RESUMO
Clinical relevanceConvergence insufficiency (CI) at an early age can lead to learning difficulties affecting school performance. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of CI in a non-clinical population of Spanish children using well defined clinical criteria and to determine whether sex is a risk factor.MethodsVisual acuity and binocular vision tests were performed in 628 children aged 614 years (mean age 9.6 ± 1.3 years) at three schools in the Madrid Community, Spain. To assess CI prevalence we used CITT (Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial) criteria. The three signs considered were: i) exophoria at least 4∆ greater at near than at far; ii) near break point of convergence (NPC) ≥ 6 cm; and iii) reduced positive fusional vergence (PFV) at near (≤ 15∆ base-out break or failed Sheard's criterion).ResultsThe CI prevalence detected was 5.30% (33 children). Proportions of children with one or two signs of CI were 23.76% (148 children) and 12.20% (76 children), respectively. No differences in these CI rates by sex were detected.ConclusionThe clinically significant CI prevalence observed here suggests the need for more binocular vision screening programmes in school settings. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Acomodação Ocular , Convergência Ocular , Transtornos da Motilidade Ocular/diagnóstico , Prevalência , Espanha , ProjeçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Social pain is considered a feature of humanity. The goal of this study was to confirm whether children, like adults, dehumanise out-group members attributing them less capacity to experience social pain than to in-group members. METHODS: A total of 119 participants aged between 9 and 13 years responded to a questionnaire which collected information about situations that caused physical pain and situations that caused social pain. The task of the participants was to indicate to what extent they considered that two persons (a member of the in-group and a member of an out-group) would experience pain in each situation. RESULTS: The results indicated that there was a higher estimate of social pain suffered by in-group members. There were no significant differences in the case of situations that generated physical in the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results were analysed from the dehumanisation perspective
ANTECEDENTES: se considera que la capacidad de experimentar dolor social es una característica exclusivamente humana. El objetivo de esta investigación es comprobar si los niños, al igual que los adultos, deshumanizan a los miembros de exogrupos atribuyéndoles menos capacidad de experimentar dolor social que a los miembros del endogrupo. MÉTODO: un total de 119 participantes de entre 9 y 13 años respondieron a un cuestionario en el que se recogían situaciones que causan dolor físico y situaciones que causan dolor de tipo social. La tarea de los participantes era indicar en qué medida consideraban que dos personas (un miembro del endogrupo y un miembro de un exogrupo) experimentarían dolor en cada una de las situaciones. RESULTADOS: los resultados indican que se produce una mayor estimación de dolor social en los miembros del endogrupo que en los miembros del exogrupo. En el caso de las situaciones que generan dolor físico no se encontraron diferencias significativas en función del grupo. CONCLUSIONES: los resultados se analizan desde la perspectiva de la deshumanización
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Adolescente , Desumanização , Dor/psicologia , Grupo Associado , Psicologia do Adolescente , Psicologia da Criança , Percepção Social , Teoria da Mente , Árabes , Empatia , Etnicidade/psicologia , Projeção , Distância Psicológica , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Resumiré los cuatro puntos principales de la hipótesis que expondrá en el trabajo: 1. El resultado final de la terapia psicoanalítica es permitir que toda la organización mental del paciente neurótico, detenida en un estadio infantil del desarrollo continúe su progresión hacia la condición normal del adulto. 2. La principal alteración efectiva consiste en una modificación cualitativa profunda del superyó del paciente, de la que se derivan, en general automáticamente, las otras alteraciones 3. Esta modificación del superyó del enfermo se lleva a cabo en una serie de innumerables pasos pequeños, por la acción de interpretaciones mutativas que efectúa el analista en Virtud de que es el objeto de los impulsos del ello del paciente, y debido a su posición de superyó auxiliar. 4. El hecho de que la interpretación mutativa sea el factor operativo esencial en la acción terapéutica del psicoanálisis no implica la exclusión de otros procedimientos (tales como la sugestión, el apoyo, la abreacción, etc. ) como agentes en el tratamiento de algún enfermo en particular (AU)
I shall conclude by summarizing the four key points of the hypothesis presented earlier: The final outcome of psychoanalytic therapy is to allow the neurotic patient´s entire mental organization, halted at an infantile stage of development, to continue its progression towards the normal adult condition. The principal effective disorder comprises a profound qualitative change in the patients superego, from which, generally speaking automatically, the other disorders originate. This change in the patient´s superego takes place in a series of innumerable small steps, through the action of mutative interpretations effectuated by the analyst by virtue of his being the object of the patients id impulses, and on account of his position as auxiliary superego. The fact that mutative interpretation is the essential operative factor in the therapeutic action of psychoanalysis does not predicate the exclusion of other procedures (such as suggestion, support, abreaction, etc.) as agents in the treatment of a particular patient (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Psicoterapia/métodos , Psicoterapia/organização & administração , Psicanálise/métodos , Psicanálise/tendências , Interpretação Psicanalítica , Terapia Psicanalítica/métodos , Terapia Psicanalítica/normas , Superego , Projeção , Apoio SocialRESUMO
Los autores, trascendiendo la delimitación unipersonal de los conceptos de transferencia y contratransferencia, y apoyándose en su teorización sobre el campo analítico, se centran en lo que podría considerarse una creación del encuentro singular entre analizando y analista. Definen cómo la dinámica entre ambos puede entrar en fases de no-proceso y proponen el concepto de baluarte para referirse a cómo la colusión del inconsciente de ambos puede conducir a tal resultado. Para resolverlo definen la segunda mirada. Se basan en cómo una mirada externa al campo analítico puede ayudar a ver el campo desde fuera y detectar los baluartes para desactivarlos y volver a una dinámica de proceso (AU)
The authors, going beyond the unipersonal delimitation of the concepts of transference and countertransference, and drawing upon their theorization on the analytic field, focus upon what might be considered a "creation" of the singular encounter between analys and and analyst. They describe how the dynamic between both may enter into phases of non-process, and propose the concept of the "bastion" to refer to how the collusion of the unconscious of both sides may lead to such an outcome. In order to resolve this, they establish the concept of the "second look". This is based on how a look external to the analytic field may help to see the field from the outside, detecting the bastions in order to deactivate them and return to a process dynamic (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Psicanálise , Psicanálise/métodos , Codependência Psicológica/fisiologia , Agressão/psicologia , Teoria Freudiana , Pensamento/fisiologia , Fantasia , Regressão Psicológica , Psicanálise/classificação , Psicanálise/normas , Codependência Psicológica/classificação , Agressão/classificação , Pensamento , Projeção , EntropiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To predict the burden of cancer in Catalonia by 2020 assessing changes in demography and cancer risk during 2010-2020. ETHODS/PATIENTS: Data were obtained from Tarragona and Girona cancer registries and Catalan mortality registry. Population age distribution was obtained from the Catalan Institute of Statistics. Predicted cases in Catalonia were estimated through autoregressive Bayesian age-period-cohort models. RESULTS: There will be diagnosed 26,455 incident cases among men and 18,345 among women during 2020, which means an increase of 22.5 and 24.5 % comparing with the cancer incidence figures of 2010. In men, the increase of cases (22.5 %) can be partitioned in three components: 12 % due to ageing, 8 % due to increase in population size and 2 % due to cancer risk. In women, the role of each component was 9, 8 and 8 %, respectively. The increased risk is mainly expected to be observed in tobacco-related tumours among women and in colorectal and liver cancers among men. During 2010-2020 a mortality decline is expected in both sexes. CONCLUSION: The expected increase of cancer incidence, mainly due to tobacco-related tumours in women and colorectal in men, reinforces the need to strengthen smoking prevention and the expansion of early detection of colorectal cancer in Catalonia (AU)
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Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/prevenção & controle , Projeção , Fumar/epidemiologia , Prevenção do Hábito de Fumar , Neoplasias Colorretais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Previsões Demográficas , Estudos de Coortes , PrevisõesRESUMO
En un texto clásico del psicoanálisis, Duelo y melancolía, Freud definió la melancolía como un cuadro psicopatológico resultante de la pérdida de un objeto de amor al cual el sujeto se identificaba. En el presente artículo se expone una síntesis de este planteamiento y de las aportaciones que autores posteriores han hecho, generalizándolo al concepto de depresión
In a classical text of psychoanalysis, Mourning and melancholy, Freud defined melancholy like a psychopatological disorder resulting the lost of de loved object to wich the subject is identified. The present text shows a synthesis about this approach as well as later autors has proposed, also generalizing to the depression concept
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pesar , Transtorno Depressivo/diagnóstico , Depressão/diagnóstico , Interpretação Psicanalítica , Identificação Psicológica , ProjeçãoRESUMO
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Humanos , Anestesiologia , Esgotamento Profissional/epidemiologia , Esgotamento Profissional/etiologia , Esgotamento Profissional/psicologia , Médicos/psicologia , Coleta de Dados , Despersonalização/etiologia , Fadiga/complicações , Hospitais Universitários/estatística & dados numéricos , Internato e Residência , Relações Médico-Paciente , Projeção , Espanha , Estresse Psicológico/complicaçõesRESUMO
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