with life instruments were used at the end of the intervention and at 3 months follow-up. Mood and coping were assessed as the process measure. The effects on their children were assessed with the scale of strengths and difficulties. Intervention comprised four two-hour sessions. Results showed positive effects in the psychological flexibility and emotion regulation of mothers. In children, there was a reduction in emotional symptoms and hyperactivity. This study provides preliminary evidence of the efficacy of third-wave based family interventions